Kruger National Park
| Kruger National Park | |||
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| Location: | Mpumalanga , South Africa | ||
| Next city: | Mbombela and Phalaborwa , South Africa | ||
| Surface: | 19,624 km² | ||
| Founding: | March 26, 1898 | ||
| Address: | www.sanparks.org/parks/kruger | ||
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The Kruger National Park ( German often incorrectly Kruger National Park ) is the largest game reserve in South Africa . It is located in the northeast of the country in the Lowveld landscape in the Limpopo province and the eastern section of Mpumalanga . Its area extends from the Crocodile River in the south to the Limpopo , the border river to Zimbabwe , in the north. The north-south extension is around 350 km, in east-west direction the park is on average 54 km wide and covers an area of around 20,000 square kilometers . This makes it one of the largest national parks in Africa .
The sanctuary was established on March 26, 1898 under President Paul Kruger as Sabie Game Reserve to protect the wilderness. In 1926 the area was given national park status and was renamed to its current name. 147 species of mammals including the " Big Five " live in the park , as well as around 507 species of birds and 114 species of reptiles , 49 species of fish and 34 species of amphibians .
Rough breakdown
At 19,624 km², the Kruger National Park is one of the largest protected areas in Africa, but in the dry season the game has always migrated to a large extent to the areas bordering the park in the west. In 1961 the west side was completely fenced off and in 1975 the same was enforced on the east side, which prevented the migration of large animals in and out of the park. Today there are several private protected areas in the west, the fences of which have been removed many times towards the Kruger Park and allow the animals, at least within these protected areas, to move freely across the borders. In the north-east of the Kruger National Park, the fences on the border with Mozambique have recently been removed in order to allow game movements as far as the neighboring Limpopo National Park in Mozambique. The goal is a large cross-border park called Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park . To make it easy for tourists to move to Mozambique, new border crossings were built between the parts of the park, for example in Giriyondo . In many places, however, the park is still closely bordered by cultivated land.
Numerous large game relocations to the adjacent Limpopo National Park - including elephants, giraffes, zebras and Cape buffalo - took place, and not all of them were successful. Parts of the relocated elephant herds have migrated back to South Africa. It could take years to increase the wildlife population on the Mozambique side.
history
Until about AD 400, the San lived as hunters and gatherers in the area of today's park, where they left rock paintings in some places . From this time onwards, black shepherds immigrated from the north and began to displace the native San. In the early 19th century, when the Cape region came under British administration, many Boers who had previously lived further south migrated north to escape the tax burden. In addition to the Orange Free State, they founded the Transvaal Republic , which also included the area of today's national park. The whites mainly settled in higher areas (preferably the Highveld ) to avoid malaria and other health hazards. However, they also hunted down wild animals in lower areas, such as those of the later Kruger National Park, and drastically decimated the population.
When the game population dwindled , the Volksraad , the parliament of the South African Republic , decided to ban hunting in some state-owned areas. Back then, a protected area was not created to preserve original wilderness, but to protect game that could be hunted. By 1889, however, the herds of wild animals had almost disappeared. In 1894 the Volksraad therefore designated a protected area ( Pongola Reserve ) on the southern border with Swaziland . However, various private individuals, hunting associations and public institutions still demanded a real protected area in the eastern Transvaal.
This led to the fact that in 1898, with the consent of Paul Kruger , President of the Transvaal Republic, an area of around 2,500 square kilometers between the Sabie and Crocodile River , the Sabie Game Reserve , was placed under protection. Regulated hunting was allowed in this protected area.
James Stevenson-Hamilton was appointed game warden after the Second Boer War in 1902. Under his direction, the still rampant poaching in the park was combated and thus the foundation for today's animal wealth was laid. He worked tirelessly for the idea of a national park where visitors could observe the wild animals. In 1903, the Shingwedzi Game Reserve was established north of the reserve with about 5,000 square kilometers. In 1926 the Sabie and Shingwedzi Reserve and some adjacent areas were merged and declared Kruger National Park. The park has been open to visitors since 1927 and in 1935 there were already 26,000 visitors and 6,000 cars.
Since the beginning of 2000, the park has been expanded by merging with protected areas in Mozambique and Zimbabwe . The Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park includes the Kruger National Park, the Limpopo National Park in Mozambique and the Gonarezhou National Park in Zimbabwe.
