Mochlos (archaeological site)

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Mochlos
Archaeological site on Agios Nikolaos

Archaeological site on Agios Nikolaos

meaning Port settlement of antiquity
Start of building: unknown
founding unknown
Heyday 3100 BC Chr. - 365 AD
Given up unknown
discovery 1907
Height: 0-62 mdep1
Location: 35 ° 11 '12 "  N , 25 ° 54' 23"  E Coordinates: 35 ° 11 '12 "  N , 25 ° 54' 23"  E
Directions Pachia Ammos - Mochlos
opening hours freely accessible
entry Cost of the crossing

Mochlos ( Greek Μόχλος ) is the name of the excavation site of a port settlement in the municipality of Sitia in the east of the Greek island of Crete, which existed from the Minoan period to with interruptions into the Byzantine period . It consists of several parts, of which the largest excavation area is on the island of Agios Nikolaos ( Άγιος Νικόλαος ) off the north coast of Crete. A smaller excavation in terms of area is located on Crete itself to the west of Mochlos , after which the archaeological site is named. Smaller excavation sites in the coastal plain around Mochlos are also included. At that time, the places were probably connected by a land bridge to today's island.

location

Agios Nikolaos island in front of Mochlos

The approximately 300 × 250 meter large and 62 meter high rock island of Agios Nikolaos is named after the small church on the south side, which is dedicated to Nicholas of Myra . It is located at a distance of 180 meters from the north coast of Crete. After the discovery of the ancient harbor settlement in 1907, the small town of Mochlos, whose name is also used for the island, was established there. In Venetian times the island was called Scoglio de Muflo . Sometimes it is also called Psyllos ( Ψύλλος ' flea '), in contrast to the island of Psira ( Ψείρα ' louse ') 3.2 kilometers to the west. The excavation site mainly occupies the southern area of ​​the island around the church, some grave structures are located above the west coast. In the Bronze Age there appears to have been a land connection with Crete, forming a peninsula with two ports on either side of the narrow isthmus.

Coast of the Bay of Mochlos

On the coast of the western outskirts of Mochlos is the excavation site of the so-called craftsman's quarter ( Συνοικία των τεχνιτών Synikia ton techniton ). The remains of the building uncovered there are partly under the current coastal road to the port 350 meters away and the Limenaria beach ( Παραλία Λιμενάρια ) in the west, near which a Late Minoan burial ground was discovered. The Minoan quarry, in which the local calcareous sandstone, called Ammoudha , was quarried, was located on the southeast edge of the town . From there, the “Mochlos Plain”, broken by several small rivers, stretches to the east on the Bay of Mochlos ( Όρμος Μόχλου ) about 4.2 kilometers. The country house of Chalinomouri ( standαλινομούρι ) with a collection of graves stood here near the mouth of the easternmost river until the end of the new palace period . From the main road ( E 75 ) between Pachia Ammos and Sitia , three roads lead to the coast of the bay of Mochlos, which start at the church of Agios Pandeleimon ( Άγιος Παντελεήμων ) and from the places Sfaka ( Σφάκα ) and Tourloti ( Τουρλωτή ).

history

Early Minoan Period

Minoan gold ribbon 03.jpg
Minoan jewelry 03a.jpg
Minoan gold ribbon 01.jpg

Goldwork from Mochlos (2500-2300 BC)

The peninsula on the coast of Mochlos was first settled at the beginning of the Bronze Age. There is evidence of two waves of immigrants. The first settlers appear to be Mochlos around 3000 BC. Colonized from the Cycladic island of Melos and thus belonged to the Cycladic culture . This is indicated by obsidian blades , the raw material of which was imported from the Cyclades and processed in Mochlos. The pottery of the colonists is assigned to the early Minoan phase FM I of the pre-palace period . In phase FM I B there was a second wave of immigration, possibly from Central Crete. Buildings were built along the south coast and on the western terrace of today's island. The initially small settlement grew considerably in phase FM II. It covered an area of ​​about 0.8 hectares, which led to an estimate of the population between 220 and 330, including the settlements on the south side of the spit, at up to 500 people.

Clay - Rhyton in female form (2300-2000 BC)

From around 2500 BC A hierarchical structure of the society of Mochlos can be assumed. A few house graves were created for high-ranking personalities, reflecting their status and control within the settlement and their ability to acquire goods through trade and shipping. In phases FM II and FM III, Mochlos developed, alongside Vassiliki and Priniatikos Pyrgos , into an important economic and settlement center in eastern Crete. The basis for this was formed by the two harbors on both sides of the spit to today's island and the agricultural plain of the Cretan hinterland. Mochlos was a location for new industries, such as the manufacture of gold jewelry, stone vases and faience , as well as an important trading center for raw materials and goods from the Cyclades and possibly the Middle East .

The early Minoan cemetery of Mochlos on a narrow terrace on the west side of the island was built around 2900 BC. Created. They were probably family graves. Numerous gold diadems were found in them; an indication of the high position of the deceased. Many smaller graves with pithos burials were attached to the shelter of the rocks on the southern slope. The grave structures were built in phase FM III from 2300 to 2000 BC. Further used from 2000 to 1900 BC. Rather less. After a subsequent time gap are for Neupalastzeit Pithos burials detected again.

Old and new palace times

Archaeological site on the island of Agios Nikolaos

During the Middle Minoan old palace period from around 1900 to 1700 BC. Chr. Mochlos cultivated close relations with the palace of Mallia , when it did not lose its independence completely and became part of the Mallischen state. New production methods were adopted from Mallia, such as the potter's wheel , a sign of the close ties between the Mochlos elites and the local social structures. The finds from the time of the old palace are only preserved in fragments. The extent of the individual Middle Minoan sites over the entire archaeological site of the island refers to the large extent of the settlement below the neo-palace city of the late Minoan phase SM I. In the transition from the old to the new palace period, as in other parts of Crete, there are great violent destruction supposed.

Building B.2 on Agios Nikolaos

With the reconstruction of the palaces and settlements destroyed as a result of seismic activities or internal conflicts on Crete at the transition from the Middle Minoan phases MM III A to MM III B, the population was concentrated. Some places were abandoned, others grew in importance. Above all, Knossos developed into a center of the Minoan culture. Mochlos, among other sites, also began to copy the Knossian type of religion and material culture. For the buildings was during the entire new palace period from about 1700 to 1430 BC. The quarry near Vagia ( Βαγιά ) on the coast southeast of today's Mochlos was used and the material was even exported for the construction of the Minoan city of Gournia .

