Mansfeld copper cinder blocks

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Mansfeld copper cinder block as a paperweight and souvenir from the Krughütte in Eisleben. Edge length 4.6 cm, weight 259 g

Mansfeld copper cinder blocks are a special form of cinder blocks . They were made from the 19th century until 1990. The VEB Mansfeld "Wilhelm Pieck" delivered them to the GDR for road and house construction as well as to Western Europe, they were also used for dike fortifications and wall cladding. As they contain traces of radionuclides , they represent a weak source of radiation .

Dresden, Theaterplatz : Pavement made of Mansfeld cinder blocks
Grain bottle Friedeburgerhütte
Zoological Garden Halle (Saale) : Decorative, functionless building of garden art (" Folly ") made of unformed, relatively quickly solidified Mansfeld slag

history

In Mansfeld , copper was extracted from copper shale , for which purpose it was melted with coke, lime and other additives in a shaft furnace. This melt separates into a silicate phase (which produced slag as a by-product when it solidified ) and a sulfidic phase (with the copper and iron components), which was subjected to further smelting steps. Most by-products were for centuries to slag heaps - also heaps called - piled. The three largest are known today as the pyramids of the Mansfeld region .

Since they did not want to waste the large amounts, numerous attempts were made at the same time ( slag baths , use to generate hot water, heating, cooking). In 1795 the use of bricks was suggested for the first time at the Friedeburger Hütte . In the middle of the 19th century, so-called winding slag was already being created in large quantities for building purposes (1850: 78,000). Progress was also made in processing it into crushed stone and reached 5,000 tons per year. As the smelting performance continued to rise and the slag caused ever higher landfill costs, the search for alternative uses was intensified. In 1863 a further increase in quality was achieved and tempered paving stones could be poured, which is why October 31, 1863 is regarded as the birthday of the paving stones made of tempered slag .

As early as 1865, the trade union road and road construction administration began to use its own tempered cinder block paving stones. It all started with the way from the union road to the Ernstschacht near Helbra. From 1868 onwards, mostly self-produced paving stones were used. The industrial production of cinder blocks began in 1875, as 35 cinder blocks could now be produced in one pit with one pour for the first time. As early as 1894, 19 different formats of the cinder blocks were produced. The best known format is the 16 cm × 16 cm × 16 cm paving stone. The cinder blocks were used in road construction , hydraulic engineering (dike fortifications), civil engineering and also in house construction. In road construction, they are controversial because of the slipperiness in the rain, which continues to be a problem even after improvements. In house construction, they were also used to build garages, garden walls and stables. Attempts made at the beginning of the 20th century to use the slag in cement production were initially unsuccessful, but progress was made in the 1950s. Other products could also be obtained from the slag. In the late 1920s, demand exceeded production, although all suitable slag was also being processed.

The Mansfeld copper cinder block pavement, also called Mansfeld pavement for simplicity, was long considered an inexpensive alternative as long as the freight was cheap. As a result, it was able to cope with the competition with natural paving and was also less worn than, for example, basalt or granite. In addition, the joints could be set closer, so that the rock appeared to be suitable for bike paths . The high labor intensity in production, however, no longer allowed an economical manufacture of the cinder blocks from the beginning of the 1970s. Production was largely stopped at the end of 1976. A slag dump can be visited in Helbra ( ), there were a total of 24 pure slag dumps in 1992, as well as around 1150 mine dumps. Around 1.4 billion cinder blocks were produced in the approximately hundred-year production period up to 1976. In addition, other molded parts (e.g. pipes) and slag wool as well as lumpy slag (as gravel material or as cement aggregate) were also produced. In the period from 1979 to 1989, 15 million copper slag bricks were produced in the area, and three million tons of broken slag were used in road construction. The delivery was only made with permission, use in main buildings is not desired and in auxiliary buildings only permitted with brick facing.

