Heat waves in Europe 2019

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At the end of June 2019, there was widespread heat in Europe . Temperatures exceeded 40 ° C in some places, with a new all-time record for air temperature in France (46.0 ° C) and Andorra .
A second heat wave set in towards the end of July 2019. This event brought all-time records for Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Belgium and the United Kingdom with temperatures again above 40 ° C.
In early August there was a heat wave that particularly affected southern Europe.
Another heat wave set in at the end of August 2019.

Heat wave June 2019 (High Vera)
Maximum temperature June 23 - July 6, 2019 (purple> 40 ° C, red> 30 ° C; NOAA-NWS-CPC)
Maximum temperature June 23 - July 6, 2019
(purple> 40 ° C, red> 30 ° C; NOAA-NWS-CPC)
storm Heatwave
weather condition Omega high
Data
Emergence at June 23, 2019
Climax 25.-30. June 2019
resolution Beginning of July 2019
Maximum temperature 46.0 ° C ( Vérargues , FR, 28.6. )
consequences
affected areas Europe and the Mediterranean

Meteorology and History

End of June / beginning of July

The causes of this heat wave were the long-lived high (Vera) over Europe and the slowly moving Atlantic low pressure area (Nasir) . Nasir was formed off Newfoundland around June 18 and then lay in front of Spain and England for almost the end of the month , before moving eastwards via Scandinavia. With a powerful south-westerly high-altitude current, an air mass from the Azores high - first called Ulla , from June 25 as the Vera high-pressure bridge - pushed into the North Sea region and then southeast over Central Europe . As a result, from June 23, hot Sahara air came over the Iberian Peninsula and southern France ; by the end of the month it reached the Baltic Sea region . With a low Otto in the Baltic Sea / Baltic region, a short-term omegalage formed over the flat pressure distribution of some lows in the Mediterranean area .

Peak temperatures
country ° C Job at the Record (before)
FranceFrance France 46.0 Vérargues 28 June A (44.1 Conqueyrac August 12, 2003)
SpainSpain Spain 43.4 Lleida 29 June
ItalyItaly Italy 39.9 St. Martin iP 27. 6.
GermanyGermany Germany 39.6 Bernburg / Saale 30. 6. J (38.6 Coschen , Bad Muskau June 26;
previously 38.5 Bühlertal June 27, 1947)
AndorraAndorra Andorra 39.4 Borda Vidal 28 June A (38.5 ° C Andorra, July 16, 2005)
Czech RepublicCzech Republic Czech Republic 38.9 Doksany 26. 6. J (38.2 Brno -Žabovřesky June 22, 2000)
AustriaAustria Austria 38.8 Krems a. d. D. 01. 7.
PolandPoland Poland 38.2 Radzyń 26. 6. J (38.0 Wrocław June 27, 1935)
CroatiaCroatia Croatia 38.0 Knin , Hvar June 27th, June 28th
SwitzerlandSwitzerland Switzerland 37 0 Sion 30. 6.
Peak temperature fat> 40 ° C; National record: A ... all time, J ... for June (sorted secondarily by age of the previous record)

On June 28, temperatures reached a peak of 46.0 ° C in Hérault in Vérargues in the south of France (and 45.9 ° C in neighboring Gard in Gallargues-le-Montueux ), the highest temperature ever recorded in France ( in metropolitan Europe , before 44.1 ° C in Conqueyrac , August 2003 ). - This record was exceeded in 2019 at some measuring points in the room. This made France the seventh country in Europe to have temperatures above 45 ° C. Andorra also set a new national record with 39.4 ° C in Borda Vidal on the 28th (before 38.5 ° C in Andorra La Vella, July 2005).

There were new all-time records at numerous points, for example in Spain, France, Switzerland, Germany, Austria and Croatia. The minimum night temperatures also reached new all-time records at several stations.

Another special feature were the abnormally high temperatures at high altitudes, in addition to the Pyrenees - where the peak temperatures in southern France also came about due to the foehn effects - also in the Alps . Davos (Graubünden, 1596  m ) , for example, recorded a new record of 29.8 ° C on the 26th (previously 29.3 ° C, 2015 ). also the Schmittenhöhe (Salzburg, 1956  m ) on the 27th with 25.0 ° C (before 24.6 ° C, 1952), St. Martin in Passeier (South Tyrol, 586  m ) reported 39.9 ° C on the same day.

At the beginning of July, the hot air was pushed back into the Mediterranean area, with a few hot days in the Balkans . In the Eastern Alps, for example, the midsummer weather lasted until July 7th.

The heat wave came to an end with a few severe thunderstorms , for example in France and Austria, and around July 10th with the penetration of cold air in Spain, on the upper Adriatic , on the eastern edge of the Alps , as well as in Greece . In mid-July, the weather conditions were then more unstable (storms on Corsica and in the southern Alps ). There were forest fires in many places (facilitated by drought and heat) .

Wcmax1 JUN 23-29 2019.png Wctan1 JUN 23-29 2019.png Maximum temperature and temperature anomaly 23. – 29. June 2019: penetration of the Sahara air from the southwest.
(NOAA-NWS-CPC)
Wcmax1 JUN 30 - JUL 6 2019.png Wctan1 JUN 30 - JUL 6 2019.png Maximum temperature and temperature anomaly June 30 - July 6, 2019: Advance into the northeast of Central Europe and subsequent retreat to the south.
(NOAA-NWS-CPC)

Late July / early August

Heat wave July 2019 (Hoch Yvonne)
Maximum temperature July 14 - August 3, 2019 (purple> 40 ° C, red> 30 ° C; NOAA-NWS-CPC)
Maximum temperature July 14 - August 3, 2019
(purple> 40 ° C, red> 30 ° C; NOAA-NWS-CPC)
storm Heatwave
Data
Emergence on July 18, 2019
resolution Beginning of August 2019
Maximum temperature 42.6 ° C ( Paris , FR / Lingen , DE, 25.07. )
consequences
affected areas Europe and the Mediterranean Sea , the Arctic Ocean

Later July was marked by a series of Atlantic lows, each with a north-eastern trajectory. With a renewed south-westerly current, the heat set in again around July 18 in Spain and a more stable high (Yvonne) formed over Central Europe. Until July 23, when a strong Atlantic low hit, an omega-like weather situation formed briefly.

