Mario Kart 8

Mario Kart 8
Mario Kart 8 logo
Original title	マ リ オ カ ー ト 8
transcription	Mario Kāto Eito
Studio	Nintendo EAD Software Development Department No. 1
Publisher	Nintendo
Senior Developer	Hideki Konno (Producer) Kosuke Yabuki (Director)
composer	Shiho Fujii Atsuko Asahi Ryō Nagamatsu Yasuaki Iwata
Erstveröffent- lichung	Wii U: May 29, 2014 May 30, 2014 May 30, 2014 May 31, 2014 Nintendo Switch: April 28, 2017
platform	Wii U (original game), Nintendo Switch (deluxe edition)
genre	Racing game
Game mode	Single player , multiplayer
control	Wii U : Wii U Gamepad , Wii Remote Control , Wii U Pro Controller , Wii Classic Controller , Wii Remote Control with Wii Wheel, Wii Remote Control Plus with Wii Wheel Nintendo Switch : Joy-Con , Nintendo Switch Pro Controller , Joy Con with Wheel , Nintendo Labo Toy Con
medium	Wii U : Download, Wii-U Disc Nintendo Switch : Download, Switch GameCard
language	Japanese , German , French , Spanish language , English
Current version	Wii U : 4.1 Nintendo Switch : 1.7.1
Age rating	USK PEGI
information	A paid membership to Nintendo Switch Online is required to use Mario Kart 8 Deluxe online .

Mario Kart 8 ( Japanese title: マリオカート8 , Mario Kato Eito) is a fun-racers (racing game), which in Europe on 30 May 2014 for the Wii U is released. It is the eleventh part of the Mario Kart series , including the three games for arcade machines , and the eighth part of the main series.

On April 28, 2017, Mario Kart 8 Deluxe was an expanded version for the Nintendo Switch .

Gameplay

See also : "The principle of the game" in the article Mario Kart

The game relies on the classic gameplay of the Mario Kart series, with characters from the Mario universe racing against each other and using various items that can be found in item boxes on the road to gain advantages. The game contains many elements from Mario Kart Wii - these include the motorcycles and the number of participants, namely twelve - and some elements from Mario Kart 7 ; this includes sections in the water and in the air, as well as the collectable coins, which increase the speed of the kart.

There are new sections where you can drive upside down on walls using antigravity. To do this, the wheels are folded under the vehicle and serve as anti-gravity nozzles . A tactical peculiarity of these sections is that you get a little speed boost through collisions with other drivers and are not braked as on a normal route. Mario Kart 8 contains 32 tracks as standard, 16 of which are completely new, the other 16 are new editions of tracks from older Mario Kart games, some of which have been equipped with anti-gravity passages. Basically, the lanes are narrower than in previous Mario karts , Konno said in an interview. There are also four new items: the Wunderacht, through which you can get eight items at the same time, the piranha plant that snaps at enemy karts and items nearby and gives the driver a boost in speed, the boomerang flower that allows you to boomerang three times and the super horn, which generates a shock wave when used and thereby hurls opposing karts aside and destroys items such as tanks or even stachi tanks. There are also new drivers that have never been seen in the Mario Kart series before, including the Koopalinge , Baby Rosalina and Rosagold Peach, which is supposed to be the “counterpart” to Metal Mario.

control

Mario Kart 8 can be controlled in different ways.

• With the Wii-U gamepad you can either play with classic button control or with motion control, whereby you steer by tilting the gamepad, similar to a steering wheel.
• You can play with a Wii-U-Pro controller, the key assignment corresponds to the key control with the gamepad. Motion control is not available here.
• The game can also be controlled with a Wii Remote in the Wii Wheel, a plastic steering wheel originally developed for Mario Kart Wii . These controls correspond to the steering wheel controls in Mario Kart Wii .
• The kart can also be controlled with a Wii remote control and a connected Nunchuk or Classic Controller.

driver

In Mario Kart 8 there are a total of 36 drivers (with DLC) by default, of which 16 are initially available, the remaining fourteen are unlocked in random order by winning cups in the Grand Prix. By obtaining paid DLCs, six additional drivers can be activated. Six more drivers can be unlocked through two more DLC. Unlike before, drivers who have not yet been activated appear as computer karts in the races. The drivers are divided into three weight classes: light, medium and heavy. The Miis wear a protective helmet on their heads for the first time in Mario Kart 8 .