In 1990 the mining of sulphidic copper-lead-zinc ores was abandoned. The smelting of own and foreign ores in the Mansfeld-Helbra-Eisleben area was also stopped. Since 1992 the Radiation Protection Commission has advised against the use of cinder blocks when building new houses. In road construction, however, its use was still considered safe, as the road surface significantly reduced the local dose rate and, with a road surface of ten centimeters, was comparable to that of west Saxon granite .

Main manufacturing facilities

In 1906 the Mansfeld'sche Kupferschiefer building union in Eisleben operated four raw smelters in which slag bricks were made from the liquid blast furnace slag using malleable cast iron:

  • Helbra: Koch hut (from 1951 August Bebel hut), slag dump

production method

Mansfeld copper cinder block as a paperweight and souvenir of the August-Bebel-Hütte in Helbra. Shows the coat of arms above and on the right
comrade Martin , a symbolic figure of the Mansfeld mining industry. Edge length 5 cm, weight 331 g

The cinder blocks were poured on the premises of the respective hut to ensure short distances between tapping at the blast furnace and stone casting. The “artificial lava” that was transported to the casting site in tipping lanes on the factory railway was not allowed to cool down too much. In a cast bed about 40 to 50 cm deep, slag chippings, which later formed the non-slip top of the stones, were distributed evenly. The size of the bed and thus the number of stones (guideline value 120) that were produced in one casting was based on the volume of a tilting lore.

In this bed, iron casting molds were inserted into one another like a building block and covered with iron plates, with one plate each covering the compartments for two stones. There were two holes in a cover, each with a diameter of 4 to 5 centimeters, through which the glowing mass flowed into the cube-shaped compartments. The entire bed has been rimmed to limit excess mass. The tracks for the works railway were laid right up to the cast bed. Usually there were several cast beds of this type next to each other, as the works train brought several tilting lifts at once.

The stones cast in this way had to cool for several days. Then the glass-like cooled slag located above the compartment lid was chopped off, the covers removed after further cooling and the stones removed and stacked. The activity to produce cinder blocks, was considered highly qualified and who exercised had their own, today hardly common job title multiples . The German photo library of the SLUB has put a photo series about it from 1958 online. The photos show a specialist making the compartments , pouring the liquid slag and a storage area with stones made from molded slag. The utilization of the slag for Mansfeld cinder blocks rose to 90% in favorable years.

Other building material products

The copper slag was also used - in granulated form and mixed with Portland cement and shaped using a wet pressing process - for the production of other building materials (curbs, boundary and numbered stones, hard stone slabs).

Technical characteristics

Depending on the cooling speed, the slag solidified in a purely glassy manner (with rapid cooling), or pyroxene was separated out as a crystalline phase. In addition, residues of the sulfidic phase (in droplet form) appeared. Other crystalline phases ( spinel , calcium aluminosilicates) only appeared in exceptional cases.

The pyroxene formed a coarsely crystalline structure in the paving stones, whereby it often formed skeletal crystals. However, it was also possible to solidify the slag in a controlled manner in such a way that a porcelain-like structure with very small crystal sizes (less than 1 µm) was formed. Molded parts made from this copper slag were considered to be extremely wear-resistant; their compressive strength is about 3000 kg / cm 2 .

The chemical composition of the copper slag was given as follows: 45-50% SiO 2 , 18-22% CaO, 16-19% Al 2 O 3 , 4-9% MgO, 3-5% FeO, 3-5% (Na 2 O + K 2 O), 0.2-0.3% Cu, 0.2-0.4% S.

radiation

Specific activity of natural radionuclides in slag from Mansfeld copper shale
Radionuclide Specific activity in becquerels per
kilogram of slag: mean (range)
Radium -226 1500 (860-2100)
Thorium -232 48 (18-78)
Potassium -40 520 (300-730)

The extracted copper shale contained a certain proportion (on average 5 g / t) uranium and other radioactive elements from the uranium decay series. In the metallurgical processes for the extraction of copper, these elements partially accumulated in the slag. The proportion of the other natural radionuclides thorium-232 and potassium-40 in the slag from Mansfeld copper slate, on the other hand, is in the middle range compared to other building materials such as granite, clay, loam, bricks, clinker and concrete.

