List of stumbling blocks in Schwabach

Stumbling blocks in Schwabach

The list of stumbling blocks in Schwabach contains the stumbling blocks that were laid by the Cologne artist Gunter Demnig in the free district town of Schwabach in Central Franconia . Stumbling blocks remind of the fate of the people who were murdered, deported, expelled or driven to suicide by the National Socialists . As a rule, they are located at the last self-chosen place of residence of the victim.

The relocation in Schwabach took place on November 28, 2014.

The Jewish community of Schwabach

There was already a Jewish community in Schwabach in the late Middle Ages, when the village belonged to the Hohenzollern Margraves of Ansbach. In 1364 Schwabach was raised to town. In 1384 a pogrom occurred in the course of which several Jews were slain. In 1480 there were three Jewish houses. The Jewish residents lived mainly from money business. Protection letters and contracts have been preserved from the 16th century. In 1560 and 1584 the Jews were expelled from the city. Only after the Thirty Years' War did Jewish families settle again, at the request of the margrave, who wanted to boost the economy. Among the newcomers after 1670 were families who had been driven out of Vienna, all merchants and traders with good connections to other regions. By 1714 the number of Jewish families in the city rose to thirty. At the beginning of the 18th century, a chief rabbinate was established in Schwabach, which lasted until 1932. Nevertheless, the number of Jewish citizens decreased partly through assimilation, partly through emigration from 279 in 1811 to 105 in 1900. Many young Jews emigrated to North America, others went to Nuremberg from 1861, where there were better opportunities for economic and cultural development. At the beginning of the 20th century, Jewish heads of families were divided into four cattle and tobacco traders, two industrialists and four service providers. The Jewish population continued to decline dramatically, to 43 in 1925 and 38 in 1933. The National Socialists destroyed the rest of Jewish life in Schwabach. In October 1937 the last meeting took place in the synagogue. In February 1938, the chairman of the Israelite Religious Community, Hermann Feuchtwanger, resigned from his position. There was no successor. On August 10, 1938, the Weller Brewery bought the synagogue. On November 24, 1938, the residents' registration office announced that the city was - as the Nazi used to say - "free of Jews".

Had lived during renovation work in a former residential building in the synagogue Gasse 10, in which Jews, a unique find was made in 2001, a tabernacle (sukkah) with intact coffered ceiling and late Baroque frescoes. In addition to the usual religious motifs, the painting also shows a hare hunt. This representation in a sukkah is so far unique. “'The hare hunt is symbolic of the persecution of the Jews'. In addition, the Hebrew acronym JaK-Ne-HaS (Jag den Has) reminds the believers of a special sequence of prayers. 'If the end of a holiday falls on the Shabbat end, you can use this simple donkey bridge to remember the five prescribed blessings: The J stands for Jajin (wine), the K for Kiddush (sanctification), the N for Ner (light), the H for Hawdala (separation) and the S for Sman (time) '”, says Daniela Eisenstein. Other floral and figurative images are also unique so far. The find led to the fact that the Jewish Museum Franconia set up a third location in Schwabach. This was opened in early 2015.

