Book of hours
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The Book of Hours , also Horarium ( Latin horarium "PM"), French Livre d'heures [livr DOER] was one in structure to the breviary of the Roman Catholic Church modeled on of prayer and devotional book for the Liturgy of the Hours . Books of hours were initially intended for lay people and later also for clergy . They emerged in England in the mid-13th century and displaced the psalter from its dominant role as a prayer book. In the late Middle Ages, they were the private devotional book par excellence in circles of the rich, literate nobility and city nobility . The book type experienced its artistic heyday in the late 14th and 15th centuries in France and Flanders - the name Livre d'heures, which is still known today, testifies to this . Later they came to the German-speaking area via the Netherlands .
Content and design of books of hours
Books of Hours were mostly consuming with Buchschmuck provided. Individual copies are among the most magnificent illustrated manuscripts ever produced . The most famous and artistically valuable are probably the books of hours of the Duke of Berry (1340–1416), including the Très riches heures (Chantilly, Mus. Condé, Ms. 65), which were already considered by contemporaries to be a non plus ultra bibliophile treasure.
The core of the books of hours was a Marian office and the office of the dead . The term book of hours is derived from the times of the day to be prayed at certain hours . Originally starting at midnight with Matins , which for practical reasons over the years with the Lauds was summed up at three o'clock in the morning, they prayed in the three-hour rhythm from six in the morning Prim , third , the sixth , the Non , the Vespers and Compline . In books of hours there were also Cisiojanus verses that helped to date the movable festivals of the church year .
With the beginning of modern times, books of hours continued to be produced in the tradition of handwritten books with the help of letterpress printing . Glamorous and famous examples of the art of making printed books of hours so confusingly similar to the handwritten manuscripts customary at the time include the Horarium secundum usum Romanae curiae by Adriaen van Liesfelt with wooden sticks by the printer Gerard Leeu , which was published in Antwerp on June 22, 1494 , or the book of hours Officium Beatae Mariae Virginis secundum consuetudinem romane curie published by Lucantonio Giunta in Venice on May 4, 1506 .
Well-known books of hours
literature
- John Harthan: Books of Hours and their Owners, Book of Hours by Marshal Jean de Boucicaut, by Giangaleazzo Visconti, Maria von Geldern, Philip the Bold, John Without Fear, Philip the Good, Charles the Bold, Maria of Burgundy, Isabella Stuart, Peter II., Margaret de Foix, Anne de Bretagne, Lorenzo dei Medici, the Magnificent . German translation by Regine Klett. Herder Verlag, 1976, ISBN 3-451-17907-5 .
- Roger S. Wieck: Time Sanctified. The Book of Hours in Medieval Art and Life . Braziller, New York 1988, ISBN 0-8076-1189-1 (exhibition April 23 to July 17, 1988, Walter Art Gallery, Baltimore, Md.)
Web links
- Illustrated catalog of the Books of Hours in the Pierpont Morgan Library , NY
- Blog: PECIA / Le manuscrit médiéval ~ The medieval manuscript
- General introduction to the Liturgy of the Hours (PDF; 263 KB)
- English Fitzwilliam Museum: Tradition and Change. Books of Hours. [1]
- Introduction and sample texts (CHD Center for Handwriting Studies i Danmark)
- Horae Beatae Mariae Virginis , printed 1504 on Google Books
Individual evidence
- ↑ Friedrich v. Zglinicki : Uroscopy in the fine arts. An art and medical historical study of the urine examination. Ernst Giebeler, Darmstadt 1982, ISBN 3-921956-24-2 , pp. 91 and 93.