Parliamentary elections in Italy 2018
The early parliamentary elections in Italy in 2018 took place on March 4, 2018. The legislative period would have expired on March 14, 2018. On December 28, 2017, President Mattarella signed the decree dissolving the two chambers of the Italian Parliament and fixing the election date. All members of the Chamber of Deputies ( Camera dei deputati ) and almost all members of the Senate ( Senato della Repubblica ) were newly elected . The two chambers of parliament met on March 23, 2018 for their constituent session and elected their presidents the following day. For this reason, the last incumbent Gentiloni cabinet under Prime Minister Paolo Gentiloni resigned on March 24, 2018, but was entrusted by President Mattarella with the management of current official business until a new government was sworn in.
Suffrage
After the reform of the Senate planned by the Renzi government was rejected in a referendum and the amendment to the Chamber of Deputies was partially invalidated by the Constitutional Court in May 2015 , a new electoral law had to be found. In autumn 2017, PD, FI, LN and ALA agreed on a new right to vote known as Rosatellum bis . The name refers to Ettore Rosato , leader of the PD group in the Chamber of Deputies , who proposed the basic principles of the electoral law.
The rosatellum is a ditch suffrage . In each chamber of parliament, 37% of the seats are allocated by relative majority voting in single-constituencies and 61% of the seats are allocated proportionally by proportional representation with rigid lists. Another 2% are in the international constituencies. 232 members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected by majority vote, 386 by proportional representation and twelve in the foreign constituencies. 116 senators were elected by majority vote, 193 by proportional representation and six in the international constituencies. There are also some senators for life, for example the former presidents of the Republic of Italy.
As has been the case up to now, the parties can compete in coalitions. The coalitions run in single constituencies with a common candidate.
The voter has one vote. He uses it to elect a candidate from his constituency. He can either tick the candidate or one of the lists of the coalition that supports the candidate. In the first case, the vote is distributed proportionally to the participating lists of the coalition.
There is a nationwide threshold of 3% for individual lists for participation in the distribution of proportional seats. For coalitions there is a nationwide threshold of 10%, whereby at least one list must have reached 3%. A regional threshold of 20% or two direct mandates applies to minority parties. Votes for lists with less than 1% of the vote will not be taken into account, even if the coalition has exceeded the threshold clause (with the exception of minority parties). The seats that a party receives in proportional representation are then distributed to their lists in multi-person constituencies.
Coalitions and parties
Center-left coalition
The ruling Partito Democratico (PD, Democratic Party) is running in a center-left coalition. The top candidate is former Prime Minister Matteo Renzi . The PD is considered to be social democratic to social liberal. Three smaller alliances are involved in their coalition: the Christian Democratic alliance Civica Popolare ( Alternativa Popolare , Italia dei Valori , Centristi per l'Europa , Democrazia Solidale , Unione per il Trentino , L'Italia è Popolare , Italia Popolare and Unione Popolare Cristiana ), the progressive alliance Italia Europa Insieme ( Partito Socialista Italiano , Federazione dei Verdi (Greens), Area Civica and others) and the pro-European alliance Più Europa ( Radicali Italiani , Centro Democratico , Forza Europa , Area Progressista ). Then there is the regional alliances of the South Tyrolean People's Party - Partito Autonomista Trentino Tirolese and the Vallée d'Aoste - Tradition et Progrès (made up of politicians from the PD and the parties Union Valdôtaine , Union Valdôtaine Progressiste and Edelweiss Popolare Autonomista Valdostano ).
Center-right coalition
As in 2013, the conservative and economically liberal Forza Italia (FI, Vorwärts Italy , 2013 still Il Popolo della Libertà , PdL) by Silvio Berlusconi , the right-wing populist Lega Nord (Lega, Liga Nord ) by Matteo Salvini and the national conservative Fratelli d'Italia ( FdI, Brothers of Italy ) the center-right coalition. Then there is the Christian-democratic-centrist alliance Noi con l'Italia (NcI; among others with UdC , SC , DI , UDEUR and MpA ). This alliance is largely identical to the Con Monti per l'Italia coalition in the 2013 election. The coalition also includes the regional list Centrodestra Valdostano in the Aosta Valley and the Salvini-Berlusconi-Meloni list in the constituency abroad.