List of stumbling blocks

Stumbling block	inscription	Location	Life
	DAVID BLEICHER JG LIVED HERE . 1882 ESCAPE 1935 PALESTINE	Koenigstrasse 12	David Bleicher was born on October 22, 1882 in Kolomea , Galicia. He was the owner of a commercial building at Königstrasse 12, where he also ran a haberdashery store. He also lived there with his wife, Ottilie Ecia nee. Nailer. The couple had nine children, Hannchen (1911) and Samuel (1913), both born in Bamberg , as well as Genenda (1914), Paul (1916), Silchen (1921), Riwka Sofie (1929), Josef, Anna and Hermann Markus, all born in Schwabach. In 1935 David and Ottilie Bleicher were forced to sell their house and business. There is a photo of the carnival procession in 1936 that shows a car that refers to the change of ownership in the shops of David Bleicher and Moritz Rosenstein. The couple fled and came to Rechovot in Palestine .
	OTTILIE ECIA BLEICHER GEB. LIVED HERE. NAGLER JG. 1886 ESCAPE 1935 PALESTINE	Koenigstrasse 12	Ottilie Ecia Bleicher , nee Nagler, was born on June 28, 1886 in Kolomea , Galicia. She was married to David Bleicher. The couple had nine children: Hannchen (1911) and Samuel (1913), both born in Bamberg, as well as Genenda (1914), Paul (1916), Silchen (1921), Riwka Sofie (1929), Josef, Anna and Hermann Markus, all born in Schwabach. The couple owned the office building at Königstrasse 12, where they ran a haberdashery shop. In 1935 David and Ottilie Bleicher were forced to sell the house and flee. The couple came to Rechovot in Palestine. No information is available about the fate of the children.
	BERTA GERSTLE GEB. LIVED HERE ROSENSTEIN JG. 1898 UNFOLILIENTLY MOVED 1935 MUNICH DEPORTED 1942 PIASKI MURDERED	Southern Ringstrasse 2	Berta Gerstle , née Rosenstein, was born on September 13, 1898 in Nuremberg . She was the only daughter of the textile merchant Moritz Rosenberg (1866–1940). Her father came from a large family, he had seven siblings. She married Justin Gerstle on February 15, 1923, the marriage remained childless. The couple ran a department store in Schwabach and had to leave the city in 1935 due to increasing anti-Semitism. They went to Munich and lived in a Jewish settlement. On March 16, 1942, Berta Gerstle and her husband were arrested and taken to the Milbertshofen Jewish camp . On the 3rd / 4th In April 1942 the couple were deported from Munich to the Piaski ghetto . Berta Gerstle and her husband did not survive the Shoah . According to the Munich memorial book, Berta Gerstle lost her life in Piaski. After the fall of the Nazi regime, Berta Gerstle and her husband were pronounced dead by the Munich District Court . Her father died in Munich in 1940. Her mother was deported to Theresienstadt on July 2, 1942, and murdered there on September 10, 1942.
	JUSTIN GERSTLE JG LIVED HERE . 1892 UNFOLILIENTLY MOVED 1935 MUNICH DEPORTED 1942 PIASKI MURDERED	Southern Ringstrasse 2	Justin Gerstle was born on April 11, 1892 in Georgensgmünd . His parents were the hop trader Ephraim Gerstle and Rosalie, née Heidecker. He had two brothers: Julius and Leo. During the First World War he served in the Royal Bavarian 20th Infantry Regiment "Prinz Franz" . On February 15, 1923, he married Berta Rosenstein, the daughter of a wealthy textile merchant in Schwabach, and the couple settled in Schwabach. There he became a partner in his father-in-law's business, which from then on was called Rosenstein & Gerstle . The department store was on the corner of Südliche Ringstrasse and Ludwigstrasse. The marriage with his wife remained childless, but came from the relationship with Anna Baader, a non-Jew, a daughter, Hilde (born 1918). The relationship between the wife, the child's mother and the daughter was good, as letters suggest. After the November pogroms , Justin Gerstle was imprisoned in the Dachau concentration camp until December 20, 1938. He and his wife lost the business and had to leave town. On March 16, 1942, Justin Gerstle and his wife were arrested and taken to the Milbertshofen Jewish camp . On the 3rd / 4th In April 1942 the couple were deported from Munich to Piaski , a small community in the Lublin Voivodeship in Poland. The Nazis had set up a ghetto there, from which there were regular transports to the Belzec extermination camp . Justin and Berta Gerstle were murdered by the Nazi regime in an unknown location at an unknown time. His mother's house was declared a "Jewish house" by the NSDAP . She was deported to Theresienstadt in June 1942 and murdered in the Treblinka extermination camp in September of the same year . Both brothers were able to emigrate, they died in New York State. His brother Julius Gerstle's daughter was murdered by the Nazi regime because of her disability. A stumbling block in Hamburg reminds of her fate.