The local dose rate on streets and squares as well as in houses is up to 0.7  μSv / h with an average value of approx. 0.4 μSv / h. For stays of up to three hours a day, the effective additional annual dose is up to 0.3 mSv. The average effective dose to a person in Germany from natural sources is around 2–2.4 mSv per year including inhalation of radon. The reference value for the effective dose that should be complied with according to the Radiation Protection Act is 1 millisievert per year due to radionuclides of natural origin (except radon).

Production figures

As early as 1874, 394,000 paving stones were produced, ten years later there were 3.955 million (1885) and in 1897 10.629 million paving stones per year. From 1899, production stagnated at the level of over 15 million paving stones per year (including 1901–1903), in 1904 it was more than 16 million for the first time.

Sales markets

The prospectus from 1906 mentioned in the manual reads: “In the province and the Kingdom of Saxony, in the Duchy of Anhalt and the Thuringian states, in the vicinity of Berlin, in the Duchy of Braunschweig, the provinces of Hanover and Hesse not only include almost all cities and larger communities , but the railway administrations, state and district building inspections, as well as many industrial establishments to the regular buyers of the Mansfeld cinder blocks. But also in southern Germany as far as Heidelberg, further in the Rhine province and Westphalia, even in the Reichslanden and in Holland, but especially in the northern parts of the German Empire, a wide market has opened up. Mention may be only the port cities of Bremen, Wilhelmshaven, Altona, Flensburg, Stralsund, which larger quantities are related, and especially Hamburg, whose appointment amounts for 1906 alone to 40 000 sq cinder blocks I. variety. "In the context of the special Mansfeld Europe Paves was It is also that streets in Hamburg, Düsseldorf, Amsterdam, Copenhagen, Vienna and many other cities were built with Mansfeld copper slag paving.

The Biesenrode chronicle shows how popular the new road surface was : In 1906, the village made the promotion of a connecting road from Vatterode to Rammelburg dependent on the paving of its own local situation and received this in 1908. In 1913 the horse owners from Biesenrode promoted the expansion of roads with cinder blocks by free transports, in 1924 the town bought 2,000 Mansfeld cinder blocks from the Kochhütte and in 1927 another 15,000 from the Mansfeld AG. In 1933, Biesenrode approved the next purchase of slag blocks.

Places with copper cinder block paving

Rough and smooth cinder blocks in Halle (Saale)
Street paving near Bennstedt
  • Barby : Schulzenstrasse (1908), Schloßstrasse (1913), Schulstrasse (1935), Fischertor (1935), Markt, Magdeburgerstrasse and Gethsemanestrasse - partly removed and stored, partly reused for gate entrances, as container storage space in the cemetery and on the Barbyer Schützenplatz
  • Bennstedt : Eislebener Straße (partly with asphalt surface)
  • Berlin : many streets lined with cinder blocks, plus squares
  • Bremen : Taubenstrasse, several cycle lanes
  • Chemnitz : VEB local transport
  • Dommitzsch : Torgauer Strasse
  • Dresden : Bünaustraße, Sternplatz , Stresemannplatz, Theaterplatz , Thomaestraße, Andreas-Schubert-Straße
  • Eckernförde : Kieler Strasse, St.-Nicolai-Strasse
  • Eisleben : Kasseler Strasse
  • Esslingen : market square
  • Grimschleben : street near the village ( composite paving; with natural stone)
  • Halle (Saale) : Numerous streets have copper cinder block paving, especially in the Wilhelminian style districts (e.g. Emil-Abderhalden-Straße, Heinrich-und-Thomas-Mann-Straße, Breite Straße, Am Kirchtor - most of them) - and also driveways (Botanischer Garden, school Jägerplatz, opera house etc.), edge channels along the streets and the like. Ä.
  • Leipzig : Between 1890 and 1899 ten million paving stones were laid on squares and streets
  • Lochwitz : district road
  • Magdeburg : Fürstenwallstraße, Karl-Schurz-Straße, An der Kälberweide, tram line to Cracau (1928, including 2400 square meters of slag paving stones from Eisleben)
  • Northeim : Graf-Otto-Strasse
  • Pasewalk : Bahnhofsstrasse
  • Stralsund : Pencil Street
  • Stuttgart : Marktplatz
  • Weimar : Frauentorstrasse