Other small parties appear on the lists of the parties involved, including Energie per l'Italia (EpI; liberal-Christian-democratic), Movimento Nazionale per la Sovranità (MNS; nationalist) and Noi con Salvini (NcS; right-wing populist, running together with the Lega North). This also includes the regional parties L'Alto Adige nel Cuore (South Tyrolean regional party; national conservative, competes regionally together with FdI), # DiventeràBellissima and the Partito Sardo d'Azione (PSd'Az) , which is running in Sardinia together with the Lega Nord .
Five Star Movement
The MoVimento 5 Stelle (M5S, five-star movement) initially waived the option of forming a coalition with other parties before and after the election. The movement is considered populist and critical of the EU. The top candidate Luigi Di Maio was determined in September 2017 in an internal party primary. Party chairman is Beppe Grillo .
Free and equal
Liberi e Uguali (LeU, Free and Equal) is the union of three left parties: on the one hand the Sinistra Italiana (SI, Italian Left), on the other hand two splits from the PD, the Movimento Democratico e Progressista and Possibile . The list also includes candidates from the Democrazia Autonoma and the Greens of South Tyrol . The top candidate is Pietro Grasso .
Other parties and electoral alliances
The following lists appeared in at least half of the constituencies of the Chamber of Deputies or the Senate:
- Potere al Popolo (Power for the People) is a joint list of several communist and left-wing parties and associations. Among other things, it includes the Partito della Rifondazione Comunista and the Partito Comunista Italiano .
- CasaPound Italia , neo-fascist
- Il Popolo della Famiglia (The People of the Family), Christian-conservative
- Italia agli Italiani (Italy to the Italians), joint list of the two neo-fascist parties Forza Nuova and Fiamma Tricolore , regionally with the participation of the Lega d'Azione Meridionale
- Partito Comunista (Communist Party)
- Partito Valore Umano (Party of Human Values)
- Partito Repubblicano Italiano – ALA (Republican Party of Italy – Liberal People's Alliance), joint list of the liberal Partito Repubblicano Italiano and Alleanza Liberalpopolare
- Per una Sinistra Rivoluzionaria (For a Revolutionary Left), joint list of the Trotskyist Partito Comunista dei Lavoratori and Sinistra classe rivoluzione
Another 19 lists competed, five of them only in the foreign constituencies. The other lists include the Lista del Popolo per la Costituzione (People's List for the Constitution), a left-wing anti-corruption list led by Antonio Ingroia in nine constituencies of the Chamber of Deputies and seven of the Senate, and the liberal 10 Volte Meglio (10 times better ) in 14 constituencies of the Chamber. In the constituencies abroad, the Movimento Associativo Italiani all'Estero (MAIE) and the Unione Sudamericana Emigrati Italiani (USEI), both of which are currently represented in parliament, ran.
Survey
From February 17, 2018, the publication of surveys is prohibited.
Last polls before the election
After party
Institute | date | M5S | PD | FI | NcI | LN | LeU | FdI | + E | I. | CP | Otherwise. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Termometro Politico | 02/16/2018 | 26.3% | 21.5% | 15.9% | 1.8% | 14.8% | 5.3% | 5.0% | 2.8% | 0.9% | 0.9% | 4.8% |
