Maersk Alabama

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Maersk Alabama
The Maersk Alabama
The Maersk Alabama
Ship data
flag DenmarkDenmark Denmark United States Liberia
United StatesUnited States 
LiberiaLiberia 
other ship names

Alva Mærsk (1998–2004)
Maersk Andaman (2015–2016)
Tygra (since 2016)

Ship type Container Ship
Callsign D5KT7
home port Norfolk (2004–2015)
Monrovia (since 2016)
Owner Seadream Marine, Piraeus
Shipping company MCC Transport Singapore
Shipyard China Shipbuilding Corporation (CSBC), Keelung
Build number 676
Keel laying May 27, 1998
Commissioning 1998
Ship dimensions and crew
length
155.00 m ( Lüa )
145.77 m ( Lpp )
width 25.00 m
Side height 13.90 m
Draft Max. 9.52 m
displacement 23,647
measurement 14,120 GT / 6,004 NRZ
 
crew 21st
Machine system
machine 1 × MAN diesel engine
Machine
performanceTemplate: Infobox ship / maintenance / service format 		10,130 kW (13,773 hp)
Top
speed 		18 kn (33 km / h)
propeller 1
Transport capacities
Load capacity 17,525 dw
Container 1,092 TEU
Others
Classifications American Bureau of Shipping
Registration
numbers 		IMO no. 9164263

The Maersk Alabama is a former container ship of the shipping company Maersk Line Limited , a subsidiary of the Danish Maersk from Copenhagen . The ship is meanwhile under the name Tygra in service. It became internationally known as Maersk Alabama in April 2009 after a pirate attack off the Somali coast. The pirates took the ship's captain hostage, who was finally freed in a violent action by special forces of the US Navy .

history

The ship was built in 1998 under the construction number 676 at the shipyard of the Taiwanese China Shipbuilding Corporation in Keelung for the AP Møller-Mærsk Group. The keel was laid on May 27, 1998, and the ship was delivered on December 22, 1998. The ship was launched under the Danish flag as Alva Maersk . In November 2004, the ship was renamed Maersk Alabama and brought under the US flag. The name was changed to Tygra and registered in Liberia in March 2016.

Established in 2004

The ship was chained in 2004 in connection with a fraud case in Kuwait. The shipping of high-quality goods is said to have only been faked. In this regard, the AP Møller-Mærsk Group was sued in Kuwait for damages for the loss of goods that allegedly did not exist, and the ship was confiscated until April 2004, when the group paid $ 1.86 million in compensation.

Pirate attack and captain being taken hostage in April 2009

On April 8, 2009, Maersk Alabama was attacked by Somali pirates 310  nm off the coast of Somalia on the voyage to Mombasa at 07:30 local time . This was the sixth attack in the area in a week. As a mother ship and thus as a starting point for their attack, the pirates used the Win Far 161 , a Taiwanese fishing ship with a crew of 30, which they had seized two days earlier north of the Seychelles .

The captain of the container ship, Richard Phillips , had previously received several warnings of pirate attacks by email, which were linked with the urgent recommendation to keep at least 600 nm from the Somali coast. However, he instructed his crew not to change course.

The freighter came from Salala in Oman , had called Djibouti and was on its way to Kenya . The cargo consisted mainly of food from the United Nations World Food Program for several countries in East Africa .

Hijacking

When the pirates were in the immediate vicinity of the ship, the captain instructed most of the 20-man crew to lock themselves below deck, where a crew member had recently set up a specially protected space. Following the instructions on how to behave in the event of a pirate attack, which had been trained several times, flares were initially fired to alert other ships and patrolling military aircraft to the attack. Phillips stayed on the bridge with three sailors. With the help of a boarding ladder, the first two pirates got on board the ship and shortly afterwards on the bridge, where Phillips met them unarmed and without resistance.

Below deck, the crew had control of the engine room and the rudder. By repeatedly turning the rudder hard, the crew tried to prevent the other two pirates from leaving their boat and boarding the ship, but this failed. However, the pirates' boat full of the waves produced, capsized and was lost. After 20 minutes, the ship's engine was stopped and shortly afterwards the crew switched off the power supply on the ship and cut off the diesel supply to the emergency generator, which made it difficult for the pirates to orientate themselves on the ship and to search for the crew members. The pirates sent one of the sailors who had remained on the bridge below deck to fetch the rest of the crew. However, he joined the group hidden in the dark interior of the ship.

