Otto Rahn

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Otto Wilhelm Rahn (born February 18, 1904 in Michelstadt im Odenwald; † March 13/14, 1939 near Söll (Tyrol) , Austria ) was a German writer, ariosoph and SS-Obersturmführer who dealt with the Grail myth .

Life

School and study

Rahn was born in Michelstadt / Odenwald in 1904 as the first child of the judicial officer Karl and Clara Rahn (née Hamburger). From 1910 he attended the humanistic grammar school in Bingen , where he lived until the beginning of the First World War . He passed his Abitur in Giessen . There, his religion teacher Freiherr von Gall inspired him for the first time for the history of the Cathars . In 1922, Rahn began studying law in Giessen, which he continued at the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg and the University of Heidelberg . During his studies he became a member of the Germania Gießen fraternity in 1922 .

In 1925 he broke off his studies and became a traveling salesman for various publishers. He maintained contacts with supporters of Stefan Georges . Rahn's first publisher later referred to him as a student of Friedrich Gundolf , who taught literary history in Heidelberg and was part of the George circle . He also had contact with the poet and writer Albert Heinrich Rausch .

Otto Rahn

Research trips

In 1928 he visited Geneva and Paris. In Paris he got to know a circle of writers and private scholars, which also included the poet and writer Maurice Magre from Toulouse . This claimed that a manuscript of Bogomil -Bischofs Nicetas the Château de Monségur was kept, which during the Albigensian Crusade in southern France as part of the legendary Katharerschatzes in the grotto of Ornolaca [sic] Languedoc had been hidden. Through Magre, Rahn met his future sponsor, the spiritualist Countess Miryanne Pujol-Murat , who considered herself a descendant of Countess Esclarmonde de Foix (around 1151 – around 1215), a prominent member of the Cathars in 13th century France. Countess Pujol-Murat was a member of the Gnostic Church and maintained close contacts with the Okkultgruppe Les Polaires (founded in 1930), dealing with the Hyperboreans and the myths about Ultima Thule employed and ideas of Welteislehre of the SS sponsored Austrian engineer Hanns Hörbiger (1860- 1931) represented.

Quest for the Grail with Antonin Gadal

Antonin Gadal (1871–1962)

Inspired by Magre's book Magiciens et Illuminés , which constructed a connection between the Cathars and Buddhists and called the Cathars the "Buddhists of the West", Rahn decided in 1929 to travel to Provence , the Pyrenees and the Languedoc in southern France , where he was Explored caves. Rahn's patron, Countess Pujol-Murat, provided him with a limousine and her German chauffeur Joseph Widegger for his excursions in the Midi-Pyrenees , which enabled him to travel "in the footsteps of the Gnostics " in Languedoc to Pamiers , Foix , Carcassonne , Montségur and Mirepoix made it possible. In 1930 he made a trip to the Ariège valley , where he visited the Montségur castle ruins, among other things. His interest was in the medieval heretic movement , especially the Cathars . On his travels he met Déodat Roché , a follower of Rudolf Steiner , and the local historian Antonin Gadal . After his retirement, Gadal had researched the Cathars and gained a reputation as a New Cathar specialist. He was interested in French history and Cathar heresy and worked as a cave explorer. Cave explorations in the Ariège valley led him to believe that he was on the trail of the Cathar treasure, which he imagined as the Grail . He also encouraged Rahn to search for the Grail and to research the role of the castle of Montségur, which he held for the Grail Castle Montsalvatge (Montsalvatsch) in the epic Parzival Wolframs von Eschenbach . Rahn called Gadal a teacher and patron and worked closely with him over the next three years or so. Their friendship lasted until his death. 1930 to 1932 Rahn explored the Languedoc from Ornolac-Ussat-les-Bains . Gadal accompanied him on his excursions in the French Pyrenees and his cave visits in the Ariègetal. Rahn also took over the reception chain Katharer-Grail- Shambala from Gadal, which also convinced him that a Cathar treasure must be hidden in the caves of Sabarthes , which supposedly was the "Holy Grail", the last place of which was a grotto near Ussat (Ariège) was. Gadal finally introduced Rahn to his book "Crusade Against the Grail".