Demopolis | 02/15/2018 | 28.0% | 22.5% | 16.5% | - | 14.2% | 6.0% | 5.0% | - | 7.8% | ||
Euromedia | 02/14/2018 | 26.8% | 22.1% | 17.3% | 2.3% | 14.2% | 5.8% | 4.8% | 2.3% | 0.8% | 0.5% | 3.1% |
Piepoli | 02/14/2018 | 27.0% | 24.5% | 16.0% | 3.0% | 13.0% | 6.0% | 5.0% | 3.0% | 1.0% | 0.5% | 1.0% |
IPR | 02/13/2018 | 28.5% | 22% | 16.5% | 3% | 14.5% | 4.5% | 4.5% | 2.8% | 1 % | 2% | 1.5% |
Tecné | 02/13/2018 | 28.3% | 21.8% | 18.3% | 2.9% | 12.8% | 5.0% | 5.3% | 2.6% | - | - | 3.0% |
Bidimedia | 02/12/2018 | 25.3% | 24.4% | 16.3% | 2.5% | 14.5% | 3.9% | 4.6% | 1.9% | 1.0% | 1.4% | 4.2% |
EMG | 02/11/2018 | 27.3% | 22.8% | 16.1% | 2.8% | 13.9% | 5.2% | 4.6% | 2.1% | 1.6% | 1.0% | 2.6% |
Lorien | 02/11/2018 | 27.6% | 23.6% | 17.9% | 1.2% | 12.3% | 5.0% | 4.6% | 1.2% | 0.8% | 1.5% | 4.4% |
Demopolis | 02/09/2018 | 28.3% | 22.8% | 16.3% | - | 14.0% | 5.8% | 4.7% | - | 8.1% | ||
SWG | 02/08/2018 | 28.0% | 23.3% | 15.7% | 2.0% | 13.1% | 6.5% | 4.8% | 2.8% | 0.8% | 1.3% | 1.7% |
index | 02/08/2018 | 27.3% | 23.5% | 15.7% | 2.6% | 14.1% | 6.0% | 5.0% | 1.9% | 1.5% | 1.1% | 1.3% |
Termometro Politico | 02/02/2018 | 26.8% | 22.0% | 15.5% | 1.5% | 14.0% | 5.3% | 5.6% | 1.9% | 1.2% | 0.6% | 5.7% |
Ixé | 02/01/2018 | 28.7% | 22.0% | 17.0% | 2.0% | 11.5% | 7.3% | 4.3% | 2.6% | 0.4% | 0.8% | 3.4% |
Piepoli / Euromedia | 02/01/2018 | 27.2% | 23.8% | 17.8% | 2.3% | 13.8% | 5.7% | 4.5% | 1.6% | 1.1% | 0.8% | 1 % |
Ipsos | 01/24/2018 | 29.3% | 22.7% | 16.9% | 1.1% | 13.7% | 6.1% | 4.6% | 4.0% | 1.6% | ||
Election 2013 | 02/25/2013 | 25.6% | 25.4% | 21.6% | 10.9% | 4.1% | 3.2% | 2.0% | 0.7% | - | - | 6.5% |
According to coalition
Institute | date | Middle left | Middle right | M5S | LeU | Otherwise. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Termometro Politico | 02/16/2018 | 25.5% | 37.5% | 26.3% | 5.3% | 5.4% |
Demopolis | 02/15/2018 | 27.0% | 38.0% | 28.0% | 6.0% | 1.0% |
Euromedia | 02/14/2018 | 26.1% | 38.6% | 26.8% | 5.8% | 2.7% |
Piepoli | 02/14/2018 | 29.3% | 37.0% | 27.0% | 6.0% | 0.7% |
IPR | 02/13/2018 | 28.2% | 38.5% | 28.5% | 4.5% | 3.3% |
Bidimedia | 02/12/2018 | 29.2% | 37.2% | 25.3% | 4.6% | 3.7% |
IPR | 02/13/2018 | 28.2% | 38.5% | 28.5% | 4.5% | 3.3% |
Bidimedia | 02/12/2018 | 29.2% | 37.2% | 25.3% | 4.6% | 3.7% |
EMG | 02/11/2018 | 27.9% | 37.4% | 27.3% | 5.2% | 2.2% |
Lorien | 02/11/2018 | 27.1% | 36.0% | 27.6% | 5.0% | 4.3% |
Demopolis | 02/09/2018 | 27.5% | 37.2% | 28.3% | 5.8% | 1.2% |
SWG | 02/08/2018 | 28.5% | 35.6% | 28.0% | 6.5% | 1.4% |
index | 02/08/2018 | 28.0% | 37.4% | 27.3% | 6.0% | 1.3% |
Tecné | 07.02.2018 | 25.7% | 39.3% | 28.0% | 5.7% | 1.3% |
Termometro Politico | 02/02/2018 | 26.1% | 36.3% | 26.8% | 5.6% | 5.2% |
Ixé | 02/01/2018 | 25.8% | 35.3% | 28.7% | 7.3% | 2.9% |
Piepoli / Euromedia | 02/01/2018 | 27.7% | 38.4% | 27.2% | 5.7% | 1 % |
Ipsos | 01/24/2018 | 26.7% | 36.3% | 29.3% | 6.1% | 1.6% |
Election 2013 | 02/25/2013 | 29.5% | 29.2% | 25.6% | 3.2% | - |
Older polls
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According to coalition
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Course of monthly survey averages
Results
The final result (without the Aosta Valley and without the seats for the Italians living abroad):
Chamber of Deputies | senate | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
be right | Share in% |
Pro Porz- sit |
Direct MAN date |
seats total |
be right | Share in% |