Surname Weight class Mario medium Luigi medium Peach medium Daisy medium Yoshi medium Toad Light Toadette Easy (unlockable) Bowser Heavy Wario Heavy Waluigi Heavy Koopa Light Baby mario Light Baby luigi Light Baby peach Light Baby daisy Light Donkey Kong Heavy Rosalina Difficult (unlockable) Lakitu Easy (unlockable)	Surname Weight class Metal mario Difficult (unlockable) Shy guy Light Mii dependent on Mii (unlockable) Baby rosalina Easy (unlockable) 1 Rose gold peach Difficult (unlockable) 1 Lemmy Koopa Easy (unlockable) 1 Larry Koopa Easy (unlockable) 1 Wendy O. Koopa Easy (unlockable) 1 Iggy Koopa Medium (unlockable) 1 Roy Koopa Difficult (unlockable) 1 Morton Koopa Jr. Difficult (unlockable) 1 Ludwig von Koopa Medium (unlockable) 1 link Difficult 1, 2 Tanuki Mario Middle 1, 2 Cat peach Middle 1, 2 Resident Middle 1, 2 Melinda Easy 1, 2 Bone bowser Difficult 2
1 ) These drivers appear for the first time in a Mario Kart game.
2 ) These drivers were added with the two DLCs released on November 13, 2014 and April 23, 2015.

stretch

Playable courses / cups (in the displacements 50 cm³, 100 cm³, 150 cm³, 200 cm³ and mirrors):

Mushroom cup	Flower Cup 1	Star Cup 1	Special Cup 1	Panzer Cup	Banana Cup 1	Leaf Cup 1	Blitz Cup 1	Egg Cup 2	Triforce Cup 2	Crossing Cup 3	Bell Cup 3
Mario Kart Stadium	Mario's slope	Solar airport	Cloud road	Cow pasture (Wii)	Dust dry desert (GCN)	Wario Arena (DS)	Ticktack trauma (DS)	Yoshi's slope (GCN)	Warios Gold Mine (Wii)	Baby Park (GCN)	Urban Koopa Fever (3DS)
Water Park	Toad's port city	Dolphin lagoon	Bone-dry dunes	Marios slope (GBA)	Donut Level 3 (SNES)	Sorbet Land (GCN)	Tube Frenzy (3DS)	Excitebike Stadium	Rainbow Boulevard (SNES)	Cheese Country (GBA)	Party Street (GBA)
Sugar sweet canyon	Horror Villa	Discodrome	Bowser's fortress	Cheep-Cheep-Beach (DS)	Royal Race Track (N64)	Instrumental Track (3DS)	Volcano Rolls (Wii)	Great dragon wall	Arctic Circle Course	Wild treetop path	Mario's metro
Stone block ruins	Shy Guys waterfalls	Wario departure	Rainbow boulevard	Toads Highway (N64)	DK Jungle (3DS)	Yoshi Valley (N64)	Rainbow Boulevard (N64)	Mute City	Hyrule slope	Animal Crossing Village	Big Blue

¹ Free to play
² Additional chargeable content of the first DLC package
³ Additional chargeable content of the second DLC package

Game modes

Single player mode

In single player mode, the player plays against eleven computer-controlled opponents. He has the choice between

• Grand Prix: Here, the player can choose from five different displacement classes , namely 50 cm³, 100 cm³, 150 cm³, 150 cm³ with mirrored routes and 200 cm³ (the displacement class 200 cm³ has been available with an update since April 23, 2015), in compete against eleven computer opponents eight (including twelve DLC) cups, each with four courses. At the end of a cup, depending on the placement achieved, he receives a gold, silver or bronze cup and an assessment of the driving performance in the form of one to three stars.
• Time trial: Here the player drives a distance alone and tries, equipped with only three mushrooms as an item, to set up the best possible time. The journey's ghost data can be saved and uploaded to Nintendo Network so that other players can compete against it.
• Versus races: Here the player can drive races with their own rules. The number of races, the displacement class, the strength of the AI drivers and much more can be set.
• Battle: In contrast to earlier games, there is only ballooning, which no longer takes place on special arenas, but on normal circuits. Each player has three balloons and must try to burst the opponent's balloons using items. If a player loses all three balloons, he is eliminated. The battle ends either when the time limit expires or when there is only one player left.

