Protests after the 2009 Iranian presidential election

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Protest by Mousavi supporters in Tehran on June 15, 2009

After the Iranian presidential election on June 12, 2009, there were public protests and demonstrations in Tehran and other larger cities in the Islamic Republic of Iran against the officially announced election result, which gave the previous incumbent Mahmud Ahmadinejad an absolute majority of 62.63%. These protests are known as the Green Movement . The opposition under the presidential candidates Mir Hossein Mousavi and Mehdi Karroubi accused Ahmadineschād of massive electoral fraud and called for the election to be canceled. The Guardian Council ruled out the possibility of a new election on June 22nd, as it could not find any major irregularities.

According to the opposition, 72 people were killed during the unrest up to the beginning of September 2009, the government officially speaks of 36 dead during this period. Several deaths have occurred since then. Most of the several thousand people arrested have been released. However, a large number of them are still in prisons, some have even been executed, and many have not received any news.

The government protests and countermeasures until early September 2009

First week of the daily large-scale demonstrations

On June 13, the day after the election, there were public protests and demonstrations in Tehran against the election results. As if out of nowhere, a demonstration march formed on Tehran's central shopping street, Valiasr Street . The demonstrators shouted: “Down with the dictatorship ” and “I want my ballot back.” Several thousand people fought street battles with the police during the biggest political uproar since the student riots in 1999. Mass protests were also reported in other cities in Iran, in particular in Iran's megacities. On the night of June 14th, according to research by Fakhri Mohtashamipour, the university dormitory was attacked by Basiji militias . At least four students known by name were killed: Nasser Amirnedschad (26 years old), Mostafa Ghanian, Fatemeh Barati, Mobina Ehterami. Another student, Ashkan Zahabian, is in a coma. The police arrested dozens of demonstrators and several people were injured.

Police presence on Gandi Street in Tehran on June 16, 2009

On June 15, despite the ban, the largest mass protests since the Islamic Revolution took place on Azadi Square in Tehran, with over a million participants , in which the allegedly defeated presidential candidate Mousavi also took part. The Lord Mayor of Tehran, Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf , spoke of three million people who demonstrated against Ahmadinejad and the alleged falsifications of the election. After initially peaceful protests, there were isolated shootings by security forces, killing 8 demonstrators, including known names: Mehdi Karami on Jonat-Abad-Street, Kaweh Alipur (19 years old, drama student), Sohrab Arabi (19 years old), Kianusch Assa , Mostafa Ghanian, Dawud Sadri (27 years), Hossein Tahmassebi (25 years). On the same day, Khamene'i announced an examination of the election by the Guardian Council.

On June 16, despite Mousavi's call not to take part in the planned demonstration and “stay at home”, the demonstrators took to the streets again in Tehran. The state radio reported that day that the previous protests against Ahmadinejad had resulted in seven deaths.

Protest by Mousavi supporters in Tehran on June 18, 2009

On June 17, tens of thousands again demonstrated in the capital Tehran for the fifth day in a row, regardless of state violence against opposition members. The Nobel Peace Prize laureate Shirin Ebadi also joined the movement. Six players from the Iranian national soccer team showed their solidarity with Mousavi during a World Cup qualifier in Seoul by wearing green armbands. However, they had to remove the tapes in the second half. Iranian fans in the stadium unrolled a banner with the words: “Go to hell, dictator” and waved flags with the words “Free Iran”.

Mousavi announced that "the mass protests should continue until the presidential election overshadowed by allegations of fraud is repeated."

On June 18, the Guardian Council invited the three losing candidates to take part in an election results review. Hundreds of thousands of opponents of the regime demonstrated again. Due to the Islamic holiday and the eagerly awaited speech by Chamene'i, the demonstrators decided not to rally again on June 19.

"Green V"

Second week of large-scale demonstrations and reactions from the authorities

On June 20 , despite the state's ban on demonstrations, thousands of Mousavi's supporters took to the streets of Tehran. There were serious clashes with the police and the militia. The state radio reported initially 13 deaths, later 19 deaths in the clashes, the opposition even spoke of more than 40 deaths in the whole country. Those who were killed on June 20: Said Abbassi (27 years old), Abdolfasi Abdollahi (21 years old), Massud Haschemsahdeh, Mohsen Imami, Kasra Scharafi, Kambis Schojai, Aschkan Sohrabi (18 years old), Tina Sudi (20 years old), Amir Hossein Tofanipur.