	MANUEL GRAF JG LIVED HERE . 1879 INVOLVEDLY WITHDRAWN 1938 FRANKFURT DEPORTED THERESIENSTADT RELEASED / SURVIVED	Meat bridge 2	Manuel Graf was born on November 22, 1879. He had at least one sister, Anna. Manuel Graf opened a tobacco shop on Ludwigstrasse in 1898. He was married to Sarah, nee Kohn. He was arrested during the November pogroms and sent to the local court prison for a day, eventually having to go out of business. The couple moved to Frankfurt / Main . His wife took her own life there in 1942, and Manuel Graf's sister also died in Frankfurt in 1942. Manuel Graf was arrested and deported to the Theresienstadt concentration camp . He survived and returned to Schwabach on July 4, 1945, as the only Jew. He died on March 26, 1948 in Schwabach and was buried in the Jewish cemetery in Georgensgmünd .
	HERE LIVED SARAH GRAF GEB. KOHN JG. 1878 UNFOLILIENTLY MOVED 1938 FRANKFURT ESCAPE TO DEATH 3.8.1942	Meat bridge 2	Sarah Graf , née Kohn, was born in 1878. She was married to Manuel Graf, the owner of a tobacco shop in Schwabach. After her husband had to give up the business in 1938, the couple moved to Frankfurt / Main. According to the inscription on the stumbling block, Sarah Graf committed suicide there on August 3, 1942. Her husband was arrested and deported to Theresienstadt. He survived the concentration camp and the Nazi regime, returned to Schwabach and died in 1948.
	HERE LIVED RABBI DR. SALOMON MAN JG. 1871 IMPROVEDLY MOVED 1935 FRANKFURT FLUCHT 1938 ENGLAND	Synagogengasse 7	Salomon Mannes was born on April 15, 1871 in Wreschen . He was a pupil of the community rabbi of Posen, Wolf Feilchenfeld , and attended the rabbinical seminary in Berlin . As a result of the serious illness of the Rabbi von Schwabach, he was provisionally appointed as his successor in mid-1901. After the death of Rabbi Wißmann, he was definitively appointed in 1903. As a district rabbi, he was responsible for nine religious communities. In 1904 he married Klara geb. Jacobi was born on September 13, 1879 in Poznan . The couple had seven children. At least four of the children were able to flee to England or the USA. On March 26, 1935, Salomon Mannes and his wife had to leave the city and move to Frankfurt am Main . On November 9, 1938, they fled to London . He died in 1960, his wife in 1970.
	WALTER TUCHMANN JG WORKED HERE . 1891 ESCAPE 1937 PRAGUE FORCED SALE OF THE COMPANY 1938 USA HONDURAS / MEXICO DEAD 29.3.1942	Northern ring road 14	Walter Philipp Tuchmann was born on March 28, 1891 in Nuremberg . His father was the Kommerzienrat Max Philipp Tuchmann (1855-1934), who in 1913 took over the Schwabach needle and spring factory Fr. Reingruber as the sole owner . His mother was Klara geb. Hopf, called larches (1865–1934). He had two sisters, Gertrude (born 1882) and Sophie (born 1886). Walter Tuchmann also became a manufacturer, following his father as managing director of the needle works, now called Drei-S-Werke , located on the northern ring road in Schwabach. He married Elisa geb. Wecker was born on March 7, 1894 in Nuremberg, the marriage remained childless. Before 1933 he was a respected man in Schwabach, was considered a patron and prudent entrepreneur, and employed 130 people. He regularly welcomed guests from home and abroad to the factory, such as Alfons von Bayern . He became Honorary Consul of Honduras . After the seizure of power by the Nazis in January 1933 towel man was a wealthy Jew of illegal foreign currency trading and the " race defilement accused". The Schwabach population turned against him and he was charged. He then fled to Prague in 1937. From there he sold his factory to Richard Schmauser, Herbert J. Schmauser and Otto Wiedemeyer in early 1938. The purchase was carried out through his lawyer, the sales proceeds were far below the value of the company. On April 5, 1939, Tuchmann fled to the USA, from there to Honduras and finally to Mexico , where he died on March 29, 1942, one day after his 51st birthday. His sisters survived the Holocaust . Gertrude died in New York at the age of 102. His stumbling block was donated by the students at the Special Education Center. Since 2010 Die Linke has been calling for a Schwabach traffic route to be renamed Walter-Tuchmann-Straße.