Multiplayer mode

In multiplayer mode, up to four players can compete against each other in split screen mode in either the Grand Prix, Versus Race or Battle mode. Since the game only supports one gamepad, all additional players must use Wii-U-Pro controllers, Wii remote controls, or Wii remote controls with Classic Controller or Nunchuk. With two players, the screen is divided vertically in the middle, with three or four players, a quarter of the screen is available to everyone, and with three players, the fourth section is taken up by a general view of the race.

Online game

Via the Nintendo Network , you can compete online against up to twelve players from all over the world, alone or with a second player. However, the second player is no longer registered as a guest , as in Mario Kart Wii , but as a full-fledged player with his own Mii character and his own score. Either versus races or battles can be contested online, the performance in these is measured according to a point system, whereby points are awarded for better placements and points are lost for poorer placements, but this is not only due to the placement itself, but also from depending on the scores of the opponents. Before an update, up to 9,999 points could be achieved. Since an update, up to 99,999 points can now be collected. What is new is that tournaments can now also be created and played. Every tournament has an individual number code that can be found by everyone. Similar to the Versus race in the single player mode, the racing rules can be set, you can also set when the tournament takes place, how many points you have to have at least to be able to join and whether you need the numerical code to be able to join.

Mario Kart Television

Mario Kart Television (MK TV for short) is a mode in which you can watch videos from past races. Every race, regardless of the mode, is recorded in the background. After the race, you can click on the “View Highlights” button to watch a video of the automatically selected highlights of the race. Various settings can be specified for this video, for example one or more drivers can be assigned the main role so that they are shown most often, a focus (items, action, drifting or hits) and an approximate duration can also be specified. While watching the video on the console it is possible to watch in slow motion and rewind - or fast forward. The highlights video can be uploaded to Miiverse and YouTube . A race can also be saved in the MKTV favorites and later viewed using the MKTV button in the main menu of the game. Nintendo receives part of the income that Google generates from these videos, for example through advertising.

development

development

Mario Kart 8 was developed by the Software Development Department No. 1 developed by Nintendo Entertainment Analysis & Development (EAD); the team responsible for the series. In contrast to its predecessor, the game was developed solely by this team; another studio is not involved. Development only started in mid-2012. The responsible producer is the team manager Hideki Konno . The role of director is held by Kosuke Yabuki , who already held the same position during the development of the predecessor. According to Konno, the
inspiration for the simple title Mario Kart 8 was a route in the form of a Möbius strip.
One of the ideas that were discarded during development was a drill that would have allowed trips underground; this was rejected in favor of antigravity. Yabuki said in an interview that the idea of ​​antigravity was inspired by Mario Kart 7 , in which there was already varying gravity, for example for underwater sections and the moon in Rainbow Boulevard, and that the turbo turbo was inspired by Japanese gyroscopes .

announcement

In 2011, Hideki Konno announced in an interview that a Mario Kart for the Wii U was in the works. During a Nintendo Direct web show on January 23, 2013, Nintendo President Satoru Iwata confirmed a Mario Kart for the Wii U again and promised a revelation and playable version at E3 2013 . At the fair, which took place on June 11, 2013, Nintendo finally unveiled Mario Kart 8 and had it alluded to trade visitors. In addition, a demo version of the game was available for testing in selected Best Buy stores in the USA. In 2013 it was also playable at Gamescom in Cologne and Game City in Vienna, the demo version contained twelve drivers who drove with predefined karts and three routes, namely Toad's port city, Horror Villa and Mario's piste, on each of which two laps were played against another player and ten computer opponents.

On April 30, 2014, Nintendo brought out a comprehensive Mario Kart 8 Direct , in which, among other things, Mario Kart TV, new drivers and items and the online mode were presented , after there had already been trailers for Mario Kart 8 again and again in normal Nintendo Directs were explained, and the last remaining stretches such as the Rainbow Boulevard were shown.