A video about the 27-year-old philosophy student Neda Agha-Soltan , who was killed shortly after 7 p.m. on June 20, probably by a bullet from a sniper of the Basij militia on Karekar Boulevard, on the corner of Khosravi, caused a worldwide stir Street and Salehi Street. Ali Akbar Hāschemi Rafsanjāni's eldest daughter, 46-year-old Faiseh, was arrested with four other relatives of the ex-president. She had given a speech in front of the state television building in support of the defeated presidential candidate Mir Hussein Mousavi.

On June 21, the spokesman for the Guardian Council, Abbas Ali Kadkhodaei, said on Iranian television that there were incorrect votes with over 100% voter turnout in only 50 cities. Only 3 million ballot papers were incorrect. This would not have had any impact on the final election result. The complainants pointed out inaccuracies in 80 to 170 cities.

Despite the ban on demonstrations, protests continued on June 22nd, in which around 1,000 opposition members took part in Tehran. Reports that government forces used tear gas against the demonstrators could not be confirmed. The Guardian Council spokesman Abbas Ali Kadkhodaei said on Iranian television that there was no record of any major irregularities in the election. Therefore, in the opinion of the panel, there is no possibility of canceling the election. According to Rudolph Chimelli, it was never expected that the Guardian Council would disavow Chamene'i.

The following day Amnesty International called on the Iranian government to immediately stop the use of the Basij militia in demonstrations. According to reports, members of the militia, whose brutality is notorious, used disproportionate force against demonstrators. [...] They beat and shot people demonstrating. The commander of the Basisch-e Mostaz'afin is under the direct orders of the revolutionary leader Ayatollah Seyyed Ali Khamenei .

The demonstrations appeared to have been violently crushed. The citizens protested, however, now under cover of darkness on their house roofs, where they shouted "Allah-u Akbar", often in everyday life with the V-sign (i.e. victory) and with spontaneous horn concerts.

One of the complainants against the election fraud, Mohsen Rezai , withdrew his petition on June 24 in a letter to the Guardian Council. "He feels it is his responsibility to encourage himself and others to bring the current situation under control." Nevertheless, on June 24th, there were reports of dramatic attacks on protesters in Baharestan Square.

On June 26, during the Friday sermon in Tehran, Ayatollah Ahmed Chatami called for even tougher crackdown on any demonstrators. He called on the judiciary to “ punish ringleaders harshly and without mercy in order to teach everyone a lesson.” While the regime then spoke of 450 arrested, Amnesty International assumed up to 2,000 arrested. According to the human rights organization, the militias and police forces chased the demonstrators through the streets. Many citizens offered the demonstrators protection in their homes, where arrests also took place, and wounded demonstrators were even picked up in hospitals.

Third week of demonstrations

On June 27, the Guardian Council announced that it would have ten percent of the election results examined by a special committee. The Council of Guardians' offer was a first in the history of the Islamic Republic, said the body's spokesman, Abbas Ali Kadkhodaei. Mir Hossein Mousavi immediately rejected the offer, as the irregularities far exceeded ten percent of the votes cast and a review of only these votes would not help to restore the people's trust.

On June 28, 9 local employees of the British embassy were arrested. They were accused of being involved in the opposition protests against the controversial elections. The EU called for their immediate release and threatened a "strong and united response". Tensions between the leadership in Tehran and Britain had increased since Ayatollah Khamene'i's Friday sermon, in which he explicitly accused British radio of supporting those who do not advocate Islamic State.

New Internet videos were released on June 29th, suggesting that after a few days of calm, the Iranian opposition was demonstrating on the streets again. A demonstration in front of the Ghoba Mosque in Tehran was reported. On the evening of the same day, after the recounting of some constituencies and the subsequent confirmation of the election victory of Ahmadineschād by the Guardian Council, demonstrations in downtown Tehran, especially on Valiasr Street, were reported. July 1: The Tehran police chief Ismail Ahmadi Moghaddam put the number of protesters arrested to date at 1,032, the number of protesters killed at 20. Released reported of 4,500 prisoners alone who were so tightly packed in Evin Prison that they only took turns to the To sleep on the floor. Presidential candidate Mehdi Karroubi stated on his website: "The election is not valid and I will not recognize this government as legitimate." At the same time, he stated that he would not attend the inauguration ceremony of Ahmadinejad. Even Mir Hossein Mousavi noted the decision of the Guardian Council: "From now on we have a government whose legitimacy the majority of people, myself included, do not recognize." He urged his supporters to continue the protests, "because it is our historic duty is to enforce the legitimate rights of the people. ”The French political scientist Clotilde Reiss was arrested at Tehran's airport while leaving. She was accused of taking cell phone pictures of anti -government demonstrations in Isfahan and emailing them to a friend in Tehran. The French Foreign Minister Bernard Kouchner described the arrest as "absurd" and demanded the immediate release.