Landscapes
Geomorphology and Ecosystems
The Kruger National Park is located east of the so-called Great Edge Step . About 90 km west of the park, the plateau drops steeply from about 1800 m to 1200 m. Then the landscape continues to slowly drop to 800 m up to the border of the park. Within the park, the height varies between 823 m ( Khandizwe ) in the hilly southwest and 183 m in the eastern areas. In the northern part of the park, the hilly and northern section of the Lebombo Mountains form the eastern border of the park. The highest point of this chain is 496 m. In the north, around Camp Punda Maria , the easternmost foothills of the Soutpansberg chain extend into the national park. With the exception of the corners of the southwest and northwest, as well as the Lebombo Mountains, the park is relatively flat and consists of undulating land from which some rock islands, the so-called koppies , rise in many places . These rocks are ideal habitats for cliff divers , baboons and leopards. Only in the hills and rocky areas of the southwest around Berg en Dal do you come across the mountain reedbuck , which does not appear anywhere else in the park.
The park has numerous rivers, most of which do not have permanent water, but turn into rivulets or dry out completely in the winter dry season . However, during the rainy season they can form powerful and wide streams that can lead to flooding. The largest rivers that flow through the park (in an easterly and south-easterly direction) are the Luvuvhu (flows into the Limpopo at Crook's Corner ), the Shingwedzi , the Letaba (flows into the Olifants), the Olifants , the Timbavati (flows into the Olifants), the sand (flows into the Sabie) and the Sabie . In addition, the crocodile forms the border river of the park in the south and the Limpopo the border of the park with Zimbabwe in the north. An ecological problem is the enormous amount of pollutants that the few rivers that carry water all year round, such as the Olifants, carry with them, especially in the dry season. This is reinforced by the extraction of water for industry and agriculture. Recently, some artificial water points have been created. They offer wild animals access to water in the dry season. These artificial water points sometimes created new ecological problems, such as overgrazing of the surrounding areas.
The northern part includes all areas north of the Olifants River and makes up half of the entire park. The vegetation here consists mainly of mopane forests ( Cholophospermum mopane ), which are interspersed with bush willows ( Combretum apiculatum ), especially on the hilltops . You can also find the mighty baobabs in the north . In general, the wildlife density is lower here than in the more southern parts of the park, but numerous elephants, buffalo, eland antelopes , roan antelopes and lyre antelopes live in this sub-area. Only the area in the extreme north, where the park borders the Limpopo, differs significantly from the other northern, overall rather monotonous landscapes. The vegetation here is extremely diverse, one of the characteristic tree species of this area is the fever tree .
The central part of the park, between the Olifants and Sabie rivers, includes open grass and tree savannahs and is home to most of the zebras, wildebeests and giraffes. The characteristic tree species of the entire southern area include sweet thorn acacia ( Acacia nigrescens ), marula trees ( Sclerocarya birrea ) and bush willows .
The vegetation of the southern parts is extremely diverse, but also consists mainly of thorn-reinforced acacias and grassland.
When the national park area was still part of the previous Sabie Sand Reserve , sheep grazed there in winter, which is why the grass was burned down every year. When the national park was established in 1926, it stopped and by 1954 fires were even actively fought. As a result, the landscape around Pretoriuskop, which once consisted largely of grassland, now consists mainly of bush and woodland, with the exception of the so-called Vleis. Although natural fires have been tolerated again for a long time, the area remained relatively wooded, presumably because the trees have now reached a size where the fire can hardly harm them.
In the Kruger National Park, 30 different ecosystems - largely determined by the landscape - can be identified. These can be summarized in seven main groups;
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Mopaneveld : Areas dominated by Mopane bush land.
- Occurrence: In the northern half of the park (north of Timbavati / Olifants)
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Sand veld : Species-rich, mixed (partly Central African) vegetation.
- Occurrence: In the far north of the park
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Sweetveld : Extensive, flatplains, predominantly overgrownwith grass , predominantly on basalt subsoil.
- Occurrence: South of the Olifant - as a narrow strip west along the Lebombo Mountains to the south.
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Mixed wooded area : hilly to flat landscape, mainly with trees and bushes and grassy areas.