Pro Porz- sit |
Direct MAN date |
seats total |
|
Lega | 5,694,351 | 17.34 | 73 | 111 | 262 | 5,323,045 | 17.62 | 37 | 58 | 135 |
Forza Italia | 4,591,888 | 13.98 | 59 | 4,358,101 | 14.42 | 33 | ||||
Fratelli d'Italia | 1,435,114 | 4.37 | 19th | 1,286,887 | 4.26 | 7th | ||||
Noi con l'Italia - UDC | 430.805 | 1.31 | 362.131 | 1.20 | ||||||
MoVimento 5 place | 10,732,373 | 32.68 | 133 | 92 | 225 | 9,733,303 | 32.21 | 68 | 44 | 112 |
Partito Democratico | 6,153,081 | 18.74 | 86 | 26th | 112 | 5,788,103 | 19.16 | 43 | 11 | 54 |
+ Europe | 845.406 | 2.57 | 716.136 | 2.37 | ||||||
Italia Europa Insieme | 191,489 | 0.58 | 163.903 | 0.54 | ||||||
Civica Popolare | 180,539 | 0.55 | 152.505 | 0.50 | ||||||
SVP - PATT | 134,613 | 0.41 | 2 | 2 | 4th | 128,336 | 0.42 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Liberi e Uguali | 1,114,298 | 3.39 | 14th | 14th | 990.715 | 3.28 | 4th | 4th | ||
Potere al Popolo! | 372.294 | 1.13 | 320.855 | 1.06 | ||||||
CasaPound Italia | 312,392 | 0.95 | 259,628 | 0.86 | ||||||
Il Popolo della Famiglia | 219,651 | 0.67 | 211,486 | 0.70 | ||||||
Italia agli Italiani | 127.119 | 0.39 | 150.014 | 0.50 | ||||||
Partito Comunista | 106,887 | 0.33 | 101,656 | 0.34 | ||||||
Partito Valore Umano | 48,138 | 0.15 | 38,543 | 0.13 | ||||||
10 volte Meglio | 37,069 | 0.11 | ||||||||
Per una Sinistra Rivoluzionaria | 29,602 | 0.09 | 32,455 | 0.11 | ||||||
Others (all <0.1%) | 82,946 | 0.25 | 96,072 | 0.32 | ||||||
total | 32.840.055 | 386 | 231 | 617 | 30,213,874 | 193 | 115 | 308 |
The turnout was about 73%.
The chambers were constituted on March 23, 2018. The strengths of the parliamentary groups at the beginning of the electoral period:
fraction | Seconded neten- chamber |
senate |
---|---|---|
Movimento 5 place | 222 | 109 |
Lega-Salvini Premier | 125 | 58 |
Partito Democratico | 111 | 52 |
Forza Italia Berlusconi Presidente | 104 | 61 |
Fratelli d'Italia | 32 | 18th |
Per le autonomy (SVP-PATT, UV) | 8th | |
Gruppo Misto ("mixed faction") 1 | 36 2 | 12 3 |
total | 630 | 318 |
1 MEPs who do not belong to any other political group
are automatically members of the Gruppo Misto.
2 including Liberi e Uguali 14 seats, SVP-PATT 4 seats
3 including Liberi e Uguali 4 seats
|
Government formation
After the first negotiations between the five-star and Lega failed, on April 23, 2018 , President Sergio Mattarella commissioned Roberto Fico (five-star) to sound out a coalition between his party and the previous ruling party PD. On April 30, 2018, five-star party leader Luigi Di Maio announced that the negotiations had failed. They want to ask Mattarella to start new elections as soon as possible. Mattarella rejected this request and invited the parties to his official seat for a meeting on May 7th . He then declared the formation of a government to have failed and said that a “neutral government” would have to lead the country to a new election. On May 9, Di Maio and Salvini asked Mattarella for a final delay of 24 hours in order to re-examine the possibility of forming a government. On the evening of May 9th, Silvio Berlusconi , coalition partner of the Lega, gave up the veto he had previously imposed on the formation of a government between the five-star and Lega Nord, even if his Forza Italia party would not trust such a government. On May 10, negotiations between Di Maio and Salvini began to form a government.