Painted clay - alabastron (1500–1450 BC)

In the late Minoan phase SM I the settlement of Mochlos reached its greatest extent. The buildings on Agios Nikolaos were partially three-story, including the cellars, in which there were workshops and storage rooms with pithoi. Building B.2, built on the hillside, to the west of a paved road running upwards from south to north, was identified as the ceremonial and possibly administrative center. It had two column crypts and was the only structure in this area to consist partly of ashlar masonry . A staircase with 14 ascending steps led from the eastern crypt to a room with two columns, a sacrificial stone and a basin on the north wall. SM IB cups were found in the drain below the floor to the street. Several doors led from the main room into a kitchen and dining area and a hallway to the street.

Building C.1 on Agios Nikolaos

Building C.1 is one of the youngest of the New Palace period. His remains are on the seashore about 10 meters southwest below the church of Agios Nikolaos. The building from phase SM I B consisted of ashlar masonry on the facade and in the stairwell. In the northern part there was a kitchen. Under the SM IB floor lies a deep and extensive layer of tephra that originated from the Minoan eruption of the volcanic island of Thera . It is considered a dividing mark between the culture phases SM I A and SM I B, as investigations of the ceramic material showed that no SM I A finds were dug above the tephra layer. Building B.1, the remains of which are also near today's coast, provided a similar finding.

Craftsmen's quarter on the western edge of the village of Mochlos

The so-called craftsman's quarter on the western outskirts of Mochlos also comes from phase SM I B, as the corresponding stratigraphic layer over a solid layer of volcanic ash shows. The remains of two buildings were uncovered here, parts of which are sealed under the asphalt of the road to Limenaria ( Λιμενάρια ). In addition to mainly metallurgical workshops in which copper parts were found, the excavations also revealed stone vases, a pottery wheel with a diameter of 40 cm and concentric signs of wear and a pithamphora with four handles bearing a linear A inscription . A lens made of rock crystal is similar finds from Knossos and the Idaean cave . The room with a built-in bench, in which there were a number of vessels that were presumably used to present gifts, is interpreted as a sanctuary.

Mycenaean time

Mycenaean House Θ (D.4) on Agios Nikolaos

Around 1430 BC BC Mycenaean Greeks conquered Crete and occupied the center of the island of Knossos. During the invasions lasting several years, many Minoan settlements were destroyed by fires, including Mochlos, which remained uninhabited a few decades later. Not until 1400 BC A small Mycenaean settlement arose on the ruins of the Minoan, for which a sharp hierarchical social structure is being reconstructed. With its important natural harbor, the settlement on the northeast coast was used for trade with other places on Crete. The excavation findings do not reveal that parts of the Minoan population returned or that production activity was resumed. However, there is evidence of fishing directly on the coast, but also in deeper waters.

When shaped Larnax from grave 10 at Limenaria (1430-1370 v. Chr.)

The ceramics of the Mycenaeans of Mochlos are assigned to the late Minoan phases SM III A1 to SM III B. A total of 13 buildings from the Mycenaean period were found on Agios Nikolaos , houses with one or two rooms up to a larger, house Α, to which a separate street led. The cemetery from phase SM III was on Crete, above the port at Limenaria on the west side of the hill, which is south of today's Mochlos. Of the 16 small chamber graves, 13 are lined up at the same height. Graves 1, 10 and 11 are located a little below in the north and west.

Most of the graves were owned by dromoi , which were filled with stones. The two southernmost graves 15 and 16 were connected by a narrow tunnel. While in grave 16 a female person was buried with a relatively large amount of jewelry in a pithos, in grave 15 a male person in a larnax could be identified as a telestas ( τελεστας 'initiate'). John Chadwick , one of the two decipherers of linear B , considered the term telestas to be a religious title, but did not rule out the possibility that the person in question also possessed secular power. The Mycenaean port settlement appears at the end of the Bronze Age around 1250 BC. To have been abandoned. This corresponds to a time in which other places in Eastern Crete were also abandoned, such as Roussolakkos .

Late Hellenistic to Byzantine times

After the end of the Bronze Age, Mochlos remained until the 7th century BC. Uninhabited. Only short-term settlements followed, until the area in Hellenistic times probably came under the control of the Greek Polis Hierapytna , which was on the southeast coast of Crete near today's Ierapetra . This assumption is based on ceramic finds of the so-called East Cretan Cream Ware (ECCW) , which were made in the late 2nd to early 1st century BC. Near Hierapytna and was found during the excavations in Mochlos. The raw material, a fine sandy clay of yellow or light green color, came from the Myrtos valley, 15 kilometers east of Ierapetra . Through the settlement of Mochlos, Hierapytna may have gained control of the Bay of Mirabello in the struggle for supremacy in eastern Crete against the Poleis Praisos and Itanos .

Late Hellenistic building on foundations of the SM I phase in block A on Agios Nikolaos

The late Hellenistic settlement extended on the south side of today's island over the entire area of ​​the earlier Minoan buildings and was surrounded by a circular wall in the north, east and south. It was protected from the west by the cliffs. In addition to residential buildings, there were also production facilities, such as the approximately 23.5-meter-long late Hellenistic building I, which, with its eight rooms, was south of the curtain wall. It housed two beam presses in rooms 1 and 6 , of which the one in the eastern room 1 was probably used in textile production. The oil press room, Room 6, was the largest in the building.

Whether Mochlos as a settlement after the complete Roman conquest of Crete with the fall of Hierapytna in 67 BC. Chr. Continued is unclear. The first excavator, Richard B. Seager , noted the finds of two coins from the emperors Hadrian and Diocletian and several from Constantine the Great . The land bridge to today's island of Agios Nikolaos could have been flooded in the earthquake off Crete in 365 AD . In Byzantine times there were only smaller settlements on the Cretan coast and the use of the late Hellenistic fortifications on the island.

Research history

In 1907, the American archaeologist Richard B. Seager, who had previously worked in Vassiliki , directed the excavations on the island of Psira in the Gulf of Mirabello. During the excavation campaign, the Turkish boatman who made the crossings to the island and who had already drawn Seager's attention to Psira , informed him that there were other old walls on the neighboring island of Mochlos, three miles to the east . In July 1907, at the end of the season on Psira , Seager and over 20 excavation helpers undertook a three-day trial excavation in Mochlos, which was canceled after two days due to the heat on the wind-protected south side of the island. The few finds were of high quality, so Seager decided to continue the excavations on Mochlos .

