Imperial rule Homburg
.svg){kind=small} Territory in the Holy Roman Empire |
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| Imperial rule Homburg | |
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| Dominion Homburg and its neighboring territories after 1604 | |
| Alternative names | Homburg country |
| Form of rule | Monarchy (1276-1294)
Dyarchy (1294-1604) Monarchy (from 1604) |
| Ruler / government |
Count
Prince (since 1792) |
| Today's region / s |
DE-NW
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| Reichskreis | Upper Rhine Empire Circle |
| Capitals / residences | Homburg |
| Dynasties | 1253: Sayn
1294: Sayn-Homburg / Sayn-Sayn 1359: Sayn-Wittgenstein / Sayn-Sayn 1604: Sayn-Wittgenstein 1635: Sayn-Wittgenstein-Homburg 1743: Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg |
| Denomination / Religions |
Roman Catholic ,
Lutheran since 1563 , reformed since 1605 |
| Language / n | German |
| surface | 128.11 km² (from 1604) |
| Residents | 9163 (1808) |
| Incorporated into | 1806: Grand Duchy of Berg
1816: Jülich-Kleve-Berg Province
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The rulership of Homburg was a small historical state, the Holy Roman Empire , which existed from 1276 to 1806 in the southeastern part of today's state of North Rhine-Westphalia . Also called "Homburger Land" or "~ Ländchen", from 1604 it essentially comprised the area of today's municipality of Nümbrecht and the city of Wiehl , as well as the areas adjacent to the north of the city of Gummersbach and the municipality of Engelskirchen south of the Agger in the Oberbergischer Kreis .
The conditions in the areas of today's town of Waldbröl and the municipality of Morsbach were controversial, which , however, were de facto part of the territory until 1604 and had to be ceded to the Duchy of Berg with the Siegburg settlement .
history
The dominion of Homburg was largely surrounded by the Duchy of Berg and bordered on the north by the County of Gimborn .
In the early Middle Ages the area of the Homburg rulership belonged to the Franconian Auelgau , which was first mentioned in 722/723 as "aualgawe". The Franconian king appointed a count for the administration, who collected the income due to the king and, in an emergency, provided the men capable of weapons. In addition, the Gaugraf had to exercise jurisdiction. The center of the Auelgau was the Grafenburg on the Siegburger Michaelsberg , which at that time was still called Siegberg. In 1064, a Benedictine abbey was founded in their place by Archbishop Anno II of Cologne .
First of all, the Franconian noble family of the Konradines is attested as Gaugraf in Auelgau . The Conradines were followed by marriage to the Ezzonen family , the oldest lineage of the Rhineland Count Palatine , who lived in the Aachen area. In the dispute with the Archbishops of Cologne, who wanted to secure their secular domain, the Count Palatine were pushed to the Moselle. At the same time they lost their rights in the Auelgau, which politically split up into sub-counties. The result was that local aristocratic houses sought their own sovereignty and the Counts of Sayn were appointed as sub-counts who tried to expand their claims to power.
When the brothers Heinrich I (1133–1159) and Eberhard I von Sayn (1133–1176) first appeared in 1139 in two documents from Archbishop Arnold I of Cologne with their title of count, they surely derived this from their earl rights in the Auelgau. However, the Sayner did not appear explicitly as counts in Auelgau until 1182. With the establishment of Blankenberg Castle , which was built between 1150 and 1180, the Counts of Sayner tried to secure their sphere of influence in the Auelgau. However, in 1361 the castle fell into the possession of the Counts of Berg . The sphere of influence of the Counts of Sayn was not a contiguous territory, but was split up into individual possessions and fiefs, especially around Altenkirchen , Birnbach , Hachenburg , Hamm and the southern Oberbergisches Land.