On May 6, 2014 it was announced that they were working on a web app for smartphones that would allow you to check whether your friends were online and were playing Mario Kart 8 , and would also allow you to view the highscore lists.

graphic

The game runs in single player and online mode with a resolution of 720p and a frame rate of 60 FPS. Since a frame is displayed twice every 60 frames when computer-controlled karts are on board, the frame rate is then 59 frames per second ( FPS ). However, the reason for this is not yet known.

If you play with two people in split-screen mode, this effect also occurs when computer opponents are driving along. In the split screen with three or four people, the frame rate seems to drop to 30 frames per second. In fact, the game still runs at 60 FPS, although the displays in the header and footer area are updated in different frames than the image.

Additional content

In mid-2014, a free DLC was published in cooperation with Mercedes-Benz as an advertisement for the Mercedes-Benz GLA . The DLC contains the Mercedes-Benz GLA SUV with a matching tire set, a Mercedes-Benz 300SL roadster and the Silver Arrow Mercedes-Benz W 25 . An update was released with the DLC, which, among other things, adds another menu item “Shop”, from which this and other DLCs can be downloaded. In November 2014 and April 2015, paid, downloadable add-on packages were released. Each of these add-on packages contains eight new tracks, four new vehicles and three characters. The first one contains Link from The Legend of Zelda , Mario in a Tanuki suit and Peach in a cat suit as new drivers, the second brings the resident and Melinda from Animal Crossing as well as Bone Bowser.

A free downloadable update was also released in April 2015 that includes the new 200cc displacement class and other amiibo costumes.

In July 2018 a free update was released exclusively for Mario Kart 8 Deluxe , which contains the warrior link from The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild , the "Para-glider", the "Para-glider" known from the Breath of the Wild expansion pass Eponator Zero "and the associated" antique tires "added.

Amiibo

Mario Kart 8 supports amiibo ; with the help of 19 amiibo figures, you can get special suits for the Mii character.

Nintendo Labo

Mario Kart 8 Deluxe supports Nintendo Labo . An update was released on June 26, 2018, which makes Mario Kart 8 Deluxe compatible with the motorcycle toy-con of the multi-set. Another update appeared on September 14, 2018, with which you can play Mario Kart 8 Deluxe with the steering wheel toy-con of the vehicle set.

Promotion and editions

A bonus game promotion was launched for Mario Kart 8 : If you registered the game between May 30th and July 31st at Club Nintendo using the code provided , you received a free download code for one of ten selected games .

Mario Kart 8 is available in different editions, including the limited edition, which includes the game as well as a stachi armor figure, an Amazon-exclusive Steelbook edition and, in Great Britain, a special bundle with a T-shirt with a Kugelwilli print and a red tank as a key ring.

The game is also available as a bundle with a Wii U Premium Pack. In the English online store, there are special Mario and Luigi bundles which, in addition to the console and the game, contain a protective gamepad cover, a Wii remote control and a Wii wheel in the colors of Mario or Luigi.

Nintendo entered into a partnership with Pennzoil , an American motor oil brand, to promote Mario Kart 8 ; Go-karts in Mario Kart design were used on a special circuit on which certain Mario Kart items were represented by icons.

reception

The ratings were mostly positive, especially the track design and the graphics were praised. Among other things, the fight mode, which only takes place on normal racetracks, was criticized. Based on 62 ratings, Mario Kart 8 at Metacritic receives a worldwide rating average of 89%.

At the Gamescom games fair in August 2013, Mario Kart 8 received an in-house award in the categories of best family and best Wii U game.

In the UK , post-release Wii U sales increased 666%, with 82% of Wii U console sales being bundles with Mario Kart 8 .

Overall, the game was sold around 8.45 million times worldwide by March 31, 2020, making it the best-selling Wii U game .

Awards

• The Game Awards 2014
  • Best sports / racing game
  • Best family entertainment
• DICE Awards 2015
  • Racing game of the year

Mario Kart 8 Deluxe

On January 13, 2017, Mario Kart 8 Deluxe was announced for the Nintendo Switch . This version contains the contents of the Wii U version (including all DLC contents) as well as a battle mode with new arenas, which is already known from the predecessors of Mario Kart 8 . The Inklings from Splatoon , King Buu Huu , Bone Dry and Bowser Jr. have also been added as additional characters . New items have also been added as well as the option to own two items at the same time.

