Seventy disciples
The seventy or seventy-two disciples were early disciples of Jesus .
They are only mentioned in the Gospel of Luke ( Lk 10.1–24 EU ). There they were chosen by Jesus and sent out in pairs to preach his message. In the Western Church, they are usually referred to as disciples, while the Orthodox Churches speak of apostles.
The event is called the Synaxis of the Seventy Apostles in the Orthodox Churches and is celebrated on January 4th. The memorial days of the individual disciples or apostles are spread over the entire church year .
analysis
Lk 10.1–24 is the only mention of the group in the Bible . The number is given in manuscripts in the Alexandrian (such as the Codex Sinaiticus ) and the Caesarean text tradition as seventy, in most other Alexandrian and Western (Roman) texts as seventy-two. Possibly the number is derived from the 70 nations in Gen 10 EU (and many other mentions of the number 70 in the Bible) or from the 72 translators of the Septuagint in Aristeas . Jerome chose for the edition of the Vulgate , the reading of the 72nd
Of the Synoptic Gospels , only the Gospel of Luke contains two pericopes in which Jesus sends out his disciples. The first report ( Lk 9.1–6 EU ) is based closely on the sending report in the Gospel of Mark ( Mk 6.6b – 13 EU ) and, like the Mark text, tells of the sending out of the twelve apostles and not the seventy. In the details, however, there is agreement with the report of the sending of the seventy. The parallels - also to Mt 9.35 EU ; 10,1.7-11 EU create a common origin in the source Q close. In Lk 22.35 EU there is a clear reference back to Lk 10.4 EU in terms of the choice of words , even though Jesus addresses the twelve. The reference back to Lk 9.3 EU is less direct:
“Then Jesus said to them: 'When I sent you out with no purse, no storage bag and no shoes, did you suffer hardship?' They answered: 'No.' "
Lists of Seventy
The orthodox tradition of assigning names to the seventy disciples is traced back to Dorotheus of Tire (pseudo-Dorotheos), who was equated with a legendary bishop of the same name and martyr of the fourth century, to whom a list of the seventy is ascribed. The text containing the list dates from the 8th century at the earliest. A similar list is attributed to Hippolytus of Rome (Pseudo-Hippolytus). The Chronicon Paschale , a Byzantine world chronicle (around 630), contains such a list in two parts. In the 13th century, Solomon of Basra included a list of the seventy in his Book of the Bees . According to his own statements, Dimitri von Rostow revised the list of (pseudo-) Dorotheos for his saints vites (Kiev 1689–1705), in which he included the names of the apostles Nicholas , Phygellus, Hermogenes and Demus, who are said to have later betrayed the faith, and added the names of the men venerated as saints and counted by the Church in the Seventy, Timothy , Titus , Epaphras, Archippus, Aquila, Olympas, Quadratus and Achaicus.
The lists are historically unproductive. Eusebius explicitly excluded the existence of such a list and mentions only Barnabas , Sosthenes, Cephas , Matthias , Thaddäus and James of the seventy . Many of the people mentioned in the lists are also important regardless. This applies e.g. B. for the evangelists Mark and Luke .
The various lists that have been handed down differ in part in the names they contain. The following list - including the allocation of bishop's chairs, if given - corresponds to that of Dimitri von Rostow.
