Markwald Berstadt

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Photo-request.svg
 Image wanted 
BW

The Markwald Berstadt today comprises 300.6 hectares of forest, 288 hectares of which are wooden floors . “As a community forest, it is to be counted as a private forest .” Due to its size, it is considered a medium-sized private forest.

A forest history study was carried out on the Markwald Berstadt. There is also an extensive illustration from 2005.

Location and natural space

The districts of Ober-Widdersheim , Borsdorf , Geiß-Nidda , Echzell , Bisses and Grund-Schwalheim form its outer border. It belongs to the Berstadt Markgenossenschaft . The forest area is located in the Wetterau approx. 5 km east of the place Berstadt in the mineral spring protection area of ​​the nearby spa Bad Salzhausen . After the territorial changes that arose from the law on the reorganization of the districts of Büdingen and Friedberg of July 11, 1972, the Markwald Berstadt is now in the area of ​​the municipality of Echzell.

The forest lies at an altitude of 130 to 221.8 m above sea level in the transition area between Wetterau and Vogelsberg . Loess soils overlay basalt bodies . The loess soils of the Wetterau belong to the Mediterranean-Mjosen zone and were formed in the Quaternary . Basalt was quarried in a quarry within the Markwald in the 19th century. Climatically, the area belongs to the "weak to moderately subcontinental" climate. The growth zones of the "Südwestlicher Vogelsberg" growth area form a " marginal oak mixed forest zone ."

Brand cooperative

The Markwald Berstadt is one of the mark cooperatives that organize the use together. The contract for the integration of Berstadt into the large community of Wölfersheim of November 8, 1971 stipulates in § 2 (2) that the Markwald Berstadt has its own administration with its seat in Berstadt "as before".

From the annual yield of the Berstädter Markwald there are 261 lots, 33 of which are for the "Ausmärker" and 228 for the local residents. The markers come from Ober-Widdersheim, Unter-Widdersheim , from Schleifelder Hof, near Geiß-Nidda and from Häuserhof , which borders the Markwald to the north and belongs to Ober-Widdersheim. The shares of Ausmärker and Berstädter Märker have changed repeatedly.

The Markwald Ordinance of 1716 stipulated in point 1 "37 men as co-markers". This distribution was also confirmed in the settlement document of 1841. The current share regulation has been in effect since 1861. The market and commons benefits were enjoyed by all marketers, locals and Ausmärker. In the Markwald Berstadt there were also Jewish marketers from Berstadt in the 19th century.

The supervision of the Markwaldung led the "Obermärker," the landlord, who was represented by officials. In Berstadt, Bingenheim and Echzell these were first the Counts of Nassau , then the Landgraves of Hesse.

Today the market meeting elects the market leader, who is called the market master, and the market leader. The market board consists of the market master and his two deputies. One of the deputies is elected by the Ausmärkern, z. At the moment it is the owner of the house yard. Furthermore, five members and the market calculator belong to the market board. Honorary mark masters and market calculators are not entitled to vote. The annual inspection of the marrow forest is one of the duties of the market board. As long as Berstadt was an independent political municipality, the mayor was always the market leader.

The lots of the co-markers were and are inheritable, on the other hand the lots of the market town Berstadt contained a right of use that was not transferable to the following generations. The next oldest local citizen always moved up. Berstadt joined the Wölfersheim community in 1971. Since then, the lots for the deceased Berstädter Märker have been given to the municipality of Wölfersheim.

In 1994 one lot yielded three cubic meters of beech firewood valued at 100 DM. At this point in time, the municipality of Wölfersheim already owned 120 lots that were paid out. 28 Märker also paid off. Of the 108 marketers and 33 co-marketers, 113 continued to purchase the firewood.