Peak temperatures
country ° C Job at the Record (before)
GermanyGermany Germany 42.6 Lingen 25. 7. ( A ) (40.5 Geilenkirchen 24 7 .;
previously 40.3 Kitzingen + 5. 7. 7. 8. 2015)
FranceFrance France 42.6 Paris 25. 7.
BelgiumBelgium Belgium 41.8 Begijnendijk 25. 7. A (39.9 Kleine-Brogel July 24;
previously 38.8 Liège July 2, 2015)
NetherlandsNetherlands Netherlands 40.7 Gilze-Rijen 25. 7. A (39.3 Eindhoven July 24;
previously 38.6 Warnsveld August 23, 1947)
LuxembourgLuxembourg Luxembourg 39.0 Findel 25. 7. A (37.9 Findel 8 + 12 August 2003)
United KingdomUnited Kingdom United Kingdom 38.7 Cambridge 25. 7. A (38.5 Faversham 8/10/2003)
SwitzerlandSwitzerland Switzerland 38.0 Sion 24. 7.
NorwayNorway Norway 35.6 Laksfors 27. 7. A (also Nesbyen June 20, 1970)
FinlandFinland Finland 33.7 Porvoo 28 July
Peak temperature fat> 40 ° C; National record: A ... all time, J ... for June (sorted secondarily by age of the previous record)

In Spain and France, temperatures above 40 ° C were already widely recorded on July 23. The following days were even hotter. Several national weather services recorded peak values for air temperature that have never been measured before : Lingen in Lower Saxony reported 42.6 ° C for Germany on July 25; 40.5 ° C had already been measured the day before in Geilenkirchen not far from Aachen (before 40.3 ° C in Kitzingen, 2015 ; see also heat records in Germany ) - this old record was exceeded in some places. For Belgium , 41.8 ° C was measured on the same day in Begijnendijk ; the day before 39.9 ° C in Kleine-Brogel (before 38.8 ° C in Liège-Monsin, July 2015). 40.7 ° C recorded at the same time for the Netherlands the place Gilze en Rijen ; and the day before 39.3 ° C Eindhoven (before 38.6 ° C in Warnsveld, August 1944) - a 75-year record that was broken. In Luxembourg , 39.0 ° C was also measured on that day at the Findel-Aéroport measuring point (before that 37.9 ° C in August 2003 ). Also on July 25, a national record was measured in the United Kingdom in the Botanical Garden of Cambridge University at 38.7 ° C (before 38.5 ° C in Faversham August 2003). Again, numerous individual locations registered their new all-time record, including Paris , which on July 25th recorded the record value in Europe for this heat wave with 42.6 ° C (Montsouris measuring point, there before 1947).

With the strong Atlantic low moving north towards Iceland, the heat wave in Central Europe ended as early as July 26th, stormy and with a significant drop in temperature of up to 15 °. The subtropical warm air mass was divided (deep front Vincent ), split off in the Baltic Sea region , and pushed away by the southerly wind over northern Scandinavia.There the air mass combined with the current polar high , and was dragged westward from the Icelandic low complex north of Iceland until it reached East Greenland . In the Greenland Sea - Norwegian Sea area it remained abnormally warm until the first days of August.

On July 27, Norway set the country's almost 40-year-old all-time record with 35.6 ° C in Laksfors , above 65 ° N (Nesbyen, June 1970; significantly more southerly to 60 °), and also recorded tropical nights . Central Sweden , southern Finland and all of Estonia also measured widespread temperatures above 30 ° C, Helsinki set a new record with 33.2 ° C (before 31.6 ° C July 1945). In Greenland , on July 31st in Qaarsut , located on the west coast at Baffin Bay (71 ° N), 20.6 ° C was measured - a normal summer temperature there is around 10 ° C. The Station North , 900 kilometers south of the North Pole, recorded 16.0 ° C.

In Central Europe, on the other hand, the Atlantic cold front and a Mediterranean low as an extension were decisive for the weather . From June 26th this led to severe thunderstorms, especially in Morocco , Catalonia , Central Italy , all over Austria , the Western Balkans , as well as the Czech Republic , Slovakia and Poland . The heat withdrew quickly from the Mediterranean area. In the British Isles there was heavy rain at the turn of the month due to the Atlantic low.

