National team
A national team is a selection team that represents a nation in international sports competitions . The term is used both for teams in team sports that take part in an international match , as well as for those in individual sports in which the individual members of the team - sometimes even against each other - take part in an international match , e.g. B. in athletics .
A special form of the national team is the Olympic team , which is sent to the Olympic Games and consists of athletes from various sports.
history
The two today as the first international meeting nations in the sport is the cricket -Begegnung Canada against the United States from 24 to 26 September, 1844 in St George's Cricket Club in New York City adopted. Other sports held international matches as a result. The first America's Cup in sailing took place in 1851 and the first international rugby union in 1871.
The first official international match in football history took place on November 30, 1872, between a Scottish and an English selection led by Cuthbert Ottaway . In the 19th century, the Welsh , Irish , American and Canadian national football teams played their first games, which were not always of an official nature and sometimes took place against club teams. In South America in 1902 the national teams of Uruguay and Argentina were compared for the first time . In the same year Austria debuted against Hungary . In Oceania, the New Zealand national football team played for the first time against a selection from New South Wales . The Switzerland and Germany came in 1908 with the first national appearance. The first international match between two Asian national teams was played in 1913 between the Philippines and China . As the first African national team, Egypt met in 1920 for the Olympic Games in Antwerp.
As the first women's national team in football, France played against an English selection in 1920. In Germany, where playing soccer with women's teams was still banned by the DFB in 1955 , an official national team was not formed until 1982 .
At the Summer Olympics in Paris in 1900 , team sports were also included in the program for the first time ( football , pelota , polo , rugby , water polo ). This forced the formation of national teams that did not yet take part in the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis in the baseball , lacrosse , basketball , college football , water polo and soccer competitions, which is why the competitions of these games are now considered non-Olympic by the IOC to be viewed as. Olympic champions in basketball, for example, were the Buffalo Germans .
The first international match in handball history was played by Germany and Austria as a field handball game on September 13, 1925 . The first German women's international match was played as early as 1930, also between Germany and Austria .
vocation
The national team is usually sent by the national member association of the respective international sports federation, and in some states by the ministry responsible for sports . In individual sports there are usually objective nomination criteria (e.g. the achievement of certain standards or success in a qualifying competition ); in game sports, the members of the national team are appointed to the squad on the basis of an individual performance assessment by the responsible national coach .
Olympic teams are determined by the National Olympic Committee . In Germany by the German Olympic Sports Confederation . The member of a national team in team sports as a national team called.
The membership of an athlete in a national team is mostly linked to the nationality of the respective country or to a place of residence there. A change from one national team to another is usually associated with certain deadlines and conditions (e.g. approval of the releasing sports association), if at all possible. Regulations for this are drawn up by the respective international sports association.
State, nation and national team
As a rule, each state has only one national team in each sport. Since not all states are nation states , there are a few exceptions, most of which are historical, political or geographical. For example, the World Football Association has 208 member associations, although there are only 194 sovereign states and some states are not members of FIFA.
There are four national football teams in the United Kingdom: England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland . There is also a similar or at least a similar breakdown in the United Kingdom in other sports such as cricket , curling , hockey and rugby . The Hong Kong and Macau national football teams will continue to exist after Hong Kong and Macau return to China .
For nations without national territory or for national minorities , selection teams often have an important symbolic function, especially when there are strong secessionist aspirations. For example, the football selection of the FLN campaigned on behalf of the Algerian independence movement Front de Liberation Nationale (FLN) as ambassador of the Algerian nation during the Algerian war between 1958 and 1962 for the independence of the French colony of Algeria and for international support. Many non- sovereign areas strive to have their national teams recognized by international sports federations. This applies, for example, to the Palestinian national football team , which has been able to take part in official FIFA competitions since 1998 . Games of the Tibetan soccer team are a political issue and are accompanied by protests from China . Often, autonomous or semi-autonomous dependent areas that are far from the actual national territory create their own national teams. The national football teams of the Faroe Islands and New Caledonia are recognized by FIFA . In such cases, the international sports federations do not always make uniform decisions, so the Greenland national handball team is entitled to participate in official competitions, whereas the national soccer team is not.
There are also national teams with players from more than one state, such as the West Indies in cricket or Ireland in cricket, rugby and international rules football (a mixture of Australian and Gaelic football ). The Iroquois Nationals represent the indigenous North American Iroquois people in their national sport, lacrosse . The Iroquois now live in Canada and the United States , but for team trips abroad, players use their own Iroquois Confederacy passports .
In some cases, national teams are limited to specific population groups. Only Jewish athletes take part in the Maccabiade .
The Olympic Games initially had their own Olympic geography , as Coubertin allowed states such as Finland , a Grand Duchy within Russia , and Bohemia within Austria-Hungary to have their own teams, but not Ireland within Great Britain . With the Olympic Congress in 1914, these special regulations were ended and the strict nation-state principle was adopted by the IOC . However, mixed teams with nationals of several independent states, such as the all-German team in 1956, 1960 and 1964 or the United Team of the Commonwealth of Independent States in 1992, were repeatedly admitted to meet the requirements of the IOC All Games - All Nations . In 1992 athletes from Yugoslavia , which was under sanctions by the United Nations , and in 2000 athletes from East Timor , which was still under UN administration, took part as Independent Olympians .
Classification
In many sports there are national teams graded according to age group . In football, for example, a U-21 national team is formed for players under the age of 21, and in many sports there are teams for juniors (U19) and young adults (U23). In common parlance, the national team is usually the first adult team (also A-team) without age restrictions.
dress
National teams have uniform sportswear , the so-called national jersey with the (mostly) national emblems of their state and often in the colors of the national flag . The colors of the national jerseys of the sports teams of the Federal Republic of Germany traditionally consist of black trousers and a white shirt with a red chest ring, federal eagle and a lettering of the sending sports association, e.g. B. German Football Association (DFB). This black-white-combination refers to the black-white-red flag of the German Empire from 1871. The national teams of the GDR mostly competed in blue jerseys. Often the national jersey also contains the badge of the sending sports association, and occasionally the logo of a sponsor.
See also
- German national team (overview)
- Austrian national team (overview)
- Swiss national team (overview)
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Knaur: The German Dictionary , Lexicographical Institute Munich, 1985, page 691
- ^ Martin Williamson: The oldest international contest of them all ( English ) Cricinfo. Retrieved August 2, 2019.
- ^ Karl-Heinz Huba: World football history: pictures, dates, facts from 1846 to today , Stiebner Verlag GmbH, 2007, ISBN 3-7679-0958-8 , page 632
- ^ Karl-Heinz Huba: World football history: pictures, dates, facts from 1846 to today , Stiebner Verlag GmbH, 2007, ISBN 3-7679-0958-8 , page 626
- ↑ Arnd Krüger : Forgotten decisions. The IOC at the eve of World War I. Olympika 6 (1997), 85-98; ( Digitized version , PDF; 292 kB)