Change of ownership in the 19th century

Due to the influx and population growth, the number of Berstadt residents had increased to 250. So not every local citizen could get a whole lot. In other communities, where this problem also arose, the number of local residents was limited or their emigration supported, as was practiced in nearby Södel , for example . In Berstadt, on the other hand, the local citizens were now divided into different classes with different proportions. Between 1854 and 1861 the share of lots of Ausmärker changed from 37 to 33, the number of local citizens rose to 228. In 1854 the Markwald, as far as it was owned by local citizens, became the property of the municipality. In 1857 the Mollenbecksche Gut and the associated five lots were bought by the Berstadt municipality, so that these lots fell back to the municipality. The community kept these lots when they sold the property in plots in the following years. The estate was a Fulda fief of the Counts of Walderdorff , from whom the Mollenbeck family acquired it.

In 1854 the Markwald, as far as it was owned by the local citizens, became the property of the municipality. However, this process is no longer fully traceable.

history

In the Markwald Berstadt, in the districts of Zippen and Erleneck, there is a burial mound field whose graves, as far as this is proven by finds, date from the Iron Age . This necropolis includes about 50 burial mounds, which unfortunately tw. opened illegally. The district archaeologist of the Wetterau district , Jörg Lindenthal, suspects hamlets or individual farms as forms of settlement for the people of that time .

Wildlife ban from 951

The Markwald Berstadt belonged to the Fulda property around Berstadt- Bingenheim- Echzell- Dauernheim , the core of the Fulda Mark . The Berstädter, the Echzeller and the Bingenheimer Markwald originally formed a common wild ban. King Otto I gave this wild spell to the abbot Hadamar of Fulda in 951 at the request of his brother Brun (Cologne) and son-in-law Konrad. The wild ban around Echzell is the oldest of a total of five wild ban forests that were awarded to the Fulda monastery . This also gave the areas the royal spell. The deed was issued on January 19, 951 in "Francanfurt". It contained the prohibition of hunting for unauthorized persons. Only the abbot Hadamar or his successors could grant the right to hunt: “forstam quae ad villam Achizuuilla pertinet, in qua prius erat communis omnium civium venatio, nullus venandum andeat ingredinissi licentia eiusdem abbati Hadamari successorum que illius.” Ownership of land was not associated with it.

The limits of the wild ban were given:

  • the mountain "Uuintersnol" (Winternon),
  • downstream of the "Hurnufa" ( Horloff ) to the confluence with the "Nita" (Nidda),
  • upstream to "Turenheim" ( Dauernheim ),
  • via "Sleitfeld" (Schleifelder Hof),
  • the "Uuolvesbrunnon" (Wolfsbrunnon)
  • back to the Winternon.

In 1441 the Märker tried to acquire the hunting rights and justified this with old rights.

Another story

In addition to the co-markers, the mill in Grund-Schwalheim also owned Holzrecht in the Markwald Berstadt. This included the delivery of the "mel" and the "basic tree" from the forest. The law has existed since the late Middle Ages. The market order of 1716 stipulated that the miller would be supplied with wood for the grinder , the "shovel beech," every five years . This had to be allowed by the foresters of the Markwald and the mayors of Berstadt.

In the 15th century the places Geiß-Nidda and Unter-Widdersheim raised claims to co-markers or parts of the Markwald Berstadt. In 1485 and 1530 the community of Geiß-Nidda failed with its claim to membership. The quarrel with Ober-Widdersheim, which was restricted in his rights, was more bitter. The market order of 1481 required the presence of the Ober-Widdersheimer Ausmärker at the market court in Berstadt, but refused the right to vote in the election of the market master. In addition, in 1549 the Ober-Widdersheimers were disadvantaged in the allocation of timber. The reason was that Ober-Widdersheim also had its own forest. In 1581 the Ober-Widdersheim court demanded the division of the Markwald, which it approved in 1593, but which was never carried out.