KNMI analysis 2019072306.gif Weather situation July 23, 6 UTC: Atypical omegalage with a "wreath" of four deep cores on the northern edge of an extensive Yvonne high above Central Europe, an extension of the mighty Sahara high above North Africa. Another strong depression is slowly advancing across the Atlantic, reinforcing the extensive south-westerly current over Western Europe. (KMNI)
Wcmax1 JUL 21-27 2019.png Europe Temperature Anomalies July 21-27, 2019.png Maximum temperature and temperature anomaly 21. – 27. June 2019: Heat centers in the core of the southwest current in western Spain and France, with the peaks on the advance front; unusual warmth even in Scandinavia.
(NOAA-NWS-CPC)
Greenland t-anom jul 30 - aug 5 2019.png Temperature anomaly over Greenland July 30 - August 5, 2019 ( 700 hPa ; to 1981–2010): Ice melt on the inland ice sheet.
(NOAA-NCEP)

mid August

Heat wave in mid-August 2019 (Hochs Andrea, Beatrix)
Maximum temperature August 4th - 17th, 2019 (purple> 40 ° C, red> 30 ° C; NOAA-NWS-CPC)
Maximum temperature August 4th - 17th, 2019
(purple> 40 ° C, red> 30 ° C; NOAA-NWS-CPC)
storm Heatwave
Data
Emergence at August 4, 2019
The End at August 20, 2019
Maximum temperature 43.8 ° C ( Molina de Segura , ES, 9.8. )
consequences
affected areas Europe and the Mediterranean

The third hot period began with an intermediate high (Zella) , which caused temperatures on the Iberian Peninsula to rise above 40 ° C as early as August 4th, and a low (Xaver) , which quickly crossed Europe, and violent storms on August 6th brought the Pyrenees via southern France to the southern Alps and the north side of the Alps . Then, around August 7th, another strong Atlantic low (Yap) formed and caused another push of Sahara air into southern Europe ( Andrea high zone ). After southern Spain, the center of this heat wave was in the Italian Peninsula - Balkans - Aegean region . From August 8, 2019 , Thessaly recorded temperatures of 40 ° C, Leskovac in Serbia on August 12, 38.1 ° C, and Belgrade had 5 tropical nights in a row. At that time, the Ukraine measured similar peak temperatures. The heat slowly retreated to the southeast, with over 40 ° C in Turkey .

Forest fires broke out again in the Mediterranean region. In the stormy zone on the edge of the Atlantic Depression, a tornado occurred on August 9 , which caused severe damage in Luxembourg . The front remained thunderstorm over Central Europe for a few days, with heavy local precipitation.

Southern and Eastern Europe remained under the influence of the Azores high offshoot ( Beatrix ), with a strong low Bernd over England. the temperatures in the south of Spain reached values ​​above 40 ° C for another week, and spread over 35 ° C to the Black Sea .

The front of Bernd, with a small-scale Mediterranean low as an extension, led to violent storms on August 19-22, with some gale-force gusts , from eastern Switzerland across parts of southern and central Germany to the Polish-Slovakian Tatras .

Wcmax1 AUG 4-10 2019.png Wcmax1 AUG 11-17 2019.png Maximum temperatures 4. – 10. and 11. – 17. August 2019: hot days all over southern Europe, centers in western Spain and the Balkans – Aegean; Temperatures above 45 ° C in North Africa.
(NOAA-NWS-CPC)

end of August

Heat wave at the end of August 2019 (Hoch Corinna)
storm Heatwave
Data
Emergence at August 20, 2019
consequences
affected areas Mediterranean , Southeast Europe , Benelux

This was followed by an Atlantic high Corinna , which has been approaching from the American west coast behind low Bernd since mid-August . It connected with the Sahara high, and expanded into the White Sea area , which also resulted in high summer temperatures in northern Europe. The main focus of this heat wave is, in addition to southern Spain, where peak temperatures of over 40 ° C again occurred for a few days, the area Serbia-Hungary-Poland. On August 27th, the Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologische Instituut (KNMI) officially confirmed another heat wave in the Netherlands, and the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium (KMI) the third heat wave during 2019 in Belgium.

climatology

Temperature anomaly June 2019: Contrary to the centers of the heat wave, the main deviation of the entire month is in Eastern Europe (NOAA-NWS-CPC)

Such intense heat this early in the year was a peculiarity across Europe; some countries and numerous measuring points recorded new daily maximum temperature records for June. An 80-year peak temperature record was broken for Poland (1935), and a 70-year -old record for Germany (1947). In France , almost a quarter (23%) of all Meteofrance stations set new all-time records and almost two-thirds (60%) a June record.

The beginning of June had already been extraordinarily hot, with foehn winds from south to south-west prevailing throughout the month. This made June 2019 the warmest month ever recorded in all of Europe since the beginning of the weather record (1 degree warmer than the previous record June 1999), including in Austria (weather series since 1767), in Poland (before June 1811), in Germany (weather series since 1881), in the Czech Republic (since 1961) or in Latvia (since 1924); it was the second warmest in Switzerland (after 2003 ). The slight cooling at night was also remarkable, Vienna (Inner City) , for example, had thirteen tropical nights not below 20 ° C during the month (also a new local record for June).

July was also abnormally warm, but only a record month locally. A special feature of this heat wave was the drifting of the warm air to the northwest, with an intensive ice melting event in Greenland. There, at 3200 m ( Summit Camp station), the zero degree limit was exceeded for several days, which had only occurred in 2012.

The period of the last days of June was 10–6 degrees above the long-term average in some areas, in addition to France mainly in northern Spain, northern Italy, Switzerland, western Austria, southern Germany and the Czech Republic. As a heat wave lasting up to 7 days - in some places a little longer - the event ranks among the 5 to 10 most intense in the long history of measurements. The second heat wave was comparable, and especially in France, contrary to the national record set in June, more intense than the first event.

The cause of the heat waves was an excessively strongly oscillating jet stream in the northern hemisphere, which then changed into chaotic phases. This shift of the polar front leads to a strong exchange of heat from the tropics to the polar regions. The north-west and north-east of North America also had their hottest month in July, and extreme heat waves were occurring in parallel in the United States, the Middle East and East Asia at the time. In the arctic belt, the abnormal drought caused numerous forest fires . The extent of the polar ice melt is in the range of the record years 2012, 2002, 2007 and 2016.