In contrast to the Wii-U version, the game runs with a resolution of 1080p (instead of 720p) and 60 frames per second (instead of 59). However, if there are three or more players, the frame rate is limited to 30 FPS.

The game has been available since April 28, 2017. In the US, the game sold more than 459,000 copies on day one, setting a new sales record for the series. Added to this are around 90,000 digital sales. In the UK, the game landed at the top of the charts in its first week of sales, something no Nintendo game has made since 2011. The release was also very successful in Japan. By May 21, the game had already been sold around 440,000 times.

Globally, by December 31, 2017, Mario Kart 8 Deluxe was able to sell 7.33 million times and thus come close to sales of the three years older Wii U version in less than a year.

Mario Kart 8 Deluxe was able to sell around 26.74 million times worldwide by June 30, 2020, making it the most successful Nintendo Switch game .

Trivia

• The 8 in the logo represents a Möbius strip.
• As of March 31, 2015, Nintendo had sold 5.11 million units worldwide.
• As of December 31, 2017, 8.4 million units of the game had been sold worldwide.
• Mario Kart 8 was able to sell over 200,000 times in Germany by May 2015.

Web links

• Official website of Mario Kart 8
• Mario Kart 8 in MarioWiki

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Mario Kart 8 will be released for the Wii U in May . In: Nintendo-Online.de . ( nintendo-online.de [accessed on March 8, 2017]).
2. ↑ Mario Kart 8 - details on development time, GamePad ideas, hope for F-Zero . In: GoNintendo . ( gonintendo.com [accessed March 8, 2017]).
3. ^ Nintendo Direct February 13, 2014 - YouTube , accessed May 16, 2014.
4. ↑ youtube.com Mario Kart - 200 cc mode (Wii U) - YouTube
5. ↑ ^{a b} Yannick LeJacq: The Small, Weird Way. Nintendo Changed Mario Kart 8's online multiplayer. September 18, 2014, accessed August 25, 2019 . 
6. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NARhOONsTLY Nintendo Direct - Mario Kart 8. Accessed June 17, 2013 . 
7. ↑ Richard George: http://www.ign.com/articles/2013/06/11/e3-2013-defying-gravity-in-mario-kart-8. IGN, June 11, 2013, accessed June 11, 2013 . 
8. ↑ Iwata Laughs: Mario Kart 8 | Nintendo enthusiast. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on March 5, 2016 ; Retrieved March 8, 2017 (American English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
9. ↑ Developer Direct: Mario Kart 8 . In: Gamnesia . ( gamnesia.com [accessed March 8, 2017]).
10. ↑ Nintendo Life: Interview: Mario Kart 8 Director, Kosuke Yabuki, On Key Features of the Wii U's Blockbuster Release . In: Nintendo Life . May 27, 2014 ( nintendolife.com [accessed March 8, 2017]).
11. ↑ Scrapped ideas led to the anti-gravity idea in Mario Kart 8 - NintendoToday . In: NintendoToday . June 18, 2013 ( wiiudaily.com [accessed March 8, 2017]). Scrapped ideas led to the anti-gravity idea in Mario Kart 8 - NintendoToday ( Memento of the original from October 25, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
12. ↑ Further information on Mario Kart 8: track length, off-TV function & more . In: Nintendo-Online.de . ( nintendo-online.de [accessed on March 8, 2017]).
13. ↑ Nintendo: Wii U - Mario Kart 8 Direct 4.30.2014. April 30, 2014, accessed March 8, 2017 . 
14. ↑ Mario Kart 8: Web app is in development . In: Nintendo-Online.de . ( nintendo-online.de [accessed on March 8, 2017]).
15. ^ John Linneman: Digital Foundry vs. Mario Kart 8. In: Eurogamer. Retrieved May 24, 2014, March 8, 2017 (UK English). 