Excavations in the spring of 1908

Base camp on Crete during the excavations of 1908 in Mochlos

On April 13, 1908, Richard B. Seager began the first systematic excavations on the island of Agios Nikolaos or Mochlos . He initially had 80 and later 120 workers available. The concession was awarded Seager on the American School of Classical Studies at Athens , which co-financed his project partially. The excavation campaign produced extensive finds by the end of June 20, 1908. However, Seager doubted the effectiveness of a second excavation, which he therefore never tackled. Seager completed his analysis of the excavation results in September 1908, and they were published in the American Journal of Archeology in 1909 . A detailed documentation of the Minoan cemetery on the island prepared by Seager in October 1911 was published in 1912 under the title Explorations in the Island of Mochlos in Boston and New York .

House D of the settlement on the island

Seager realized that the ancient "city" occupied almost the entire area of ​​the south side of the island. In the shallow water between Crete and the offshore island, he saw a former land bridge that had made a good harbor possible in the past. Since he found the remains of many Minoan house walls in Crete, he concluded that there was a settlement that belonged together. From the finds, Seager discovered different phases of settlement, which were partially revised or specified in later investigations. He dug at four points on the south side, on both sides of the church of Agios Nikolaos and at two points higher on the slope. Seager exposed only one large house on the southeast slope, the easternmost in Block D, almost completely. Otherwise parts of maybe twelve SM I houses were cleared. Everywhere the excavator came across Minoan strata that were later destroyed by overbuilding.

"Horns of
Consecration " (Chamber Tomb V, 2600–1900 BC)
Excavators in chamber grave IV

Work took three weeks longer in the Minoan cemetery in the west and south-west of the island than on the settlement's excavation site. A large amount of pottery, weapons, jewelry and stone vases came to light here in 23 well-preserved graves. Most of the finds came from the Early Minoan Phases FM II and FM III. Seager speaks of the "age of stone vases" and suspects first contacts to ancient Egypt . He attested that the manufacturers of vases and jewelry had a “high artistic sense”, but pointed out weak points in decorative designs of a geometric nature in the design of painted ceramics. Many of the graves were destroyed by denudation . In addition to the remaining small ones on the southwest hill, Seager was able to examine six large early Minoan ossuaries or chamber tombs in the northwest along a narrow cliff edge. Their entrances were closed by upright stone slabs. Many graves continued to be used in the Middle Minoan period. Seager also found Middle Minoan graves and burials from phases MM III and SM I in large terracotta vessels and pithoi on the southwestern hill.

Seager mentioned Greek and Roman remains in his excavation report, but had little interest in them. He regretted that the walls of the later repopulation of the island had sunk deep into the Minoan houses and had partially destroyed the latter. Seager was unable to date the remains of the post-Minoan wall, as his Roman coin finds ranged from Hadrian to Constantine the Great. Although much longer and more meticulous work was carried out in later excavations, no Roman coins could be identified among the sparse coin finds on Agios Nikolaos . Seager, however, speaks of a Greco-Roman city in 1909 that was half a mile east of Mochlos on Crete near the small church of Agios Andreas ( Άγιος Ανδρέας ), where coins from this period are constantly being found. A number of fragments from historical times still lie on the corresponding site next to the current Club Aldiana hotel complex .

Excavations in the 1950s

In the 1950s, Nikolaos Plato led rescue excavations and smaller test excavations along the coast opposite the island of Agios Nikolaos . In Galana Charakia ( Γαλάνα Χαράκια ) below Myrsini ( Μυρσίνη ) he discovered a Tholos grave, a type of grave that occurs mainly in the Messara plain . It contained ceramics of the phases SM III, MM I A and MM I B. Furthermore, Plato reported on Minoan building remains of an uncertain type in Palia Vardia ( Παλιά Βάρδια ) near Myrsini and Chalinomouri ( Χαλινομούρι ) at the eastern end of the coastal plain. Athanasia Kanta dated his ceramic finds from the Mycenaean chamber graves in the cemetery of Asprospilia ( Ασπροσπηλιά ) in 1959 in phases SM III A – C. Nikolaos Plato found other chamber graves in Plakalona ( Πλακάλωνα ) and Keratidi ( Κερατίδη ).

In 1955, John Leatham and Sinclair Hood conducted underwater explorations at selected points on the Cretan coast. They discovered ancient fish tanks east of the town of Mochlos, which were originally located on the coast and, due to the rise in sea level in the eastern part of Crete, have now been one to two meters below the surface of the water since ancient times. This supported Seager's assumption that the island of Mochlos or Agios Nikolaos was previously connected to the mainland by a land bridge. Leatham and Hood dated the fish tanks to Roman times. This was based on reports by Latin writers such as Columella and Varro about the breeding and preservation of fish in basins (piscinae) during the time of the Roman Empire.

Investigations in the 1970s

Pyxis lid Mochlos 02.jpg
Pyxis lid Mochlos drawing 01.jpg
Original and Seager's drawing of a pyxis lid made of green soapstone from chamber grave I
(ø 11cm, around 2400 BC)

In 1971 and 1972, Jeffrey S. Soles, under the supervision of Costis Davaras, cleaned and examined 23 graves originally excavated by Richard B. Seager. In the area of ​​graves IV, V and VI in the west of the island there was a complex access system consisting of a ramp and a terrace. Grave VI contained u. a. Vassiliki goods , copper weapons, a one-handled silver cup and some gold jewelry. Due to the new finds, contrary to Seager's assessment, the grave was dated to phases FM II B / FM III.

Seager's assumption that the smaller graves in the south were box graves or roofless enclosures was also revised. According to Soles and Davaras, they were burial houses similar to those in Gournia. They were intended for collective burials of primary and secondary form. In addition to the above-mentioned finds, a number of seals could be secured.

In 1976 Costis Davaras completed the cleaning work on the cemetery grounds. In the same year, architects Frederick Hemans, Frederick Guthrie and Margaret Denney of Cornell University made a topographical map of the island including the archaeological sites. This was the first map ever to show the relationships between the individual sites in an overview.

Excavations from 1989 to 1994

In the summer of 1989, new excavations began on the island of Mochlos and the adjacent coastal plain under the direction of Jeffrey S. Soles and Costis Davaras. The Greek-American team was funded by the University of North Carolina at Greensboro and the Archaeological Institute of Crete . The excavations were under the auspices of the Greek Ministry of Culture and the American School of Classical Studies at Athens . In the first systematic excavations since 1908, the Mochlos Project initially focused on the Bronze Age sites, as the area seemed most influential at that time and the large number and variety of Minoan and Mycenaean remains provided the opportunity to investigate a wider variety of research questions. Among other things, a cylinder seal made of hematite imported from northern Syria was found in a grave and was used in the 19th century BC. Dated. Seven settlement phases on the island were documented in the first excavation season. Of particular importance was the discovery of the tephra layer of the volcanic eruption on Thera (Santorin), through which the Minoan eruption could be clearly classified between the phases SM I A and SM I B.