- Achaicus
- Agabus the Prophet
- Amplias , Bishop of Diospolis
- Andronicus , Bishop of Pannonia
- Apelles , Bishop of Herakleia
- Apollos , Bishop of Caesarea Maritima
- Aquila , Bishop of Heracleia
- Archippus , Bishop of Colossai
- Aristarchus , Bishop of Apamea on the Orontes i. Syria
- Aristobulus , Bishop of Britain
- Artemas , Bishop of Lystra
- Asyncritus , Bishop of Hyrcania in Asia Minor
- Barnabas , Bishop of Milan
- Carpus , Bishop of Berea i. Macedonia
- Clement , Bishop of Sardis
- Crescens
- Crispus , Bishop of Aegina
- Dionysius the Areopagite , Bishop of Athens
- Epaenetus , Bishop of Carthage
- Epaphras , Bishop of Colossai
- Epaphroditus , Bishop of Hadriacus
- Erastus , Bishop of Paneas
- Euodius , Bishop of Antioch
- Fortunatus
- Gaius , Bishop of Ephesus
- Ananias , Bishop of Damascus
- Hermas , Bishop of Philippi
- Hermes , Bishop of Dalmatia
- Herodion , Bishop of Patras
- James, brother of the Lord , first bishop of Jerusalem
- Jason , Bishop of Tarsus
- Johannes Markus (mostly equated with the evangelist Mark), Bishop of Byblos
- Joseph Justus , Bishop of Eleutheropolis
- Cleopas
- Linus , second bishop of Rome and first successor to Peter
- Lucius of Cyrene , Bishop of Laodicea I Syria
- Luke the Evangelist
- Marcus of Apollonia , Bishop of Apollonia
- Mark the Evangelist , Bishop of Alexandria
- Narcissus , Bishop of Athens
- Nikanor , one of the seven deacons
- Olympas
- Onesiphorus , Bishop of Cyrene
- Onesimus
- Parmenas , one of the seven deacons
- Parrobus , Bishop of Pottole
- Philemon , Bishop of Gaza
- Philologus , Bishop of Sinope
- Philip the Evangelist , one of the seven deacons, Bishop of Tralleis i. Asia Minor
- Phlegon , Bishop of Marathon
- Prochorus , one of the seven deacons, Bishop of Nicomedia in Bithynia
- Pudens
- Quadratus , Bishop of Athens
- Quartus , Bishop of Berytus
- Rufus , Bishop of Thebes i. Boeotia
- Silas , Bishop of Corinth
- Silvanus
- Simeon , second bishop of Jerusalem
- Sosipater , Bishop of Iconium
- Sosthenes , Bishop of Colophon
- Stachys , Bishop of Byzantion
- Stephen , one of the Seven Deacons of Acts and the first martyr
- Simeon, called Niger
- Tertius , scribe for Paul (Romans) a. Bishop of Iconium
- Squidward , Bishop of Edessa
- Timon , one of the seven deacons
- Timothy , Bishop of Ephesus
- Titus , Bishop of Gortyn in Crete
- Trophimus
- Tychicus , Bishop of Colophon
- Urban , Bishop of Macedonia
- Zenas , lawyer and bishop of Diospolis
Matthias, who would later replace Judas Iscariot as apostle, is also often numbered in the seventy.
literature
- Theodor Schermann : prophets and apostolic legends. In addition to Dorotheus' catalogs of disciples and related texts (= texts and studies on the history of early Christian literature 31, 3). Hinrichs, Leipzig 1907, DNB 365068101 .
- Theodor Schermann: Prophetarum vitae fabulosae. Indices apostolorum discipulorumque domini Dorotheo, Epiphanio, Hippolyto aliisque vindicate . Teubner, Leipzig 1907 ( full text ).
Individual evidence
- ^ Bruce Metzger : Textual Commentary on the Greek NT
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^ Migne: Patrologia Graeca XCII 1061-1065.
Jürgen Dummer : Dorotheos of Tire (II) . In: Walter Kasper (Ed.): Lexicon for Theology and Church . 3. Edition. tape 3 . Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau 1995, Sp. 349 . - ^ Migne: Patrologia Graeca X 953-958.
- ↑ Migne: Patrologia Graeca XCII 521-524 and 543-545.
- ↑ Solomon of Basra: Book of the Bee , Chapter XLIX .
- ↑ Peter Hauptmann: Dimitrij, Metropolit v. Rostov . In: Walter Kasper (Ed.): Lexicon for Theology and Church . 3. Edition. tape 3 . Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau 1995, Sp. 234 .
- ↑ Demetrius of Rostov: The Synaxis of the Holy Seventy Apostles . ( Memento from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) From: The Great Collection of the Lives of the Saints , Volume 5: January, compiled by St. Demetrius von Rostow. Olympas is already in the list of the pseudo-Dorotheos.
- ↑ Eusebius follows Clement in distinguishing the Cephas mentioned in Gal 2 : 11-21 EU from the apostle Peter . A conflict between the apostles may have been considered offensive.
- ^ Eusebius, Church History 1, 12.
- ↑ For example, both Pseudo-Doretheus and Pseudo-Hippolytus.