July 3: British Embassy staff arrested on June 28th, all but two were released. According to Ayatollah Ahmad Dschannati , chairman of the Guardian Council, they should be tried because they are accused of having participated in the unrest after the presidential election and have already made a confession. The 27 EU states summoned the Iranian ambassadors to the respective EU capitals to make clear the protest against the continued imprisonment of British embassy staff.

Fourth week, fading demonstrations

July 4: There has been no public demonstration in Tehran for around a week. In the leading article of the Iranian conservative daily Keyhan , the editor-in-chief Hossein Schariatmadari, a close confidante of the revolutionary leader Ali Khamenei , described Mousavi as an American agent who “tried to escape punishment for murdering innocent people, organizing unrest, and cooperation with foreign countries and its role as America's fifth column ”. There is clear evidence of this. Mousavi and the former President Mohammed Khatami would have to be called to account before an open tribunal "for disgusting crimes and high treason."

July 7: The defeated presidential candidates Mousavi and Mehdi Karroubi as well as Mohammed Khatami have called for the immediate release of all those detained after the Iranian presidential elections who have not committed the slightest crime, and the unnecessary wave of arrests must be ended immediately. Mousavi's supporters had called for new protests between July 6 and 8. The SMS system was switched off again, presumably on this occasion. In a speech broadcast on state television, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad described the presidential election as the "freest election in the world".

July 9: There was another demonstration in Tehran, the police used tear gas against the demonstrators and fired into the air. Demonstrators are said to have shouted "Modschtaba, we hope you die so that you never become our leader". Modschtaba Khamene'i is the second son of the revolutionary leader and is suspected of being the reason for the election rigging. He already heads his father's office, leads important parts of the day-to-day business and is supposed to command the dreaded Basij-e Mostaz'afin thugs or parts of them.

Fifth week, last major demonstration

July 16: An International Legal Committee established shortly after the election put the number of protesters killed after the presidential elections at over 300, 74 are said to have been identified, thousands are said to have been injured and over 10,000 opposition members were arrested. The not undisputed National Council of Resistance of Iran is co-initiator of the International Legal Committee . The information about the victims was based on testimony, information from families and film recordings, said NCRI President Maryam Rajavi .

July 17: On the occasion of Friday prayers, mass protests by hundreds of thousands of demonstrators in Tehran were reported again. The well-known lawyer and activist for women's rights, Shadi Sadr , was abducted by security forces on the way to Friday prayers. The eagerly awaited Friday sermon given by Ayatollah Rafsanjani , the first of an opposition cleric after the presidential election, was followed by hundreds of thousands. Rafsanjani called the people's outrage legitimate and called for the prisoners to be released. He describes the protests after the Iranian presidential elections as a state crisis. One direction would just carry on as before, as if nothing had happened, but a “large group of smart people” would doubt the election result. "If people can no longer be seen and their voices are not there, then this government is not Islamic," said Rafsanjani. Shirin Ebadi described the renewed demonstrations as "a historic event , not just for Iran, but for the entire Islamic world." The slogans death of China and death of Russia are also important. "The population has seen through who has been on the side of the regime for decades - two countries that themselves massively violate human rights."

Sixth and seventh weeks

July 20: Former President Mohammed Khatami called for a referendum to resolve the political crisis in Iran. Citizens should vote on whether they agree to the re-election of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.

July 28: 140 opposition activists were released in Iran after being arrested during demonstrations against the controversial presidential election. According to official figures, 2,000 people have been arrested since June 12 and all but 150 have now been released. Iran's spiritual leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei ordered the closure of Kahrisak Prison following allegations of ill-treatment .

July 30: Police used force against thousands of Iranians. Despite the ban, people wanted to commemorate the victims of the recent protests.