The excavations in Mochlos continued in the summers of 1990 and 1991, with the work again concentrated on the island. The spectrum of finds ranged from the early Minoan phase FM IB of the pre-palace period to the late Byzantine period of the 13th century AD. At the same time, work began on three locations across from the island in the adjacent coastal plain, which was identified during an earlier survey of the plain and were connected in one way or another with the settlement on the island. These included the craftsmen's quarter on the western outskirts of Mochlos and the sites Palia Vardia and Chalinomouri at the eastern end of the coastal plain. In the summers of 1992 and 1993, the focus of the excavations continued to be on the island with the extensive Late Minoan SM I B settlement and the early Minoan and later SM III remains. In addition, four locations in Crete were examined, including the chamber graves of the cemetery of the SM III phase above Limenaria. During the excavations from 1989 to 1994, it was important for later investigations and descriptions to carefully document the late Hellenistic remains at or near the surface on the tip of the island and along its southern slope, such as the bar press complex excavated in 1991 and 1992.

Excavations after 2000

In the new millennium there were several excavation campaigns in the years 2004–2006, 2009–2010 and 2012. Remarkable finds were again recovered. As early as 2004 it was discovered in house B.2 an ingot of tin , a partially above this bronze trident and a complete oxhide ingot . The trident has barbs , which suggests a function for fishing. A bronze sistrum from phase SM I B was excavated in house C.3 in 2005 and is now in the Archaeological Museum of Agios Nikolaos . The frame rattle is 28.5 cm high and 8.3 cm wide. Sistren are mainly known from ancient Egypt, but have also been found sporadically in Crete. Another bronze sistrum comes from Agia Triada . In Phourni near Archanes and the cave of Agios Charalambos on the west side of the Lassithi plateau , Middle Minoan sistras made from native clay were found. The pictorial representation of a sistrum is on the reaper vase from Agia Triada.


Boat models from Block B (2500–2300 BC)

Other finds from the more recent excavations consisted of a clay jug depicting an octopus from a grave from the Mycenaean period, a conical rhyton, metal objects such as a Mycenaean bronze knife, a fish hook and a dagger, which lay next to the octopus jug, and jewelry in the form of a necklace heart-shaped faience beads , a pendant with a purple patina and a gilded copper ring, bowl and vessel lids made of stone such as green serpentine , purple lime and yellowish-white tuff , Mycenaean larnakes and two undecorated terracotta boat models. The latter, like other objects, were discovered in pairs in a stone-lined shelf in an early Minoan FM II B find context below the southwest wing of the late Minoan building B.2. They are similar to the boat model that Seager found in Block A during the first excavations in 1908, but they are not as detailed. A ritual function is assumed for the boat models.

Ivory pyxis from block Α
(1500–1430 BC)

One of the rarest finds in the history of Minoan archeology is a pyxis made of elephant ivory from phase SM I B, which was found in 2010 in Block A (Area 4) together with 10 ivory hairpins. The pyxis measures 11 × 14 cm and has a wooden floor. The sides, like the ivory lid, show the bas-relief of a seascape. A picture is worked into the pyxis lid which shows the epiphany of the Minoan goddess. She is sitting under a shrine and appears to be holding a lily in her left hand. Four people, two men and two women, approach her from the right. Unfortunately, the upper right side of the lid has been destroyed, which is why the scenery remains incomplete. In the pyxis there were 80  amethyst beads , many of them in situ , with traces of the cord still remaining, so that two necklaces could be identified, one made of small and the other made of larger beads. There were also carnelian beads , glass pastes and beads made from lapis lazuli in various shapes.

Temenos in Block D

The aim of the excavations in 2012 was to find the end of the road that runs through the neo-palace settlement between blocks B and C up the southern slope of the island of Agios Nikolaos . Seager had already uncovered the lower area on the coast in 1908, but did not publish any information about this road. It has been in use for about 270 years and shows signs of repair. After 45 meters in a northerly direction, the road bends at an angle of 90 ° to the east, before it continues to the northeast after another 20 meters. At another bend in the road 10 ° further to the east there is a terrace next to a bank shrine. Then another street, which separates blocks C and D at buildings C.12 and D.7, joins the main street of the settlement from the south. Here begins a paved terrace with fragmentary mud bricks from the remains of the wall on which Pithoi fragments lay. There were signs of burning, so soil samples were taken. They yielded charred olive leaves in the ashes. The excavators therefore suspect a Temenos at this point who was used to cultivate, possibly sacred, olive trees in Pithoi in the open air.

Since 2013, the focus of the Mochlos Archaeological Project has been on the investigation and publication of the finds. Since then, the publications have concentrated on the archaeological site of the city of the New Palace period (1700-1450 BC). Volume Mochlos IV describes the eastern half, including the metal merchant's house and the temenos. The volume Mochlos V is supposed to deal with the western half of the city, which includes the ceremonial building in the center of the settlement and a house with representations of the Minoan religion. At the same time, existing walls on the excavation site are being consolidated and unstable areas filled in for protection. Further excavations are planned, but not planned.

  • Minoan finds from Mochlos

  • Stone vessels from the Minoan cemetery
    (2600–1900 BC)

  • Terracotta boat model from Block A
    (2300–1900 BC)

  • Clay rhyton in the shape of a bull's head
    (1500–1450 BC)