Identification of the Grail Castle

From his research in the archives of Montségur (Ariège), Rahn concluded that he had found the Grail Castle . This was first mentioned by the Provencal poet Guyot in the 12th century, who claims to have taken it from a book by the Arabic astrologer Flegitanis . Rahn claimed that Montségur was identical to the Grail Castle Montsalvatge ( Montsalvatsch ) from Wolframs Parzival . He put forward the thesis that the Cathars were the guardians of the Grail, and that those of Pope Innocent III. The Albigensian Wars initiated were a crusade against the Grail. Rahn's theses mainly come from Antonin Gadal.

On March 3, 1932, the newspaper La Dépêche du Midi reported excavations by a theosophical group of the Fraternité des Polaires , or Les Polaires for short , based in Paris (Avenue Rapp), near Massat , which was a German [meant Otto Rahn, who denied this]. The newspaper reported repeatedly on the treasure hunt of these Polaires in the Montségur castle, which is believed to be a treasure of the Albigensians from the 13th century.

Bankruptcy and escape on suspicion of espionage

In late autumn 1931, Rahn settled in the small spa town of Ornolac-Ussat-les-Bains , where his mentor Antonin Gadal lived.

Former Hotel Restaurant des Marroniers in Ornolac-Ussat-les-Bains in the Ariège Valley

In May 1932, Rahn leased the Hotel Restaurant des Marronniers in Ussat-les-Bains on the Toulouse - Andorra national road for three years. Josephine Baker , Paul Ladame and Marlene Dietrich are said to have been among his guests. Still, he was short of money. With German publishing advances he succeeded in paying off the biggest debts, but on October 10 of the same year the commercial court in Foix ruled bankruptcy. In late 1932, Rahn was accused by French government agencies of being a German spy and the leader of an international secret society . He then left France.

Publications

  • In autumn 1933 Rahn's book Crusade Against the Grail was published by Urban Verlag in Freiburg i.Breisgau. Shortly afterwards he joined the Reich Association of German Writers .
  • On August 5, 1934, Rahn's article 'Heinrich Minneke' appeared in the Frankfurter Zeitung , in which he claimed to be worshiping Lucifer falling from heaven .
  • In April 1938, Rahn's book Luzifers Hofgesind was published by Schwarzhäupter-Verlag Leipzig.

In his book Crusade Against the Grail , Rahn postulated a unity of the traditions of troubadours and minstrels , Cathar heresy and the legend of the Holy Grail. He postulated the existence of a Gnostic underground religion of Aryan- Visigoth origin, which was destroyed in 1244 by the Inquisition . He took the view that the ideas of the Cathar religion were already represented by the Celts and Iberians in Languedoc , whom he called the heirs of the Persians . The Cathars were said to have been Christianized druids by Manichean missionaries . The theses of the Buddhist and poet Maurice Magre, a friend of Rahn, that the Cathars and all European heretics are camouflaged followers of the Buddha-doctrine , have left clear traces in Rahn's books. However, this view is not shared by historians. According to the "announcements" of the "Star Power Oracle " Magre, the Tibetan Center wanted the establishment of a European initiation center under the direction of the Polaires, which, following on from Cathar traditions, would be a new edition of the sapientes , the Cathar wise men.

Rahn based the connection between the Cathars, the Grail and Tibet on the Shambala myth . Here the mani stone of Chakravartin is mentioned in connection with a wish-fulfilling jewel in a context similar to that in Rahn's book, in which he claims that a white dove brought the grail "to Asia's mountains", by which he means the Himalayas . The highest mystery of the Cathars, the Manisola, is identical with the Grail Supper, and the stone Mani , worshiped by the Cathars, is to be connected with Tibetan Buddhist beliefs.

"The 'Pure Doctrine', as the German term Catharism reads, was symbolized, following the example of the Indian Mani, with a stone that fell from heaven, a lapis ex coelis , which comfortingly illuminates the world."