Eighth and ninth weeks

August 3: Mahmoud Ahmadineschād was introduced into the second term of office by Khamenei. It was reported that numerous dignitaries, including former Presidents Ayatollah Rafsanjani and Mohammed Khatami, stayed away from the ceremony.

August 5: During the swearing-in of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, demonstrations broke out in front of parliament. The new and old Iranian president was protested with slogans such as "Death to the dictator". The police tightened security prior to the ceremony. Hundreds of police and government-loyal Basij militias had been positioned around the parliament building. According to eyewitnesses, the police used pepper spray to disperse the demonstrators.

August 11: According to the opposition, significantly more people were killed in the riots than officially stated. The government spoke of 26 dead. The names of 69 victims had been handed over to parliament for an investigation, the newspaper "Sarmajeh" quoted an ally of the defeated candidate Mir Hossein Mousavi . The report also includes the names of around 220 detainees. The day before, the Iranian judicial spokesman had significantly corrected the number of those arrested upwards. Alireza Jamshidi said that 4,000 demonstrators have been arrested since the presidential election, and 3,700 of the 3,700 are now at large. So far it has always been said that the number of those arrested was around 1,000.

August 17: Friday preacher Ayatollah Ahmad Chatami indirectly called for Mehdi Karroubi to be flogged. Referring to the allegations that Karroubi has raped prisoners in Iranian prisons, he wrote in the newspaper Kayhan, the mouthpiece of Supreme Religious Leader Ali Khamenei: “According to religious doctrine, if someone accuses another of a sex crime and cannot prove it, then should he received 80 lashes. "

14th week

September 18: On the occasion of the 30th day of al-Quds , tens of thousands of demonstrators took to the streets against the government in various cities in Iran. In addition to the major cities of Tehran, Isfahan and Shiraz , these were also cities such as Tabriz , Kermanshah , Ahvaz, Mashhad and Rasht . According to cell phone recordings published on the Internet, a. “Death to you (Ahmadinejad)” and “Death to the dictator” as well as “Not Gaza, not Lebanon, I sacrifice my life to Iran”, “Down with Russia” and “Down with China”. It was reported that the former President Mohammad Chātami also took part in one of these demonstrations and was assaulted there. Again there are said to have been numerous arrests.

Further protests since September 2009

Demonstrations in late September to mid-December 2009

In the months after the controversial presidential election there were repeated protests against the regime. On the occasion of the beginning of the lectures at the universities on September 28, 2009, there were again demonstrations by the students in Tehran, in which around 2,000 people took part. Films on the internet platform youtube showed demonstrators who shouted together: “Death to you!” And “Down with the dictator!” As they walked towards the university building.

On November 4, 2009, the 30th anniversary of the occupation of the US embassy and the hostage-taking of Tehran , there were again bloody clashes in Tehran between government forces, militias and several thousand protesters. Tear gas and batons were used here. Eyewitnesses reported numerous arrests. They are also said to have been fired into the air. Already in the early morning hours were u. a. Basij and Revolutionary Guard as well as civilian government agents posted at all important places in the city.

Both Basij and Pasdaran had warned urgently against such a rally in advance and threatened the participants with consequences. While the state authorities celebrated the storming of the US embassy 30 years ago, Ayatollah Montazeri described the storming of the American embassy as a "mistake".

On the occasion of the “Student Day” on December 7th, 2009 protests were reported from all major cities, including those that were previously inconspicuous such as Arak. All the universities in Tehran had joined the demonstrations. This despite the fact that the authorities had announced the week before that they would crack down on “illegal” gatherings and that demonstrators had been sentenced to death. A free reporting on the protest movement was banned.

Two days later, state-controlled television showed alleged demonstrators who burned a picture of the late founder of the revolution, Khomeini. Whether the taboo was broken by opposition activists or agents in disguise, d. H. it is not known whether these were posed scenes. Opposition students suspected the latter and distanced themselves from the crime immediately after reporting. The following Sunday, protesters in Tehran held up pictures of Khomeini and shouted: "Down with the dictator".

Since the demonstrations had expanded from mid-December, contributed especially some young men during the protest headscarf to protest against the compulsory veil for women and equality demand the sexes.

After the death of the popular, liberal Ayatollah Hossein Ali Montazeri , large crowds took to the streets. At least 500,000 people attended the funeral ceremony in Qom on December 21, 2009 and turned, among other things. a. with clear slogans against Khamenei, although such behavior as an insult to the leader (rahbar) is sanctioned with the death penalty according to the Iranian criminal code.