The crew managed to lure one of the pirates into an engine room and overpower him. The pirate was held by the crew for twelve hours. After negotiations between the pirates and the crew, an exchange of the hostages held by both sides and the delivery of food, fuel and a lifeboat were agreed. With this the four pirates, whose own boat had sunk at the beginning of the attack, wanted to flee. In addition, the captain handed the pirates $ 30,000 from the ship's safe.

Escape of the pirates and kidnapping of the captain

The pirates took Captain Phillips hostage in a small lifeboat that he had persuaded them to use and that the crew provided with food, water and fuel. Phillips was supposed to show the pirates how to set off by boat and flee to the coast, and then be exchanged for the fourth pirate, who was still in the control of the crew. When the casting off did not succeed, a delegation of the crew let the ship's free-fall lifeboat into the water and moved in it with the fourth pirate towards the smaller lifeboat with the captain and the three pirates to swap the boats and the hostages. However, the exchange failed when the captured pirate was surrendered, but the captain was not released. Phillips spent the time from this Wednesday to (Easter) Sunday on the boat with his kidnappers.

Chase by US warships

The destroyer Bainbridge reached Maersk Alabama on the night of April 9, 2009 to support its crew. A maritime patrol aircraft of the type P-3 Orion simultaneously supplied video recordings from the air.

Since the pirates could not escape with the slow lifeboat, they kept the captain of the container ship hostage in the lifeboat and demanded a ransom and a speedboat. From the US destroyer near the lifeboat, the US Navy and a negotiating team from the FBI Federal Police came into contact with the pirates.

Phillips' attempt to escape

The Maersk Alabama continued its journey to Mombasa on April 10 of 2009. On the same day, an escape attempt by the detained captain Phillips failed. He tried to escape his kidnappers by jumping out of the boat. The pirates then fired shots and took him back on board. On April 10, the frigate Halyburton also reached the sea region, the amphibious assault ship Boxer was also ordered there.

Attempt to support the pirates through other hijacked ships

After the four pirates in the lifeboat asked for assistance in their attempt to escape, pirates allied with them set off with four other hijacked ships off the coast of Somalia on April 10, 2009, including the German container ship Hansa Stavanger including those taken hostage on board Crew. The attempt to help failed, however, because the pirates could not find the lifeboat.

Liberation by Navy SEALs

Maersk Alabama's captain Richard Phillips (right) after his rescue with Frank Castellano, in command of Bainbridge

On the night of April 12, 2009 members of the anti-terrorism special force SEAL Team Six jumped off with a parachute and were picked up from the Bainbridge . During the day, the lifeboat with the pirates and the hostage approached to less than 50 km of the Somali coast near Garacad ( Mudug ), a pirate base about 125 km south of Eyl . The possibility of the hostage being taken to the mainland exacerbated the situation. On land, the chances of a quick liberation would have been greatly reduced, as there are many inaccessible mountain villages and caves in the hinterland of the coast. When the pirates' boat was endangered by rough seas on April 12, 2009, they let the destroyer drag them into calmer waters. The marine managed to get closer to the boat with the kidnapped Phillips. Abdiwali Abdiqadir Muse, the pirate injured by the crew a few days earlier, came aboard the Bainbridge for negotiations, medical care and a phone call . When the pirates realized that the destroyer was pulling their boat back out to sea, the situation for the hostage became increasingly critical.

On the evening of April 12, 2009, Captain Phillips was rescued unharmed by the Navy SEAL team. Three of the four pirates were killed. Since the military came to the conclusion that Phillips' life was in imminent danger, they made the decision to intervene. Three combat swimmers killed the three pirates aboard the lifeboat from the stern of the Bainbridge from a distance of 25 m with several simultaneous shots. Two of the kidnappers had been at the rear hatch of the lifeboat, the third pirate was with directed at the bound Phillips -47 AK - assault rifle inside the boat visible. Immediately after the killings, Phillips was freed.

The Maersk Alabama lifeboat , in which Captain Phillips was held for five days, is brought aboard the boxers .