- Rahn : Crusade against the Grail. Part I, p. 137

Lucifer's servants

Rahn's two books differ greatly in style and content. The author's change of heart with the term “ Lucifer ” is particularly clear . In the “Crusade against the Grail”, written before his membership in the SS, Rahn assigned Lucifer, following Christian tradition, to evil. In his second book, "Luzifers Hofgesind", Lucifer mutates into a bearer of light, Luci-Bel, as the Cathar Lucifer supporters supposedly called him. Rahns interpreted the Grail as a collective symbol of all followers of Lucifer. In 1938 Rahn gave a lecture to the SS in the " Dietrich Eckart Association " in Dortmund, in which he revaluated Lucifer and celebrated him as a lightbringer. In this book, too, Rahn tries to reinterpret the medieval heretic movements. The book is structured as a travel diary. Lucifer's court servants is shaped by the blood mythology of Thule and contains anti-Semitic echoes, as the following excerpt shows:

"By Lucifer's court servants I mean those who, true to the Nordic blood, have chosen a 'mountain of the assembly in the most distant midnight' as the goal of their God-seeking and not the mountains Sinai or Zion in the Middle East."

- Rahn : Lucifer's court servants. A trip to the good spirits of Europe. (1936). Struckum: Verlag for holistic research and culture 1985, p. 96.

Luzifers Hofgesind is an SS propaganda pamphlet: The book was written by an SS man, financed by the SS, given advice by Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler , recommended as a key culture reading and distributed en masse in the SS. It was created under the patronage of Himmler, who also influenced the content. The numerous, sometimes aggressive, anti-Semitic passages cannot be overlooked. Rahn dedicated the book to his SS comrades and chose a saying from Schopenhauer as the motto :

"We can hope that one day Europe too will be cleansed of all Jewish mythology."

- Rahn : Lucifer's court servants. (1937). Foreword.

After the end of the war, Lucifer's court servants (1937) were placed on the list of literature to be segregated in the Soviet zone of occupation .

Ariosophical search for traces

In 1935 Rahn traveled to the Westerwald , Hesse and Bavaria. Research trips in preparation for his second work, Lucifer's court servants, took Rahn to France, Italy and Iceland.

Working for Karl Maria Wiligut (1935–1936) in the Race and Settlement Main Office (RuSHA)

In 1935, through the mediation of his secretary, Rahn came into contact with SS-Standartenführer Karl Maria Wiligut , who was also interested in the Grail myth, who introduced him to Heinrich Himmler . From May 1935, Rahn was part of Wiligut's personal staff and worked as a consultant in the “Race and Settlement Main Office” (RuSHA) of the SS without a precisely defined area of ​​responsibility.

On March 12, 1936, Otto Rahn was accepted into the SS. Six days later he made the following statement in his handwritten SS master roll: “Before taking power , I wrote a book abroad, after several years of absence from Germany and without having been properly informed about the political path and ideological goals of the NSDAP and essays that are now considered to be National Socialist ideas and which also resulted in my appointment to the staff of the Reichsführer SS. "

Rahn's thesis Catharism was a Germanic embossed dualistic heretic movement with ancient Aryan roots impressed Himmler so much that he Rahn to go ahead with these theories under the auspices motivated the SS and invited him to cooperate in the SS-funded field trips and research. In 1937 he took part in an expedition to Iceland with a group of 20 SS men. The aim of this "Nordlandfahrt" was to research the mythical Thule , which was associated with the capital of the Hyperboreans . Among others, the Icelandic expert Paul Burkert and the lawyer Hans Peter des Coudres , who was entrusted with building up the Wewelsburg library and with whom Rahn became friends , took part in the expedition . As a result, Rahn considered his “pilgrimage” to Iceland to have failed because he was convinced that Iceland could not be “Thule”, and he was now looking for Thule in northern Scandinavia. Following his trip to Iceland, Rahn published his travel diary of Lucifer's court servants , in which he described his search for evidence of a Cathar- visigotic tradition.

Himmler had received knowledge of this occult oracle communication with the secret initiation center in the Himalayas from the Polaires' envoy, the British Gaston de Mengel , who was interpreted by Rahn , and was allegedly Mongolian through Ferdinand Ossendowski's book "Animals, People and Gods" Tales of an underground realm called Agarthi and an initiation center that lies below the Himalayas and is ruled by a "king of the world" is familiar.

On the staff of the Reichsführer SS (1936–1939)

Rahn received from Heinrich Himmler , who had difficulties to prove his Aryan family tree, the order to do research about his ancestors in the French-speaking Switzerland . In November 1936, Rahn forwarded his results on Himmler's ancestry to the Wewelsburg . For this research for the Reichsführer SS, he neglected his own pedigree , but was promoted to SS-Oberscharführer in the same month despite the missing documents . At the same time, work was being carried out on Himmler's ancestry at the Wewelsburg, and it turned out that there was a distant relationship between the Himmler-Rahn families, but Otto Rahn was not informed.

