Alzey Castle

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Alzey Castle
Alternative name a) Alteium
b) Altinum
c) Altino
limes Danube-Iller-Rhein-Limes Germania I ,
reverse line,
route 1
Dating (occupancy) valentine
370-496?
Type Cohort fort?
unit a) Comitatenses ?
b) Burgundian Federation?
c) Alemanni
size 2.6 ha
Construction Stone construction
State of preservation Rectangular system with protruding rectangular and semicircular towers,
some preserved foundations (on the western wall) are visible above ground
place Alzey
Geographical location 49 ° 44 '34.7 "  N , 8 ° 7' 2.5"  E Coordinates: 49 ° 44 '34.7 "  N , 8 ° 7' 2.5"  E
height 194  m above sea level NHN
Subsequently Fort Worms (Vangiones) (south)
Upstream Mogontiacum (northeast)
Location of the fort on the DIRL (Rhine line)
Solidus Valentinian I.
Findings plan based on W. Weber from 1909
Depiction of the fort on a building facade in Alzey

The Alzey fort , ancient name Alteium , is a former Roman border fort of the late antique Danube-Iller-Rhein-Limes (DIRL) and is located in the area of ​​the non-association town of Alzey , district of Alzey-Worms / Rheinhessen , in the southeast of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany. It was probably in the course of the last measures to develop the Rhine Limes 367-370 n. Chr. Under the Western Roman Emperor I. Valentinian built. Before that there was a Roman civil settlement ( vicus ) , Altiaia , which was devastated by Alemannic tribes in 352/353 . The fort was also destroyed twice and probably finally abandoned towards the end of the 5th century.

Surname

The ancient place name possibly refers to a Celtic settlement from 400 BC - which already existed before the Roman occupation . BC ( Altiaia ). The Roman name was first found on the dedicatory inscription of a nymph altar (built into the fort wall as a spoil when it was found), which there as

  • vicani Altiaienses ,
  • vicus Altiaiensium or
  • vicus Altiaiensis

(= Civil population / settlement of Altiaia), datable to the year 223, first appears. The meaning can no longer be determined today. The late antique Alteium (or Altinum ) is only mentioned in the Codex Theodosianus and is almost certainly derived from the name of the civil settlement. In the Codex the place is referred to as Alteio and Altino the other time .

Location and function

Alzey is located in Rheinhessen on the western edge of the northern part of the Upper Rhine Plain on the left side of the Rhine, about 30 km from it. It is surrounded by the northern part of the Alzeyer hill country , to which the Rhine-Hessian hill country adjoins to the north and the Palatinate mountains to the west . The city is located about 30 km southwest of Mainz and about 22 km (depending on the beeline ) northwest of Worms . A section of the Selz , a left tributary of the Rhine, flows through Alzey, partly underground . The narrow Selztal begins to widen from Alzey to the north. The Roman civil settlement belonged to the province of Germania Superior and was administered from the provincial capital Mogontiacum ( Mainz ). The late antique Castra Alteium stood after the Diocletian reform of the empire in the area of ​​the new province of Germania I and was located in the southwestern area of ​​the former vicus , on a spur of the Mehlberg that tapered to the south. Directly on a steep slope towards the Selz. From here you had a good view of the surrounding area, especially to the north.

The fortification protected and probably monitored a crossing over the Selz and the intersection of the Mainz-Alzey-Metz and Bingen-Kreuznach-Alzey-Worms roads. Possibly the camp served primarily for the temporary accommodation of units of the mobile field army ( Comitatenses ), since there was otherwise only little accommodation for larger troop contingents in the hinterland of Mogontiacum . In an emergency, the inner courtyard could also be filled with tents to accommodate soldiers.