16. ^ Emanuel Maiberg: Mario Kart 8 Mercedes-Benz DLC Coming to North America, Europe. GameSpot , June 22, 2014, accessed June 22, 2014 . 
17. ↑ Mario Kart 8: Mercedes-Benz DLC dated and update presented - 4Players.de . In: 4Players . ( 4players.de [accessed on March 8, 2017]).
18. ↑ next-gamer.de
19. ↑ Mario Kart 8: DLC plan: Zelda, Animal Crossing and F-Zero will soon mix with * Update *. Retrieved March 8, 2017 . 
20. ↑ Outpost: Mario Kart 8 Deluxe can now also be played with the motorcycle from Nintendo Labo - software update 1.5.0 released. In: ntower. June 26, 2018, accessed April 8, 2019 . 
21. ↑ Thomas Steidle: gamescom 2018 // Mario Kart 8 Deluxe will be compatible with Nintendo Labo: Toy-Con 03 - vehicle set - first gameplay released. In: ntower. August 24, 2018, accessed April 8, 2019 . 
22. ↑ Mario Kart 8 bonus game promotion. Retrieved March 8, 2017 . 
23. ↑ Nintendo. Retrieved March 8, 2017 . 
24. ^ Nintendo of Europe. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on October 31, 2014 ; Retrieved March 8, 2017 (UK English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
25. ↑ Pennzoil and Nintendo bring Mario Kart to life at SXSW. Retrieved March 8, 2017 . 
26. ↑ Metacritic - Mario Kart 8 , accessed May 30, 2014.
27. ↑ gamescom 2013: Mario Kart 8 is the best family game! In: Nintendo-Online.de . ( nintendo-online.de [accessed on March 8, 2017]).
28. ↑ Nintendo Earnings Release for the Nine-Month Period Ended December 2015. In: n-tower.de. Retrieved October 26, 2016 . 
29. ↑ Top Selling Title Sales Units , In: Nintendo.co.jp , March 31, 2020, accessed on May 7, 2020.
30. ↑ The Game Awards 2014 - Dragon Age Game of the Year, Sierra Industry Icon - GameStar . In: GameStar.de . ( gamestar.de [accessed on March 8, 2017]).
31. ↑ 'Dragon Age: Inquisition,' 'Shadow of Mordor' win big at 2015 DICE Awards . In: EW.com . February 6, 2015 ( ew.com [accessed March 8, 2017]).
32. ↑ Robert Hähnel: Nintendo Switch: Mario Kart 8 Deluxe announced. In: IGN . Ziff Davis , January 13, 2017, accessed January 16, 2017 . 
33. ↑ Digital Foundry is very happy with Mario Kart 8 Deluxe from a technical point of view. Retrieved July 1, 2019 . 
34. ↑ Nico Schuth: USA: Mario Kart 8 Deluxe breaks previous sales record - Nintendo magazine. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on May 6, 2017 ; accessed on May 1, 2017 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
35. ↑ Brian: April 2017 NPD: Switch sells over 280,000 units, Mario Kart 8 Deluxe more than 550,000 copies. Retrieved May 17, 2017 (American English). 
36. ↑ Nico Schuth: Mario Kart 8 Deluxe is racing to the top of the UK charts - Nintendo magazine. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on February 8, 2018 ; accessed on May 1, 2017 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
37. ↑ Japan: The current hardware and software charts (May 15, 2017 - May 21, 2017). Retrieved May 24, 2017 . 
38. ↑ Top Selling Title Sales Units. In: IR Information: Financial Data. Nintendo , December 31, 2017, accessed March 31, 2018 . 
39. ↑ IR Information: Sales Data - Top Selling Title Sales Units. June 30, 2020, accessed on August 18, 2020 . 
40. ↑ Nintendo announces updated hardware and software sales - ntower . In: ntower . ( ntower.de [accessed on March 8, 2017]).
41. ↑ IR Information: Financial Data - Top Selling Title Sales Units - Wii U Software . In: Nintendo Co., Ltd. ( nintendo.co.jp [accessed March 28, 2018]).
42. ↑ Mario Kart 8 was able to sell over 200,000 times in Germany - Nintendo magazine. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on June 30, 2015 ; accessed on March 8, 2017 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.