Globally, too, June was the warmest ever recorded, 0.1 ° above the last record month, June 2016. And July also sets the previous record of July 2016 (beginning of the analyzes in the 1980s). As in 2016, there was an El Niño event in 2019 (but not for the intervening long European heat anomalies in summer 2017 and 2018 , which each followed a La Niña event).

Like every heat wave of recent years, according to the state of research, this is also caused by man-made global warming , an assumption that cannot be directly verified for individual events, but a consequence of the statistical probability of occurrence.

Not only the temperatures, but also the amount of precipitation this summer was unusually high or low: the summer of 2019 was rated as “extremely low in precipitation” overall.

Across the calendar year, 2019 was the warmest year in Europe since records began.

consequences

Drought, forest fires and agricultural damage

Precipitation anomaly June 2019
(red-brown: too dry, green-blue: too wet; NOAA-NWS-CPC)

In the south-west of Europe, the heat was associated with severe drought, while the situation in Central Europe had partially eased after an early spring that was initially too dry after the summer drought of the previous year after a rainy May in some areas. In a band from Spain via northern Italy to the Baltic States and a band from northeast France to Sweden, it hardly rained in June either, and in July there was abnormally little rainfall in these areas.

There were numerous larger forest fires , for example in June in Spain (for example in Almorox in the greater Madrid area, near Toledo , in Catalonia ) in southern France ( Gard department ); in July in Germany ( near Lübenheen in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania); in Portugal ( Vila de Rei ); again southern France ( Argelès-sur-Mer and Trèbes ), Italy (on Sardinia ), in Croatia (island of Pag ); in August in Greece ( e.g. on Elafonissos , at marathon ) and Cyprus . Also on Gran Canaria , off the west coast of Africa, there were forest fires as a result of the heat wave; on August 19, 3400 and on August 20, 6000 hectares were affected.

In some areas there was also water shortage outside of the Mediterranean region - where the drought had become a long-standing problem in Spain in particular - including in northern and central Germany . The situation was particularly precarious for agriculture in parts of Poland and the Baltic States , where prolonged drought threatened major crop failures. In early July, Lithuania declared a national emergency . Severe weather also caused major damage.

Another consequence of the heat waves is extensive forest damage , the causes of which can already be found in the droughts of previous years, such as the mass increase of the bark beetle , but also other types of forest damage. In Germany, the discussion about forest dieback became topical again.

Infrastructure and storm damage

In France, Germany, and also Switzerland, nuclear power plants were shut down or throttled during the peak of July because there was too little cooling water or the maximum permissible temperature of the feedback was exceeded.

There was also damage to roads through faults, as well as to railway tracks .

Towards the end of the July heat wave, the heavy rain in England threatened to break a reservoir, the Toddbrook Reservoir not far from Manchester. Various storms of the time led to local catastrophes and also claimed some human lives - for example in Madrid on August 27; in Pétange and Käerjeng during the Luxembourg tornado in August; in Fiumicino, Italy, at the end of July; in Chamoson in Valais in mid-August; in Uttendorf and Rußbach at the Gschütt Pass in the Province of Salzburg in early and late July, in Styrian Obdach at the end of August; in Katowice, Poland, at the end of July. On August 22, lightning strikes around the Giewont in the Tatra Mountains caused several deaths in the mountains.

literature

  • World Weather Attribution (Ed.): Human contribution to record-breaking June 2019 heatwave in France. June 2019 ( abstract; full study, pdf; both accessed July 15, 2019).
  • World Weather Attribution (Ed.): Human contribution to the record-breaking July 2019 heat wave in Western Europe. August 2019 ( abstract; full study, pdf; both accessed August 8, 2019).

Web links

Commons : Heat wave in Europe in June 2019  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Commons : Heat wave in Europe in July 2019  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Commons : Heat waves in Europe in August 2019  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