In 1937, Rahn met the Swiss Franz Riedweg from Alfred Schmid , whom he met again at Himmler's invitation that same year at lunch in the luxury Horcher restaurant. The head of the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) Reinhard Heydrich , the group leader in the "Personal Staff of the Reichsführer SS" Karl Wolff , the Swiss politician Jean-Marie Musy and Werner Best took part in this meal . Himmler pioneered Dr. Riedweg's entry into the SS by offering him to serve as Hauptsturmführer and troop doctor with the SS-Standarte Deutschland.

Since Rahn spoke fluent French and was considered a Cathar expert and connoisseur of occult topics, he was called in by Wiligut for a conversation between Himmler and the occultist Gaston de Mengel . The Briton Gaston de Mengel, like Rahn's friend Maurice Magre, was a member of the secret society "Les Polaires" , which pretended to be connected to a spiritual center in Tibet through an oracle . De Mengel's travel routes corresponded to the interests of the ancestral heritage. As part of his espionage activities, which were financed by Heinrich Himmler, he had to report on French secret organizations. From a letter from Karl Wolff of February 19, 1937 to Karl Maria Wiligut, it emerges that these conversations on the basis of De Mengel's studies on pre-Christian, Indian, Persian and partly Chinese literature were about the Edda , the Vedas , the Kabbalah and his metaphysical calculations about building the pyramids. Oberscharführer Otto Rahn is said to have confirmed the accuracy of De Mengel's research that he was able to observe himself on his travels. Wiligut suggested Otto Rahn for the translation of Gaston de Mengel's works, in which the control of political processes was assigned to secret spiritual centers, namely Agartha and Shambhala , and which dealt with Tibetan world conspiracy theories and a messianic world teacher named Maitreya .

In April 1938 Rahn was appointed SS-Untersturmführer. In November 1938, Rahn was four months under passing of his rank to KZ -Wachmannschaften of Buchenwald and then to the Dachau concentration camp allocated because he was noticed by excessive alcohol consumption. In 1939 Rahn was released from the SS as Obersturmführer , probably on charges of homosexuality , at his own request.

Heinrich Himmler visits the Dachau concentration camp, where Rahn was on guard duty in 1938. Himmler was related to Rahn's family.

Contribution to the Nazi Germanic ideology

The mountain Montségur with the ruins of the Cathar castle of the same name, which Rahn thought was the Grail Castle.

Joscelyn Godwin identifies Otto Rahn as the main person responsible for the association of the Cathars and their Montségur castle with the Holy Grail. The theses put forward by Rahn of a Cathar-Visigothic tradition and a Gnostic underground religion of Aryan-Visigoth origin, which were smashed by the church authorities, were adapted by Rudolf Mund , who saw this as evidence of the mystical mission of the SS.

For Rahn, the Cathar Teutons and the Albigensian Crusade were not just a religious war, but a battle between Judah and Rome against Nordic Germanism . For him, Pope Innocent III wanted . to exterminate the Germanic blood in southern France for good, because to Germanism the north [meaning Thule] and not Jerusalem or Rome were sacred.

Rahn's “Heretic Book”, “Crusade Against the Grail”, published in 1933 made him known and famous throughout Europe, but especially in Nazi circles. In April 1935, Karl Maria Wiligut became Heinrich Himmler's closest adviser to the author, who immediately quoted Rahn to Berlin because he wanted to use Rahn's theses to enrich the National Socialist ideology of the " Ahnenerbe " foundation founded in 1935 . The Reichsführer SS Himmler took over Rahn's interpretation of the Grail legend and from then on placed the SS in the tradition of European heresy. Rahn's theses can be used as evidence of Himmler's worldview of an Aryan light religion that goes back to prehistoric times, as the heir and representative of which Himmler saw his SS, which was conceived as an "order" and "knighthood". In the same way, Rahn's ideas were taken up and supported by Alfred Rosenberg , the leading Nazi ideologist. Rosenberg declared the Albigensians, Waldensians and Cathars to be martyrs of the “occidental, ethnic customs” and saw these heretic movements as forerunners of National Socialism . Rahn put forward the thesis that the church would have led a crusade against the Grail in the Middle Ages because it was the heretical symbol for the "pure doctrine",

Heinrich Himmler adapted Rahn's light and sun gnosis with Lucifer as the redeemer figure and considered the Cathar country in southern France to be the country of origin of the Grail and Montségur Castle for the Grail Castle 'Munsalvasch' from Wolfram's Grail epic, which favored Rahn's career in the SS. Rahn's book "Crusade Against the Grail" became compulsory reading for all higher SS ranks.