The pirate, who was on board the Bainbridge for negotiations , surrendered. The US Navy first brought Phillips to Bainbridge and then for medical care and subsequent questioning on the boxers , before he was flown to the USA a few days later.

One of the soldiers involved in the operation was awarded the Meritorious Service Medal , and two others were awarded the Navy & Marine Corps Commendation Medal for the rescue of Richard Phillips. Defense Secretary Robert Gates praised the action as "textbook-like".

The US Navy's internal criminal investigation service (NCIS) conducted an investigation into the whereabouts of the US $ 30,000 in cash that had disappeared from the Maersk Alabama lifeboat , but remained unsuccessful.

Political reactions

In the United States, on April 21 and 22, 2009, the House of Representatives dealt with the pirate attack and hostage rescue. Parliamentarians passed a resolution (H.Res.339) praising Captain Phillips and his crew, recognizing the role of the Navy and the crews of the ships involved, congratulating the Navy SEALs on their action, and their “great shared with all Americans Relief ”about the return of the team.

The president of the semi-autonomous Somali region of Puntland , in which piracy was the main source of income, praised the violent US actions after repeatedly criticizing payments of ransom to pirates. Because of the killings, Somali pirates threatened revenge actions against Americans.

Investigation of the incidents by the owner

A few days after the end of the hijacking, the management of the Danish parent company AP Møller-Mærsk announced an in-depth investigation into the incidents in order to be able to draw conclusions to increase the safety of the ships and their crews. Even before it was completed, the shipping company reported the first changes to the safety regulations, including the restriction of certain routes for ships based on their speed and freeboard , as well as measures to make access at sea more difficult. However, at the end of April 2009, A. P. Møller-Mærsk rejected arming the crews or the presence of armed security forces on board the ships as a basic anti-piracy measure with reference to a possible risk of escalation of violence.

Civil lawsuit by the crew against the owners and operators

11 of the 19 crew members later filed a lawsuit against the shipping company, which in 2013 led to a lawsuit with a value in dispute of US $ 50 million. They dropped the Maersk Line and the Waterman Steamship Corp. claimed not to have taken adequate security measures against pirate attacks and to have allowed the ship to enter the sea area threatened by pirates, disregarding clear warnings. In connection with the trial, some of the crew members made serious allegations against Captain Phillips, who is involved as a defense witness.

Criminal trial against surviving pirates

The only survivor of the four pirates was subsequently brought to trial in New York, at the end of which he was sentenced to 33 years and 9 months in prison in February 2011. Abdiwali Abdiqadir Muse was the first of the group to enter the ship, was injured in the hand by a crew member in the course of the attack and later surrendered to the US troops. He had beaten Phillips, who had been taken hostage, and faked an execution. A piracy charge, which includes a mandatory life sentence, was dropped by the court in an agreement with the defense after the defendant pleaded guilty to the less serious issues of kidnapping , hostage-taking and conspiracy . Due to a lack of evidence, the defense could not prevail with the mitigating argument that Muse was only 15 years old at the time of the crime. He is serving his sentence in Terre Haute Federal Prison .

Media processing

Captain Richard Phillips processed his experiences in the book Hell Days at Sea, first published in 2010 . Other reports from the military involved in the event published: Rear Admiral Terry McKnight , who until a few days earlier was in command of the multinational Combined Task Force 151 , described the action in 2012 in the book Pirate Alley. A former member of the DEVGRU unit described the details of the operation in the book No Easy Day , published in 2012 under a pseudonym .

Several Maersk Alabama crew members and senior naval officers McKnight and Gortney took part in the TV documentary Somali Pirate Takedown: The Real Story, which first aired in June 2009 on the US Discovery Channel .

The movie Captain Phillips (2013) by Paul Greengrass with Tom Hanks in the title role is oriented to the real events Action - Thriller .

A mission from the 2012 first-person shooter Medal of Honor: Warfighter is based on the rescue operation in the course of the kidnapping. At least one of the elite soldiers employed in the liberation of the ship's captain supported the development of the computer game as a consultant.

The original lifeboat and a sniper rifle used to rescue hostages are among the exhibits at the National Navy SEAL Museum in Fort Pierce, Florida.