The common mark or common land was used by all marketers according to strict rules. This included u. a. the right to use the forest. According to a Bingenheim wisdom of January 13, 1441, the forest was part of the common land. "Item that der wildebandt, the fishery, velt, water u. The common pasture. ”The different forms of forest use were also found in the Markwald Berstadt. These were the acorn mast , the wood fair and the hut forest . These forms of use were regulated in the forest regulations. To an originally sharing the woods of Mark Berstadt, Echzell and Bingenheim the pile court Bingenheim that on January 6 year refers Epiphany was held by the Court of Aldermen of the three places. A pig was tied to a post that had previously been fattened in the forest. All gilt pigs delivered to the Counts of Nassau had to correspond to this pig. The intensive and by no means sustainable use of the forest damaged the forest. Even the Thirty Years' War did nothing to change this situation. The municipality of Berstadt removed about 100 oak trees from the Markwald in order to have the "most magnificent of all Upper Hesse (tower) helmets" made for their church. Dendrochronological investigations showed that the trees were all felled between 1623 and 1643. At times the population of Berstadt and the surrounding areas fled to the Markwald, especially between 1627 and 1635. The livestock remained high despite the war. The number of wild animals increased enormously. In 1638 a large wolf weighing 85 pounds was shot in the Markwald . Two more wolves went through the peasants' meshes. Georg II of Hessen-Darmstadt ordered the shooting of all wild boars on June 19, 1639 after the Berstadt community had complained about the damage. In 1640 the pigs of the farmers from Berstadt, Bisses and Echzell were stolen from the Markwald Echzell and sold on the market in Herbstein . Some of the pigs could be bought back there. The mast in the Markwald was awarded in 1834.

In the 18th century there was increased crime, the illegal sale of wood to the salt pans in Salzhausen and Trais-Horloff . The now operated use of lignite for salt boiling should counteract the threatening deforestation of the forests. In 1716, Landgrave Ernst Ludwig von Hessen-Darmstadt issued "almost identical forest regulations" for the forest brands of Berstadt, Bingenheim and Echzell as the Obermärker.

Geisenbach desert

In the Markwald there is a desolation , the former place Geisenbach. The location of the "Guths Geisebach" is indicated in the 19th century between the old Echzeller and the Widdersheimer Weg and up to the Berstädter Wald. The Geisenbach corridor, a meadow northwest of Geiß-Nidda, on the edge of the marrow forest, on the Wolfsbrunnenschneise, is also assumed to be the location. This hallway was mentioned in the wild ban privilege of 951. There is also a hallway hostage pool in the Markwald. During this time the settlement is sometimes suspected, however the place name with the water suffix "bach" refers to a time of origin around 600.

Geiß-Nidda and the Geisenbach farm are mentioned together from the 15th to the 17th century. In 1547 Christoph von Buches and his brother Geiß-Nidda and the Geisenbach farm received as a fief from Engelhard zu Rodenstein , a year later this fief went to Bastian von Buches. In 1550 and 1569 further enfeoffments were made. In 1652 the von Rodenstein family pledged Geiß-Nidda including Geisenbach to the Nidda rentmaster Ludwig Adolf Krug .

A tombstone at the Geiß-Nidda church is dedicated to Johann Wilhelm Ruehle von Lilienstern, who died in 1785, the "heir and court lord of Geisnidda, lord of Geissenbach".

Dieffenbach assigned Geisenbach to the Geiß-Nidda church. The walled-up western gate of the church there was intended as the entrance for the residents of Geisebach.

Market order from 1716

Legal custom was an annual march meeting and the march court . At the beginning of November, around Martini , the meeting was set by the landgrave's chief forester from Bingenheim. The day had to be communicated to all marketers 14 days in advance. The march court ruled in wood and forest matters . Unauthorized cutting down and the unauthorized collection of reading wood were punished particularly severely. Those who committed forest crime at night or on public holidays received a double fine. If the forest violators did not come from the Mark, the penalty was doubled again. Allocated timber or patch wood was not allowed to be resold. If you made firewood out of it, you had to pay five times the fine. Whoever sold the wood outside the Berstädter Mark had to pay ten times the amount. The market penalties had to be paid immediately or within four weeks at the marrow court. When the portion earmarked for the lordship was deducted, the remainder was used for the forester's wages and other expenses. Anyone from the marchers and co-marchers who did not deposit the money in cash was excluded from the mark and the market utility until payment.