On May 18, 2018, Fünf-Sterne and Lega Nord presented a coalition agreement entitled “Treaty for the Government of Change”. The government program includes a boost to the economy with, among other things, “limited” debt-financed spending . In addition, a non-unconditional basic income ( reddito di cittadinanza ) of 780 euros per month for single people was planned - according to the suggestion in the election program of the “five stars”, this was probably a monthly minimum income with means test for people who otherwise live below the poverty line would.
The point “Public debt and budget deficit” ( Debito pubblico e deficit ) comprises four sentences. Among other things, there was talk of "re-discussing" EU treaties. Apparently the Euro Stability Pact is also meant . Lega and Fünf-Sterne wrote in the program that investment spending should not be included in deficit calculations. The program did not include campaign calls for an exit from the euro or a referendum on it.
“National interests” should be given greater consideration in foreign policy. Italy's membership of NATO was affirmed, but at the same time there was talk of opening up to Russia , which was not a threat but a “possibly increasingly important economic partner”.
5-Sterne surveyed its members online about the government program; 45,000 took part and 94 percent of them approved the program. The Lega carried out an informal member survey: 1000 booths were set up throughout the country, at which ballot papers with key points of the program were displayed. On May 21, 2018, both parties proposed the legal scholar Giuseppe Conte as future head of government.
On May 23, Conte was commissioned by President Mattarella to form a government, which Conte accepted with reservations. After examining the list of ministers presented by Conte, Matarella rejected Paolo Savona , who had been proposed as economics minister, on May 27 because of his Euro-skeptical attitude. The President had previously expressed his concerns about Savona in a conversation with Di Maio and Salvini and explored alternatives, as the financial markets had reacted negatively in the days before. As a result, Conte temporarily gave up his efforts to form a government and returned the government mandate.
Mattarella summoned the former IMF economist and savings commissioner Carlo Cottarelli for talks on May 28 and then charged him with the formation of a transitional government . As a critic of the election promises of the populists and an observer of the development of the world economy, he wants to limit the budget deficit in Italy and increase productivity. His goal is the adoption of the budget in autumn; New elections were planned for early 2019. Without parliamentary approval, new elections should take place in autumn 2018. The region's stock exchanges continued to collapse due to political instability and in view of an already existing mountain of debt of 2.3 trillion euros in Italy. M5S loudly toyed with the idea of initiating impeachment proceedings against Mattarella, but rejected this again after general violent protests and critical tones from their own ranks.
Impeachment proceedings would have been doomed to failure from the start, as the Italian constitution gives the president the right to reject a proposed minister. The five-star related newspaper Il Fatto Quotidiano saw Savona's appointment as Minister of Economic Affairs and the foreseeable rejection by Mattarella as an attempt by Salvini to bring about new elections, from which the Lega would have emerged stronger, according to polls.
On May 30, 2018, Di Maio made another suggestion to get a government made up of the five-star movement and Lega on the way. Paolo Savona, who was rejected by President Mattarella as Minister of Economic Affairs, should take over another ministry and thus pave the way for a Conte government. As a result, the formation of the Cottarelli interim government was frozen. Both Mattarella and Salvini asked for further cooling off.
After several hours of negotiations between Di Maio and Salvini, the two agreed on a new list of ministers. Giovanni Tria was proposed for the Ministry of Economic Affairs , Paolo Savona now for the Ministry of European Affairs. On the afternoon of May 31, Cottarelli returned the government contract. In the evening Giuseppe Conte took over the formation of the government again. On June 1st, 89 days after the election, the Conte I cabinet was sworn in according to the latest proposals by President Mattarella.
The Conte II cabinet has existed since September 5, 2019 .
See also
Web links
- Official government site for the election with results. (Italian)
- Italy threatens chaos after new elections. In: Rheinische Post , December 29, 2017
- www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/thema/italien
- Henrik Müller : on the situation in Italy. In: spiegel.de , February 25, 2018
Individual evidence
- ^ Gentiloni press conference on the dissolution of the chambers. In: Il sole 24 ore.com , accessed March 4, 2018 (Italian)
- ↑ Comunicato. In: quirinale.it (press release)
- ^ President dissolves Italian parliament. In: FAZ.net
- ↑ - ( Memento of the original from December 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ modifiche al sistema di elezione della Camera dei deputati e del Senato della Repubblica. In: senato.it See also it: Legge elettorale italiana del 2017 or en: Italian electoral law of 2017 .