Research history

Dated finds of the vicus go back to the middle of the 4th century AD. The first known reports of Roman finds were written in 1783 by the pastor of Dautenheim, Johann Philipp Walther, who found old foundations (probably the remains of the east wall of the Fort) and in the process came across three Roman dedicatory inscriptions. In 1869 the Mainz Antiquities Museum acquired late antiquity and early medieval finds from Alzey. It was a gold-plated, silver pair of bow brooches , a silver needle, earrings, two small disc brooches with almandin inlays and pendants, each richly decorated with gold filigree wire. Such bow brooches were only worn in pairs on the shoulders. Together with two small brooches, such as small disc brooches, they formed the "four-brooch costume" that was typical of women's fashion in the 6th century. In the 1870s, the teacher Gustav Schwabe put a collection of Roman finds that were later lost. In 1871/1872 a consecration altar of the goddess Sul came to light on the north wall . Another altar found in Alzey was dedicated to Fortuna . Another copy was donated to Minerva by the clothwalker Vitalianus Secundinus. In the foundations of the late antique church building in the fort one came across fragments ( spoilage ) of a gate structure, which was probably originally set up at a cult site of the source god Apollo- Grannus . Probably a source of sulfur at today's tax office.

The route commissioner of the Reich Limes Commission (RLK), Karl Schuhmacher (1860–1934) and the local researcher Jakob Curschmann (1874–1953) recognized part of the wall and the foundations of a round tower on the southwest corner in 1902. Gardener owner Jean Braun, the owner of the fort at the time and later co-founder of the Alzey Museum , continued the research and discovered further remains of the wall on the west side. Until 1904, further remains of the fort wall and antique sandstone slabs and sarcophagus components came to light in the cemetery of the former St. George's Church. In 1904, the grand ducal conservationist Soltan excavated large parts of the east wall. The east gate was very badly preserved, it could only be determined that the gate towers protruded behind and in front of the wall. In 1906, further foundations of the fort were discovered and partially restored. In 1909, the prehistorian Eduard Anthes (1859-1922) took over the supervision of the excavations supported by the district and city of Alzey, the Historical Association of the Grand Duchy of Hesse and the Roman-Germanic Commission . In the same year, Braun also discovered the west gate, the passage of which was largely filled with rubble. The southeast corner tower was of high structural quality and its rising masonry was preserved in several layers. On the south wall, Braun discovered two well-preserved rooms of a barracks attached to the fort wall. The two rooms were excavated to a depth of 11.5 meters. Many animal bones were found on the bottom of the eastern chamber, presumably this part of the building served as a slaughterhouse, in the western iron fragments and tools as well as two stones that may have served as anvils. In front of the building was a well shaft that was covered with sandstone slabs. By 1909, around 62 meters of the enclosing wall had been uncovered. In most of the areas examined, it was only 20 to 30 centimeters below the surface. Its rising masonry was partially preserved up to a height of 50 to 60 centimeters.

In 1925 the prehistorian Wilhelm Unverzagt (1892–1971) succeeded in finding the so-called "Alzeyer fire layer" which marked the end of the second settlement phase of the fort. Most of the ceramics from the late 4th century AD were recovered from this layer of fire. The complex of the migration period ceramics of the excavations will be used in research today as an aid to dating others find sites that era. Several excavation campaigns in the fort area were also carried out by the Institute for Prehistory and Protohistory at the University of Mainz .

Find spectrum

The coin finds and a brick stamp of the Legio XXII Primigenia were of particular importance for the dating of the fort . The objects found in the excavation area (mainly Roman glasses, ceramics) provide some information about the origin of the castle residents. It is worth mentioning in this context a comb with a bell-shaped handle, which was widespread among the East Germanic peoples. Other types of combs from Alzey come from Elbe Germanic regions. The semicircular, notched belt buckle plates of the Muthmannsdorf type found here were mainly observed on the Danube as well as in the Elbe and East Germans, but provincial Roman types are also represented here. In 1929 a 5 × 11.5 cm limestone slab with three engraved busts and two monograms of Christ was discovered in the south-east corner of the fort. It was an early Christian bread stamp from the 4th century with which the bread for the celebration of the Lord's Supper was marked. The discovery of spiral fibulae of the Mildenberg type, which was not made before 440 AD, marks the Alemannic settlement phase of the fort.

development

The mild climate, the gentle hilly landscape and fertile loess soils made the region attractive to settlers from an early age. The first traces of settlement in the Alzey area can be found as early as the Neolithic ( band ceramics ). Later peoples of the Michelsberg culture settled here . Towards the end of the 2nd millennium BC Illyrians ( urn field culture ) immigrated to the area around Alzey. From the early La Tène period onwards, the Alzeyer region was populated by Celts. When the Romans around 50 BC When they occupied this region as well, they found a small late Latena settlement here, which was probably inhabited by members of the Treveri tribe and Mediomatrics . Presumably there was also a Celtic settlement on the Selzfurt, at the intersection of two heavily frequented streets. Its inhabitants may also have exploited the nearby sulfur springs.