Ashura protests at the end of 2009

On December 26, 2009, on the eve of the Ashura Festival, demonstrations took place again in all major cities in Iran from early morning until late at night. Brutal scenes took place in Iran's capital Tehran. All day long, protesters and police officers critical of the government fought bitterly, in which the government-loyal task forces used batons and tear gas on a large scale. Police officers fired shots in the air in the center of Tehran to disperse the demonstrators, but they did not succeed. The demonstrators shouted, among other things, "Death to the dictator" and "Do not be afraid, we will all stick together".

For security reasons, the former President Chatemi had to break off his address in a mosque in northern Tehran after a few minutes. For the first time, calls for an end to the Velayat-e faqih (i.e. the political system) could be heard.

The following day the situation escalated further. There were four to eight fatalities and hundreds of arrests to mourn. Demonstrations and, for the first time, sometimes violent clashes with forces loyal to the government were reported from 21 cities in Iran. The Iranian police announced that the nephew of the presidential candidate Hossein Mousavis was one of the dead. State television reported five dead and several hundred arrests.

On December 28, 2009, the demonstrators extended their actions to the entire Islamic Republic of Iran and, according to media reports, the government was on the defensive for the first time. The Ahmadinejad government responded with even tougher countermeasures. On December 29th, those in power went even more on the offensive. There were manifestations in support of the government. Parliamentarians and high-ranking government officials announced the rapid introduction of the death penalty for the insurgents. Likewise, Ayatollah Abbas Waes Tabasi threatened the leaders of the opposition as "enemies of God" with the death penalty. Ahmadinejad said that the demonstrations were "a show staged by the US and the Zionists that we think sucks." As the Neue Zürcher Zeitung reported, the Iranian Foreign Minister Mottaki explicitly threatened Great Britain with a “slap in the face” if the “talk” (meaning the official protests against the violent suppression of the opposition) did not stop. The military leader of the Revolutionary Guards, General Ali Reza Jabari, announced further violent actions to suppress the opposition movement.

According to official information, there have been eight deaths so far. The government brought in the military with tanks to contain the riot. As the demonstrations often used the Internet forum Twitter to coordinate their actions, the authorities developed countermeasures to locate and arrest activists.

For example, Iranian television showed public executions, as it often does. According to Iranian state television, the clergyman Abbas Waes Tabasi, representative of Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei , described those who were behind the current protests as "enemies of God" ( mohareb ba choda ) who must be executed under Sharia law . The Vice President of the Iranian Parliament Mohammed Reza Bahonar announced that the MPs would create the legal possibilities for the death penalty against participants in demonstrations "within 24 hours".

The day after the Ashura festival, the regime responded with an unprecedented wave of arrests. More than 300 people from the political environment of Mir Hossein Mousavi and Mehdi Karroubi , the leaders of the opposition movement, were arrested. Well-known opponents of the regime were arrested in raids, such as the journalist and human rights activist Emadeddin Baghi and the general secretary of the banned liberal Iranian freedom movement , which had not yet been persecuted, Ibrahim Yazdi . Until her release in mid-January 2010, the inmates included Noushin Ebadi, a professor of medicine, sister of the Nobel Peace Prize laureate Shirin Ebadi , who was currently in London.

It was also announced that the body of Mir Hossein Mousavi’s nephew had disappeared. Conservative circles also joined the protests on major Iranian public holidays due to disregard for the ceasefire. This also applied to somewhat more liberal people within the government camp.

President Ahmadinejad accused Western governments, particularly the British and US governments, of interfering in Iran's internal affairs. There were international protests against the violent actions of the police forces and the various militias, including by President Obama and Chancellor Merkel .

Mousavi issued an Internet statement on January 1, 2010, saying that he would not be intimidated by threats, arrests and acts of violence and that he would be prepared to die for the right to free demonstrations if necessary. He called for an end to the repression and the release of all political prisoners.

On January 5th it was announced that contact with western media such as the BBC should be strictly prohibited in the future.

Arrests of members of the Mothers in Mourning community were reported by opposition circles on January 10th.

The aim of many demonstrators was no longer to reform the existing system, but to change the regime. In chants that could be heard in the streets on the day of the Ashura festival on December 27, 2009, they shouted: "We will fight, we will die, we will recapture our country."