- ↑ repubblica.it
- ↑ Giuseppe Alberto Falci: Nasce la stamp ella centrista di Forza Italia. In: corriere.it. December 30, 2017, accessed June 24, 2018 (Italian).
- ^ Riccardo Ferrazza: Traffico in centro, la zona politica che non conosce semplificazione. In: Il Sole 24 Ore. December 20, 2017, accessed June 24, 2018 (Italian).
- ↑ Civici e Innovatori ed Energie per l'Italia alle politiche 2018: conferenza stampa di Stefano Parisi e Giovanni Monchiero sulla campagna di raccolta firme per la presentazione della lista elettorale. In: Radio Radicale. January 11, 2018, accessed June 24, 2018 (Italian).
- ↑ www.corriere.it
- ↑ affaritaliani.it
- ↑ agenziagiornalisticaopinione.it
- ↑ unionesarda.it
- ↑ Italy: Ex-Mafia hunter declares war on Renzi. In: derstandard.at
- ↑ today.it
- ↑ sondaggibidimedia.com
- ↑ corriereditaranto.it
- ↑ affaritaliani.it
- ↑ partitorepubblicanoitaliano.it
- ↑ senato.it
- ↑ lastampa.it
- ↑ Comunisti in lista “per una Sinistra rivoluzionaria”. In: repubblica.it
- ↑ a b Sondaggi elettorali TP. In: termometropolitico.it
- ↑ a b Sondaggi elettorali Demopolis. In: termometropolitico.it
- ↑ a b c d Sondaggi elettorali TP. In: termometropolitico.it
- ↑ a b c Sondaggio IPR Marketing (February 13, 2018): CDX 38.5%, M5S 28.5%, CSX 28.2%. In: scenaripolitici.com
- ↑ Sondaggi Tecne. In: termometropolitico.it
- ↑ a b c Elezioni Politiche - Sondaggio BiDiMedia 5 Febbraio: gross tonfo di LeU e 5Stelle, Cdx stable ma il Csx inverte il trend! In: sondaggibidimedia.com
- ↑ a b Sondaggio EMG. In: termometropolitico.it
- ↑ a b Sondaggio Lorien Consulting. In: scenaripolitici.com
- ↑ a b Sondaggio Demopolis. In: scenaripolitici.com
- ↑ a b Sondaggio SWG 8/2. In: scenaripolitici.com
- ↑ a b Sondaggi Index. In: termometropolitico.it
- ↑ a b Elezioni Politiche. In: sondaggibidimedia.com
- ↑ a b Ingovernabilità totale. In: huffingtonpost.it
- ↑ a b Sondaggio Euromedia Research & Piepoli (February 1, 2018). In: scenaripolitici.com
- ↑ a b Sondaggi elezioni January 2018. In: termometropolitico.it
- ↑ a b Sondaggi Tecne. In: termometropolitico.it
- ↑ a b Sondaggio EMG. In: termometropolitico.it
- ↑ a b Elezioni Politiche - Sondaggio BiDiMedia 5 Febbraio: gross tonfo di LeU e 5Stelle, Cdx stable ma il Csx inverte il trend! In: sondaggibidimedia.com
- ↑ a b Sondaggi Index. In: termometropolitico.it
- ↑ a b Sondaggio EMG. In: termometropolitico.it
- ↑ a b Sondaggio SWG 31/1. In: scenaripolitici.com
- ↑ a b Sondaggio Demopolis (29 Gennaio 2018): CDX 34.8%, M5S 29.5%, PD 23%. In: scenaripolitici.com
- ↑ a b Sondaggi Tecne. In: termometropolitico.it
- ↑ a b Sondaggio EMG. In: termometropolitico.it
- ↑ a b Sondaggi Euromedia Research & Piepoli (25 Gennaio 2018). In: scenaripolitici.com
- ↑ a b Sondaggi Index. In: termometropolitico.it
- ↑ a b Sondagi Ixo. In: termometropolitico.it
- ↑ a b Sondaggio SWG 24/1. In: scenaripolitici.com
- ↑ a b Sondaggio IPR Marketing (23 Gennaio 2018): CDX 37%, M5S 28%, CSX 27%. In: scenaripolitici.com
- ↑ a b Sondaggi Tecne. In: termometropolitico.it
- ↑ a b Sondaggio Lorien Consulting (26 Gennaio 2018): CDX 34%, M5S 29.2%, CSX 28%. In: scenaripolitici.com
- ↑ a b Sondaggio EMG. In: termometropolitico.it