Behind these outward borrowings from Germanism and what Himmler thought it was, it was about much more to him, namely to create a world explanation model based on history, historical myth, German cult, star observation, star interpretation and reincarnation theory, which “actually is a substitute for religion "Should be in the form of a" Germanic original religion ". However, Himmler never went public with these ideas, for which he relied mainly on the seedy Karl Maria Wiligut at times.

death

Rahn died in March 1939, a few days before his planned wedding, to which Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler had announced himself, on the Eiberg near Söll in Tyrol under mysterious circumstances. Whether it was an accident or a suicide, whether it was committed out of desperation over his homosexual tendencies or because it was ordered by Himmler, is controversial. The chronicle of the Söll gendarmerie describes that on May 11, 1939, Josef Mayer's children found a severely decayed male corpse on the Eiberg. The next day, the corpse was removed by the coat and with the help of the passport by the GUstr. (one rank) Lentsch identified as that of the writer Otto Rahn from Berlin; he was missing since March 13, 1939. According to the entry in the post chronicle, the body is said to have been transferred to Wörgl / Söll and buried there. According to statements from the municipal cemetery administration in Wörgl and the responsible city parish, no burial with the name Rahn took place at the specified time. Presumably the body was transferred to Kirchbichl .

Reception and criticism

Ossendowski's adepts, for example René Guénon , connected the Agartha myth with the Grail legend and constructed a chiliastic idea in which the “king of the world” will lead the good against the bad in battle.

Rahn's interpretations and claims have many approaches that are difficult to justify and contradict accepted scientific knowledge, which is due to his careless disregard for historical evidence.

Dubious etymology

The connection between Cathars and Montségur with the Holy Grail is based on weak etymological equations:

  • Rahn believed that he could identify the Montségur castle based on the line regarding the fortification strength of the Grail Castle in Parzival: “No place was as well equipped for defense as Munsalvaesche .” (Occitan. Montsalvasch , “Heilsberg”, or Montsauvage , “Wilder Berg”) . ( Occitan Montsegur, safe mountain ). With a similarly dubious etymology, he equated important people in Parzival with leaders of the Cathars:
    • So he believed he could identify the leader of the Cathar Trencavel in Parzival .
    • "Kyot", as the alleged source of Wolframs Parzival , he equated with Guiot des Provins .
    • The name of the Grail Lord was in an epic Wolframs von Eschenbach Perilla . Rahn considered him to be the lord of the fortress of Montsegur, Raimon de Pereille , in contemporary documents in the Latinized form Perilla .
  • The Minne -term led Rahn back to the name Mani by the chaste minstrel with the anti-pleasure Manichaeans equated.

chronology

Rahn's Grail theses have many chronological problems: For example, he believed he recognized the Grail Guardian " Repanse de Schoye " from Wolframs Parzival in Countess Esclarmonde de Foix (* around 1151; † around 1215) , who saw the Grail in the mountain of Munsalvaesche (at Rahn: Montségur) to protect him from the armies of the Inquisition . Repanse de Schoyes became brothers Anfortas , the Grail King and Trevrizent , the hermit at Rahn to Raimund Roger von Foix and Guilhabert von Castres, the Cathar Bishop of Toulouse . In Raimund Roger Trencavel , the Vice Count of Béziers who died in prison in 1209 , Rahn recognizes the " Parzival ". The first Grail poem of Perceval or Li Contes del Graal was created by Chrétien de Troyes around 1180 for Philip of Flanders in order to penetrate the genre of the courtly novel with Christian elements, in particular the myth of the Holy Grail. Wolfram von Eschenbach began his Parzival around 1200, while the Countess Esclarmonde de Foix did not join the Cathar sect until 1204, and the "Grail" castle Montségur was only expanded into a Cathar refuge from 1209 before it fell in 1244