f1Georeferencing Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c C'est officiel: on a atteint les 46 ° C en France en juin. In: MeteoFrance: Actualité , July 19, 2019.
  2. ↑ a b DWD weather map forecast for Thursday, June 20, 2019, 12:00 UTC. Website of the Free University of Berlin - Nasir still unnamed;
    Weather situation from June 20, 2019, 12 UTC. ZAMG: Current weather map and map archive;
    Modèles - Archives des réanalyses du NCEP: Mercredi June 20, 2019, 20:00 locale. Toutes les cartes. Meteofrance : meteociel .
  3. ↑ a b c Forecast for Tue 06/25/19, 12:00 UTC . FU Berlin; Weather situation from June 25, 2019, 12 UTC, ZAMG; Temperature 850 hPa, Mardi 25 juin 2019, 20:00 locale , meteociel.fr.
  4. ↑ a b forecast for Fri 28.06.19, 12:00 UTC , FU Berlin; Weather situation from June 28, 2019, 12 UTC, ZAMG; Temperature 850 hPa, Vendredi 28 juin 2019, 20:00 locale , meteociel.fr.
  5. ↑ a b forecast for Sun 30.06.19, 12:00 UTC , FU Berlin; Weather situation from June 30, 2019, 12 UTC, ZAMG; Temperature 850 hPa, Dimanche 30 juin 2019, 20:00 locale , meteociel.fr.
  6. ↑ Forecast for Tue July 2nd, 2019, 12:00 UTC , FU Berlin; Weather situation from July 2, 2019, 12 UTC, ZAMG; Temperature 850 hPa, Mardi 2 julliet 2019, 20:00 locale , meteociel.fr.
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h Florian Imbery et al .: New record of the mean June temperature for Germany and intense heat wave in Europe. DWD, July 3, 2019 (pdf, dwd.de).
  8. ↑ a b c d Record-breaking temperatures for June. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), climate.copernicus.eu, July 2, 2019 - with Europe map Average 2m temperature anomaly for June 25-29, 2019 (estimate ERA2, ECMWF).
  9. ↑ a b Records en montagne: une masse d'air exceptionnellement chaude en altitude. In: MeteoFrance: Actualité , July 2, 2019 - with Europe map Anomalie de la température at 850 hPa mercredi 25 June at 18 HTU (GFS).
  10. ↑ a b Informe mensual climatico: June 2019 (Resumen de junio de 2019). AEMET, July 15, 2019 ( pdf , aemet.es → Resúmenes climatológicos ).
  11. ↑ a b South Tyrol is glowing: Monster heat breaks records. unsertirol24.com, June 27, 2019;
    Only June 2003 was hotter in South Tyrol. Südtirol online (stol.it), June 30, 2019.
  12. ↑ a b Butlletí climàtic June 2019. Govern d'Andorra, Institut d'Estudis Andorrans, p. 4 (eReader, meteo.ad).
  13. ↑ a b Mimořádně Teplý Červen 2019. ČHMÚ (infomet.cz), July 1, 2019 ('exceptionally hot June');
    Červen 2019 in Území ČR. ČHMÚ, July 10, 2019 ('June 2019 in the Czech Republic')
  14. ↑ a b c Again an above average warm July. ZAMG: Climate News , July 29, 2019;
    July 2019: reports. ZAMG: climate monitoring.
  15. ↑ a b Rekordowo ciepły czerwiec w Europie. In: DobraPogoda24.pl, July 3, 2019 ('Record warm June in Europe')
  16. ↑ a b Ocjena mjeseca: Odstupanje srednje mjesečne temperature zraka za Lipanj 2019. Tablica 1. Pregled apsolutnih maksimalnih temperatura; and the same Srpanj 2019. DHMZ, July 8th resp. August 7, 2019 (Croatian weather service; monthly report; 'Review of the month: overview of the absolute maximum temperatures'; pdf, via meteo.hr: Naslovnica → Klima → Praćenje klime ).
  17. ↑ Le thermomètre affiche 37 ° C à Sion. LFM Radio online, June 30, 2019.
  18. ↑ a b c d e Record absolu: 45.9 ° C, c'est la température la plus chaude jamais mesurée en France. In: MeteoFrance: Actualité , June 28, 2019.
  19. ↑ a b c d Canicule de juin 2019: retour sur un épisode exceptionnel. In: MeteoFrance: Actualité , July 2, 2019.
  20. ↑ a b c Temperatures are slowly falling in Western Europe. APA, cit. in Lower Austrian News online, June 30, 2019.
  21. ^ Canicule: des records nationaux de températures battus en Europe; and Canicule: records de chaleur en Europe. In: MeteoFrance: Actualité , June 26th resp. 1st July 2019.
  22. ↑ a b c All-time June Heat Records Fall in 5 European Nations; French Station Breaks All-Time Heat Record by Astounding Margin; and European Heat Wave Shifts East; All-Time Heat Records Tumble in Germany. Jeff Masters, in Cat6 , wunderground.com, June 27th, 30th resp. 1st July 2019.
  23. ↑ Record heat. MeteoSwiss: Blog , June 26, 2019.
  24. ↑ a b c d June with great heat. MeteoSwiss: Blog , June 28, 2019;
    Climate bulletin June 2019. MeteoSwiss: monthly and annual review.
  25. ↑ a b Record heat. ZAMG: Climate News , June 27, 2019.
  26. ↑ a b c d The warmest, sunniest and driest June in measurement history. ZAMG: Climate News , June 28, 2019;
    June 2019: reports. ZAMG: climate monitoring.
  27. ↑ cf. Az idei év eddigi legmelegebb napja. (2019.07.01.) OMSZ (met.hu): Meteorológiai hírek , July 1st, 2019 (Hungarian weather service: News, 'The hottest day of this year so far (July 1st, 2019)' - 37.5 ° C).
  28. ↑ Météo: orages violents en début de semaine. In: MeteoFrance: Actualité , July 2, 2019.
  29. ↑ a b After the heat comes the hail; Agriculture in Styria again massively damaged; and the heat peak ended with a storm: damage to agriculture in Upper Austria and Styria: 1.4 million euros. Press releases, Austrian hail insurance, June 28th resp. 1st July 2019.
