Linneit

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Linneit
Linneit-Viktoria Müsen NRW D-4545-1-72.jpg
Linneit and chalcopyrite from the Victoria mine near Littfeld in Siegerland, North Rhine-Westphalia (field of view: 7.2 mm)
General and classification
chemical formula Co 2+ Co 3+ 2 S 4
Mineral class
(and possibly department) 		Sulfides and sulfosalts
System no. to Strunz
and to Dana 		2.DA.05 ( 8th edition : II / D.01)
02.10.01.01
Crystallographic Data
Crystal system cubic
Crystal class ; symbol cubic hexakisoctahedral; 4 / m  3  2 / m
Space group Fd 3 m (No. 227)Template: room group / 227
Lattice parameters a  = 9.43  Å
Formula units Z  = 8
Frequent crystal faces {100}, {110}, {111}, rarely also {112}, {113}, {133} and {234}
Twinning according to the spinel law with (111) as the twin plane
Physical Properties
Mohs hardness 4.5 to 5.5 (VHN 50 = 435 to 558, average 492)
Density (g / cm 3 ) measured: 4.5 to 4.8; calculated: 4.85
Cleavage imperfect after {001}
Break ; Tenacity uneven to slightly scalloped
colour light gray to steel gray; slightly starting
Line color blackish gray
transparency opaque
shine Metallic luster

Linneit , also known as Linnéite and under the mining names cobalt gravel and cobalt nickel gravel , is a rather seldom occurring mineral from the mineral class of " sulfides and sulfosalts " with the chemical composition Co 2+ Co 3+ 2 S 4 , or simply Co 3 S 4 , and thus, chemically speaking, cobalt (II, III) sulfide and the sulfur analogue of Bornhardtite . Structurally, however, both belong to the group of spinels .

Linneite crystallizes in the cubic crystal system and developed opaque crystals of mostly a few millimeters in size and octahedral habit , but is also found in the form of granular to massive mineral aggregates . The mineral is opaque in every form and from light gray to steel gray in color, but leaves a rather blackish-gray line on the marking board . The crystal surfaces of fresh mineral samples have a metallic sheen . After a while, however, these can become matt or colored.

With polydymite (Ni 2+ Ni 3+ 2 S 4 ), Linneit forms a mixed series in which cobalt is replaced by nickel .

Etymology and history

Carl von Linné (1775)

The mineral was first described in 1746 by the Swedish chemist Georg Brandt from a Swedish deposit under the name Swedish Pyrite . After roasting it, it obtained a black powder. With carbon powder, flux and after intensive heat treatment in a forge furnace , he obtained a compact, reddish and malleable mass with magnetic properties, which he later recognized as a new, previously unknown element of cobalt .

Friedrich Hausmann coined the name cobalt gravel for the Swedish mineral in 1813 .

A complete mineralogical description was only possible on the basis of mineral samples from the polymetallic ore deposits of the Bastnäs mines near Riddarhyttan in the Swedish province of Västmanland County . The chemical analyzes were carried out by Wernekink and Hisinger and in 1832 François Sulpice Beudant published the test results and mineral description in his second volume of the Traité élémentaire de minéralogie under the mineral name Koboldine . The Bastnäs mines are therefore considered to be the type locality of the mineral. Many other rare earth minerals were also discovered in them, from which the elements cerium and lanthanum were extracted for the first time.

The mineral was finally given its current name in 1845 from Wilhelm Ritter von Haidinger , who named it after the famous Swedish botanist and taxonomist Carl von Linné .

A storage location for the Linneit type material has not been defined.

Linneit was already known before the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) was founded in 1958 and was recognized by experts as a mineral. As a so-called grandfathered mineral (G), Linneit was recognized as an independent mineral type by the Commission on new Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC).

classification

The current classification of the IMA counts the Linneit to the “ spinel supergroup ”, where together with cadmoindite , cuprorhodsite , daubréelite , greigite , indite , joegoldsteinite , kalininite , polydymite , siegenite , violarite and xingzhongite it forms the “Linneit subgroup” within the “thiospinelle” "Forms (as of 2019).