With the marriage of Heinrich III. von Sayn and Mechthild von Landsberg , who brought large estates from the Rhenish-West Forest-Siegerland legacy of the Thuringian landgraves into the marriage, a grand count was created. The increase essentially consisted of the Windeck , Altenwied and Neuerburg castles with the associated properties. After the death of Heinrich III. His domain fell apart because he had no children. With this the older Saynian dynasty died out. The four sons of his sister Adelheid, who in 1202 Gottfried III. von Sponheim married, took over the inheritance. With Gottfried's son Johann I , the founder of the younger Sayn line from the House of Sponheim-Starkenburg, part of the area was regained when the legacy of his half-brother Eberhard was bought in 1253. In this deed of sale, which Johann awarded Castle and City of Hachenburg among others , the Nümbrecht office was mentioned for the first time as a sub-unit of Hachenburg. Hachenburg already belonged to Heinrich II von Sayn, who died in 1205. Presumably the sovereign rights at the Nümbrecht office extended up to this time. Johann von Sponheim-Starkenburg and his son Gottfried tried hard to expand their position of power. So transferred Count Wilhelm of Julich and his wife Rickardis 1258 the part of the Office Nümbrecht own people .
Johann's son Gottfried called himself Graf von Sayn from 1254 . In 1264 he compared himself with his brother Heinrich and secured the castles Sayn , Hachenburg, Weltersburg , Freusburg and Holstein. However, Holstein Castle was not clearly owned by Saynic, as it was the ancestral seat of the Fleckes, a Rhenish ministerial family from the Ahr region. The fief with Holstein Castle must have been made before 1241. Heinrich Flecke von Are describes himself as Flecke von Holstein for the first time in a certificate from that year . Another document from 1256 confirms the Sayn family as feudal lord when Heilewigis, widow of the knight Heinrich Flecke von Holstein, transferred Holstein Castle, which was a fief of the noble lord Heinrich von Heinsberg, to her daughter Benedikta and her husband Theodorich von Schinne. Heinrich von Heinsberg was a brother of Johann von Sponheim-Starkenburg. A few years later, Holstein must have been passed on to Benedikta's cousins, because in 1270 the brothers Heinrich and Theoderich, known as Flecke von Holstein, renounced the castle in favor of Gottfried I von Sayn . The name of the castle refers to the "thick stones" below the Homburg, which were formerly known as Hollsteine. It is very likely that the castle on a mountain spur was renamed Homburg (ie the "High Castle") in 1276 when Gottfried von Sayn had the castle assigned to his wife Jutta von Isenburg-Grenzau as a future widow's seat when King Rudolf was entrusted to King Rudolf . By transferring the allod to the king and enfeoffing it to Gottfried, the status of imperial immediacy was achieved. This created the basis of a separate territorial sovereignty in Homburg. It was previously assumed that the Homburg was built in 1276, but excavations exposed the foundations of a round tower from the 11th century. The renaming is likely because a Holstein castle was no longer mentioned in a document.
After Gottfried von Sayn's death in 1283, violent arguments broke out between the two sons Johannes and Engelbert, who fought over the entire inheritance. The Erbstreitereien could also by providing her mother Jutta in 1294 by a Ganerbenvertrag be terminated. Thus, the Homburger Ländchen had two sovereigns, who consisted of the houses Sayn-Sayn (Johannes line) and Sayn-Homburg (Engelbert line, later Sayn-Wittgenstein ). This is why Homburg Castle also had two mansions, the still existing Saynic House and the Wittgenstein House, which burned out during the French occupation in 1809 and was demolished in 1835. Most of the stones were used between 1853 and 1855 to build the road from Wiehl to Nümbrecht. There were also two Burgmannen houses in Homburg, that of the Lords of Börnhausen and that of the Lords of Diezenkausen . The two families belonged to the lower nobility and were obliged to guard the castle. Remnants of the wall of the von Börnhausen house were found under the orangery . The Diezenkauser house still exists today.
The inheritance contract stipulated that the Johannes line should henceforth be the liege lord of the younger Engelbert line and that no subsequent heir of the two brother lines was allowed to sell or pledge his share in Homburg without the consent of the other part. This other part always had a right of first refusal or a right of redemption for its tribe. In 1316, both houses split the Nümbrecht office into two halves and since 1341 the relationship between the two lines has been regulated anew in each generation by the so-called truce with further additional contracts. In 1359 the Wittgensteiner house died out in the male line. The heiress Adelheid von Wittgenstein marries Salentin von Sayn-Homburg. Salentin was the first count to hold the title of Sayn zu Wittgenstein and was the grandson of Engelbert von Sayn-Homburg.