  30. ↑ a b Severe weather devastates Uttendorf; and Uttendorf: 4.8 million euros damage. In: ORF.at, 2. resp. July 12, 2018.
  31. ↑ Après l'Espagne, la Grèce et l'Italie touchés par des orages violents. In: MeteoFrance: Actualité , July 11, 2019.
  32. ↑ Storm in Italy: Injured and destroyed beaches on the Adriatic coast. In: Tiroler Tageszeitung online, 10 July 2019.
  33. ↑ a b Again damage amounting to millions in agriculture. Press release, Austrian hail insurance, July 7, 2019.
  34. ^ State of emergency in the Greek holiday region of Chalkidiki. euronews, July 11, 2019
  35. ↑ Violents orages in Corse: des trombes et tornades au large de Bastia. In: MeteoFrance : Actualité , July 15, 2019.
  36. ↑ Carinthian fire brigades called for 100 missions after severe weather. In: Salzburger Nachrichten online, July 18, 2019.
  37. ↑ a b c d Thousands of holidaymakers also affected by forest fires. In: Spiegel online , July 16, 2019.
  38. ↑ a b c 42.6 ° C à Paris: record absolu de chaleur battu! In: MeteoFrance: Actualité , July 25, 2019.
  39. ↑ a b c d value still unsecured; Lingen's heat record is hotly debated. In: NDR online, July 27, 2019 - the private station (Meteomedia) is known for uncertain values ​​and is to be relocated; The value was accepted by the DWD, however, a confirmation by the WMO is pending.
  40. ↑ DWD weather map forecast for Fri 19.07.19, 12:00 UTC. Website of the Free University of Berlin;
    Weather situation on July 19, 2019, 12 UTC. ZAMG: Current weather map and map archive;
    Modèles - Archives des réanalyses du NCEP: Vendredi 19 Julliet 2019, 20:00 locale. Toutes les cartes. Meteofrance : meteociel .
  41. ↑ Forecast for Mon 22.07.19, 12:00 UTC . FU Berlin; Weather situation from July 22, 2019, 12 UTC, ZAMG; Temperature 850 hPa, Lundi 22 juin 2019, 20:00 locale , meteociel.fr.
  42. ↑ a b c The FU Berlin only names those action centers that have a direct impact on the weather in Germany. Some of the lows involved are ignored; the Western European weather services only name storm systems; see naming for weather events .
  43. ↑ a b c Forecast for Thursday July 25th, 2019, 12:00 UTC . FU Berlin; Weather situation from July 25, 2019, 12 UTC, ZAMG; Temperature 850 hPa, Jeudi 25 juin 2019, 20:00 locale , meteociel.fr.
  44. ↑ Weekly outlook - the next heat wave is on the way! DWD: Topic of the day , July 22, 2019.
  45. ↑ Position of the heat wave. MeteoSchweiz: Blog , July 24, 2019 - with analysis of the backward trajectories from Zurich (origin of the air masses).
  46. ↑ a b Chaleur: des records nationaux battus en Europe. In: MeteoFrance: Actualité , July 26, 2019.
  47. ↑ a b Nationaal hitterecord na 75 jaar broken; Temperature to historical limits of 40 ° C; and Hoe bijzonder zijn de nieuwe temperatuurrecords? In: KNMI: Nieuws , July 24th, 25th and 30th respectively, 2019.
  48. ↑ a b MeteoLux enregistre un record de température maximal historique au Findel! In: MeteoLux: Actualités, July 25, 2019.
  49. ↑ a b New official highest temperature in UK confirmed. In: Met Office: News , July 29, 2019.
  50. ↑ Sunny and hotter? and cooling in sight! MeteoSwiss: Blog , July 25, 2018.
  51. ↑ a b he touched the norske varmerekorden from 1970. In: NRK online, July 27, 2019.
  52. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Canicule: chaleur exceptionnelle en Europe du Nord et au Groenland; and Groenland: la fonte de la calotte a fait monter de 0.5 mm le niveau de la mer (La vague de chaleur touche le Groenland). In: MeteoFrance: Actualité , 29. resp. July 31, 2019 - with maps of the day's temperature anomaly in the room.
  53. ↑ Ola de calor europea: alerta en España por altas temperaturas, tormentas e incendios. In: El Español , July 23, 2019.
  54. ↑ a b Canicule: records absolus de chaleur déjà battus; and Canicule: il n'avait jamais fait aussi chaud à Paris, Lille, Dunkerque, Rennes ... In: MeteoFrance: Actualité , 23rd resp. July 25, 2019.
  55. ↑ a b Canicule: chaleur record au niveau national. In: Meteo France: Actualité , July 26, 2019 - with graphic à Vagues de chaleur observées en France 1947 julliet 2019 .
  56. ↑ In the city of Geilenkirchen - DWD confirms heat record. ZDF online, July 25, 2019.
  57. ↑ Record historique au thermomètre en Belgique. Agence France-Presse, July 25, 2019; quoted in TVA Nouvelle.
  58. ^ All-Time Heat Records Melt in Europe; 108 ° F in Paris. and The Full Scoop on Europe's Historic Onslaught of Heat. Bob Henson, in Cat6 , wunderground.com, 24th resp. 26 July 2019.
  59. ↑ a b Vent fort: Wolfgang touche la Bretagne avec des rafales proches de 100 km / h. In: MeteoFrance: Actualité , July 29, 2019.
  60. ↑ Fin de la canicule: chute spectaculaire des températures à l'ouest. In: MeteoFrance: Actualité , July 26, 2019.
  61. ↑ Rainy and Cool - Where's the Heat? MeteoSwiss: Blog , July 28, 2019.
  62. ↑ a b DWD weather map forecast for Sat 07/27/19, 12:00 UTC. Website of the Free University of Berlin;
    Weather situation as of July 27, 2019, 12 UTC. ZAMG: Current weather map and map archive;
    Modèles - Archives des réanalyses du NCEP: Samdi 27. Julliet 2019, 20:00 locale. Toutes les cartes. Meteofrance : meteociel .