Already in the outdated, but partly still in use 8th edition of the mineral classification according to Strunz , Linneit belonged to the mineral class of "sulphides and sulphosalts" and there to the department of "sulphides with a molar ratio of metal: sulfur, selenium, tellurium <1: 1", where he named the "Linneit Group" with the system no. II / D.01 and the other members Bornhardtit , Cadmoindit, Carrollit , daubréelite, Fletcherit , Florensovit , greigite, Indit, Kalininit, Polydymit, Siegenit, Trüstedtit , Tyrrellit formed and Violarite.

The 9th edition of Strunz's mineral systematics , which has been in effect since 2001 and is used by the IMA, also assigns the Linneit to the class of "sulfides and sulfosalts", but in the newly defined section of "metal sulfides with the molar ratio M: S = 3: 4 and 2: 3 “. This is further subdivided according to the exact molar ratio, so that the mineral can be found according to its composition in the sub-section "M: S = 3: 4", where it is found together with Bornhardtite, Cadmoindite, Carrollite, Cuproiridsite , Cuprorhodsite, Daubréelite, Ferrorhodsite , Fletcherite, florensovite, greigite, indite, kalininite, malanite , polydymite, siegenite, trüstedtite, tyrrellite, violarite and xingzhongite still existing "Linneit group" with the system no. 2.DA.05 forms.

The systematics of minerals according to Dana , which is mainly used in the English-speaking world , assigns the Linneit to the class of "sulfides and sulfosalts" and there in the department of "sulfide minerals". Here he is also the namesake of the "Linneit group (isometric: Fd3m)" with the system no. 02.10.01 and the other members carrollite, fletcherite, tyrrellite, bornhardtite, siegenite, polydymite, violarite, trüstedtite, greigite, daubréelite, indite, kalininite, florensovite, cuproiridsite, cuprorhodsite, malanite, ferrorhodsite within the " sulphide " subdivision , including cadmoindite Selenides and Tellurides - with the composition A m B n X p , with (m + n): p = 3: 4 “to be found.

Chemism

The idealized, theoretical compound Co 3 S 4 consists of 57.95% cobalt and 42.05% sulfur . Due to extensive mixed crystal formation with different sulfides of the same structure, however, Linneit can have high copper, iron and nickel contents.

Crystal structure

Linneit crystallizes cubically in the space group Fd 3 m (space group no. 227) with the lattice parameter a  = 9.43  Å and eight formula units per unit cell . The crystal structure corresponds to the spinel structure in which oxygen is replaced by sulfur (thiospinel). Template: room group / 227

properties

Linneit separates sulphurous acid in front of the soldering tube and , when roasted, forms a magnetic ball. In nitric acid , the mineral dissolves with evolution of sulfur on. In contrast, Linneitis is insoluble in hydrochloric acid .

Modifications and varieties

It is known to be a gold-bearing variety of the Linneits. So far, this is only known from a find in the Santa Fé mine in the Mexican state of Chiapas .

Education and Locations

Linneit (silver gray) and magnetite (dark gray) from the Gladhammar mines near Västervik , Småland, Sweden (field of view 3 mm)
Linneit and millerite from the Victoria pit, Littfeld, Siegerland, North Rhine-Westphalia

Linneite generally forms along with other nickel and cobalt sulphides under hydrothermal conditions in transition - deposits , but can also in metamorphic and sedimentary arise deposits. As accompanying minerals may include chalcopyrite , pyrrhotite , Millerit , Bismuthinit , Gersdorffit , Carrollit , cattierite , Ullmannit , marcasite , pyrite , galena and sphalerite occur.

As a rather rare mineral formation, Linneit can sometimes be abundant at various sites, but overall it is not very widespread. So far (as of 2018) around 250 locations have been documented for Linneit worldwide. In addition to the type locality Bastnäs in Västmanland County , the mineral was found in Sweden near Smedsbo in Dalarna, Vittangi ( Kiruna municipality ) in Lapland, Tunaberg ( Nyköping ) in Södermanland and in several places in Småland and Västmanland.

In Germany, Linneit was among others in the Black Forest in Baden-Württemberg, in Lower Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate , near Bellnhausen (Gladenbach) in Hesse, on the Rammelsberg in Lower Saxony, in the Sauerland and Siegerland , in several places in Rhineland-Palatinate , in the Saxon Ore Mountains as well as in Ronneburg found in Thuringia. Quantities that are partly worth building are known primarily from the hydrothermal siderite deposits ( iron spar ) near Müsen , Eiserfeld , Littfeld and Grünau .