Procedure of the security forces

During demonstrations

Amnesty International lamented the crackdown on non-violent demonstrators by the security forces. As of June 17, around 15 demonstrators were reported to have been killed and several hundred injured. In addition, around 100 riot police equipped with protective helmets and shields are said to have persecuted around 300 to 400 students on the premises of Tehran University. On the night of June 16, 17 political activists were arrested in Tabriz and taken to unknown locations. In the cities of Mashhad and Zahedan , students were the target of the security forces; in Shiraz , security forces used tear gas to storm a university library. Parliament President Ali Larijani commissioned a commission to investigate the attacks on universities and student dormitories in recent days. Larijani criticized the nightly attacks, describing them as "thoughtless and inappropriate practices" and blaming the Interior Minister for them.

Against prisoners

Human Rights Watch reported on July 8, 2009, that the Iranian authorities used "lengthy, harsh interrogation techniques, beatings, sleep deprivation and threats of torture" in order to coax false confessions from detainees. These confessions of guilt appeared to support baseless claims by senior government officials that the post-election protests in Iran were backed by foreign governments and aimed at overthrowing the government. A July 21 report described coercive measures against detainees "linking leading reformers to illegal activities." Security forces have also increased pressure on detainees' families to keep silent about their arrest.

On July 27, Mousavi said that the mistreatment of those detained was worse than under the Shah .

In a letter to the Iranian secret service minister on July 29, 2009, Mehdi Karroubi made the most serious accusations against the rulers in Tehran: “The government is exercising systematic repression on the people. The killings of people critical of the regime are worse than the secret contract killings by Israel [...] and the inmates in Tehran's Evin prison are subjected to regular torture. "

Concerning the closure of the Kahrisak prison in Tehran by the supreme leader of the revolution Khamene'i on July 28, 2009, the former Iranian President Mohammed Khatami accused the judicial authorities on July 30, 2009 of the fact that the closure was not ordered because of poor hygiene and that human lives had been lost . In particular, for the closure of the prison u. a. the torture death of 25-year-old Mohsen Ruholamini was the cause. One released person reported that six other prisoners were killed.

On August 9, Mehdi Karroubi made serious allegations against the authorities on his website. Numerous government critics are said to have been severely mistreated and raped in prison. He relied on statements from high-ranking officials. Women and men are affected by the attacks. Iranian police chief Ismail Ahmadi-Mokaddam had admitted that prisoners had been ill-treated in the detention centers. The director of Kahrisak had been arrested and released, as had two of the guards. Namely known among those killed in prison are: Hossein Akbari (16 years), Ramin Ghahremani, Pudscha Maghsudbedschgi, Taraneh Mousavi (28 years), Hassan Schapuri.

Trial of protesters

The trial of the first demonstrators began on August 1, under the direction of Judge Abul Qasim Salavati. Over 100 members of the opposition were on trial, including Mohammed Ali Abtahi , former First Vice President of Iran. The penalty for a conviction was based on the Iranian Penal Code, which provides for three months to one year imprisonment for “Propaganda against the Islamic Republic of Iran”. For “troublemakers and rioters” the sentence is between 2 and 10 years imprisonment; the charge “Plot with the intent of regime change, arming and forming militant groups” is punishable by the death penalty.

According to the official IRNA news agency and the semi-official FARS news agency, several defendants, including the visibly exhausted former Deputy President Mohammed Ali Abtahi , rejected allegations of election fraud against Ahmadinejad. According to Fars, Abtai told the Revolutionary Court that it was a "lie" to speak of fraud in connection with the June 12 presidential election. This was intended to trigger unrest in Iran "so that Iran would become like Afghanistan or Iraq". The official IRNA news agency, on the other hand, said that this was said at a joint press conference with former publicist and reformist Mohammad Atrianfar , at which Atrianfar declared that the unrest in Iran “is under control because of the intelligence of the Supreme Leader, the secret services and the security services have been brought ". The main opposition party rejected the charges. "The charge is politically motivated and illegal," said the reform party "Participation Front", which was founded by former President Mohammed Khatami . The trial was "a ridiculous show that would be laughed at even by a cooked chicken." Opposition leader Mir Hossein Mousavi accused the government of obtaining the confessions under "torture".

The European Union expressed its "deep concern" about the process, the Swedish Presidency condemned the process in a statement, and Great Britain spoke of a "provocation". Among the defendants were French editor Clotilde Reiss - she was charged with espionage - and the Iranian Hussein Rassam, who worked for the British embassy in Tehran and who was arrested on June 28.