The Mark order of 1716 saw the allocation of Loshozes between Michaelis before and Christmas Day. The hammering of the stately forest ax indicated that driving down the lot was allowed. This procedure is also known from the wood regulations of the Counts of Büdingen from 1746. The timber days were allocated to the farmers according to their tax bracket. The farmers who owned horses or oxen as draft animals, "the travelers," were allowed to drive wood on Thursdays. The “wood day” of the lowest group of the “one-runner” who had no draft animals was Wednesday. The allocation was dependent on class and social origin. The Berstadt pastor and his chaplain received a whole lot of wood, as did the local mayor and the forester. Then there was the wood that was assigned to them with their stalls. The residents who had their own house also received a whole ticket, but also had to pay for the entire forest oat. The forest oat was a levy "for the maintenance of the forest lord's hunting dogs." Half a lot of wood was available to those who did not own a house but provided the forest oats.

The re-growth of the population after the Thirty Years War led to a steadily increasing demand for wood. The market regulations expressly stipulated that newcomers were not accepted as marketers. In this way, the Märker's income should not be reduced. The co-markers were also given strict conditions. Co-markers from Ober- and Unter-Widdersheim had repeatedly sold or transferred their market rights despite the ban. These contracts were repealed and market law reverted to the mark. The market rights of the Ausmärker lay on the respective house, only its owner could exercise it. Only him was entitled to the lot wood and lumber. The Ausmärker was required to first store half of the required timber on the construction site before they were allowed to drive the other half out of the Markwald.

The old privilege of being allocated twice as much at Losholz was retained for the Berstadt pastor, chaplain, mayor and the forester in this market order.

Elements of sustainable forest management became mandatory. All Märker had to “clean” a certain number of oaks every year and protect them from animal damage with thorns so that they grew. The hedge between the Berstädter and Echzeller Markwald had to be looked after. The border with Geiß-Nidda should be broken off in order to prevent neighborhood disputes.

Quarry

Since 1836 there has been evidence of a quarry in the Markwald, to which the field name “stone slide” refers. Access was via the “old suspension path” running next to it. The grand ducal forester, who lived in the courtyard, ordered the stones to be broken in the desired amount; the mayor of Berstadt had to take care of it. The works were publicly awarded at the town hall in Berstadt after they were put out to tender in the three parishes. The work included breaking and delivering the stones as well as removing the remaining demolition. It was quite common to use subcontractors. The stones were free for the Märker and Ausmärker, but the crusher's wages had to be paid. "Wall stones", "Chaussier stones", "Parcel stones" and "Cover plates" were delivered in two sizes. In 1910 the quarry was temporarily shut down by the Grand Ducal District Office in Büdingen because the demolition had not been "reset" and "the stone was undermined during the mining process". In 1919 the quarry in the Markwald was leased to two people from Berstadt, who got into a dispute with the market board from 1920 to 1922 because they considered its demands to be excessive. Frequent tenant changes were the result. Since 1930 the wages of the stone crushers have been reduced significantly. The quarry continued to operate until the early 1950s. Then you had to give way to the overwhelming competition of the basalt works in Unter- and Ober-Widdersheim.

Border ditch

On March 12, 1836, the forester in the courtyard ordered that the Märker had to dig a border trench on the border to Geiß-Nidda. This was not stoned, and they wanted to protect themselves from suspected wood atrocities by the Geiß-Niddaer. The trench was about 1.20 m deep and is still about 600 m long. Around 1,000 m have now been converted into meadows.

The over 40 long long-distance water pipeline was moved from Inheiden to Frankfurt am Main in 1909 through the forest districts of Wolfsbrunnen Teil and Helletagschlag . In the Berstädter Markwald a 20 m high standpipe overflow was built around 1909. This was necessary to absorb the pressure surges in the line. In 1967/68 in the Wannkopf district, OVAG built a water tank on the site of the former quarry , the two chambers of which have a capacity of 7,000 m³.