With the conquest of Gaul by Julius Caesar , the border of the Roman Empire was extended to the Rhine. During the Augustan period, legionary camps were set up in Bingen, Mainz and Worms. The Celtic settlements were followed by the Roman Vicus Altiaia , which was founded around the middle of the first century BC. In addition to the Limesstrasse running along the Rhine, there was another road connection that led from Worms to Bonn via Alzey. Under Trajan, the region around Alzey experienced its economic and cultural heyday. Numerous estates, such as B. the Roman villa of Wachenheim , supplied the border garrisons u. a. with food.

Altitaia was burned down in the middle of the 4th century AD (352/353) by the Alamanni under Chnodomar . The late antique Castrum Alteium was finally built on its ruins around 370 as part of the last Roman reinforcement measures on the Rhine Limes . His name is documented in connection with a two-time stay of Emperor Valentinian I (370 and 373) at this place, who probably passed some laws and rescripts here. No evidence of an earlier military installation could be found. Despite the elaborately constructed defenses, the fortress was only occupied by Roman troops for a few years, according to an analysis of coin finds. It may have been completely evacuated as early as 383, in the course of the usurpation of the British governor Magnus Maximus , when the rightful ruler in the west, Gratian, gathered troops at Lutetia (Paris) to fight it. Most likely, the Alzeynser were also part of Maxentius' army, with which he faced the Eastern Emperor Theodosius at Siscia and Poetovio in 388 .

After 400, the Comitatenses and Limitanei of Stilicho were withdrawn from most of the Rhine fortifications, when Emperor Honorius moved his residence from Trier back to Arles and the heartland of Italy was increasingly threatened by barbarian invasions. In the winter of 406/407 , some Germanic tribes, including the Burgundians , crossed the apparently insufficiently guarded Limes between Mogontiacum (Mainz) and Borbetomagus ( Worms ) and devastated the Rhine provinces and Gaul . In the process, the vandals also destroyed the fort that had probably been abandoned six years earlier. Thereafter, Germanic tribes settled as Roman allies ( Foederati ) in the Upper Rhine border fortresses around Worms, which were assigned to them by contract by the central government in Ravenna in 413/414 . In return they had to a. take over the border defense on this section and secure the Rhine border together with other allied Teutons and the remnants of the regular limitanei . Members of East Germanic tribes can be archaeologically proven in the fort from 407, presumably they were Burgundian warriors and their families. It is possible that the fort was occasionally used by the Comitatenses until 425 .

The treaty with the Burgundians lasted about 20 years, in 436/437 the Burgundian empire, which was increasingly striving for independence, under its King Gundahar (also known as Gundicharius or Gunther ) was devastated by Hunnic auxiliary troops on the orders of the Western Roman army master and regent Aëtius . The survivors then resettled in the region of Sapaudia (today's Savoy or Rhone Valley), but regained strength there in the late 5th century and established a new empire in western Switzerland. At this time also the end of the second phase of Alteium fell and with it the abandonment of the fort as a Roman military base. It is possible that some of the Burgundians, with the support of tribes from the right bank of the Rhine, defended themselves against the deportations, which is why the fort's fortifications were made unusable. These events were also reflected in the medieval epic of the Nibelungenlied and formed the basis for the legendary figure of the bard Volker von Alzey . According to the archaeologist Jürgen Oldenstein, he could be the Burgundian commander of the fort.