Laying data

The Stolpersteine ​​in Schwabach were laid personally by Gunter Demnig on November 28, 2014.

Web links

• Stolpersteine ​​Schwabach initiative. In: stolpersteine-schwabach.com. Melanie Greiner

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Alemannia judaica : Schwabach (district town, Middle Franconia) Jewish history / synagogue , accessed on January 5, 2020
2. ↑ ^{a b} Nordbayern.de: Remembrance of the unimaginable , November 10, 2011, accessed on January 5, 2020
3. ↑ hagalil.com: Hare Hunt in the Sukkah , accessed January 5, 2020
4. ↑ City of Schwabach: JÜDISCHES MUSEUM FRANKEN IN SCHWABACH , accessed on January 5, 2020
5. ↑ ^{a b} German Digital Library : Schwabach, Königstr. 12, residential and commercial building; Babette semolina hammer; formerly Jewish Owner: David and Ottilie Bleicher , accessed January 4, 2020
6. ^ David F. Crew: "What can we learn from a visual turn? Photography, Nazi Germany and the Holocaust" The Power of Images? , September 18, 2006, The picture can be found in Klaus Hesse, Philipp Springer, Reinhard Rürup: Before all eyes , photo documents of the National Socialist terror in the provinces. Essen: Klartext Verlag, 2002. ISBN 978-3-88474-950-0 .
7. ↑ ^{a b c d} Stolpersteine ​​Schwabach: Biography of selected fates - school project. In: stolpersteine-schwabach.com, accessed on October 3, 2019.
8. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Nordbayern.de: “Stolpersteine”: Bowing to Jewish Victims of National Socialism , November 29, 2014, accessed on January 4, 2020
9. ^ Nordbayern.de: The history of the fashionable goods store S. Rosenstein , September 16, 2013, accessed on January 4, 2020
10. ^ Munich City Archives Biographical memorial book of Munich Jews 1933–1945: Gerstle, Berta, geb. Rosenstein , with a photo by Berta Gerstle, accessed on January 4, 2020
11. ^ Commemorative book victims of the persecution of Jews under the National Socialist tyranny in Germany 1933–1945: Gerstle, Berta Berty Beate , accessed on January 5, 2020
12. ↑ Yad Vashem has three entries on the person, all accessed on January 5, 2020:
    * BERTA BERTY BEATE GERSTLE , based on the memorial book of the Federal Archives,
    * BERTA GERSTLE , based on a handwritten, but unsigned , death report , and
    * BERTHA GERSTLE , based on a death report of her cousin Josef Heidner, but there with the wrong year of birth and an H in the first name.
13. ↑ Yad Vashem has three entries on the person, all accessed on January 4, 2020:
    * BETTY ROSENSTEIN , death report from Gerd Berghofer, a researcher,
    * BETTY ROSENSTEIN , based on the memorial book of the Federal Archives, and
    * BETTY ROSENSTEIN , based on the Theresienstadt memorial book .
14. ↑ According to Bavarian War Tribe Roll, Volume 1800 , accessed on January 5, 2020
15. ↑ Yad Vashem has two entries on the person, both accessed on January 5, 2020:
    * JUSTIN JULIUS GERSTLE , based on the memorial book - Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Tyranny 1933–1945 , ed. from the Federal Archives, and
    * JUSTIN GERSTLE , death report of his cousin Josef Heideckes from 1956.
16. ^ Commemorative book victims of the persecution of Jews under the National Socialist tyranny in Germany 1933–1945: Gerstle, Justin Julius , accessed on January 5, 2020
17. ↑ Munich City Archives Biographical memorial book of Munich Jews 1933–1945: Gerstle, Justin , with a photo by Justin Gerstle, accessed on January 4, 2020
18. ↑ Michael Brenner, Daniela F. Eisenstein (ed.): Die Juden in Franken, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-486-70-100-5 p. 212
19. ↑ Yad Vashem has three entries on the person, all accessed on January 5, 2020:
    * ROSALIE GERSTLE , based on the memorial book - Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Tyranny 1933–1945 , ed. from the Federal Archives, and
    * ROSALIE GERSTLE , based on a death report (with the wrong year of birth), and
    * ROSALIE GERSTLE , based on an entry in the Theresienstadt memorial book .
20. ↑ Gerd Berghofer : JUDEN FROM GEORGENSGMÜND , accessed on January 5, 2020
21. ↑ stolpersteine-hamburg.de: Hannelore Gerstle , accessed on January 5, 2020
22. ↑ Solomon Mannes. In: gw.geneanet.org, accessed October 5, 2019.
23. ↑ Schwabach (district town, Middle Franconia), texts / reports on the Jewish history of the city, the rabbinate and the Talmud Torah school. In: Alemannia Judaica , November 2, 2015, accessed October 5, 2019.
24. ↑ Obituary for the Drei-S-Werk. In: nordbayern.de , February 25, 2015, accessed on October 10, 2019.
25. ^ Walter-Tuchmann-Strasse for Schwabach! In: MyHeimat.de, February 14, 2010, accessed October 10, 2019.