- Occurrence: In the southwestern part of the park between the southwestern foothills and the Sweetveld plains
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Southwestern foothills : Higher-lying, densely overgrown, hilly landscape with protruding granite domes ( koppies ).
- Occurrence: In the southwestern part of the park
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Lebombo Mountains : Dry, stony, high-altitude mountainous terrain with drought-resistant vegetation.
- Occurrence: As a narrow strip from north to south on the eastern edge of the park.
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River edge forests : Steeps on river banks, rich in species and vegetation, dominated by large trees.
- Occurrence: Along the (larger) rivers that run through the park.
Showy trees and shrubs
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Long threads ("bush willows")
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Other trees
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Bushes
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geology
There are two geologically different areas in the park, separated from each other by a narrow band of sandstone. In the western half you will find mainly types of rock such as gneiss , slate and granite . In its eastern half these rock units are overlaid by basaltoid rocks of the Karoo system .
climate
The summers are hot and rainy, the winters warm and dry. During and immediately after the rainy season (November-April), when there is plenty of water everywhere, the game spreads over a large area in the park. In the dry season, however, the large animals concentrate on the surroundings of rivers and water holes.
The first rains usually start in September or October. The sky usually fills with clouds several days beforehand. The average annual rainfall varies between 740 mm in the southwest and 440 mm in the northeast. Most of it falls between November and March. The lowest rainfall occurs between July and August.
The rainy season is very hot and the temperature often rises to over 40 ° C. In the dry season, on the other hand, it can get very cold at night (occasionally below 0 ° C), but most years are frost-free and temperatures often rise to 20–30 ° C even in winter.
fauna
The most common large carnivores are spotted hyenas with around 2000, lions with around 1500 and leopards with around 1000 specimens (as of 2003). Less common are wild dogs with about 350 animals and cheetahs with a stock of only about 200 animals (as of 2002/2003).
By far the most common larger wild animal in the park is the impala , whose population was given as 150,000 animals in 2003. Since 1980, when their population was estimated at around 90,000, this species has almost doubled in the park. The after numerous large wild animals are elephants with 11,700 animals, Southern wildebeest ( C. t. Taurinus ) with 17,000 animals, Cape buffalo with 25,000 animals and Burchell's zebra with 32,000 animals (as of 2003). Giraffes are also common , their numbers increasing from 5,000 in 1980 to 9,000 in 2003. The southern subspecies of the giraffe, the so-called Cape giraffe ( G. c. Giraffa ), lives in the Kruger Park . Greater kudu (5000–8000), elliptical waterbuck (5000), warthogs (3800) and hippos (around 2500) are other common large herbivores. The elephant, buffalo and hippopotamus populations are regulated by the park administration through artificial interventions (shooting, relocation).
The Kruger National Park is an important reserve for the nyala . The populations of the sable antelope have fallen from around 2000 animals in the 1980s to only around 400 in 2006. The reasons for this are unclear. Sable antelopes mainly inhabit the western areas of the park. The rare large herbivores also include the lyre antelope (subspecies Sassaby) with around 200–300 animals, the eland with an estimated 400 animals and the horse antelope . Only about 60–70 animals of this antelope species can be found in the northern part of the park (as of 2006).
Rhino poachers have been causing significant problems in Kruger National Park since around 2008. They are primarily targeting the horn of the rhinoceros. The southern white rhinoceros ( C. s. Simum ) was already extinct in the Lowveld by 1896. However, in 1961 351 animals from the Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park were successfully released back into the wild in the Pretoriuskop region in the Kruger National Park. According to the national park administration, the population had stabilized at around 10,000 animals by 2010. Since then, poachers have killed an estimated 2,000 animals. 520 animals were killed in 2013 alone. Even the use of police and army units with drones and helicopters has not stopped poaching until today (end of 2014). Since the problem cannot be brought under control through controls and army operations alone, as many rhinos as possible should now be brought to safety in the south-west of the park. This area is easier to monitor and further away from the border, which is why the national park administration has set up an "Intensive Protection Zone" here.