  • Stone lamp from the island of Agios Nikolaos
    (1500–1450 BC)

literature

  • Richard B. Seager: Excavations on the Island of Mochlos, Crete, in 1908 . In: American Journal of Archeology . tape 13 , no. 3 . Archaeological Institute of America , 1909, ISSN  0002-9114 , pp. 273-303 , JSTOR : 497023 (English).
  • Richard B. Seager: Explorations in the Island of Mochlos . American School of Classical Studies at Athens , Boston, New York 1912 (English, digitized ).
  • Jeffrey S. Soles: Mochlos . In: Expedition Magazine . tape 20 , no. 2 . University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania, 1978, ISSN  0014-4738 , pp. 4–15 (English, online ).
  • Jeffrey S. Soles, Costis Davaras: Excavations at Mochlos, 1989 . In: Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens . tape 61 , no. 4 . American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1992, ISSN  0018-098X , p. 413–445 , JSTOR : 148233 (English, digital version [PDF; 12.4 MB ]).
  • Jeffrey S. Soles, Costis Davaras: Excavations at Mochlos, 1990-1991 . In: Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens . tape 63 , no. 4 . American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1994, ISSN  0018-098X , p. 391–436 , JSTOR : 148208 (English, digitized [PDF; 14.4 MB ]).
  • Jeffrey S. Soles, Costis Davaras: Excavations at Mochlos, 1992-1993 . In: Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens . tape 65 , no. 2 . American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1996, ISSN  0018-098X , p. 175–230 , JSTOR : 148456 (English, digital version [PDF; 12.3 MB ]).
  • Thomas M. Brogan, R. Angus K. Smith, Jeffrey S. Soles: Mycenaeans at Mochlos? Exploring Culture and Identity in the Late Minoan IB to IIIA1 Transition . In: Aegean Archeology . tape 6 . Art and Archeology, 2002, ISSN  1233-6246 , p. 89–118 (English, digital version [PDF; 751 kB ]).
  • Jeffrey S. Soles, Thomas M. Brogan, Costis Davaras, Charles Frederick, Dimitra Mylona, ​​Ann M. Nicgorski, David S. Reese, Anaya Sarpaki, Werner H. Schoch, R. Angus K. Smith, Cameron Walker: Mochlos IA: Period III. Neopalatial Settlement on the Coast: The Artisans' Quarter and the Farmhouse at Chalinomouri. The Sites (=  Prehistory Monographs . Volume 7 ). INSTAP Academic Press, Philadelphia 2003, ISBN 1-931534-06-3 (English).
  • Kellee A. Barnard, Thomas M. Brogan, Peter M. Day, Louise Joyner, Ann M. Nicgorski, Eleni Nodarou, Maria Relaki, Mary Ellen Soles, Jeffrey S. Soles, Costis Davaras: Mochlos IB: Period III. Neopalatial Settlement on the Coast: The Artisans' Quarter and the Farmhouse at Chalinomouri. The Neopalatial Pottery (=  Prehistory Monographs . Volume 8 ). INSTAP Academic Press, Philadelphia 2003, ISBN 1-931534-07-1 (English).
  • Jeffrey S. Soles, Costis Davaras, Joanna Bending, Tristan Carter, Despina Kondopoulou, Dimitra Mylona, ​​Maria Ntinou, Ann M. Nicgorski, David S. Reese, Anaya Sarpaki, Werner H. Schoch, Mary Ellen Soles, Vassilis Spatharas, Zophia A. Stos-Gale, Donald H. Tarling, Christopher Witmore: Mochlos IC: Period III. Neopalatial Settlement on the Coast: The Artisans' Quarter and the Farmhouse at Chalinomouri. The Small Finds (=  Prehistory Monographs . Volume 9 ). INSTAP Academic Press, Philadelphia 2004, ISBN 1-931534-08-X (English).
  • Thomas M. Brogan, Andrew J. Koh: Feasting at Mochlos? New Evidence for Wine Production, Storage and Consumption from a Bronze Age Harbor Town on Crete . In: Louise A. Hitchcock, Robert Laffineur, Janice I. Crowley (eds.): Dais: The Aegean Feast (=  Aegaeum . Volume 29 ). University of Liège, Liège, Austin 2008, ISBN 978-90-429-2427-7 , pp. 125-131 (English, online ).
  • Jeffrey S. Soles, Costis Davaras, Thomas M. Brogan, Sevi Triantaphyllou, Joanna Bending, Jerolyn E. Morrison, Dimitra Mylona, ​​Maria Ntinou, Nikos Papadakis, Douglas P. Park, David S. Reese, Chrysa Sophianou: Mochlos IIA: Period IV. The Mycenaean Settlement and Cemetery: The Sites (=  Prehistory Monographs . Volume 23 ). INSTAP Academic Press, Philadelphia 2008, ISBN 978-1-931534-23-9 (English).
  • R. Angus K. Smith, Eleni Banou, Eleni Nodarou, Thomas M. Brogan, Douglas Faulmann, Ann M. Nicgorski, Jeffrey S. Soles, Costis Davaras: Mochlos IIB: Period IV. The Mycenaean Settlement and Cemetery: The Pottery (=  Prehistory Monographs . band 26 ). INSTAP Academic Press, Philadelphia 2010, ISBN 978-1-931534-54-3 (English).
  • Jeffrey S. Soles, Costis Davaras: 2010 Greek-American Excavations at Mochlos . In: Kentro . tape 13 . INSTAP Study Center for East Crete, Philadelphia 2010, p. 1–3 (English, digitized version [PDF; 1.1 MB ]).
  • Jeffrey S. Soles, Joanna Bending, Thomas M. Brogan, Kelly Caldwell, Tristan Carter, Alessandra Giumlia-Mair, Katerina Kopaka, Dimitra Mylona, ​​Ann Nicgorski, Maria Ntinou, David S. Reese, George Rethemiotakis, R. Angus K. Smith , Sarah L. Smith, Mary Ellen Soles, Sevi Triantaphyllou, Polly Westlake, Costis Davaras: Mochlos IIC: Period IV. The Mycenaean Settlement and Cemetery: The Human Remains and Other Finds (=  Prehistory Monographs . Volume 32 ). INSTAP Academic Press, Philadelphia 2011, ISBN 978-1-931534-60-4 (English).
  • Thomas M. Brogan, Kellee A. Barnard: Household Archeology at Mochlos: Statistical Recipes from the Late Minoan I Kitchen . In: Kevin T. Glowacki, Natalia Vogeikoff-Brogan (Ed.): ΣТΕГА: The Archeology of Houses and Households in Ancient Crete (=  Hesperia Supplements . Volume 44 ). The American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Princeton 2011, ISBN 978-1-62139-003-9 , pp. 185–198 , JSTOR : 41363151 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
  • Natalia Vogeikoff-Brogan: Mochlos III: The Late Hellenistic Settlement: The Beam-Press Complex (=  Prehistory Monograph . Volume 48 ). INSTAP Academic Press, Philadelphia 2014, ISBN 978-1-931534-78-9 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