Grail and Cathars

The Cathars are unsuitable to be associated with the Grail, as they did not believe in crucifixion and resurrection and the Grail with the very Christ-centered rituals of the Catholic Church represents exactly those aspects of Christianity that the Cathars rejected. Although the Grail is unthinkable without these basic elements of Catholic doctrine and the Cathars rejected any cult of relics , and although the term Grail in Occitan was a synonym for a mortar-shaped drinking vessel and the Holy Grail is considered the cup of Christ's sacrament, Rahn claimed that the Grail was after the Example of the Indian mani, for the Cathars a symbol of a stone that fell from heaven, which he called lapis ex coelis . (In Wolfram von Eschenbach's Lapsit exillis .) However, there is neither in the interrogation protocols of the Cathar trials nor in the traditional writings of the Cathars that there is a legend of a (symbolic) stone that was considered to be the Grail and that of the Cathars a white dove is said to have been brought into the Himalayas, which Rahn believed he could prove with a coherence to the mani stone of Chakravartin from the Shambala myth . Research in the Inquisition files (Collection Doat, Bibliothèque nationale de France ) and studies in the Vatican secret archive have not been able to produce any evidence that the Cathars had a relationship with the Grail.

Renowned historians of his time and of the present reject Rahn's views. Cathar researchers have come to the conclusion that the dualistic teaching of the Cathars was spread through Bogomil missionaries in the west.

Varia

The thriller author Philip Kerr depicts a ritual murder of young "Aryan" girls in In the Sog of the Dark Forces , the second part of his Berlin trilogy . The perpetrators are a group of mostly homosexual SS men, including Rahn and Wiligut.

Works

  • Crusade against the Grail . Urban publishing house, Freiburg i. B. 1933.
  • Lucifer's court servants, a journey to Europe's good spirits . Schwarzhäupter-Verlag, Leipzig, Berlin 1937.

literature

  • Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke : The Occult Roots of Nazism . Aquarian Press, Wellingborough 1985, ISBN 0-85030-402-4 (German edition: The occult roots of National Socialism . Stocker, Graz 1997, ISBN 3-7020-0795-4 ).
  • Rüdiger Sünner: The Black Sun. Unleashing and abuse of the myths in National Socialism and right esotericism . Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau 1999, ISBN 3-451-05205-9 .
  • Franz Wegener: Heinrich Himmler. German Spiritism, French Occultism and the Reichsführer SS . KFVR, Gladbeck 2004, ISBN 3-931300-15-3 .
  • Nigel Graddon: Otto Rahn and the Quest for the Holy Grail: The Amazing Life of the Real “Indiana Jones” . Adventures Unlimited, Kempton IL 2008, ISBN 978-1-931882-82-8 .