In Austria, the mineral was found on the Hüttenberger Erzberg in Carinthia, Stubach in Salzburg and in several places in Styria and Tyrol .

In Switzerland, Linneit performed in the Murgtal in the canton of Glarus , at Trun GR in Graubünden, Molino TI in the canton of Ticino and Ayer (Val d'Anniviers) in the canton of Valais.

The sedimentary copper and cobalt mineralization in the Kilembe Mine in the Kingdom of Toro in Uganda is also known for its well-formed crystals with a diameter of up to three centimeters . Other known sedimentary deposits of this type were located in Northern Rhodesia and Katanga .

Linneit is known worldwide from Australia , China , Finland , France , Italy , Canada , Norway , Poland , Russia and the United States of America (USA).

use

Linneite is used as cobalt ore when it is locally accumulated.

See also

literature

  • François-Sulpice Beudant: Traité élémentaire de minéralogie . tape 2 . Chez Verdière, Paris 1832, p. 417-418 (French, limited preview in Google Book search).
  • Richard V. Gaines, H. Catherine W. Skinner, Eugene E. Foord, Brian Mason , Abraham Rosenzweig: Dana's New Mineralogy . 8th edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York (et al.) 1997, ISBN 0-471-19310-0 , pp. 99 .

Web links

Commons : Linnaeite  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Malcolm Back, William D. Birch, Michel Blondieau and others: The New IMA List of Minerals - A Work in Progress - Updated: March 2019. (PDF 1703 kB) In: cnmnc.main.jp. IMA / CNMNC, Marco Pasero, March 2019, accessed June 23, 2019 .
  2. ↑ a b David Barthelmy: Linnaeite Mineral Data. In: webmineral.com. Retrieved June 23, 2019 .
  3. ^ A b c Hugo Strunz , Ernest H. Nickel : Strunz Mineralogical Tables. Chemical-structural Mineral Classification System . 9th edition. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagbuchhandlung (Nägele and Obermiller), Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-510-65188-X , p.  93 .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g Helmut Schrätze , Karl-Ludwig Weiner : Mineralogie. A textbook on a systematic basis . de Gruyter, Berlin; New York 1981, ISBN 3-11-006823-0 , pp.  229-230 .
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g Linnaeite . In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America . 2001 (English, handbookofmineralogy.org [PDF; 64  kB ; accessed on June 23, 2019]).
  6. ↑ Stefan Weiß: The large Lapis mineral directory. All minerals from A - Z and their properties. Status 03/2018 . 7th, completely revised and supplemented edition. Weise, Munich 2018, ISBN 978-3-921656-83-9 .
  7. ↑ a b c Hans Lüschen: The names of the stones. The mineral kingdom in the mirror of language . 2nd Edition. Ott Verlag, Thun 1979, ISBN 3-7225-6265-1 , p. 253 .
  8. ↑ Linnaeite-Polydymite Series. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed June 23, 2019 .
  9. ↑ Brandt, Georg (1694–1768). In: mineralogicalrecord.com. The Mineralogical Record, accessed June 23, 2019 .
  10. ↑ Catalog of Type Mineral Specimens - L. (PDF 69 kB) In: docs.wixstatic.com. Commission on Museums (IMA), December 12, 2018, accessed June 23, 2019 .
  11. ↑ Ferdinando Bosi, Cristian Biagioni, Marco Pasero: Nomenclature and classification of the spinel supergroup . In: European Journal of Mineralogy . tape 31 , no. 1 , September 12, 2018, p. 183–192 , doi : 10.1127 / ejm / 2019 / 0031-2788 (English).
  12. ^ Friedrich Klockmann : Klockmanns textbook of mineralogy . Ed .: Paul Ramdohr , Hugo Strunz . 16th edition. Enke, Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-432-82986-8 , pp.  449 (first edition: 1891).
  13. ↑ Auriferous Linnaeite. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed June 23, 2019 .
  14. ↑ Localities for Linnaeite. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed June 23, 2019 .
  15. ↑ Petr Korbel, Milan Novák: Mineral Encyclopedia (=  Dörfler Natur ). Edition Dörfler im Nebel-Verlag, Eggolsheim 2002, ISBN 978-3-89555-076-8 , p. 38 .
  16. ↑ Find location list for Linneit at the Mineralienatlas and at Mindat (English)