  • Steven T. Karacic: All Aboard: The Longboat and a Heterarchical Interpretation of the Mochlos Cemetery . In: Sarah Cappel, Ute Günkel-Maschek, Diamantis Panagiotopoulos (eds.): Minoan Archeology: Perspectives for the 21st Century (=  AEGIS . Volume 08 ). Presses universitaires de Louvain, Leuven 2015, ISBN 978-2-87558-394-9 , pp. 167–180 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Max Ebert (Ed.): Reallexikon der Vorgeschichte . 15th volume. de Gruyter, Berlin 1932, p. 284 ( digitized version ).
  2. ↑ Alexandros Roniotis: Mochlos Island. CretanBeaches! 2018, accessed February 12, 2019.
  3. ^ Mochlos (Iceland). In: Digital Crete: Archaeological Atlas of Crete. Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute for Mediterranean Studies (English).;
  4. ↑ a b Mochlos (Mainland). In: Digital Crete: Archaeological Atlas of Crete. Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute for Mediterranean Studies (English).;
  5. ↑ Mochlos (Quarry). In: Digital Crete: Archaeological Atlas of Crete. Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute for Mediterranean Studies (English).;
  6. ↑ Jeffrey S. Soles: Mochlos . In: Expedition Magazine . tape 20 , no. 2 . University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania, 1978, ISSN  0014-4738 , pp. 13 (English, online [PDF; 2.6 MB ]).
  7. ↑ Chalinomouri. In: Digital Crete: Archaeological Atlas of Crete. Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute for Mediterranean Studies (English).;
  8. ↑ Μυρσίνη Σητείας: Αρχαιότητες στην περιφέρεια του χωριού. prosym.gr, August 4, 2016 (Greek).;
  9. ↑ a b Prepalatial Period. Mochlos Archaeological Project, 2019, accessed March 5, 2019 .
  10. ↑ History: Prepalatial Period (3000-1900 BC). Mochlos Archaeological Project, 2019, accessed March 5, 2019 .
  11. ↑ Jenna Belle Bittenbender: Funerary Evidence for Social Ranking at Mochlos During the Early Minoan Period . Cornell University, Ithaca (New York) 2017, Trade and Political Economy, pp. 16–18 (English, digitized version [PDF; 563 kB ]).
  12. ^ Cemetery at Mochlos. Mochlos Archaeological Project, 2019, accessed March 5, 2019 .
  13. ↑ a b Protopalatial Period. Mochlos Archaeological Project, 2019, accessed March 5, 2019 .
  14. ↑ History: Protopalatial Period (1900–1700 BC). Mochlos Archaeological Project, 2019, accessed March 5, 2019 .
  15. ↑ History: Neopalatial Period (1700-1430 BC). Mochlos Archaeological Project, 2019, accessed March 5, 2019 .
  16. ↑ Jeffrey S. Soles: A Bronze Age Quarry in Eastern Crete . In: Journal of Field Archeology . tape 10 , no. 1 . Taylor & Francis, 1983, ISSN  0093-4690 , pp. 33 , JSTOR : 529746 (English).
  17. ↑ Jeffrey S. Soles, Costis Davaras: Excavations at Mochlos, 1992–1993 . In: Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens . tape 65 , no. 2 . American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1996, ISSN  0018-098X , p. 187 (English, digitized version [PDF; 12.3 MB ]).
  18. ↑ a b Neopalatial Period. Mochlos Archaeological Project, 2019, accessed March 5, 2019 .
  19. ↑ Thomas M. Brogan, R. Angus K. Smith, Jeffrey S. Soles: Mycenaeans at Mochlos? Exploring Culture and Identity in the Late Minoan IB to IIIA1 Transition . In: Aegean Archeology . tape 6 . Art and Archeology, 2002, ISSN  1233-6246 , LM IB Settlement, p. 93 (English, digitized version [PDF; 750 kB ]).
  20. ↑ Jeffrey S. Soles, Costis Davaras: Excavations at Mochlos, 1992–1993 . In: Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens . tape 65 , no. 2 . American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1996, ISSN  0018-098X , p. 185 (English, digitized version [PDF; 12.3 MB ]).
  21. ↑ Thomas M. Brogan, R. Angus K. Smith, Jeffrey S. Soles: Mycenaeans at Mochlos? Exploring Culture and Identity in the Late Minoan IB to IIIA1 Transition . In: Aegean Archeology . tape 6 . Art and Archeology, 2002, ISSN  1233-6246 , p. 94 (English, digitized version [PDF; 750 kB ]).
  22. ↑ History: Mykenaean Period (1430-1250 BC). Mochlos Archaeological Project, 2019, accessed March 5, 2019 .
  23. ↑ Dimitra Mylona: Fish Remains . In: Jeffrey S. Soles, Costis Davaras (Ed.): Mochlos IIC: Period IV. The Mycenean Settlement and Cemetery. The Human Remains and Other Finds (=  Prehistory Monographs . Volume 32 ). INSTAP Academic Press, Philadelphia 2011, ISBN 978-1-931534-60-4 , pp. 131-133 (English, online ).
  24. ^ Postpalatial Period. Mochlos Archaeological Project, 2019, accessed March 5, 2019 .
  25. ↑ Jeffrey S. Soles, Costis Davaras: Excavations at Mochlos, 1992–1993 . In: Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens . tape 65 , no. 2 . American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1996, ISSN  0018-098X , p. 211 (English, digitized version [PDF; 12.3 MB ]).
  26. ↑ Jeffrey S. Soles, Costis Davaras: Excavations at Mochlos, 1992–1993 . In: Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens . tape 65 , no. 2 . American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1996, ISSN  0018-098X , p. 218–222 (English, digital version [PDF; 12.3 MB ]).
  27. ↑ Jeffrey S. Soles: The Symbolism of Certain Minoan / Mycenaean Beads from Mochlos . In: Marie-Louise Nosch, Robert Laffineur (Ed.): Kosmos. Jewelery, Adornment and Textiles in the Aegean Bronze Age (=  Aegaeum . No. 33 ). Peeters, 2012, ISSN  0776-3808 , p. 458 (English, online ).
  28. ↑ John Chadwick : The decipherment Of Linear B . Cambridge University Press, New York 1958, pp. 113 (English, digitized version ).
  29. ↑ Natalia Vogeikoff-Brogan: Pottery . In: Mochlos III: The Late Hellenistic Settlement: The Beam-Press Complex (=  Prehistory Monograph . Volume 48 ). INSTAP Academic Press, Philadelphia 2014, ISBN 978-1-931534-78-9 , pp. 27 ff . (English, excerpt ).