- ↑ a b Sondagi Ixo. In: termometropolitico.it
- ↑ a b Sondaggi Index. In: termometropolitico.it
- ↑ a b Sondaggio SWG 17/1. In: scenaripolitici.com
- ↑ a b Sondaggio BIDIMEDIA (15 Gennaio) Elezioni Politiche - Trema il Nazareno: continua il crollo del Csx mentre salgono Cdx e 5Stelle. In: sondaggibidimedia.com
- ↑ a b Sondaggi Euromedia Research & Piepoli (16 Gennaio 2018). In: scenaripolitici.com
- ↑ a b Sondaggio EMG Acqua 8 gennaio 2018: CDX 36.1%, CSX 28.4%, M5S 28.2%. In: scenaripolitici.com
- ↑ a b Sondaggio Demopolis (11 Gennaio 2018): CDX 36.3%, M5S 29.2%, CSX 27%. In: scenaripolitici.com
- ↑ a b twitter.com , tweet about the index survey
- ↑ a b Sondaggi elezioni 2018, Pd in calo, i 5 Stelle salgono. Il centrodestra è avanti, ma «perde» 12 deputati. In: corriere.it
- ^ Gentiloni dopo Gentiloni. In: huffingtonpost.com
- ↑ a b Sondaggio SWG. In: scenaripolitici.com
- ↑ a b Sondaggio IPR Marketing (9 gennaio 2018): CDX 38%, M5S 28%, CSX 27.5%. In: scenaripolitici.com
- ↑ a b twitter.com tweet about the Tecné survey
- ↑ a b Sondaggio Demopolis 10 gennaio 2018: CDX 36.2%, M5S 29%, CSX 26.5%. In: scenaripolitici.com
- ↑ a b Sondaggio EMG Acqua 8 gennaio 2018: CDX 36.1%, CSX 28.4%, M5S 28.2%. In: scenaripolitici.com
- ↑ Ultimi sondaggi politici elettorali, le proiezioni Youtrend Elezioni Politiche 2018. In: centrometeoitaiano.it
- ^ Court of Cassation: Minutes of the Ufficio centrale elettorale nazionale on the election of the Chamber of Deputies , corrected version of March 20, 2018 (PDF; 4.4 MB)
- ^ Court of Cassation: Minutes of the Ufficio centrale elettorale nazionale on the election of the Senate (PDF; 9.8 MB)
- ^ Archivio storico delle elezioni
- ↑ Camera dei diputati: Gruppi parlamentari , accessed on March 28, 2018
- ↑ Senato della Repubblica: Gruppi parlamentari , accessed on March 28, 2018
- ^ Five stars and social democrats check coalition , zeit.de, April 23, 2018, accessed on April 24, 2018.
- ↑ FAZ.net: Five Star Movement calls for new elections
- ↑ ilmessagero.it April 30, 2018: Elezioni, quasi impossibile votare a giugno: le Camere andrebbero sciolte entro il 9 maggio (roughly translated: elections in June almost impossible: the chambers would have to be dissolved by May 9 )
- ↑ FAZ.net / Matthias Rüb: Mattarella is losing patience with Italy's parties
- ↑ spiegel.de: Italy's president wants to have a new election
- ↑ ilmessaggero.it: Mattarella: "Governo neutral fino a dicembre oppure voto in estate-autunno. Partiti responsabili ». No di M5S e Lega
- ↑ spiegel.de / Hans-Jürgen Schlamp: Four narcissists drive Italy to the wall ( comment )
- ↑ sueddeutsche.de / Oliver Meiler: Government formation project: failed again (comment)
- ↑ ilfattoquotidiano.it May 9, 2018: Governo, Berlusconi dà via libera a governo Lega-M5s: “Salvini si prende responsabilità. No a fiducia ”
- ↑ repubblica.it May 10, 2018: Governo, Di Maio e Salvini alla Camera: si cerca l'accordo sul premier
- ↑ Contratto per il governo del cambiamento (pdf, 58 pages)
- ↑ Contratto per il governo del cambiamento (pdf, 58 pages). Partial quote: L'ammontare è fissato in 780.00 euros mensili per persona singola, parametrato sulla base della scala OCSE per nuclei familiari più numerosi.