  63. ↑ Forecast for Tue 07/30/19, 12:00 UTC . FU Berlin; Weather situation from July 30, 2019, 12 UTC, ZAMG; Temperature 850 hPa, Jeudi 25 juin 2019, 20:00 locale , meteociel.fr.
  64. ↑ Strong ice melt affects the world. In: ORF online, August 1, 2019.
  65. ↑ Årets første tropenatt i Norge; and Disse fylkene fikk nye varmerekorder i helga - slik blir været Fremdover. In: NRK online, 26th resp. 29th July 2019.
  66. ↑ 16 deaths in a landslide after a storm in Morocco. In Salzburger Nachrichten online, July 26, 2019.
  67. ↑ a b c Severe storms in Europe: three people die in Italy. euronews, July 28, 2019 (updated July 29, 2019).
  68. ↑ a b c d e Storms destroy 12,000 hectares of land. ORF online, July 28, 2019.
  69. ↑ Two storm deaths in Italy. In Salzburger Nachrichten online, July 28, 2019.
  70. ↑ a b Severe storms and damage worth millions in southern Austria; and the flood situation relaxes - Rußbach remains cut off from the Lammertal. In Salzburger Nachrichten online, both July 29, 2019.
  71. ↑ a b Agriculture again massively affected: total damage of 3,000,000 euros (extensive storm alarms in Styria, Burgenland and in Carinthia). Press release, Austrian Hagelversicherung, July 27, 2019.
  72. ↑ a b c Europe’s warm air spikes Greenland melting to record levels. National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) August 6, 2019.
  73. ↑ a b La ola de calor deja en Murcia las máximas más altas del país. In: La Verdad online, August 11, 2019.
  74. ↑ a b DWD weather map forecast for Mon 05.08.19, 12:00 UTC. Website of the Free University of Berlin;
    Weather situation on August 5, 2019, 12 UTC. ZAMG: Current weather map and map archive;
    Modèles - Archives des réanalyses du NCEP: Lundi 8. Aout 2019, 20:00 locale. Toutes les cartes. Meteofrance : meteociel .
  75. ↑ En riesgo 18 provincias por el calor con temperaturas rozando los 40 grados. In: El Mundo online, August 5, 2019.
  76. ^ Severe weather in Italy and France: landslides and hailstorms. wetter.de, August 7, 2019.
  77. ^ Météo: coup de vent sur le Nord-Ouest; and Retour sur les forts orages de mardi. In: MeteoFrance: Actualité , both August 8, 2019 - with bit tracking card Cumuls d'impacts de foudre enregistrés ...
  78. ↑ More humid and thunderstorm than expected. MeteoSwiss: Blog , August 6, 2019.
  79. ↑ DWD weather map forecast for Fri 09.08.19, 12:00 UTC. FU Berlin; Weather situation on August 9, 2019, 12 UTC. ZAMG; Temperature 850 hPa, Vendredi 9. Aout 2019, 20:00 locale, meteociel.fr.
  80. ^ Météo: pic de chaleur jeudi et vendredi. In: MeteoFrance: Actualité , August 7, 2019 - with animation issue du modèle du CEPMMT, allant du jeudi 8 août at 00 UTC au dimanche 11 août 2019 at 12 UTC.
  81. ↑ day 1 of a small heat wave; and day 2 of the little heat wave. In: Greece newspaper online, August 8th and 9th, 2019.
  82. ↑ RHMS / РХМС: Недељни билтен. Преглед максималних и Минималних температура Ваздуха за Период од 5. до 11. Августа 2019; and 12. ДО 18. АВГУСТА 2019. Each section Године, p. 1 (Serbian Meteorological Service; Weekly Bulletin: 'Overview of the maximum and minimum air temperatures'; updated on hidmet.gov.rs → Climatology: Products ; accessed 12. resp. August 22, 2019),
  83. ↑ YAP keeps Germany busy! DWD: Topic of the day , August 9, 2019.
  84. ↑ a b Tornado leaves severe damage. In: Deutsche Welle online, August 9, 2017;
    Tornade à la frontière franco-luxembourgeoise. In: MeteoFrance: Actualité , August 12, 2019.
  85. ↑ The salt in the soup; and what does the weather today sound like? MeteoSwiss: Blog , 11th resp. August 12, 2019.
  86. ↑ DWD weather map forecast for Tue 13.08.19, 12:00 UTC. FU Berlin; Weather situation as of August 13, 2019, 12 UTC. ZAMG; Temperature 850 hPa, Mardi 13.Aout 2019, 20:00 locale, meteociel.fr.
  87. ↑ a b c d DWD weather map forecast for Sun 18.08.19, 12:00 UTC. FU Berlin; Weather situation on August 18, 2019, 12 UTC. ZAMG; Temperature 850 hPa, Dimanche 18.Aout 2019, 20:00 locale, meteociel.fr.
  88. ↑ a b DWD weather map forecast for Thursday 22.08.19, 12:00 UTC. Website of the Free University of Berlin - the Mediterranean depth not recorded there;
    Weather situation on August 22, 2019, 12 UTC. ZAMG: Current weather map and map archive;
    Modèles - Archives des réanalyses du NCEP: Jeudi 22. Aout 2019, 20:00 locale. Toutes les cartes. Meteofrance : meteociel .
  89. ↑ Review & Outlook; and balance sheet of the heavy rain the day before yesterday. MeteoSwiss: Blog , 19th resp. 22nd August 2019.
  90. ^ Heavy thunderstorms over Germany. DWD: Topic of the day , August 19, 2019.
  91. ↑ a b A tátrai villámcsapás kapcsán. OMSZ (met.hu): Meteorológiai hírek , August 24, 2019 (Hungarian Meteorological Service: News) - Analysis of the severe weather zone .
  92. ↑ DWD weather map forecast for Tue 27.08.19, 12:00 UTC. FU Berlin; Weather situation as of August 27, 2019, 12 UTC. ZAMG; Temperature 850 hPa, Mardi 27.Aout 2019, 20:00 locale, meteociel.fr.
  93. ↑ Summer is coming back with "Corina". DWD: Topic of the day , August 20, 2019.
  94. ^ Retour de l'été et de la chaleur en fin de semaine; and Retour de la chaleur ce week-end. In: MeteoFrance: Actualité , 20. resp. 23 August 2019.