  30. ^ Iveta Navrátilová: Cretan Maritime Activities in the Hellenistic Period . Masaryk University, Brno 2016, Transport amphorae, p. 43–46 (English, digitized [PDF]).
  31. ^ Iveta Navrátilová: Cretan Maritime Activities in the Hellenistic Period . Masaryk University, Brno 2016, Hellenistic Cretan poleis and harbors, p. 30–31 (English, digital copy [PDF]).
  32. ^ Hellenistic Period. Mochlos Archaeological Project, 2019, accessed March 5, 2019 .
  33. ↑ Jeffrey S. Soles, Costis Davaras: Excavations at Mochlos, 1992–1993 . In: Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens . tape 65 , no. 2 . American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1996, ISSN  0018-098X , Late Hellenistic Period, p. 224 , JSTOR : 148456 (English, digitized [PDF; 12.3 MB ]).
  34. ↑ Jeffrey S. Soles, Costis Davaras: Excavations at Mochlos, 1992–1993 . In: Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens . tape 65 , no. 2 . American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1996, ISSN  0018-098X , Late Hellenistic Period, p. 228 , JSTOR : 148456 (English, digitized version [PDF; 12.3 MB ]).
  35. ^ Richard B. Seager: Excavations on the Island of Mochlos, Crete, in 1908 . In: American Journal of Archeology . tape 13 , no. 3 . Archaeological Institute of America , 1909, ISSN  0002-9114 , pp. 276 , JSTOR : 497023 (English).
  36. ^ History: Archaic period and after. Mochlos Archaeological Project, 2019, accessed March 5, 2019 .
  37. ^ A b Richard B. Seager: Excavations on the Island of Mochlos, Crete, in 1908 . In: American Journal of Archeology . tape 13 , no. 3 . Archaeological Institute of America , 1909, ISSN  0002-9114 , pp. 273 , JSTOR : 497023 (English).
  38. ^ Richard B. Seager: Explorations in the Island of Mochlos . American School of Classical Studies at Athens , Boston, New York 1912 (English, digitized ).
  39. ^ Richard B. Seager: Excavations on the Island of Mochlos, Crete, in 1908 . In: American Journal of Archeology . tape 13 , no. 3 . Archaeological Institute of America , 1909, ISSN  0002-9114 , pp. 274 , JSTOR : 497023 (English).
  40. ^ Richard B. Seager: Excavations on the Island of Mochlos, Crete, in 1908 . In: American Journal of Archeology . tape 13 , no. 3 . Archaeological Institute of America , 1909, ISSN  0002-9114 , pp. 275 , JSTOR : 497023 (English).
  41. ^ Richard B. Seager: Excavations on the Island of Mochlos, Crete, in 1908 . In: American Journal of Archeology . tape 13 , no. 3 . Archaeological Institute of America , 1909, ISSN  0002-9114 , pp. 276-277 , JSTOR : 497023 (English).
  42. ^ Richard B. Seager: Excavations on the Island of Mochlos, Crete, in 1908 . In: American Journal of Archeology . tape 13 , no. 3 . Archaeological Institute of America , 1909, ISSN  0002-9114 , pp. 278 , JSTOR : 497023 (English).
  43. ^ Richard B. Seager: Excavations on the Island of Mochlos, Crete, in 1908 . In: American Journal of Archeology . tape 13 , no. 3 . Archaeological Institute of America , 1909, ISSN  0002-9114 , pp. 303 , JSTOR : 497023 (English).
  44. ^ Richard B. Seager: Explorations in the Island of Mochlos . American School of Classical Studies at Athens , Boston, New York 1912, pp. 11–12 (English, digitized version ).
  45. ^ Richard B. Seager: Explorations in the Island of Mochlos . American School of Classical Studies at Athens , Boston, New York 1912, pp. 13-14 (English, digitized version ).
  46. ↑ a b Natalia Vogeikoff-Brogan: Mochlos III: The Late Hellenistic settlement: The Beam-Press Complex . INSTAP Academic Press, Philadelphia 2014, ISBN 978-1-931534-78-9 , Introduction, pp. 1–2 (English, excerpt ).
  47. ↑ Asprospilia. In: Digital Crete: Archaeological Atlas of Crete. Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute for Mediterranean Studies (English).;
  48. ^ R. Angus K. Smith: Late Minoan IIIB Pottery from the Cemetery at Myrsini-Aspropilia . In: Charlotte Langohr (Ed.): How Long is a Century? Late Minoan IIIB Pottery. Relative Chronology and Regional Differences . Presses universitaires de Louvain, Leuven 2017, ISBN 978-2-87558-636-0 , p. 341-353 (English, online ).
  49. ^ A b Academics: Platon's work. Mochlos Archaeological Project, 2019, accessed March 10, 2019 .
  50. ^ John Leatham, Sinclair Hood: Sub-Marine Exploration in Crete, 1955 . In: The Annual of the British School at Athens . No. 53/54 . British School at Athens, 1959, ISSN  0068-2454 , p. 263 , JSTOR : 30104465 (English).
  51. ^ Costis Davaras: Rock-Cut Fish Tanks in Eastern Crete . In: The Annual of the British School at Athens . No. 69 . British School at Athens, 1974, ISSN  0068-2454 , p. 87 , JSTOR : 30103290 (English).
  52. ↑ Stefan Hiller : The Minoan Crete after the excavations of the last decade (=  Fritz Schachermeyr [Hrsg.]: Mykenische Studien . Volume 5 ). Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1977, ISBN 3-7001-0176-7 , early Minoan grave cult, p. 111-112 .
  53. ↑ Jeffrey S. Soles: Mochlos . In: Expedition Magazine . tape 20 , no. 2 . University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania, 1978, ISSN  0014-4738 , pp. 6 (English, online [PDF; 2.6 MB ]).
  54. ↑ Jeffrey S. Soles, Costis Davaras: Excavations at Mochlos, 1989 . In: Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens . tape 61 , no. 4 . American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1992, ISSN  0018-098X , p. 413 , JSTOR : 148233 (English, digitized [PDF; 12.4 MB ]).