Around 450 the Alemannic Federation again moved into their quarters in the fort . 454 murdered Emperor Valentinian III. his master Flavius ​​Aëtius, which also ended the rule of the Romans over the region around Alzey. After Valentinian's death in 455, Franks and Alemanni overran the Rhine provinces and conquered Cologne and Trier. After the battle of Zülpich in 496, the Alamannia also became part of the Frankish domain and the camp was burned down again. In the cultural layers of the 6th century, there were only isolated traces of settlement. After the death of its founder Clovis I in 511, the Frankish Empire split into two parts. Alzey now belonged to the eastern part of the empire Austrasia with the capital Mediomatricum / Metz . From 843 on, Alzey was part of Eastern Franconia after the Verdun Treaty was signed . In 897 Alzey is mentioned for the first time as a German imperial fief. The ruins of the fort shaped the silhouette of the city until around 1620, as the engravers of the early 17th century depicted them on vignettes at that time. Afterwards it was almost completely removed by the townspeople for the extraction of building material.

Fort

Findings sketch of the fort, 1909–1969
Foundation walls of the barracks on the west wall, grammar school
Barracks walls at the west gate

Since the fort area sloped sharply to the north, it was carefully measured and leveled in several layers in the late 4th century AD. Coin and brick stamp finds point to the years between 367 and 370 AD. The square floor plan, slightly shifted to the northwest - the reason for this was the inclusion of a step in the north - measured 163.5 × 159 meters and covered an area of ​​2.6 hectares . The camp showed the typical structural features of late Roman fortifications, as they had been established since the 3rd century AD. Its corners were rounded and additionally reinforced with protruding towers. Inside there were no more embankments (intervallum) , instead all barracks and farm buildings - with the exception of the command building - were placed directly on the defensive wall in a space-saving and relatively safe from fire. The wall itself had a very deep foundation in order to make it difficult to subvert it during sieges. Corner, intermediate and gate towers protruded into the glacis . The water supply was ensured by three wells (location: NW, SE and SW corner). The inner courtyard was kept dry by a complex drainage system that drained into the weir ditch. Almost structurally identical warehouses were located in Bad Kreuznach and Horbourg . The fort had several wells for the water supply, including a 14-meter-deep, two-phase well (two well cones) in the inner courtyard. Phase 1 was bordered by a puteal , of which remains were still found. Around this one had additionally scattered a bed of gravel to keep this area dry.

At Altineum there were roughly three usage periods:

  • Phase 1: valentine,
  • Phase 2: Burgundian and
  • Phase 3: Alemannic.

Enclosure

The fence consisted of a 160 m long and up to three meters wide wall, which tapered at the top to 2.80 to 2.40 meters. As a rule, the three meter wide foundation of the wall reached up to 1.80 meters deep into the ground. At the top it ended with a 0.25 to 0.30 meter wide, non-beveled base protrusion. The wall essentially consisted of rubble cast masonry. Most of the building material was probably obtained from the demolition of the ruins of the vicus . A wooden shuttering technique was used to achieve a good mortar setting between the wall core and the external facing. The outer cladding was made of hand-hewn limestone on both sides that came from the immediate vicinity of the fort. Spolia could only be found in the north wall. However, this type of masonry technique had some weak points, especially there, at the points of contact between shell and core, and so different weight and expansion coefficients met. Furthermore, it was recognized on the rising masonry that horizontal level compensation elements were installed at certain intervals, which consisted of either flat stones or brick slabs (brick penetration). The mortar had to set particularly well at the compensation level before you could continue working, otherwise parts of the wall could slip off again.

Gates

The fort was accessible through two gates, one in the east and the other in the west. The gates were constructed as single towers (Andernach type), which stood on rectangular flank foundations that protruded equally far inwards and outwards. The west gate rested on a 1.50 meter thick foundation and had an approximately 2.50 meter wide passage. The long rectangular tower, 4.80 meters wide, projected 3.20 meters to the outside and 3.10 meters to the inside. The passage and part of the arterial road to the west were paved with stone slabs with wagon wheel tracks on them. In the slightly wider east gate, which functions as the main gate (porta praetoria) , there was also an elevated footpath. In the 5th century it was walled up by the Alemanni occupiers.