- ↑ Natalie Pavlovic: Basic Income for Italy: Fake News? , Basic Income Network (BIEN) , May 25, 2018.
- ↑ Contratto per il governo del cambiamento (pdf, 58 pages). Quotation: Per quanto riguarda le politiche sul deficit si prevede, attraverso la ridiscussione dei Trattati dell'UE e del quadro normativo principale a livello europeo, una programmazione pluriennale volta ad assicurare il finanziamento delle proposte oggettoup del presente contratto attraverso il borrower taglio agli sprechi, la gestione del debito e un appropriato e limitato ricorso al deficit .
- ↑ Contratto per il governo del cambiamento (pdf), p. 17. Quotation: Al fine di consolidare la crescita e lo sviluppo del Paese riteniamo prioritario indurre la Commissione europea allo scorporo degli investimenti pubblici produttivi dal deficit corrente in bilancio, come volunciato più dalla medesima Commissione, ma mai effettivamente e completamente applicato.
- ↑ Contratto per il governo del cambiamento (pdf), p. 18. Quotation: Si conferma l'appartenenza all'Alleanza atlantica, con gli Stati Uniti d'America quale alleato privilegiato, con una apertura alla Russia, da percepirsi non come una minaccia ma quale partner economico e commerciale potentials semper più rilevante. A tal proposito, è opportuno il ritiro delle sanzioni imposte alla Russia, da riabilitarsi come interlocutore strategico al fine della risoluzione delle crisi regionali ( Siria , Libia , Yemen ).
- ↑ derstandard.at: FAZ.net
- ↑ reuters.com May 21, 2018: Before the formation of a government, pressure on Italy on debt issues grows
- ↑ Jura-Prof is to become the Italian premier. Spiegel Online, May 21, 2018.
- ↑ repubblica.it 23 May 2018: Giuseppe Conte premier incaricato per il governo M5s-Lega, accetta con riserva: "Sarò l'avvocato difensore del popolo italiano"
- ↑ repubblica.it May 27, 2018: Conte rinuncia. È scontro istituzionale, Di Maio: “Scelta Mattarella incomprensibile”. Il presidente: "No a ministro Economia antieuro
- ^ President Mattarella appoints former IMF economists. Spiegel Online, May 28, 2018.
- ↑ Cottarelli accetta l'incarico: "Senza fiducia il Paese al voto dopo agosto". In: Repubblica.it. May 28, 2018, Retrieved May 28, 2018 (Italian).
- ↑ Tobias Piller: An economist for Italy's transition. In: FAZ.net . May 28, 2018, accessed October 13, 2018 .
- ↑ U- turn in Rome - but populist coalition? , Oberhessische Presse, May 30, 2018.
- ↑ La solidarietà a Mattarella sotto assedio, tra attacchi di Lega e M5s e minacce di morte sui social. In: repubblica.it. May 31, 2018, accessed June 1, 2018 (Italian).
- ↑ Di Maio: "Impeachment non più sul tavolo". E si riapre l'ipotesi di un governo Lega-M5s. In: repubblica.it. June 1, 2018, accessed June 1, 2018 (Italian).
- ↑ Di Maio: "Impeachment non più sul tavolo". E si riapre l'ipotesi di un governo Lega-M5s. In: repubblica.it. June 1, 2018, accessed June 1, 2018 (Italian).
- ↑ Governo, Mattarella è nella caduto trappola di Salvini. Ma l'impeachment non esiste. In: ilfattoquotidiano.it. June 1, 2018, accessed June 1, 2018 (Italian).
- ^ Governo, tentativo Lega-5Stelle. Salvini torna a Roma per incontro con Di Maio. Conte, niente lezione a Firenze. In: repubblica.it. May 31, 2018, accessed May 31, 2018 (Italian).
- ↑ Governo, Conte accetta l'incarico e presenta la lista: 18 ministri, 5 le donne. Tria all'Economia. In: repubblica.it. May 31, 2018, accessed May 31, 2018 (Italian).
- ↑ Quirinale, Conte ha Giurato nelle mani di Mattarella. Salvini in cravatta verde. In: repubblica.it. June 1, 2018, accessed June 1, 2018 (Italian).
- ↑ Five Star Movement and PD: New Italian Government sworn in . In: Spiegel Online . September 5, 2019 ( spiegel.de [accessed September 6, 2019]).