  55. ↑ Jeffrey S. Soles, Thomas M. Brogan, Costis Davaras, Charles Frederick, Dimitra Mylona, ​​Ann M. Nicgorski, David S. Reese, Anaya Sarpaki, Werner H. Schoch, R. Angus K. Smith, Cameron Walker: Mochlos IA : Period III. Neopalatial Settlement on the Coast: The Artisans' Quarter and the Farmhouse at Chalinomouri. The Sites (=  Prehistory Monographs . Volume 7 ). INSTAP Academic Press, Philadelphia 2003, ISBN 1-931534-06-3 , Acknowledgments, pp. XIX (English, digitized version [PDF; 96 kB ]).
  56. ↑ Jeffrey S. Soles, Costis Davaras: Excavations at Mochlos, 1989 . In: Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens . tape 61 , no. 4 . American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1992, ISSN  0018-098X , p. 419 , JSTOR : 148233 (English, digitized [PDF; 12.4 MB ]).
  57. ↑ Jeffrey S. Soles, Costis Davaras: A New Oriental Cylinder Seal from Mochlos (=  Περιοδικόν της εν A θήναις A ρχαιολογικής E ταιρείας . No. 134 ). Αθήναις Αρχαιολογική Εταιρεία, 1995, ISSN  1105-7785 , p. 29-66 (English, online ).
  58. ↑ Jeffrey S. Soles, Costis Davaras: Excavations at Mochlos, 1989 . In: Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens . tape 61 , no. 4 . American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1992, ISSN  0018-098X , p. 423-424 , JSTOR : 148233 (English, digital version [PDF; 12.4 MB ]).
  59. ↑ Jeffrey S. Soles, Costis Davaras: Excavations at Mochlos, 1989 . In: Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens . tape 61 , no. 4 . American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1992, ISSN  0018-098X , p. 443 , JSTOR : 148233 (English, digitized [PDF; 12.4 MB ]).
  60. ↑ Jeffrey S. Soles, Costis Davaras: Excavations at Mochlos, 1989 . In: Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens . tape 61 , no. 4 . American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1992, ISSN  0018-098X , p. 436–438 , JSTOR : 148233 (English, digitized [PDF; 12.4 MB ]).
  61. ↑ Jeffrey S. Soles, Costis Davaras: Excavations at Mochlos, 1990–1991 . In: Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens . tape 63 , no. 4 . American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1994, ISSN  0018-098X , p. 391–394 , JSTOR : 148208 (English, digital version [PDF; 14.4 MB ]).
  62. ↑ Jeffrey S. Soles, Costis Davaras: Excavations at Mochlos, 1992–1993 . In: Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens . tape 65 , no. 2 . American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1996, ISSN  0018-098X , p. 175 , JSTOR : 148456 (English, digitized version [PDF; 12.3 MB ]).
  63. ↑ a b Natalia Vogeikoff-Brogan: Mochlos III: The Late Hellenistic settlement: The Beam-Press Complex . INSTAP Academic Press, Philadelphia 2014, ISBN 978-1-931534-78-9 , Preface, pp. XV – XVI (English, excerpt ).
  64. ↑ Natalia Vogeikoff-Brogan: Mochlos III: The Late Hellenistic settlement: The Beam-Press Complex . INSTAP Academic Press, Philadelphia 2014, ISBN 978-1-931534-78-9 , Acknowledgments, pp. XVII (English, excerpt ).
  65. ↑ Jeffrey S. Soles: The 2004 Greek-American Excavations at Mochlos . In: Kentro . tape 7 . INSTAP Study Center for East Crete, Philadelphia 2004, p. 3 (English, digitized version [PDF; 3.8 MB ]).
  66. ↑ a b Artifacts: Rare Finds. Mochlos Archaeological Project, 2019, accessed March 15, 2019 .
  67. ↑ Robert B. Koehl: Minoans in New York. (PDF) Archaeological Institute of America: American Journal of Archeology, Online Museum Review, 2008, p. 8 (English, 2457.29 KB).;
  68. ↑ a b Jeffrey S. Soles: The Mochlos Sistrum and Its Origins . In: Philip P. Betancourt, Susan C. Ferrence (eds.): Metallurgy: Understanding How, Learning Why: Studies in Honor of James D. Muhly (=  Prehistory Monographs . Volume 29 ). INSTAP Academic Press, Philadelphia 2011, ISBN 978-1-931534-57-4 , pp. 134 (English, excerpt ).
  69. ↑ Jeffrey S. Soles: The Mochlos Sistrum and Its Origins . In: Philip P. Betancourt, Susan C. Ferrence (eds.): Metallurgy: Understanding How, Learning Why: Studies in Honor of James D. Muhly (=  Prehistory Monographs . Volume 29 ). INSTAP Academic Press, Philadelphia 2011, ISBN 978-1-931534-57-4 , pp. 133 (English, online ).
  70. ^ Artifacts: Pottery, Metal Objects, Jewelry, Stone Objects, Other. Mochlos Archaeological Project, 2019, accessed March 15, 2019 .
  71. ↑ Jeffrey S. Soles: The 2004 Greek-American Excavations at Mochlos . In: Kentro . tape 7 . INSTAP Study Center for East Crete, Philadelphia 2004, p. 5 (English, digitized version [PDF; 3.8 MB ]).
  72. ^ Richard B. Seager: Excavations on the Island of Mochlos, Crete, in 1908 . In: American Journal of Archeology . tape 13 , no. 3 . Archaeological Institute of America , 1909, ISSN  0002-9114 , pp. 279 , JSTOR : 497023 (English).
  73. ↑ Jeffrey S. Soles: Mochlos Boats . In: Eleni Mantzourani, Philip P. Betancourt (eds.): Philistor. Studies in Honor of Costis Davaras (=  Prehistory Monographs . Volume 36 ). INSTAP Academic Press, Philadelphia 2012, ISBN 978-1-931534-65-9 , pp. 187–199 (English, excerpt ).
  74. ↑ Pyxis. Mochlos Archaeological Project, 2019, accessed March 15, 2019 .
  75. ↑ Jeffrey S. Soles, Costis Davaras: 2010 Greek-American Excavations at Mochlos . In: Kentro . tape 13 . INSTAP Study Center for East Crete, Philadelphia 2010, p. 1 (English, digitized version [PDF; 1.1 MB ]).
  76. ↑ Jeffrey S. Soles, Costis Davaras: A Temenos of Olive Trees at Mochlos . In: KENTRO, The Newsletter of the INSTAP Study Center for East Crete . tape 16 . INSTAP Study Center for East Crete, Philadelphia 2013, p. 14-16 (English, online ).
  77. ^ Projects. Mochlos Archaeological Project, 2019, accessed March 19, 2019 .
  78. ^ Mochlos (Crete) Publication and Conservation Project: Fieldwork. Archaeological Institute of America, accessed March 19, 2019 .

Web links

Commons : Mochlos  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Commons : Finds from Mochlos  - collection of images, videos and audio files