Towers

The fort wall was provided at regular intervals with probably 14 towers about twelve meters high (on the long sides and corners). The corner towers had a three-quarter circle shape, stood on rectangular foundation plates and did not protrude into the interior of the fort. They were hollow on the inside and had a wall thickness of 2.40 to 2.60 meters. The intermediate towers, which were also hollow on the inside, also stood on square foundation plates and protruded semicircularly in front of the fort wall (so-called horseshoe towers). In 1909 an intermediate tower between the west gate and the south-west corner could be examined more closely. Its front protruded semicircularly from the fort wall and had a diameter of 6.30 meters. The rising brickwork was still four rows high (height 0.60 meters). The foundation was square and connected to the fort wall, which was reinforced on the inside by a 0.10 meter thick risalit .

dig

As an obstacle to the approach, the Roman builders had a 7.8 meter wide and approximately 3.20 meter deep pointed trench excavated around eleven meters in front of the defensive wall . It is possible that the fort was surrounded by two moats. Whether he was interrupted at the gates could no longer be determined. It was later partially converted by the Burgundians into a simpler, up to eight meter wide base ditch.

Interior development

The east and west gates were connected by the main camp road. Nothing is known about other streets inside the camp.

Phase 1

The interior development of the Valentine's construction period was carried out very carefully and consisted of elongated, multi-storey warehouse and barracks buildings divided into individual chambers, which were attached to the back of the defensive wall (west, south and east side). The barracks walls were plastered. The buildings probably reached into the corners of the fort, but this could only be proven with certainty in the case of the NW barracks. Their chambers were laid out at regular intervals and measured an average of 8 × 5 meters. The partition walls were 0.60 to 0.73 meters thick. In some rooms a floor made of flat stone slabs could be observed. In the entrance areas there was only a screed over which wooden floorboards had probably been laid. Room I of the west barracks also had a simply constructed hypocaust heater . The foundations of the chambers on the western wall are still visible today. At the barracks fronts of the south wall, there were also traces of a roof supported by simple wooden posts for a colonnade ( portico ) running around the entire inner courtyard . It is believed that the two-story barracks blocks were divided into a total of 234 chambers, in which up to 2000 men could be accommodated. In contrast to the Altrip fort, the barracks chambers seem to have been executed precisely in terms of dimensions. This cannot be proven with absolute certainty, but all recent excavation results have shown that both the south-west and north-west barracks were almost identical in size. They could only not be adhered to in the area of ​​the gate tower chambers and the corner chamber, because these were constructed somewhat differently. As is often the case with late antique castles, the inner courtyard was kept completely free of buildings. This type of use of space was rather the exception in larger forts in the western provinces. Due to the buildings set up directly behind the walls and the strong fortifications, the camp could also be successfully defended by a numerically small crew. Parts of the barracks were probably destroyed by vandals between 388 and 407.

There were no barracks on the NE wall or in the northeast corner. Here was a larger, multi-phase and free-standing building, which was regarded as the camp commandant's office ( principia ) . It had a long rectangular floor plan and was divided into two equally large (13.35 × 16.50 meters), hall-like interiors by a 3 meter wide central corridor. The front was oriented to the south.

Phase 2

The reconstruction of the fort in the Burgundian period no longer followed the prescribed pattern, especially in the interior. The barracks that could still be used were renovated, they were fitted with new wooden floors and the fort wells were exposed again. Buildings that were too badly damaged (e.g. part of the NW barracks) were torn down. Newly added residential buildings had an upper storey consisting mostly of half-timbering with sill beams on rubble-stone plinths and floors made of rammed earth. They were preferably built behind the towers. Due to the lack of roof tiles, it is believed that they were covered with either thatch or wooden shingles. The Burgundians placed these half-timbered houses in an irregular arrangement on the previously undeveloped inner courtyard.

The commandant's office was converted into a three-aisled, basilica-like building and decorated with wall paintings. An extensive layer of fire from the period after 425 marks the end of the fort's second settlement phase. The defenses were made unusable and rubble disposed of in the two wells. A half siliqua from the reign of Emperor Valentinians III was found in the backfill layer of the south trench . (419–455) recovered.