Web links

Commons : Otto Rahn  - collection of images, videos and audio files

References and comments

  1. ↑ Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke names three SS ariosophs, Rahn, Karl Maria Wiligut and Günther Kirchhoff , see The occult roots of National Socialism. P. 254.
  2. ^ Paul Wentzcke : Fraternity lists. Second volume: Hans Schneider and Georg Lehnert: Gießen - The Gießener Burschenschaft 1814 to 1936. Görlitz 1942, R. Germania. No. 743.
  3. ↑ Victor Trimondi: Hitler, Buddha, Krishna - an unholy alliance from the Third Reich until today . Ueberreuter 2002, pp. 264-265.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g Franz Wegener: Alfred Schuler, the last German Cathar. Gnosis, National Socialism and the mystical blood light . Gladbeck 2003, ISBN 3-931300-11-0 , pp. 67-69.
  5. ↑ Richard Barber: The Holy Grail. History and Myth , Düsseldorf and Zurich 2004. p. 351.
  6. ↑ Hans-Jürgen Lange (Ed.): The Grail Seeker (1st book of the new edition by: Otto Rahn. Life and Work ) Engerda 1995, ISBN 3-927940-22-4 , p. 19.
  7. ↑ Lothar Baier : The great heresy: persecution and extermination of the Cathars by church and science . Wagenbach, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-8031-2410-7 , p. 186 f.
  8. ↑ a b c d e Malcolm Barber: The Cathars. Heretic of the Middle Ages . Patmos Verlag, Düsseldorf 2008, ISBN 978-3-491-96220-0 , pp. 287-289.
  9. ^ Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke: Black Sun - Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity. New York University Press 2002, ISBN 0-8147-3124-4 , pp. 134-135.
  10. ↑ Richard Barber: The Holy Grail. History and Myth , Düsseldorf and Zurich 2004. p. 351.
  11. ↑ Marc Roberts: The new lexicon of esotericism. Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf Verlag Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-89602-537-6 , pp. 409, 353-354.
  12. ↑ a b Monika Hauf: The myth of the Rosicrucians. Patmos Verlag, 2007. pp. 156-157.
  13. ↑ Franz Wegener: Heinrich Himmler. German Spiritism, French Occultism and the Reichsführer SS . KFVR, Gladbeck 2004, ISBN 3-931300-15-3 , pp. 103-104.
  14. ↑ Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke: The Occult Roots of National Socialism , p. 204.
  15. ^ A b c Victor Trimondi: Hitler, Buddha, Krishna - an unholy alliance from the Third Reich until today. Ueberreuter 2002, pp. 266-267.
  16. ↑ Franz Wegener: Heinrich Himmler. German Spiritism, French Occultism and the Reichsführer SS . KFVR, Gladbeck 2004, ISBN 3-931300-15-3 , pp. 93-98.
  17. ↑ Josef Ackermann: Heinrich Himmler as an ideologist . Muster-Schmidt Verlag 1984, ISBN 3-7881-1660-9 , p. 58.
  18. ↑ Franz Wegener: Heinrich Himmler. German Spiritism, French Occultism and the Reichsführer SS. KFVR, Gladbeck 2004, ISBN 3-931300-15-3 , pp. 90 and 103.
  19. ↑ Victor Trimondi: Hitler, Buddha, Krishna - an unholy alliance from the Third Reich until today. Ueberreuter 2002, pp. 269-270 and pp. 271 ff.
  20. ↑ The Discovery of the Holy Grail: The End of a Search . Munich 2003, ISBN 3-629-01659-6 .
  21. ↑ Hans-Jürgen Lange: Otto Rahn and the search for the Grail. Verlag Zeitwende, Engerda 1999, ISBN 978-3-927940-45-1 . Pp. 66-72.
  22. ↑ a b Joscelyn Godwin: Arktos. The polar myth between Nazi occultism and modern esotericism. Ares-Verlag , Graz 2007, ISBN 3-902475-40-4 , pp. 110-111.
  23. ↑ a b Victor Trimondi: Hitler, Buddha, Krishna - an unholy alliance from the Third Reich until today . Ueberreuter 2002, p. 268.
  24. ↑ polunbi.de
  25. ↑ Hans-Jürgen Lange (Ed.): The Grail Seeker (1st book of the new edition of: Otto Rahn. Life and Work ) Engerda 1995, ISBN 3-927940-22-4 , pp. 21-22, p. 26, p . 42 and p. 91.
  26. ^ Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke: Black Sun - Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity. New York University Press, New York 2002, ISBN 0-8147-3124-4 , pp. 134-135.
  27. ↑ Victor Trimondi: Hitler, Buddha, Krishna - an unholy alliance from the Third Reich until today. Ueberreuter 2002, p. 267. Hans-Jürgen Lange (Ed.): The Grail Seeker (1st book of the new edition by: Otto Rahn. Life and Work ) Engerda 1995, ISBN 3-927940-22-4 , pp. 27-29 .