Buildings

Vesuvius from Wörlitz
Plastered barns Bad Muskau
  • Bad Muskau : town barns on Gehalm ( listed )
  • Friedeburgerhütte: 10 grain bottles (1825-1841; listed ; five to nine meters high; two have been preserved; last renovated in 2015)
  • Wetzlar : Garbenheimer Straße 1 (former labor and post office from 1914; listed )
  • Witten : garden grottos
  • Wörlitzer Park : Vesuvius (artificial volcano, built from cinder blocks, boulders and basalt)

Museum preparation

Presumed milestone Sangerhausen

With the end of production in the train of the German reunification a new perception of the copper cinder blocks began. Especially since the 150th anniversary of the start of production of the tempered paving stones, there have been regular lectures on the topic in various places in the Mansfeld region, for example in Eisleben, Kreisfeld , Hettstedt 2014, Sangerhausen 2015, Klostermansfeld 2017, Helbra 2019 or in Burgörner 2020. In many places They are now considered typical and are sometimes classified as worthy of preservation, because similar to the slag heaps, the streets with copper cinder blocks and buildings made of cinder blocks have acquired a character that characterizes the townscape and are partly listed. Buyers can often be found where dismantling is essential. In addition, the stones are increasingly finding their way into museums. Some of them are exhibited as individual exhibits in local museums, while others are devoted to entire exhibitions.

  • Grünewalde : exhibit in the local history museum
  • Hettstedt-Burgörner: Mansfeld Museum : separate area in the permanent exhibition, cube made of copper slag from 1914, previously a special exhibition Mansfeld paving Europe in 2014
  • Sangerhausen: Spengler Museum : presumed quarter milestone in the outdoor area next to other small monuments, special exhibition Mansfeld paves Europe 2015
  • Wimmelburg: cinder block path Hüneburg (educational trail)

literature

  • Arthur Guttmann : Cinder blocks and cinder blocks in Germany , Verlag Stahleisen, Düsseldorf 1927.
  • Mansfeld'sche Kupferschiefer building trade union in Eisleben: Handbook about Mansfeld slag paving stones , 1906 (Reprint 2017, edited by Hilmar Burghardt, in: Eisleber Hefte, No. 2). Detailed advertising brochure.
  • Rudolf Mirsch: From the glowing slag to the shaped stone . In: Mansfeld Echo 4/2013, p. 40 ( pdf ).
  • Dipl.-Ing. J. Spitzner: The development of the technical utilization of copper smelter slag. Retrieved June 6, 2020 (with photos of the manufacturing process).
  • Trail of stones. (pdf) Der Spiegel, 1991, accessed on June 6, 2020 (Somewhat sensational article on radioactivity, which equates the paving stones in Dresden with uranium heaps.).
  • Radiation Protection Commission (SKK): Evaluation of the use of copper slag from the Mansfeld area. Recommendation of the Radiation Protection Commission (= publications of the Radiation Protection Commission, Volume 31), Bonn 1992 ( pdf edition )