On August 6, Amnesty International called for the release of all prisoners who had peacefully demonstrated against the controversial outcome of the June 12 presidential election. Amnesty International described it as "totally unacceptable that more than a hundred critics and protesters are on trial, kept behind closed doors and banned from contact with their lawyers and their families. In addition, there are allegations that the prisoners were tortured or otherwise ill-treated so that they confessed to sparking the unrest. ”Article 35 of the Iranian Constitution gives the accused a right to a lawyer.

On the fourth day of the trial against prominent members of the opposition, the prosecutor called for “the maximum possible penalty” for the members of the reform movement on trial. This threatens the death penalty if convicted. According to the opposition and the prisoners' families, all confessions were extracted through torture and solitary confinement. On August 26, 2009, Ali Khamenei denied that foreign countries had supported the protests: "I do not accuse those responsible for the recent incidents of being subservient to states such as the USA or Great Britain"; he has not yet provided any evidence to support other claims has been submitted. He said that he valued the “work of the Basij militias ” during the protests, but that did not mean that “certain crimes” were not investigated. With this, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei had "all central points of the 30-page indictment declared obsolete and at the same time put a stop to death sentences."

On October 10, 2009, the first three defendants were sentenced to death . Two were found guilty of membership in a monarchist organization and one of the defendants was convicted of links with a terrorist organization. Kian Tashbaksch, a 47-year-old sociologist and city planner, who has both Iranian and US citizenship, was sentenced to 12 years in prison for endangering national security.

On November 17, 2009, five other opposition activists were sentenced to death. The five people are members of "terrorist armed opposition groups," reported state television , citing the Ministry of Justice. 81 defendants were sentenced to between six months and 15 years in prison.

Restriction of the freedom of the press

According to the Saudi TV station Al-Arabiya , Iranian security forces closed the station's office in Tehran on the evening of June 14 without giving any reason. On June 16, Reporters Without Borders reported that eleven Iranian journalists were arrested and that the whereabouts of ten other journalists were unknown. “At the same time, foreign journalists were prevented from recording the demonstrations. ARD and ZDF employees have been banned from leaving their hotel since June 13th. Two journalists from the Dutch TV channel Nederland 2 were arrested and interrogated […]. Yolanda Álvarez, a reporter for the Spanish television broadcaster TVE , was expelled along with her team on June 15th. “The number of Iranian journalists arrested had increased to 17 by June 19th.

On June 16, the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Leadership ordered that foreign news media should not visit and report on demonstrations "organized without the permission of the Ministry of Interior". Many foreign journalists were then only able to work from their offices or hotels. Numerous reporters and TV teams have now had to leave the country, including German, Spanish, Belgian and Dutch journalists.

On June 22nd, at least 25 employees of the Kalameh Sabz newspaper were arrested in its office on Haft Tir Square in Tehran. The newspaper was founded in 2009 by Mir Hossein Mousavi. Amnesty International urges the government to release the journalists immediately.

On June 23, Reporters Without Borders reported on 36 media workers and bloggers arrested. "The authorities are trying by all means to force representatives of the foreign press out of the country, as they are disturbing witnesses of bloody repression." It “clearly shows the regime's intention to intimidate foreign and Iranian journalists. After the authorities demonized foreign media, they are now portraying Iranian journalists as spies paid by foreigners. "

At the end of June, various media discussed the sudden disappearance of the twitterer “persiankiwi” from June 24th, one of the sources within Iran that had been recognized as reliable until then. The TAZ reported on June 30th, referring to other reliable Twitterers: "Persiankiwi probably in safety"

Reporters Without Borders reported on a new campaign against foreign media on June 25th. For the last week, a procession of demonstrators has been shown on state television, who publicly confessed to having participated in the protests of the past few days at the behest of foreign media. The protesters chant the sentences:

"Bismillah, al-rahman al-rahim" (In the name of the merciful and gracious God). "I confess that I demonstrated under the influence of the BBC, Voice of America radio and other foreign media outlets."

The confessions would be aired at any hour, day or night, according to Reporters Without Borders. They were supposed to show the Iranians to what extent the protests against the election result were supposedly under the influence of agents from the West. At the same time apparently the allegations of the spiritual leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei against the foreign media were to be confirmed.