forestry

The forest management plan , also called Forsttaxation, showed in 1993 that the trees of hardwood percentage of the softwood fourfold exceeded. The tree of the Markwald is the beech , which in 1993 made up 51% of all trees. Oak , alder , common ash , hornbeam , linden and red beech all have a percentage of less than ten percent. Among the conifers, spruce was dominant with eleven percent. Due to the weather damage events since 1990, "the age class distribution has changed fundamentally." The increased expenditure for cultivation measures contrasts with lower profits due to the trees not being ready to cut. In the night from February 28 to March 1, 1990, hurricane Wiebke had moved 30,000 cubic meters of wood in the Markwald. This was especially true for the area on Ludwigsweg, which is higher than other parts of the Markwald. In the area on the Sauerland line , the coniferous wood was completely destroyed. The newly planted beeches, ash trees and hornbeams were inhibited by the accompanying growth . 3,000 wild beech trees were replanted in 2000.

A 124 m² forest workers shelter was built in 1983. The timber construction on the "old suspension path" cost 135,000 DM . In 2009, 500 red beeches , 300 Douglas firs and 500 sycamore maples were planted in the Markwald . In February 2010, hurricane Xynthia fell victim to 350 solid cubic meters of softwood in the “An der Teichschleuse” area.

The Markwald not only has economic functions. At the same time it is a mineral spring, climate and water protection area . It also has a recreational function and serves to protect the soil. A large part of the upper marrow forest is now a fauna-flora-habitat area . The area of ​​12,000 m² around the Karlsteich with old oak stocks was purchased, the Karlsteich itself was to be converted into a fishing water and leased, which the Lower Nature Conservation Authority forbade to protect the rare amphibians living there.