Web links

Commons : Mansfeld copper cinder blocks  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c Rudolf Jubelt, Peter Schreiter: Rock determination book . Dausien, Hanau 1972, ISBN 3-7684-6244-7 , p. 115 .
  2. Handbuch, 1906, p. 9.
  3. a b c d Mirsch, p. 40.
  4. a b c d Dipl.-Ing. J. Spitzner: The development of the technical utilization of copper smelter slag. Retrieved June 6, 2020 (with photos of the manufacturing process).
  5. a b c Evaluation of the use of copper slag from the Mansfeld area. Recommendation of the radiation protection commission. (pdf) Radiation Protection Commission, March 3, 1992, accessed June 6, 2020 .
  6. a b Erwin Neumann: The modern road construction. Tasks and technology , Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1959. ( Online edition from 2013, p. 201 , Google Books)
  7. a b Hermann Förster: There was even a sandpit for the children to play here. Torgauer Zeitung , May 9, 2014, accessed June 6, 2020 .
  8. a b c d Thomas Linßner: Copper cinder blocks are not only slippery, but also slightly contain uranium. Magdeburger Volksstimme , November 4, 2013, accessed on June 6, 2020 .
  9. Ludwig Baumeister: Price determination and appraisal of high-rise, civil and reinforced concrete structures: an auxiliary and reference book for estimating earth, road, water and bridge, reinforced concrete, masonry and room work , Volume 10, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1950, pp. 180-183.
  10. The development of the technical utilization of copper smelter slag. helbraerleben.de, accessed on June 3, 2020 .
  11. a b c trace of the stones. (pdf) Der Spiegel , 1991, accessed on June 6, 2020 .
  12. a b c d Handbuch, 1906, p. 15.
  13. The Mansfeld ironworks technology as reflected in the centuries. Mansfeld copper traces, 2019, accessed June 6, 2020 .
  14. ^ Krughütte (Karl Liebknecht Hut). Mineralienatlas - Fossilatlas, accessed on June 6, 2020 (information on the accessibility of the hut and shaft).
  15. ^ "Krughütte" memorial in Wimmelburg. Mansfeld copper traces, accessed on June 6, 2020 .
  16. a b Illustration in the 1906 manual.
  17. Kochhütte (August-Bebel-Hütte). Mineralienatlas - Fossilatlas, accessed on June 6, 2020 (information on accessibility).
  18. Schmid shaft. Mansfeld copper traces, accessed on June 6, 2020 (shaft furnace recreated here.).
  19. Kupferkammer-Hütte. hettstedt-burgoerner.de, accessed on June 7, 2020 .
  20. Huts in the Mansfeld area. Mansfeld copper traces, 2019, accessed June 6, 2020 .
  21. Helbra? August Bebel Hut? Expert preparing the molds for cinder blocks. Deutsche Fotothek, 1958, accessed on June 17, 2020 .
  22. ^ Günter Jankowski (ed.): On the history of the Mansfeld copper slate mining . GDMB-Informationsgesellschaft mbH, Clausthal-Zellerfeld 1995, ISBN 3-9801786-3-3 , p. 311 (366 pp.).
  23. a b c Rudolf Stegemann (Ed.): The large building materials lexicon . Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1941, p. 593 .
  24. a b Natural radionuclides in building materials. Federal Office for Radiation Protection , accessed on June 3, 2020 .
  25. a b Investigations into radiation exposure of the population at the sites of the former lead, zinc and Seigerhütte in Hettstedt. (PDF) Society for Plant and Reactor Safety , accessed on June 3, 2020 .
  26. Evaluation of the use of copper slag from the Mansfeld area. (PDF; 16 kB) Retrieved June 3, 2020 .
  27. Law on protection against the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. Federal Office of Justice , accessed on June 3, 2020 .