In 1385 the House of Sayn-Wittgenstein bought the Wiehl Vogtei from Dietrich Zobbe zu Elberfeld in order to round off the Homburg territory with the parishes of Wiehl, Waldbröl and parts of the parish of Morsbach . In the 15th and 16th centuries, the Duchy of Berg tried to expand its sphere of power in the Homburg rulership. The Bergische Amt Windeck was divided into two parts by Homburg, and numerous Bergisch serfs lived on Homburg territory. A census in 1604 resulted in the four parishes Wiehl, Nümbrecht, Waldbröl and Morsbach 533 Saynic, 304 Wittgenstein, 610 Bergische and 20 Wildenburgische households. 86 households were in the Bergisch "property Morsbach". This caused tensions between Sayn-Wittgenstein and the Duchy of Berg , also due to the unclear boundary conditions at Drabenderhöhe , south of Waldbröls and at the Bergisch owners Eckenhagen and Morsbach and the introduction of the Lutheran creed in 1563. Numerous incidents were documented:
- 1560: The Landbote von Windeck invades Homburg with 1500 men. In Wiehl they free a prisoner
- 1565: With 300 men they attack Holpe near Morsbach, nail the church door shut and attack the evangelical intern
- 1566: The Saynian mayor von Morsbach, who lives in Holpe, is arrested and taken to Windeck
- 1569: The Bergische attacked Nümbrecht with 600 men
- 1572: Geilenkausen is surprisingly haunted by 100 men. 3 residents are deported to Windeck
- 1573: The rent master Stapenhöfer moves with many thousands of men against Bieberstein . The attack is canceled because one can peacefully communicate
- 1576: Attack on Nümbrecht and the Hassel court near Homburg. The Saynian rentmaster Sebastian Donner flees, while the Nümbrecht pastor Schmittmann is taken prisoner to Windeck
- 1579: Another attack on Nümbrecht. A wrongdoer is also wanted in Waldbröl
As a result, the Lords of Homburg brought 19 trials against the Duke of Jülich-Berg between 1572 and 1595. From the Bergisch side, only two trials in 1573 and 1587 against Homburg are known. Count Ludwig I von Sayn zu Wittgenstein (Engelbert Line) succeeded in 1604 by the Siegburg settlement with the Duchy of Berg to determine a final border and to end the membership of the Homburg subjects to foreign rulers (Berg and Wildenburg). However, the parishes of Waldbröl and Morsbach had to be ceded to the Duchy of Berg. This created the prerequisites for a Homburg territorial state and the Reformed Church Doctrine could be introduced in 1605, as it was in the Wittgenstein ancestral lands. The dual power of the small Lordship of Homburg ended with the Siegburg settlement. Count Heinrich IV. Von Sayn , the last representative of the Johannes line, had remained childless. The inheritance contract stipulated that the Saynian share could not be sold without the consent of the Sayn-Wittgenstein family. Ludwig tried to secure his rights to Sayn with foresight through the marriage of his son Wilhelm to Heinrich's niece in 1592. Anna Elisabeth became the main heiress of the Saynische Grafschaft. Mainly because of his passion for building, Heinrich ran into financial difficulties and was heavily in debt. He began to sell parts of his territories, such as Rheinbrohl and Freusburg, to the Elector of Trier . The Electoral Palatinate , presumably strengthened by Ludwig, viewed this as a violation of rights and had large parts of the county occupied by troops. Heinrich fled, probably also because he was threatened with arrest, into the care of his older niece, the Countess von Sülz, revised the will and gave her his possessions, including his share in Homburg. The countess tried to sell the property again quickly and found Duke Johann Wilhelm I von Berg as an interested buyer . In 1603 a purchase contract for 36,000 florins was concluded, of which the countess immediately received 8,000 florins.