Phase 3

The Alemannic period of use was largely civil in character. The development of the fort now clearly shifted to the inner courtyard. The rubble was initially leveled, and long rectangular half-timbered buildings with floor plans based on the Roman model were erected over them, the roofs of which were now also covered with tiles. But there were also smaller buildings. In the ruins of a Valentine barracks on the north-west wall, a fabrica - also with a tile roof - was built in, in which broken glass and scrap metal were melted down for reuse. The Principia were converted into a simple hall church in the 440s - or possibly not until the 6th century - the direct predecessor of the St. George's Church, which existed until 1800, and the parish church of Alzey until the 15th century. Phase 3 lasted until the middle of the 5th century AD, then the buildings were destroyed again by fire.

garrison

In the course of the Diocletian reform of the empire, especially after the reorganization of the Roman provinces from 297, the northern part of Germania superior merged into the new province of Germania . From then on Mogontiacum also acted as the seat of the new military commander, the Dux Germaniae primae , to which the border army ( Limitanei ) was subordinate in this section. His area of ​​office was divided into two new commanders in the 5th century, according to the Notitia Dignitatum the Dux Mogontiacensis and the Comes tractus Argentoratensis . The origin of the units of Germania I is - as well as the time of their stationing in the province - controversial. In older research, the view was mostly held that the Roman border defense in the area of ​​the Mainz ducat was largely smashed by the Germanic tribes that invaded in 406/407 and that the remaining units of the Limitanei were incorporated into the Comitatenses (mobile field army). In more recent research, however, the opinion is partly expressed that the local Roman administration, based on Germanic federations, remained capable of acting until the middle of the 5th century, possibly even until the end of the Western Roman Empire in 476/480. The garrisons of the forts in which only foederati were stationed do not appear as irregular troop units in the Notitia Dignitatum .

Time position Troop name comment Illustration
4th century Limitanei / Comitatenses Since the camp was primarily intended as a stage station or a temporary base for operations by the field army, it was probably only manned by a small regular guard in the early days. Which unit provided this is unknown. The traditional costumes that have been excavated so far suggest a heterogeneous troop under Roman command.
5th century Burgundian Federation The garrison that was stationed in the fort in the first third of the 5th century was perhaps Burgundy. However, they are not archaeologically comprehensible, as they may only have been in Germania I for about 30 years . Among other things, Germanic finds such as a three-layer comb of the Böhme D2 type could be proven , but no militaria.
5th century Alemannic Federation In the late phase of the fort, the western Roman central government may have recruited Alemannic tribal associations to protect the Rhine border. Some of them were stationed in Alzey. It is also conceivable that the provincial Roman population living in the surrounding area used the fort as a refuge.

Course of the Danube-Iller-Rhine-Limes from Fort Alzey to Fort Worms

Enumeration and description according to list Claudia Theune: 2004, pp. 411–412

ON / name Description / condition
Burgus Zullestein In 1957 the foundations of the medieval were for oil drilling Burgstein (Hessen) in Wald, discovered in Weschnitzbrücke. The state archaeologist Werner Jorns carried out excavations here between 1970 and 1972 , during which he also came across masonry from Roman times. It was the remains of a Valentinian Ländeburgus (built around 370 AD) which monitored the confluence of the Weschnitz in the Rhine and served as a landing stage for the Rhine fleet . The name of the Roman occupation force is unknown. In ancient times, the Burgus stood directly on the banks of the Rhine or the mouth of the Weschnitz; today it flows past the excavation site about 500 meters away. Although the facility was abandoned by the Roman army only a few decades after its completion, it was probably used as a berth for ships until the Carolingian era . Port facilities are mentioned here in documents from the 9th century AD. Around 806 the Burgus appears as a gift to the Lorsch Monastery . At the end of the 10th century "came locus stone " in the possession of the Wormser bishop. Today it is the oldest stone building still visible in the Bergstrasse district. The Roman walls were preserved and display boards were put up for further explanation for the visitor.

The approximately 800 square meter fortification consisted of an almost square, 21.3 × 15.1 meter - presumably two-story - core structure with two wing walls at right angles to the river bank after about six meters Banks were reinforced by two connecting towers. This created a larger walled inner area that was open to the Weschnitzufer. The length of the landing stage was 42 meters. The central tower consisted of two meter thick walls and had a gable roof covered with tiles. The false ceiling and roof truss were supported by two massive inner pillars. It served as accommodation for the crew and as a storage room. The fortification was also surrounded by a moat on its north, east and south sides. The fortifications were later converted into " villa Zullestein " by the Franks . The core plant was extended to the southwest. A hall-like building was erected over the broken southern corner tower. This was followed by a small chapel with an apse in the east .