  28. Handbook, p. 10.
  29. Handbook, p. 10.
  30. ^ Wladimir Kleschtschow: Exhibition in Hettstedt Mansfeld paves Europe. Mitteldeutsche Zeitung, April 13, 2014, accessed June 6, 2020 .
  31. Chronicle of Biesenrode. Municipality of Biesenrode, accessed on June 10, 2020 .
  32. ^ A b Joerg Schulenburg: Geiger caching in Magdeburg. Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg , accessed on June 6, 2020 (specifically only mentions stones that have been disposed of in Berlin-Gatow, Am Berghang 6).
  33. Ulrike Martin: Criticism of a three-month parking lot lock at the sports facility of FV Wannsee. Berliner Woche , August 19, 2019, accessed on June 6, 2020 (FV Wannsee parking lot. Pavement is to be replaced.).
  34. Peter Neumann: Endstation Sehnsucht (6): Depot Niederönhausen: Toys for big boys. Berliner Zeitung , August 28, 2013, accessed on June 6, 2020 (Niederschönhausen depot, place with cinder blocks.).
  35. ^ Beatrix Wupperman: Cycling in Bremen - The first years. bremenize.com, August 29, 2016, accessed June 10, 2020 .
  36. minimax.video: Slag pavement - Bünaustraße in Dresden. YouTube , December 3, 2017, accessed June 6, 2020 .
  37. minimax.video: Schlackeplaster - Sternplatz in Dresden. YouTube, February 8, 2015, accessed June 6, 2020 .
  38. minimax.video: Schlackeplaster - Stresemannplatz in Dresden. YouTube, April 27, 2014, accessed June 6, 2020 .
  39. minimax.video: Schlackeplaster - Theaterplatz Dresden. YouTube, March 30, 2014, accessed June 6, 2020 .
  40. minimax.video: Slag pavement - Thomaestrasse in Dresden. YouTube, March 30, 2014, accessed June 6, 2020 .
  41. Stefan Schramm: Radiantly beautiful. In: Dresdner Latest News , June 22, 2020, p. 15.
  42. Gernot Kühl: Barrier-free pedestrian zone. How bumpy can even pavement be? In: Eckernförder Zeitung. Schleswig-Holsteinischer Zeitungsverlag , January 30, 2018, accessed June 6, 2020 .
  43. Hilmar Burghardt: A milestone that was believed to be lost is (almost) returning . In: Das Meilenstein-Journal 34 (2014) 67, pp. 51-52. Still from a film of the paving work from 1930 on p. 52.
  44. Bernd Laquai: Radiant paving stones in front of the Esslinger Zeitung building. The radioactive fingerprint of the city of Esslingen. (pdf) opengeiger.de, February 16, 2015, accessed on June 6, 2020 .
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  46. Announcement according to VOB / A § 17. (pdf) In: Official Journal of the City of Halle. June 16, 2007, accessed on June 11, 2020 (Otto-Kilian-Straße - 42 m 2 ).
  47. Announcement according to VOB / A § 17. (pdf) In: Official Journal of the City of Halle. February 28, 2007, accessed on June 11, 2020 (Heinrich-Zille-Straße - 15 m 2 ).
  48. Evelyn ter Vehn: Leipzig invites you to try out the new Nikolaikirchhof. Leipziger Volkszeitung , May 16, 2018, accessed June 6, 2020 .
  49. ^ A b Daniela Kainz: District road near Lochwitz: Residents want to get Mansfeld slag pavement. In: Mitteldeutsche Zeitung . DuMont Media Group, August 4, 2018, accessed June 6, 2020 .
  50. ^ Günther Hammerschmidt: Pechauer Platz. Magdeburg Tram Friends e. V., accessed on June 6, 2020 .
  51. Gerald Kräft: Excitement about shining cobblestones. Göttinger Tageblatt , July 15, 2011, accessed on June 6, 2020 .
  52. Wolfgang Fredrich: The milestone series from Stettin via Anklam to Jarmen . In: Das Meilenstein-Journal 30 (2010) 60, p. 44. With a photo from 1988.