literature

  • Ingo Kattenberg, Markwald Berstadt . Goettingen 1994
  • Eugen Rieß, Willy Roth, Agricultural Constitution and Markwald . In: Berstadt. People and history. Vol. 1: From the beginnings to the beginning of modern times. Rockenberg 2005, pp. 415-446. ISBN 3-923907-08-7
  • Eugen Rieß, history of the Markwald. in: Eugen Rieß, Willy Roth, Berstadt. People and history. Vol. 3: 1200 years of Berstadt. Our village 817 - 1200 . Friedberg 2017, pp. 231-240.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Eugen Rieß, Willy Roth, Agricultural Constitution and Markwald. In: Berstadt. People and history. Vol. 1: From the beginnings to the beginning of modern times. Rockenberg 2005, pp. 415-446, p. 439.
  2. ^ Ingo Kattenberg, Markwald Berstadt. Goettingen 1994.
  3. ↑ Eugen Riess, Willy Roth, Berstadt. People and history. Vol. 1, pp. 415-446.
  4. ↑ Law on the reorganization of the districts of Büdingen and Friedberg of July 11, 1972 . In: The Hessian Minister of the Interior (ed.): Law and Ordinance Gazette for the State of Hesse . 1972 No. 17 , p. 230–232 , § 8 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 1,2 MB ]).
  5. ↑ Ingo Kattenberg, Markwald, p. 21 f.
  6. ↑ Eugen Riess, Willy Roth, Berstadt. Vol. 1, p. 442.
  7. ↑ Eugen Riess, Willy Roth, Berstadt. Vol. 1, p. 447.
  8. ↑ Ingo Kattenberg, Markwald Berstadt, pp. 30, 66 f.
  9. ↑ Eugen Riess, Willy Roth, Berstadt. Vol. 1, p. 443 f.
  10. ↑ Ingo Kattenberg, Markwald, p. 35 f.
  11. ↑ Eugen Rieß, 1200 years of Södel. 3 vols., Vol. 1: The story.
  12. ↑ a b Ingo Kattenberg, Markwald, pp. 30–32.
  13. ↑ Eugen Riess, Willy Roth, Berstadt. Vol. 1, p. 105.
  14. ↑ Bernd Steidl, New finds from the prehistoric burial mound field in the Berstädter Markwald. In: Echzeller Geschichtsherfte 9, p. 3 ff.
  15. ↑ Jörg Lindenthal, Traces of the Millennia, uncovered by the district archaeologist Dr. Jörg Lindenthal. In. Eugen Rieß, 'Willy Roth, Berstadt, Vol. 1, pp. 25-30.
  16. ^ Heinrich Büttner , Fulda and the Wetterau. In: Ders., Middle Rhine and Hesse. Ed .: Alois Gerlich , Stuttgart: Steiner-Verlag-Wiesbaden (1989), pp. 83-88, p. 84.
  17. ↑ Ingo Kattenberg, Markwald, p. 27.
  18. ↑ Ingo Kattenberg, Markwald, p. 18.
  19. ^ Regesta Imperii . (RI) Saxon House (919 - 1024). RI II, 1.
  20. ^ R II, 1.
  21. ^ Thudichum, 1860.
  22. ↑ Ingo Kattenberg, Markwald, p. 18 f.
  23. ↑ Eugen Rieß; Willy Roth, Berstadt . Vol. 1, pp. 208-218.
  24. ↑ a b Ingo Kattenberg, Markwald Berstadt, p. 28.
  25. ↑ Weisthümer, ed. by Jacob Grimm , 7 vols., Göttingen 1840–1872, vol. 3 (1842), p. 438 f, p. 439, cf. also Hermann Knaus, The royal forest privileges for the Fulda Abbey. In: Fuldaer Geschichtsblätter 28 (1936), p. 127.
  26. ↑ Kießling, The Bingenheim stake court. In: 1200 Years Echzell, p. 89.
  27. ^ Heinrich Walbe , Annual Report of the Preservation of Monuments 1913–1928. Darmstadt 1930. p. 172.
  28. ^ Georg Landau , Contributions to the History of Hunting and Falconry in Germany. The history of hunting and falconry in both Hessen. Kassel 1849, pp. 154, 217.
  29. ↑ Eugen Rieß, Willy Roth, Berstadt, Vol. 1, p. 130; Vol. 2, p. 428.
  30. ^ Georg Wilhelm Justin Wagner, The desertions in the Grand Duchy of Hesse. Province of Upper Hesse, Darmstadt 1854, p. 258.
  31. ↑ Eugen Rieß, Willy Roth, Berstadt, Vol. 1, p. 446.
  32. ↑ Georg WJ Wagner, Wüstungen, p. 258.
  33. ↑ Ingo Kattenberg, Markwald Berstadt, pp. 38–40.
  34. ^ Heinrich Wagner, Art Monuments in the Grand Duchy of Hesse. Province of Upper Hesse. Büdingen district, Darmstadt 1890, p. 143.
  35. ↑ Johann Philipp Dieffenbach , AHG 7, cited above. after Kattenberg, Markwald Berstadt, p. 40.
  36. ^ Item four of the market order of 1716, cf. Eugen Rieß, Willy Roth, Berstadt, vol. 1, p. 448.
  37. ↑ Eugen Rieß, Willy Roth, Berstadt, Vol. 1, p. 435.
  38. ↑ Hartmut Zückert, common land and common land lifting. Comparative studies on the late Middle Ages up to the agricultural reforms of the 18th and 19th centuries. Century. Stuttgart 2003. ISBN 3-8282-0226-8 . Pp. 250, 253.
  39. ↑ Johann Christoph Adelung , Grammatical-Critical Dictionary of High German Dialect, 1st edition Leipzig 1774–1786, 5 vols., Vol. FL, p. 251 f.
  40. ↑ Eugen Rieß, Willy Roth, Berstadt, vol. 1, p. 436 f.
  41. ↑ Eugen Rieß, Willy Roth, Berstadt, Vol. 1, p. 445.
  42. ↑ Eugen Rieß, Willy Roth, Berstadt, Vol. 1, p. 440; Vol. 2, p. 126 f.
  43. ↑ Ingo Kattenberg, Markwald, p. 23 ff.
  44. ↑ Wetterauer Zeitung of May 17, 2010.
  45. ↑ Ingo Kattenberg, Markwald, p. 26.

Coordinates: 50 ° 23 ′ 45 ″  N , 8 ° 55 ′ 56 ″  E