More pirate raids

After the sensational attack, the Maersk Alabama was attacked eight more times by pirates (as of October 2013). The first of these attacks took place on November 18, 2009, 560 nautical miles east of the Horn of Africa. Four men approached in a small boat and shot the ship with automatic weapons. However, private security personnel on board the freighter were able to prevent a hijacking. The guards returned fire with handguns and a long range acoustic device and drove the pirates to flight. The Maersk Alabama continued its voyage to Mombasa.

Another attack by Somali pirates on the ship took place on September 29, 2010 and was also repulsed by a team of private guards on board when the pirates were about 100 meters away. Further attacks took place on March 8 and May 14, 2011, with the armed security forces acting on board. According to the captain, the pirates had already approached the ship within 30 meters during the latter attack.

Two security guards died in February 2014

In February 2014, Maersk Alabama transported relief supplies for the US Food for Peace program to East Africa. On February 18, while in port in Port Victoria, Seychelles, the two guards Jeffrey Reynolds and Mark Kennedy were found dead in their chamber. The two 44- and 43-year-old ex-Navy seals worked on board for the security company Trident Security. Both guards died of respiratory and heart failure from taking heroin and alcohol at the same time. The ship was able to continue its voyage after the investigation was completed.

Technical specifications

The ship is powered by a seven-cylinder - Diesel engine type MAN driven 7S50MC MK6. The engine, manufactured under license by Hitachi Zosen Diesel & Engineering, has an output of 10,130  kW . Three diesel generators , each with an output of 1,215 kW, are available for power generation.

The ship has a container capacity of 1092  TEU . The four holds are equipped with cell guides. There are spaces on deck for 16 20-foot or eight 40-foot containers one behind the other, whereby up to ten containers can be stowed next to each other and up to five layers on top of each other. Between hatches 1 and 2 as well as 3 and 4 there is a crane located amidships , which can lift up to 40 t. The deckhouse is located in the stern area of ​​the ship.

literature

  • Christopher L. Daniels: Somali Piracy and Terrorism in the Horn of Africa. Scarecrow, Lanham / Toronto / Plymouth 2012, ISBN 978-0-8108-8310-9 , pp. 42-45, 147 in the Google book search.
  • The Real Story of the Maersk Alabama. In: Marine Officer , Summer 2009, pp. 6-18 (online) .