In contrast to the again common white rhinoceros, the black rhinoceros is rarely seen in the park. It disappeared in the Lowveld around 1936. In 1971, 20 animals were introduced in the area around Pretoriuskop. Today there are between 200 and 470 specimens in the park. Most of the major reedbuck the park (at least 400) live in the southeastern area around Melelane and Pretoriuskop. Mountain reedbuck and roe deer antelope were reintroduced, but are still quite rare today. They only live in the wetter southwest of the park. In the late 19th century also lived Oribis in the southwestern part of the protected area, but she died there in the early 20th century. Attempts at reintroduction since 1969 have not been very successful. The park may be a little too dry for Oribis and the climatic conditions may once have been a little more humid. The Lichtenstein antelope was once found at least in the northernmost areas (possibly also in the south) of the park and later died out here. The species has now been reintroduced into the national park. A total of 30 of these antelopes from Malawi were released south of Punda Maria in 1985/86 and have successfully reproduced. The Lichtenstein antelope can already be seen on cave drawings in the Petoriuskop region.
The hoofed animals also include the bush pig , bushbuck , klipspringer , Sharpe old buck , ibex , crown duiker and the tiny dwarf ram (only in the north). Bear baboons (around 200 troops in total) and vervet monkeys are also common. Other primates that are rarely seen are the white-throated monkey , the giant galago and the southern galago . The smaller predators are in the park by caracal , serval , wild cat , black-footed , common genet , rusty-spotted genet , civet cat , black-backed jackal , striped Jackal , Aardwolf , honey badger , band polecat , African clawless otter , white-tailed mongoose , Southern Dwarf Mongoose , Banded Mongoose , marsh mongoose and slender mongoose represented.
Other eye-catching small mammals are the ground pangolin , the aardvark , porcupine , Springhare , scrub hare and Cape hare , and Bush Squirrel , hyrax and bush hyrax .
The largest bird in the park is the ostrich . Other noticeably large bird species are marabou , ground hornbill , secretary and giant bustard . Large waterfowl such as the saddle stork , goliath heron , purple heron , gray heron , great egret , white stork , black stork , the very hungry stork and pelicans can be found in the water, as well as numerous other species such as the Egyptian goose . Among the largest birds of prey are the martial eagle , the tawny eagle , the Crowned Eagle and Fish Eagle to name. The vultures are represented by lappet vultures , white-backed vultures , Cape vultures , woolly vultures , and capped vultures . Jugglers were once widespread in South Africa, but are now almost only found in the Kruger National Park. There is also a large variety of small and medium-sized bird species in the park, such as tokos and starlings .
Yellow-billed maggot hackers died out around 1904 in the course of the occurrence of rinderpest and the tick poisons used in South Africa around 1896. In the mid-1970s, the animals were spotted again in the north of the park for the first time and within 15 years they had spread to the south. The decisive factors were the use of less harmful toxins against ticks and the recovery of the wild animal populations, especially that of the Cape buffalo.
Among the reptiles, the large Nile crocodiles and monitor lizards (two species) are particularly noteworthy. In addition, there are at least 53 smaller species of lizards, which can be divided into geckos (14 species), skinks (13 species), lizards (19 species), agamas (three species) and chameleons (one species). Of the 54 species of snakes, nine are very poisonous, such as cobras , puff adders and the black mamba . The largest snake in the area is the rock python. Three species of aquatic turtles and three species of land turtles, including the leopard tortoise , are also native to the area. Among the fish, the African predatory catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ) is particularly worth mentioning.
From the realm of insects , the mighty termite castles are particularly striking . Pill twists and the caterpillars of the peacock moth Gonimbrasia belina are also typical. The Anopheles mosquitoes are feared as vectors of disease.
The park is home to a total of 147 species of mammals, 492 species of birds, 118 species of reptiles, 34 species of amphibians, and 49 species of freshwater fish, all of which are featured on the Kruger National Park's list of vertebrate species . The flora includes 404 types of trees, bushes and shrubs, 224 types of grass and 1,275 other types of plants.
Infrastructure
Entrances
The park can be reached through several entrances:
- In the south: Malelane and Crocodile Bridge (directly at / to the camp of the same name)
- In the southwest: Numbi , Phabeni and Paul Kruger
- To the west: Orpen and Phalaborwa
- In the north: Pafuri and Punda Maria
There are also entrances from the Mozambican side:
The roads in the park are partly paved , otherwise there are gravel and sand roads .
Camps
There are a number of camps and rest areas spread across the park, where you can relax and eat something or where you can stay overnight. There are a total of 21 so-called rest camps with overnight accommodation as well as 11 upper-class private lodges in the park. The rest camps are divided into two groups, the larger main camps and the smaller bushveld camps. In addition, seven areas were awarded as concessions to private companies that also operate lodges there.