Ludwig von Sayn zu Wittgenstein protested to the Duke von Berg, because the purchase contract violated existing inheritance and castle peace agreements. Bergische troops then occupied Homburg Castle and swore in the Saynian officials. Ludwig von Sayn zu Wittgenstein was able to persuade the Countess von Sülz to renounce all rights to the County of Sayn and the Lordship of Homburg in return for payment of 73,000 fl. Count Heinrich IV. Von Sayn received an annual maintenance of 8,000 florins after his declaration of renunciation and died in 1606. The Bergische government initially tried to ignore the resignation of Countess von Sülz from the sale of the Saynian stake in Homburg, but the evidence presented by Ludwig and the support more powerful Friends like the Elector Palatinate, Prince Moritz of Orange , the Landgraves of Hesse and the Wetterau Count Association forced the Bergische side into a retreat position. A final agreement was then reached with the Siegburg settlement. Count Ludwig I, who died in 1605, divided his inheritance between his three sons. Count Georg II received the northern part of the County of Wittgenstein around Berleburg, the Dominion Homburg, Haus Bruch , and the Dominion Neumagen and was the first to call himself Count zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg. The second son Wilhelm received the county of Sayn (line Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn) and the third son Ludwig the office of Laasphe in the county of Wittgenstein (line Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein) and the rule of Vallendar .
Legally speaking, Count Georg II, first-born Count Ludwig Casimir , would have been the heir to all of Berleburg's territories, but his brother Ernst disputed his father's legacy. Ludwig Casimir gave in in 1635 and transferred the rulership of Homburg in comparison to Dillenburg to Count Ernst, who thus founded his own dynasty Sayn-Wittgenstein-Homburg. With the Homburg own dynasty began the conversion and expansion of Homburg into a baroque palace, which drove the small lordship almost to financial ruin. The residents in particular were burdened with the costs. The tax burden on the subjects grew until they were discharged in a relatively bloodless uprising in 1699. This was followed by a process between the sovereign and the subjects, which was only ended in 1736.
Under Count Wilhelm Friedrich, the Neuhemsbach rule in the Palatinate was bought up in 1662 . Neuhemsbach was transferred in 1684 to Wilhelm Friedrich's brother, Count Christian zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Homburg, whose son Friedrich Ludwig (died 1742) and his two sisters lived in Neuhemsbach. 30 Homburgers were settled there, each with 15 acres of forest, 5 acres of arable land and 20 acres for clearing and cultivating. In 1715 a baroque castle was built in Neuhemsbach. In 1742 Neuhemsbach returned to Homburg due to a lack of male heirs. The Homburg dynasty held its own for 108 years in four generations until the last representative, Count Friedrich-Karl, died childless in 1743. The members of the Sayn-Wittgenstein-Homburg family were buried in the so-called “Herrenkeller” in the Nümbrecht church. In the 1820s, however, the crypt was desecrated by village youth, so that the parish was forced to close the "Herrenkeller". The Protestant parish of Nümbrecht sold the brass and copper coffins for the benefit of the poor and buried the deceased in simple wooden boxes in the newly established Nümbrecht cemetery in 1826. The exact location is still unknown today.
With the extinction of Homburg's own dynasty, the Homburg reign fell back to the parent company Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg, until it was deposed by Emperor Napoléon on March 28, 1806 and the country was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Berg , which was dependent on France . The possessions of Neumagen and Neuhemsbach on the left bank of the Rhine were lost to the French as early as 1794 and the princely house received compensation for this in the Peace of Lunéville in 1801. The House of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg was raised to the rank of imperial prince in 1792 . In the Battle of the Nations near Leipzig in 1813, the rule should have been returned to Prince Friedrich Albrecht, but in the Congress of Vienna in 1815 it was contractually agreed that the Homburg rule should be incorporated into the Prussian province of Jülich-Kleve-Berg . The dispute negotiations between the Prussian crown and the prince did not lead to an agreement until July 26, 1821, according to which Prince Friedrich Albrecht renounced his sovereign rights and received 100,000 thalers in return. In 1830 he also renounced the right of patronage over the pastoral offices in favor of the Reformed parishes. The princely house remained in the possession and use of all its domains, the stately courts of Bieberstein, Bellinghausen , Börnhausen, Enselkamp, Hassel, Hellenbrunnen, Neuenhaus and the associated hunting and fishing rights. This also included the patrimonial divide that arose from landed or feudal contracts. It was essentially a question of income from long-term leased goods and properties such as B. from the Homburg paper mill . The loss of the patrimonial gap, which could not be expected in 1821, was regulated by a new severance payment agreement with the Prussian state administration on June 21, 1838, whereby the Prince of Berleburg was awarded a monthly pension. Except for Börnhausen, the manorial domains fell into disrepair in the course of the 19th century and are now only ruins or desolation . To date, Haus Berleburg has managed a forest area of 13137 ha, of which 12420 ha in the Wittgensteiner Land, 536 ha in the Homburger Ländchen and 179 ha near Haus Bruch in the municipality of Bürdenbach in the Westerwald.