Web links

Commons : Maersk Alabama  - collection of images, videos, and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Søfartsstyrelsen Skibsregistret (ed.): Danmarks Skibsliste ( Memento from March 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF), Danish shipping register from January 2000, p. 84 (Danish)
  2. ↑ a b c d Maersk Alabama ( June 10, 2015 memento in the Internet Archive ) , International Shipholding Corp. Accessed November 21, 2013 (PDF file; 327 kB).
  3. ↑ Maersk Alabama. In Containership-Info , accessed December 3, 2013
  4. ↑ Maersk A-Class (English) , GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved April 16, 2009. 
  5. ↑ Attack on "Maersk Alabama": Four pirates against US warship. In: Stern.de of April 9, 2009, accessed on November 27, 2013.
  6. ↑ Piracy Today: Modern Terror on the High Seas to Open at Nauticus ( Memento December 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ). Announcement from the Science Center Nauticus dated December 11, 2009, accessed on November 27, 2013 (English).
  7. ↑ Chiang Huang-chih: Does MOFA care about 'Win Far'? In: Taipei Times of September 7, 2009, accessed December 10, 2013 (English)
  8. ^ The Maersk Alabama crew speaks out about Captain Phillips. TV report of the program Anderson Cooper 360 ° on CNN from October 8, 2013, accessed on November 29, 2013 (English).
  9. ↑ a b Dramatic battle with pirates off the Somali coast. In: Hamburger Abendblatt , April 9, 2009.
  10. ↑ "Maersk Alabama": Pirates take captain of US freighter hostage. In: Focus , April 9, 2009.
  11. ↑ a b c Shane Murphy: "I'm Your Worst F ** king Nightmare". In: GQ of November 18, 2009, accessed December 10, 2013.
  12. ↑ a b c Crewman’s e-mail gives harrowing details of hijacking. In: CNN, April 20, 2009, accessed December 2, 2013.
  13. ^ A b Colin Freeman: Captain Phillips interview: "I didn't care if I died". In: The Telegraph, October 8, 2013, accessed November 30, 2013.
  14. ^ A b Adam Goldman: More to the dramatic story of Capt. Phillips and SEALS ( memento November 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive ). In: Leader-Post , October 12, 2012 (English).
  15. ^ Hero with scratches ( Memento from April 17, 2009 in the Internet Archive ). In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , April 15, 2009.
  16. ↑ Marc Engelhardt: US captain in pirate hands. In: taz , April 9, 2009, accessed on September 21, 2019.
  17. ↑ US military wants to expand presence ( Memento from April 12, 2009 in the Internet Archive ). In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , April 9, 2009.
  18. ^ Obama promises a united effort against piracy. In: USA Today of April 12, 2009, accessed December 2, 2013.
  19. ↑ a b US military strengthens presence off Africa. In: Deutsche Welle , April 10, 2009, accessed on September 21, 2019.
  20. ↑ Kühner Escape Attempt ( Memento from April 13, 2009 in the Internet Archive ). In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , April 10, 2009.
  21. ↑ Hostage drama at sea. "Halyburton" arrives ( Memento December 10, 2009 in the Internet Archive ). In: n-tv , April 10, 2009.
  22. ↑ Documentary about "Hansa Stavanger" kidnapping: "The real bosses are in the Bahamas". In: Süddeutsche Zeitung of December 7, 2013.
  23. ↑ a b Katja Gelinsky: Three headshots in rough seas. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , April 13, 2009, accessed on April 21, 2009.
  24. ↑ Pirates with a US captain are approaching the coast. In: Die Welt , April 12, 2009, accessed on the same day.
  25. ↑ Stephanie McCrummen, Ann Scott Tyson: Navy Kills 3 Pirates, Rescues Ship Captain. In: The Washington Post , April 12, 2009, accessed the same day.
  26. ↑ Stephanie McCrummen, Ann Scott Tyson: Navy Kills 3 Pirates, Rescues Ship Captain off Somalia's Coast. In: Washington Post , April 13, 2009, accessed November 29, 2013.
  27. ↑ Robert D. McFadden and Scott Shane: In Rescue of Captain, Navy Kills 3 Pirates. In: New York Times , April 12, 2009, accessed November 29, 2013.
  28. ↑ Marc Engelhardt (April 13, 2009). Captain manages to escape from pirates ( memento from April 15, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Tagesschau
  29. ↑ Petraeus Visits Sailors, Awards Maersk Rescuers US Department of Defense
  30. ^ John J. Kruzel: Gates: Rescue was 'textbook,' but piracy looms ( Memento of December 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ). Announced April 13, 2009 on the US Central Command website .
  31. ↑ $ 30 G went missing in SEAL rescue of Capt. Phillips; SEALs given polygraph test. In: FOX News of October 11, 2013, accessed on November 29, 2013.
  32. ^ Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 111th Congress First Session: Vol. 155 Part 8 , April 22, 2009, pages 10325-10329, partly online [1] - Debate in the US House of Representatives on the occasion of the termination of the kidnapping