International reactions

Demonstration in Germany

On June 15, 2009, the then German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier appointed the Iranian Ambassador to Berlin to the Foreign Office . He called the violence against the demonstrators "unacceptable" and criticized the fact that the foreign journalists were hindered in their work. He demanded that those responsible in Tehran "investigate very carefully" the allegations of electoral fraud. Foreign Minister Manutschehr Mottaki attributed the harsh reaction of German statesmen to intimidation by the Israelis . He dismissed the comments of British Foreign Minister David Miliband as inappropriate and illogical .

On June 17, Iran appointed the German ambassador and other foreign diplomats. Tehran wanted to protest against the supposedly "hostile" reactions of the respective governments after the presidential election. Western governments were asked to respect the outcome of the election.

On June 20, several thousand people protested in Hamburg , Frankfurt am Main and Stuttgart as well as in other German cities against the controversial re-election of President Mahmud Ahmadinejad in Iran. In Paris also tens of thousands of people took to the streets in Brussels , around 800 people gathered outside the Iranian embassy.

On June 21, during a meeting with diplomats, Iranian Foreign Minister Manutschehr Mottaki spoke indirectly about the Iranian presidential elections: "We have had hundreds of thousands of martyrs and injured, this people cannot simply give up its revolutionary successes." At the same time, he stated that France is one great nation "currently ruled by dwarves". Mottaki went on to say that Germany, Britain and the United States' policies in the region are wrong. In addition, the British government has repeatedly tried for years to influence elections in Iran. Chancellor Angela Merkel said on June 21st about the current situation in Iran:

“Germany is on the side of the people in Iran who want to exercise their right to freedom of expression and freedom of assembly. I urge the Iranian leadership to allow peaceful demonstrations, refrain from using violence against demonstrators, release detained opposition members, allow free media coverage and recount the votes cast in the presidential election. The same applies to Iran: general human and civil rights must be fully respected! "

Britain expelled two Iranian diplomats on June 23 . British Prime Minister Gordon Brown said in London that it was a reaction to the expulsion of two British diplomats from Tehran on June 22nd . Iranian Foreign Minister Manutschehr Mottaki threatened Great Britain with partially freezing diplomatic relations. Iranian intelligence minister Gholamhossein Mohseni-Eschei was quoted as alleging that people with British passports were involved in the protests. The Iranian Interior Minister Sadeq Mahsuli accused the demonstrators of receiving support from the United States, in particular the CIA secret service and the People's Mujahedin .

July 25: Thousands took to the streets in more than 80 cities around the world to protest violence in Iran. Amnesty International , Reporters Without Borders and PEN called for the global day of action for human rights and media freedom in Iran .

For the swearing-in of Mahmud Ahmadineschād on August 5, 2009, EU countries such as Germany were represented by lower-ranking diplomats. Sweden has been criticized internationally for sending its ambassador Magnus Wernstedt to the ceremony.

On September 8, 2009, Cyrus Reza Pahlavi , the son of the last Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , wrote an open letter to the religious authorities of the regime asking the clergy about the crackdown on the protest movement and the arrest of demonstrators,

"... with what right and with what religious justification do you treat Iranians like slaves or worthless creatures, whose children are obviously abused, whose wives can be sold to the most remote corners of the world and whose men can be oppressed, and with what right and with what religious justification do you consider the rape of Iran's sons and daughters legal? "

In his open letter he compared the current regime with the Mongols, who invaded Iran in the 13th century and of whom the Persian historian Ata Malek Joveyni said: "They came, uprooted, pillaged, killed, robbed and left." He called on his compatriots to stick together and condemned the barbarism, tyranny and culture of torture that currently prevail in Iran. In his appeal to his compatriots, he even went so far as to designate the return of Khomeini as the Second Qadisiyyah , the military conflict between the Muslims and the Persians, known in the West as the Battle of Kadesia , in which the Persians suffered a decisive defeat against the Arabs . Cyrus Reza Pahlavi sees his country ruled by darkness and dominated by strangers.

See also

Web links

Commons : Protests after the Iranian Presidential Election 2009  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files
 Wikinews: Mass demonstrations against electoral fraud in Iran  - Message

Individual evidence

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  5. ↑ You no longer believe this tour from NZZ online from June 18, 2009
  6. ↑ a b c The lost religious honor taz.de of August 14, 2009
  7. ↑ a b c Killed and Detained Since 12 June iranhumanrights.org of June 23, 2009
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