Main camps
The 13 main camps (German: Haupt-Camps) of the Kruger National Park accommodate the majority of the guests. They are more comfortable than the smaller Bushveld Camps and often have restaurants, shops and gas stations.
- Berg-en-Dal : This modern camp opened on February 24, 1984 on the banks of the Matjulu Spruit River near a prehistoric settlement. It is the only camp in the park in a mountainous region and offers accommodation for around 500 visitors.
- Crocodile Bridge : This relatively small camp opened around 1930 on the banks of the Crocodile River in the southeast corner of the park. The camp also serves as the park entrance.
- Letaba : This camp is one of the largest in the park and is located on the banks of the Letaba River
- Lower Sabie : The camp is located on a dam that dams the Sabie River and can accommodate nearly 300 guests.
- Mopani : Opened in 1989 on the eastern bank of a reservoir and can accommodate around 500 guests
- Olifants : Located in the north of the park about two hundred meters above the Olifants river with a panoramic view
- Orpen : This relatively small camp in the west of the park also serves as the park entrance
- Pretoriuskop : Located on the carriage route from the Lydenburg gold field to the coast. Is named after the son of Andries Pretorius , Willem Pretorius. It is the westernmost and highest camp in the park.
- Punda Maria : Was built in 1919 as a station for the game rangers in the northern corner of the park and converted into a rest camp in 1933. From this camp, the nearby archaeological site of Thulamela can be visited.
- Satara : Before the park was established, the area around Satara was inhabited by settlers from the Transvaal Republic. One of the Indian surveyors marked today's Satara with the Hindi word "Satra", which means 17. With a capacity of around 450 overnight guests, it is one of the largest camps in the park.
- Shingwedzi : This is the largest camp in the northernmost parts of the park.
- Skukuza : The park's main camp on the south bank of the Sabie River offers overnight accommodation for more than 1,000 visitors. The camp offers a 9-hole golf course and a bank. The camp was called Sabie Bridge when it opened in 1902 , but was renamed Skukuza in 1936 after the nickname of James Stevenson-Hamilton in the Shangaan language .
Bushveld Camps
The Bushveld Camps are smaller than the larger Main Camps and do not have gas stations, shops or restaurants. In contrast to the main camps, they are only accessible to overnight guests.
- Balule : On the south bank of the Olifants. Very small camp with no electricity.
- Bateleur
- Biyamiti Bushveld Camp at Biyamiti
- Malelane : A small camp near the larger Berg-en-Dal camp, based on the remnants of an earlier, larger camp. It can accommodate up to 19 guests.
- Maroela : A small campsite on the Timbavati River next to Orpen Camp
- Sirheni : A small camp in a gallery forest on the Sirheni Dam, which dams the Mphongolo River
- Shimuwini : Bushveld Camp
- Talamati
- Tamboti Tented Camp: A small tented camp in a wooded area on a loop of the Timbavati River
- Tsendze Rustic camp: A small camping site that was opened in 2006 about 7 km from the Mopani camp next to the Mooiplaas rest area
Private lodges
- Boulders Bush Lodge
- Roodewal Bush Lodge
- The Outpost Lodge: Located in Crook's Corner .
Rest areas (with service)
- Afsaal Tearoom (on the Malelane – Skukuza entrance)
- Balabala (on the Shingwedzi-Punda Maria route)
- Tshokwane (on the Skukuza – Satara route)
- Nkhulu (on the Skukuza – Lower Sabie route)
Concessions with private lodges
- Imbali: A 100 km² concession area with the two lodges Imbali Safari Lodge, located on the banks of the Nwatswitswonto River , and the Hoyo Hoyo Tsonga Lodge, which was built in the style of a traditional Tsonga village on the banks of the Mluwati River .
- Hamilton's Tented Camp
- Jock Safari Lodge: A 60 km² concession area between Pretoriuskop and Lower Sabie. The lodge with its twelve suites was the first private lodge in the park.
- Lukimbi: A 150 km² concession area in the southern part of the park. The lodge is located on the banks of the Lwakahle River near Malelane
- Mutale
- Mutlumuvi: The only concession with the authorization to offer guided hikes in the 120 km² concession area (Rhino Walking Safaris). In addition, the Rhino Post Safari Lodge offers 5-star luxury.