  33. ↑ Text: H. Res. 339 - 111th Congress (2009-2010). US House of Representatives resolution of April 22, 2009, accessed November 30, 2013.
  34. ↑ After the hostage was liberated: Pirates seek revenge. In: Stern.de of April 13, 2009, accessed December 9, 2013.
  35. ↑ Piracy: Call for Vengeance. In: Der Spiegel from April 20, 2009, accessed December 9, 2013.
  36. ^ AP Moller-Maersk to investigate 'Maersk Alabama' hijacking incident. ( Memento of December 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) In: Baird Maritime , April 15, 2009 (English).
  37. ^ AP Moller Maersk Group Reviews Internal Piracy Policy. In: The Maritime Executive of April 30, 2009, accessed September 22, 2019.
  38. ↑ Maersk Alabama Crew Members Sue. In: gCaptain of April 16, 2012, accessed December 9, 2013.
  39. ↑ Captain Phillips: The True Story ( Memento November 21, 2013 in the Internet Archive ). Documentation of the dispute by the attorney for the crew members (English).
  40. ↑ Complaint / Civil Action No.:CL12-1617 ( Memento of December 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF). Application of April 9, 2012 (English).
  41. ↑ Maureen Callahan: Crew members: 'Captain Phillips' is one big lie. In: New York Post of October 13, 2013, accessed November 30, 2013.
  42. ↑ Laura Collins: A new Tom Hanks movie says Captain Phillips is the hero who saved his men when pirates attacked ... but now a $ 50million lawsuit says he risked their lives. In: Mail Online from October 1, 2013, accessed on November 29, 2013 (English).
  43. ^ Benjamin Weiser: Somali Pirate Sentenced to Nearly 34 Years. In: New York Times, February 16, 2011, accessed November 28, 2013.
  44. ^ A b Daniel Nasaw: Somali pirates face hard time in US prison. In: BBC News of October 3, 2011, accessed November 28, 2013.
  45. ↑ Richard Phillips and Stephan Talty: Hell days at sea: In the hands of Somali pirates - rescued by Navy Seals , partly online [2] , Heyne, Munich 2013 - experience report of the kidnapped captain.
  46. ↑ Terry McKnight and Michael Hirsh: Pirate Alley: Commanding Task Force 151 Off Somalia , Chapter 8 and the following: Attack on Maersk Alabama , page 118 ff., Partially online [3] , Naval Institute Press , Annapolis 2012 (English), ISBN 978 -1612511344
  47. ↑ David Ax: 8,000 Miles, 96 Hours, 3 Dead Pirates: Inside a Navy SEAL Rescue. In: Wired of October 17, 2012, accessed on November 29, 2013 (English)
  48. ↑ Mark Owen [Mark Bissonette] and Kevin Maurer: No Easy Day: The Firsthand Account of the Mission that Killed Osama bin Laden , partly online [4] Chapter 6, ISBN 978-0525953722
  49. ↑ Cory Pletan: A Year in Reviews: No Easy Day. In: Harvard Political Review of December 27, 2012, accessed November 29, 2013.
  50. ↑ Discovery Channel's SOMALI PIRATE TAKEDOWN THE REAL STORY Documents Never-Before-Told Stories Behind Dramatic Maersk Alabama Pirate Standoff. ( Memento from December 12, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Message on the Discovery Channel website from June 15, 2009 (English).
  51. ^ Medal of Honor Warfighter computerandvideogames.com.
  52. ↑ Hat Trick Medal of Honor Wiki.
  53. ↑ Steve Friess: Navy SEAL Matt Bissonnette helps on 'Medal of Honor' game. In: Politico of September 19, 2012, accessed on November 29, 2013 (English).
  54. ↑ Maersk Alabama Lifeboat and Mk 25 Sniper Rifle from "Easter SEAL Rescue". National Navy SEAL Museum website, accessed November 30, 2013.
  55. ^ Gwynne Watkins: Talking With Captain Phillips's Real-Life First Mate, Shane Murphy. In: Vulture, October 16, 2013, accessed November 30, 2013.
  56. ↑ Pirates attack US freighter “Maersk Alabama” again. In: Der Spiegel , November 18, 2009, accessed on September 22, 2019.
  57. ↑ Jason Straziuso: Maersk Alabama attacked again by pirates ( Memento from September 12, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ). In: Associated Press , November 18, 2009.
  58. ↑ David Fitzpatrick: Pirates set sights on Maersk Alabama again, maritime group says. In: CNN.com of November 22, 2010, accessed November 28, 2013.
  59. ↑ Kirit Radia: Pirates Again Target Maersk Alabama. In: ABC News of March 8, 2011, accessed November 28, 2013.
  60. ^ Security Team Aboard Maersk Alabama Repels Pirate Attack. In: Wheelhouse Weekly, May 16, 2011, accessed November 28, 2013.
  61. ↑ James Nye: Two ex-Navy SEALS protecting Captain Philips ship found dead 'after apparent heroin overdose' in Associated Newspapers / Daily Mail of February 20, 2014, accessed on February 21, 2014 (English)
  62. ↑ Ben Brumfield: Police: Heroin, alcohol at fault in death of security officers on 'Captain Philips' ship at CNN on April 29, 2014, accessed on April 30, 2014 (English).