  28. ↑ Hans-Jürgen Lange: Otto Rahn and the search for the Grail. Engerda 1999, p. 61.
  29. ↑ Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke: In the Shadow of the Black Sun. Marix Verlag Wiesbaden 2002, ISBN 978-3-86539-185-8 , p. 254.
  30. ↑ a b Hans-Jürgen Lange (Ed.): The Grail Seeker (1st book of the new edition by: Otto Rahn. Life and Work ) Engerda 1995, ISBN 3-927940-22-4 , pp. 27-28.
  31. ↑ Rüdiger Sünner: The Black Sun. Unleashing and abuse of the myths in National Socialism and right esotericism. Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau 1999, ISBN 3-451-05205-9 . P.56.
  32. ↑ a b Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke: In the shadow of the black sun. Marix Verlag Wiesbaden 2002, ISBN 978-3-86539-185-8 , p. 282.
  33. ↑ Franz Wegener: Heinrich Himmler. German Spiritism, French Occultism and the Reichsführer SS. KFVR, Gladbeck 2004, ISBN 3-931300-15-3 , pp. 111–112.
  34. ↑ Victor Trimondi: Hitler, Buddha, Krishna - an unholy alliance from the Third Reich until today. Ueberreuter 2002, p. 267.
  35. ↑ Franz Wegener: Heinrich Himmler. German Spiritism, French Occultism and the Reichsführer SS. KFVR, Gladbeck 2004, ISBN 3-931300-15-3 , pp. 78–81, p. 90.
  36. ↑ Franz Wegener: The atlantidische world view and the integral tradition. National Socialism and the New Right in search of the sunken Atlantis . Kulturförderverein Ruhrgebiet KFVR, Gladbeck 2nd edition 2003, ISBN 3-931300-04-8 , pp. 29–35 ff .; 3. heavily revised. Edition Gladbeck 2014 ISBN 1-4936-6866-8 .
  37. ↑ Victor Trimondi: Hitler, Buddha, Krishna - an unholy alliance from the Third Reich until today . Ueberreuter 2002, p. 264 ff.
  38. ^ A b René Nelli: Dictionnaire des hérésies meridionales et des mouvements hérérodex ou indéendants apparus dans le Midi de la France depuis l'établissement du christianisme. Toulouse 1968, p. 216 ff.
  39. ↑ Eduard Gugenberger and Roman Schweidlenka: The threads of the norns. On the power of myths in political movements . Döcker (1993), ISBN 978-3-85115-161-9 . P. 175.
  40. ^ Peter Longerich : Heinrich Himmler. Biography. Siedler, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-88680-859-5 , p. 295 f. ( Review )
  41. ^ Karl Hüser : Wewelsburg 1933 to 1945: Cult and terror site of the SS. A documentation. 2., revised. Edition, Paderborn 1987, p. 8 f., ISBN 3-87088-534-3 , p. 8 f., P. 62-72 and p. 294-298.
  42. ↑ ER Carmin: The black realm. Secret Societies and Politics in the 20th Century. Wilhelm Heyne, Munich 2000, pp. 290-291, ISBN 3-453-16018-5 .
  43. ↑ Hans-Jürgen Lange: Otto Rahn and the search for the Grail . Verlag Zeitwende, Engerda 1999, ISBN 978-3-927940-45-1 , pp. 13, 81; Peter Longerich : Heinrich Himmler. Biography. Siedler, Munich 2008, p. 250; Umberto Eco : The History of Legendary Countries and Cities. Hanser, Munich 2013, p. 264.
  44. ↑ Hans-Jürgen Lange: Otto Rahn and the search for the Grail. Biography and sources . Arun, Engerda 1999, ISBN 3-927940-45-3 , p. 79.
  45. ↑ Richard Barber: The Holy Grail. History and Myth , Düsseldorf and Zurich 2004. p. 352.
  46. ^ Karl RH Frick: Light and Darkness. Gnostic-theosophical and Masonic-occult secret societies up to the turn of the 20th century. Volume II. Marix Verlag, Wiesbaden 2005, ISBN 3-86539-044-7 , p. 202.
  47. ↑ Richard Barber: The Holy Grail. History and Myth , Düsseldorf and Zurich 2004. p. 349.
  48. ↑ Emma Jung, Marie-Louise von Franz: The grail legend. Princeton University Press, Chichester, West Sussex 1998, ISBN 0-691-00237-1 , p. 148.
  49. ↑ Hans-Jürgen Lange (Ed.): The Grail Seeker (1st book of the new edition by: Otto Rahn. Life and Work ) Engerda 1995, ISBN 3-927940-22-4 , p. 73.
  50. ↑ Arno Borst : The Cathars . Herder Verlag, Freiburg i.Br. 2nd edition 1992, ISBN 3-451-04025-5 , p. 111 ff.
personal data
SURNAME Rahn, Otto
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Rahn, Otto Wilhelm (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German writer, medievalist and ariosoph
DATE OF BIRTH February 18, 1904
PLACE OF BIRTH Michelstadt in the Odenwald
DATE OF DEATH March 13, 1939 or March 14, 1939
Place of death near Söll (Tyrol) , Austria