  53. Bernd Laquai: The Hanseatic city of Stralsund and the radioactive plaster from Mansfeld copper slag in the lead street. (pdf) opengeiger.de, September 19, 2013, accessed on June 6, 2020 .
  54. Bernd Laquai: It's not just Königstrasse that shines. The radioactive fingerprint of the state capital Stuttgart. (pdf) opengeiger.de, April 2, 2013, accessed on June 6, 2020 .
  55. Bernd Laquai: Cultural History radioactivity in Weimar. (pdf) opengeiger.de, April 27, 2013, accessed on June 6, 2020 .
  56. a b Sabine Larbig: Why Bad Muskau cancels the contracts for these garages. Sächsische Zeitung , May 31, 2020, accessed on June 6, 2020 .
  57. Hendrik Block, Dr. Carl-Heinz Friedel, Dr. Klaus George, Christiane Linke, Isabel Reuter, Konrad Schuberth: Landmark 19. Bösenburg. harzregion.de, accessed on June 8, 2020 .
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  59. ^ Daniela Messerschmidt: Money for the rescue of the Friedeburg grain bottles. In: Wochenspiegel Mansfelder Land. DuMont Media Group, March 28, 2014, accessed June 10, 2020 .
  60. Wladimir Kleschtschow: Mining in the Mansfelder Land. Grain bottle will be like new. In: Mitteldeutsche Zeitung. DuMont Media Group, August 11, 2015, accessed June 10, 2020 .
  61. ^ A b Hans-Georg Waldschmidt: The house on the Lahnberge. In: Mittelhessen.de. Newspaper group Lahn-Dill , October 31, 2019, accessed on June 6, 2020 (Unsure whether Mansfelder.).
  62. Susanne Schild: Witten: Experts discover a grotto from the 19th century. Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung , May 25, 2020, accessed on June 6, 2020 .
  63. Susanne Schild: Historical finds: Is Witten the city of garden grottos? Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, May 27, 2020, accessed on June 6, 2020 (Unsure whether Mansfelder.).
  64. Karim Saab: Eruption for Lady Hamilton in Wörlitz. Märkische Allgemeine , May 27, 2016, accessed June 7, 2020 .
  65. Friends of Hiking and Local History. The lecture meets with great interest. In: msh-online.de. March 20, 2017, accessed June 7, 2020 .
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  67. Mansfeld Mining Railway. Lecture in the historical waiting room. In: Kyffhauser news. September 6, 2017, accessed June 7, 2020 .
  68. Schachtfest. In: mansfeldsuedharz.de. Location Marketing Mansfeld-Südharz GmbH, 2019, accessed on June 7, 2020 .
  69. ^ Daniela Kainz: District road near Lochwitz: Residents want to get Mansfeld slag pavement. In: Focus Online . August 4, 2018, accessed on June 6, 2020 (Same text, only without viewing barrier.).
  70. Torsten Richter-Zippack: Grünewalde now has its own local museum. Lausitzer Rundschau , May 14, 2018, accessed on June 6, 2020 .
  71. Jacqueline Dallmann: Hettstedts Stadtgeschichte can be seen in a new permanent exhibition. In: Wochenspiegel Mansfelder Land. DuMont Media Group, March 11, 2020, accessed June 6, 2020 .
  72. Cubes made from copper slag. Mansfeld Museum in Humboldt Castle, accessed on June 6, 2020 .
  73. Hilmar Burghardt: A milestone made of copper slag? . In: Das Meilenstein-Journal 30 (2010) 46, pp. 22-23. drslb., Addendum to the bell-shaped cinder block from Sangerhausen . In: The Milestone Journal 30 (2010) 47, p. 30.
  74. ^ Special exhibition in the Spengler Museum Sangerhausen. City of Sangerhausen, accessed on June 6, 2020 .
  75. Andreas from Eisleben: The cinder block path at the "Haldenlandschaft Hüneburg". Data of the stones, measurements and pictures. (pdf) opengeiger.de, August 12, 2015, accessed on June 6, 2020 .