- Ngala Tented Safari Camp: A tented camp in a 147 km² large concession area
- Singita Lebombo Lodge: A 100 km² large concession area in the east of the park. The lodge is located on the south bank of the Nwanetsi River east of Satara camp near the Lebombo Mountains.
- Tinga: A 50 km² concession area with the two lodges Narina Lodge and Legends Lodge.
- Londolozi: This property is located on the Sabie Sand Property and is located directly on the Sand River.
- Silvan Safari Lodge: Also located on the Sabie Sand Concession Area and offering six suites.
Wilderness trails
Seven 3-day hiking routes offer the opportunity to explore the more remote regions of the park on foot and to experience the wilderness first hand. No paths have been laid out for the routes, the hikers use deer pass or cross-country.
- Bushman: Near Berg-en-Dal
- Metsi-Metsi: Near Orpen Dam and the N'wamuriwa Mountains
- Napi: Between Skukuza and Pretoriuskop
- Nyalaland: North of Punda Maria near the Luvuvhu River
- Olifants: Near Olifants Rest Camp, along the Olifants River
- Sweni: Near N'wanetsi
- Wolhuter: Between Berg-en-Dal and Pretoriuskop
Management and protective measures
The poaching in the Kruger National Park shows a significant impact on the animal population of the region and the neighboring areas. Rhinos are particularly endangered in their population. National park rangers followed the illegal activities for a long time . South Africa has been using its army (SANDF) against poachers since 2011 . In addition to police units (SAPS), an Intelligence Tactical Regiment from Potchefstroom and other military special forces with helicopter support and night vision devices are involved in these activities . The activities of the poachers reached cross-border dimensions, favored by the good local knowledge among those involved. As part of Operation Corona , which actually serves to secure and monitor the country's external borders, 64 people were arrested in the Kruger National Park in 2011 with the help of SANDF units. There were dead and injured poachers armed with Kalashnikovs and hand grenades in firefights with the army and police units and the law enforcement authorities involved . According to the South African Army, many of the poachers are former Mozambican soldiers with a good level of military training.
The increasing militarization of nature conservation in the park is also the subject of criticism and scientific debate ( green militarization ).
swell
- The Kruger National Park Map . Honeyguide Publications CC. South Africa 2004.
- Nigel Dennis, Bob Scholes: The Kruger National Park: Wonders of an African Eden. Struik Publishers.
- LEO Braack: Travel Guide Kruger National Park, Globetrotter. New Holland Publishers, 1996. Fourth Edition, 2006. ISBN 978-1-84537-543-0
Web links
- South African National Parks: Kruger National Park . National park administration website at www.sanparks.org (English)
- GLTP: Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park . on www.greatlimpopo.org (English)
- Video from the national park
Individual evidence
- ↑ List of South African national parks at sanparks.org (English), accessed on May 12, 2017
- ↑ South Africa hunts elephants in Süddeutsche Zeitung , March 2, 2007
- ↑ a b c d e The Kruger National Park Map. Honeyguide Publications CC. South Africa 2004.
- ^ A b Nigel Dennis and Bob Scholes: The Kruger National Park: Wonders of an African Eden. Struik Publishers.
- ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group 2008. Tragelaphus angasii. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 14 May 2012.
- ↑ N. Owen-Smith, GJ Chirima, V. Macandza, E. Le Roux: Shrinking sable antelope numbers in Kruger National Park: what is suppressing population recovery? Animal Conservation. Volume 15, Issue 2, pages 195–204, April 2012 online link
- ^ Graeme Hosken: Major boost in resources to fight poachers . News from July 21, 2011 at IOLnews on www.iol.co.za (English)
- ^ Rhino Poaching Update . on www.krugerpark.co.za (English)
- ^ Department of Defense: Moves against rhino poachers are starting to bear fruit . at www.dod.mil.za (English)
- ↑ Elizabeth Lunstrum: Green Militarization: Anti-Poaching Efforts and the Spatial Contours of Kruger National Park . In: Annals of the Association of American Geographers . tape 104 , no. 4 , July 4, 2014, ISSN 0004-5608 , p. 816-832 , doi : 10.1080 / 00045608.2014.912545 .
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