  95. ↑ Tweede landelijke hittegolf is een feit, ook tomorrow nog heet (nl) . In: NOS , August 27, 2019. 
  96. ↑ Derde hittegolf van het jaar is een feit: kwik stijgt boven 30 degrees (nl) . In: Het Nieuwsblad , August 27, 2019. Retrieved September 2, 2019. 
  97. ↑ Junija mēneša apskats. Latvijas Vides, ģeoloģijas un meteoroloģijas centrs (meteo.lv), July 1, 2019 ('June monthly review')
  98. ↑ a b c d e July matched, and maybe broke, the record for the hottest month since analysis began. In: World Meteorological Association: Press: News , August 1, 2019.
  99. ↑ Juillet 2019: des records d'ensoleillement sur l'Ouest; July 2019: très chaud et sec, 2e canicule exceptionnelle de l'été; and Canicules 2019: la moitié de la France n'avait jamais eu aussi chaud! In: MeteoFrance: Actualité , 1., 2. resp. August 8, 2019 - with an estimate of the intensities of the heat waves since 1957 (last updated version of this graph).
  100. ↑ a b July brings great heat again. MeteoSwiss: Blog , June 28, 2019;
    Climate bulletin July 2019. MeteoSwiss: monthly and annual review.
  101. ^ A b Heat Wave Heads North: Massive Melting Likely in Arctic. Bob Henson, in Cat6 , wunderground.com, July 29, 2019.
  102. ↑ A restless thunderstorm night : Section looking back at the heat wave on the north side of the Alps. MeteoSwiss: Blog , July 2, 2019.
  103. ↑ Changement climatique: la canicule de juin 2019 liée à l'activité humaine. In: MeteoFrance: Actualité , July 10th, 2019 - especially graphic Vagues de chaleur observées en France entre 1947 et juin 2019 (for the map with the update for July see ops cit. MeteoFrance: Actualité , July 26th, 2019).
  104. ↑ For example: Jet Stream, 330hPa (km / h), June 24, 2019; and June 27, 2019; corresponding to July 25, 2019; and 28th Julliet 2019; as well as 11. Aout 2019 (Hem. Nord) ; all meteociel.fr.
  105. ↑ Europe - (meteorologically) divided into two parts. DWD: Topic of the day , August 11, 2019.
  106. ↑ Earth experienced warmest June on record. In: World Meteorological Association: Press: News , July 19, 2019.
  107. ↑ Veronika Arnold, Ronja Menzel: Meteorological autumn beginning. Weather in Germany: sharp drop in temperature - but not only that. In: merkur.de. September 4, 2019, accessed September 4, 2019 .
  108. ↑ 2019 was the warmest year so far in Europe. In: orf.at . January 8, 2020, accessed January 8, 2020.
  109. ↑ cf. Persistent drought is already leaving its first traces. Press releases, Österreichische Hagelversicherung, hagel.at, April 25, 2019;
    Des sols superficiels encore très secs du Nord-Est au Massif central. In: MeteoFrance: Actualité , July 31, 2019 - with map of precipitation total September 2018 to June 2019.
  110. ↑ cf. May 2019: wet, cloudy, cool. ZAMG: Climate News , June 28, 2019.
  111. ↑ See Total Precipitation and Percentage of Normal Precipitation June 2019 , NOAA-NWS-CPC (image files, Wikimedia Commons).
  112. ↑ More than a thousand firefighters fight devastating forest fires. In: Der Spiegel online, July 21, 2019.
  113. ↑ Dozens of forest fires in Greece. In: ORF online, August 10, 2019.
  114. ↑ a b Fires in Greece and the Canaries. In: Deutsche Welle online, August 11, 2017.
  115. ↑ Conflagration on holiday islands - forest fires rage on Gran Canaria and Cyprus. In: srf.ch . August 12, 2019, accessed August 13, 2019 .
  116. ↑ Fires on holiday island - Conflagration out of control in Gran Canaria. In: srf.ch . August 19, 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2019 .
  117. ↑ Gran Canaria: 9,000 people had to leave their homes - forest fire out of control. In: swr3.de . August 20, 2019. Retrieved August 20, 2019 .
  118. ↑ Bottlenecks in Germany The battle for water begins. In: Tagesschau online, August 6, 2019.
  119. ↑ Extreme drought in Poland and the Baltic States; and drought: Lithuania declares a national emergency. agrarheute.com, June 26th resp. 6th July 2018.
  120. ↑ So z. B. Hot time, pests, permanent drought: Our trees are dying - and it's even worse than in the 1980s; And it affects all of Germany: The great forest dieback: Where it is worst and what we can do. In: Focus online, April 1 and August 1, 2019.
  121. ↑ Comment la canicule emotions le fonctionnement of centrales nucléaires. In: Le Monde online, July 26, 2019.
  122. ↑ Nuclear power plants are shut down - again - due to heat. In: heise online: Telepolis , July 26, 2019.
  123. ↑ How the NPPs have to deal with the heat wave. Federal Nuclear Safety Inspectorate ENSI, July 24, 2019.
  124. ↑ UK railways in chaos as searing heat sparks fear of derailed trains. In: The Guardian online, July 25, 2019.
  125. ↑ Bent tracks cause train chaos. In: bernerzeitung.ch . June 28, 2019, accessed July 25, 2019 .
  126. ↑ Severe weather in Madrid: Cars washed away and a thick layer of ice. euronews, August 27, 2019.
  127. ↑ Storm in Lower Valais - man and girl missing after flooding near Chamoson. In: SRF online, August 12.
  128. ↑ After storms: damage cannot yet be assessed. In: steiermark.orf.at, August 26, 2019.
  129. ↑ Five dead and more than 150 injured by lightning. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung online, 23 August 2019.