The province of Jülich-Kleve-Berg was incorporated into the Prussian Rhine province in 1822 . The Prussian administration did not change the national borders of the former imperial rule and established the now Prussian district of Homburg in the former French canton of Homburg as part of the Grand Duchy of Berg , which consisted of the communities of Drabenderhöhe, Marienberghausen , Nümbrecht and Wiehl. However, the district was dissolved together with the Gimborn district in 1825 and merged into the Gummersbach district , and since 1932 Oberbergischer Kreis .
The head of the Sayn-Wittgenstein family still bears the addition "Herr zu Homburg" in his name. The full name of Richard zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg, who died on March 13, 2017, was Richard Casimir Karl August Robert Konstantin Prince zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg, 6th Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg, Count von Sayn, Lord zu Homburg, Vallendar, Neumagen and Neuenhemsbach .
Regent of the Homburg rule since 1604
| Surname | Reign | Born | Died | |
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| Ludwig I, Count of Sayn zu Wittgenstein, Lord of Homburg, Vallendar, Bruch and Neumagen | 1604 to 1605, sole ruler through the Siegburg settlement of 1604,
previously there was a dual rule of the houses Sayn-Sayn and Sayn-Wittgenstein through a Ganerbe contract of 1294 |
07.12.1532 | 07/02/1605 | |
| Georg II, Count of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg, Lord of Homburg, Vallendar, Bruch and Neumagen | 1605 to 1631 | 04/30/1565 | 12/16/1631 | |
| Ludwig Casimir, Count of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg, Lord of Homburg, Vallendar, Bruch and Neumagen | 1631 to 1635 (murdered in 1643) | 04/30/1598 | 06/06/1643 | |
| Ernst, Count of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Homburg, Lord of Vallendar, Bruch and Neumagen | 1635 to 1643 brother of Casimir | 04/08/1599 | 03/20/1649 | |
| Wilhelm Friedrich, Count of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Homburg, Lord of Vallendar, Bruch, Neumagen and Neuhemsbach | 1649 to 1698, after the death of his father, his mother Christiane, Countess von Waldeck-Wildungen, ran government affairs (until 1661) because he was not yet of legal age. After he took office, inheritance disputes began with his half-brothers Christian and Karl Otto, which ended with a settlement in 1698 | 08/16/1640 | 10/25/1698 | |
| Karl Friedrich, Count of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Homburg, Lord of Vallendar, Bruch, Neumagen and Neuhemsbach | 1698 to 1723 | 1674 | 03/27/1723 | |
| Friedrich Karl, Count of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Homburg, Lord of Vallendar, Bruch, Neumagen and Neuhemsbach | 1723 to 1743, when his father died he was only seven years old. His mother, Maria Wilhelmina Elisabeth, Countess von Schönburg-Mertola became regent and his guardian until the age of majority, in 1732 his second uncle, Count Friedrich-Ludwig zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Homburg (Neuhemsbach) (until 1737) takes over the guardianship. | 03/06/1716 | 10/15/1743 | |
| Ludwig Ferdinand Count of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg, Lord of Homburg, Vallendar, Bruch, Neumagen and Neuhemsbach | 1743 to 1773 | 01/01/1712 | 02/12/1773 | |
| Christian Heinrich , Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg, Lord of Homburg, Vallendar, Bruch, Neumagen and Neuhemsbach | 1773 to 1800, in 1792 Christian Heinrich and his descendants were raised to the rank of imperial prince | 12/12/1753 | 04.10.1800 | |
| Friedrich Albrecht, Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg, Lord of Homburg, Vallendar, Bruch, Neumagen and Neuhemsbach | 1800 to 1806, de jure 1813 to 1821, de facto Prussia officially took over rule in 1815, in 1806 he was deposed as sovereign over Homburg by Napoléon Bonaparte | 05/20/1777 | 11/11/1851 |
The coat of arms of the House of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg
In the coat of arms of the House of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg, which has been in use since 1605, the silver lock on a red background for Homburg can be found in the upper half, next to it and in the fourth quarter in the lower half the black Wittgenstein “piles”, in the third quarter the silver “ Strasse ”with three boar heads for the Freusburg , in the heart shield the golden Saynic lion on a red background.