Reconstruction attempt and diagnosis plan
Fort Worms

Monument protection

The fort is a ground monument according to the Hessian Monument Protection Act . Investigations and targeted collection of finds are subject to approval, and accidental finds are reported to the monument authorities.

Note

Part of the castle ruins (barracks on the western wall) is freely accessible and is located near the grammar school at the Roman fort .

See also

List of forts in the Danube-Iller-Rhein-Limes

literature

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ Codex Theodosianus 10, 4, 3 .
  2. ↑ CIL 13, 6265 : In h (onorem) d (omus) d (ivinae) / d (eabus) Nymphis / vicani Al / tiaienses aram posuer (unt) / cura Octoni / Terti et Castoni / Cassi XK (alendas) Dec ( embres) / Maximo et Aeliano co (n) s (ulibus) . Translation: "In honor of the divine imperial house. The inhabitants of Altitaium erected this altar for the divine nymphs. Under the care of Octonius Tertius and Castonius Cassius, ten days before the calendar of December (November 22nd) under the consulate of Maximus and Aelianus . " The two consuls held this office in 223.
  3. ↑ Codex Theodosianus: 10, 4, 4 and 11, 31, 5; Jürgen Oldenstein: 1992, p. 13.
  4. ↑ a b c Claudia Theune : Teutons and Romanes in the Alamannia. Structural changes due to the archaeological sources from the 3rd to the 7th century . (=  Supplementary volumes to the Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde , Volume 45) de Gruyter, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-11-017866-4 , p. 411.
  5. ↑ Jürgen Oldenstein: 2009, pp. 15, 259 and 265.
  6. ↑ CIL 13, 6262 , CIL 13, 6264 and CIL 13, 6265 .
  7. ↑ CIL 13, 6266 , Wolfgang Diehl, 1981, pp. 17-18.
  8. ↑ William Undaunted: The pottery of the fort Alzei. Frankfurt am Main 1916. 2nd reprint Habelt, Bonn 1976, ISBN 3-7749-0686-6 (materials on Roman-Germanic ceramics, booklet 2).
  9. ↑ a b c Claudia Theune : Teutons and Romanes in the Alamannia. Structural changes due to the archaeological sources from the 3rd to the 7th century . (=  Supplementary volumes to the Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde , Volume 45) de Gruyter, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-11-017866-4 , p. 412.
  10. ↑ Jürgen Oldenstein: 2009, p. 12, Wolfgang Diehl, 1981, p. 15.
  11. ↑ Wolfgang Diehl, 1981, pp. 16-17
  12. ↑ Codex Theodosianus : Valentinians decrees of August 15, 370 and March 4, 373 to the prefect of Rome, Olybrius and a vicarius in Africa whose name is unknown ; Heinz Cüppers (Ed.): The Romans in Rhineland-Palatinate. P. 303.
  13. ↑ Florian Kragl (ed.): Nibelungenlied and Nibelungen saga. Annotated bibliography 1945-2010. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-05-005842-9 , p. 105.
  14. ↑ a b Jürgen Oldenstein: Alzey Castle. Archaeological investigations in the late Roman camp and studies on border defense in the Mainz ducat . 2009 (Habilitation thesis Universität Mainz 1992), pp. 16–17.
  15. ↑ Gratian's coin , series gloria novi secundi , minted between 367 and 375 in Arles.
  16. ↑ Jürgen Oldenstein: 1992, pp. 15-16.
  17. ↑ Jürgen Oldenstein: Alzey Castle. Archaeological investigations in the late Roman camp and studies on border defense in the Mainz ducat , 2009 (Habilitation thesis University Mainz 1992), pp. 15–16 and p. 266.
  18. ↑ Oldenstein 2002, p. 256.
  19. ↑ Eduard Anthes: 1909, pp. 4–5, Jürgen Oldenstein: 1992, pp. 15–16.
  20. ↑ Jürgen Oldenstein: 2009, p. 264.
  21. ↑ Eduard Anthes: 1909, pp. 5–6, Oldenstein 2009, p. 90.
  22. ↑ Ralf Scharf: The Dux Mogontiacensis and the Notitia Dignitatum , p. 1.