The coat of arms of the House of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg was partly part of the coats of arms of the Homburg communities created in 1935. In all coats of arms the Saynian lion and the squared black and white coat of arms of the House of Sayn-Wittgenstein can be seen. Homburg Castle is shown on the coats of arms of the communities of Nümbrecht and Wiehl, as can be found in the coat of arms of the House of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg.
Traces of rule in the present
Traces of the old imperial rule of Homburg can still be discovered in Nümbrecht and Wiehl today. Today's municipality of Nümbrecht has led z. B. the old coat of arms of the imperial rule Homburg.
The name lives on in the present:
- Homburgisches Gymnasium Nümbrecht
- Der Homburger (magazine)
- Homburg pharmacy
- Music school of the Homburg communities
- Homburg Court
- Homburg travel service
- Voting community Homburger Ländchen
- Sauerland Mountain Association Department Homburger Land eV
- Reitverein Homburger Land eV
- Homburger Ländchen cultural landscape (project as part of the Regionale 2010)
- Rotary Club Wiehl-Homburger Land
- Shooting Club Homburger Land e. V.
See also
literature
- Eric Barthelemy: Contributions to the history of the Homburg an der Mark rule. Nümbrecht 1993.
- Kurt Düwell: The Reformation in the rulership of Homburg an der Mark and in Oberbergischen. Influences from the Sayn-Wittgenstein lands and their aftermath up to the present. In: Monthly Issues for Protestant Church History of the Rhineland 61 (2012), pp. 55–76.
- Peter Wilhelm Hüssen: History of the former imperial rule Homburg an der Mark, consisting of the current mayorships of Nümbrecht, Marienberghausen, Wiehl and Drabenderhöhe, from the earliest times to their unification with Prussia. Barmen 1870.
- Thorough deduction that the Ambt Homburg was a true piece of the Chur-Palatinate fiefdom of the Gantzen Graffsch Works Sayn à sæculis, and has always been recognized by the Graeflich Sayn and Wittgenstein older and younger lineages for it, hence the Hohe Chur-Hauß Pfaltz is in the unincorporated possession of the Dominii directi and feudal court truth about it, and in the case of the vindication complaint brought by Count Ludwig Ernst zu Sayn-Wittgenstein against his cousins Count Ludwig Ferdinand zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berlenburg through the latter's recent contradiction so little, as the one-sided mandata of the Hoch-Preißl. Kayserl. and Reichs-Cammer -gericht disturbed, or some whites could intervene. As a result, the so-called historical and legal evidence in Possessorio & Petitorio, that Homburg has a Reichfreye allodial rulership, and a controversy for a Supreme Imperial Court is due . Mannheim 1752 ULB Halle .
Individual evidence
- ^ Heinrich Schild: Chronicle of the communities Nümbrecht and Marienberghausen. Gummersbach 1977
- ↑ Christoph Vetter: Mourning for Richard Prince zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg. Westfalenpost , March 14, 2017, accessed on March 14, 2017 .
- ^ Obituary notice Richard Prince zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg. (No longer available online.) Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , March 17, 2017, formerly in the original ; accessed on March 17, 2017 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
