Seventy disciples

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Icon of the seventy disciples

The seventy or seventy-two disciples were early disciples of Jesus .

They are only mentioned in the Gospel of Luke ( Lk 10.1–24  EU ). There they were chosen by Jesus and sent out in pairs to preach his message. In the Western Church, they are usually referred to as disciples, while the Orthodox Churches speak of apostles.

The event is called the Synaxis of the Seventy Apostles in the Orthodox Churches and is celebrated on January 4th. The memorial days of the individual disciples or apostles are spread over the entire church year .

analysis

Lk 10.1–24 is the only mention of the group in the Bible . The number is given in manuscripts in the Alexandrian (such as the Codex Sinaiticus ) and the Caesarean text tradition as seventy, in most other Alexandrian and Western (Roman) texts as seventy-two. Possibly the number is derived from the 70 nations in Gen 10  EU (and many other mentions of the number 70 in the Bible) or from the 72 translators of the Septuagint in Aristeas . Jerome chose for the edition of the Vulgate , the reading of the 72nd

Of the Synoptic Gospels , only the Gospel of Luke contains two pericopes in which Jesus sends out his disciples. The first report ( Lk 9.1–6  EU ) is based closely on the sending report in the Gospel of Mark ( Mk 6.6b – 13  EU ) and, like the Mark text, tells of the sending out of the twelve apostles and not the seventy. In the details, however, there is agreement with the report of the sending of the seventy. The parallels - also to Mt 9.35  EU ; 10,1.7-11 EU create a common origin in the source Q close. In Lk 22.35 EU there is a clear reference back to Lk 10.4  EU in terms  of the choice of words , even though Jesus addresses the twelve. The reference back to Lk 9.3  EU is less direct:

“Then Jesus said to them: 'When I sent you out with no purse, no storage bag and no shoes, did you suffer hardship?' They answered: 'No.' "

- Lk 22.35 (standard translation)

Lists of Seventy

The orthodox tradition of assigning names to the seventy disciples is traced back to Dorotheus of Tire (pseudo-Dorotheos), who was equated with a legendary bishop of the same name and martyr of the fourth century, to whom a list of the seventy is ascribed. The text containing the list dates from the 8th century at the earliest. A similar list is attributed to Hippolytus of Rome (Pseudo-Hippolytus). The Chronicon Paschale , a Byzantine world chronicle (around 630), contains such a list in two parts. In the 13th century, Solomon of Basra included a list of the seventy in his Book of the Bees . According to his own statements, Dimitri von Rostow revised the list of (pseudo-) Dorotheos for his saints vites (Kiev 1689–1705), in which he included the names of the apostles Nicholas , Phygellus, Hermogenes and Demus, who are said to have later betrayed the faith, and added the names of the men venerated as saints and counted by the Church in the Seventy, Timothy , Titus , Epaphras, Archippus, Aquila, Olympas, Quadratus and Achaicus.

The lists are historically unproductive. Eusebius explicitly excluded the existence of such a list and mentions only Barnabas , Sosthenes, Cephas , Matthias , Thaddäus and James of the seventy . Many of the people mentioned in the lists are also important regardless. This applies e.g. B. for the evangelists Mark and Luke .

The various lists that have been handed down differ in part in the names they contain. The following list - including the allocation of bishop's chairs, if given - corresponds to that of Dimitri von Rostow.

  1. Achaicus
  2. Agabus the Prophet
  3. Amplias , Bishop of Diospolis
  4. Andronicus , Bishop of Pannonia
  5. Apelles , Bishop of Herakleia
  6. Apollos , Bishop of Caesarea Maritima
  7. Aquila , Bishop of Heracleia
  8. Archippus , Bishop of Colossai
  9. Aristarchus , Bishop of Apamea on the Orontes i. Syria
  10. Aristobulus , Bishop of Britain
  11. Artemas , Bishop of Lystra
  12. Asyncritus , Bishop of Hyrcania in Asia Minor
  13. Barnabas , Bishop of Milan
  14. Carpus , Bishop of Berea i. Macedonia
  15. Clement , Bishop of Sardis
  16. Crescens
  17. Crispus , Bishop of Aegina
  18. Dionysius the Areopagite , Bishop of Athens
  19. Epaenetus , Bishop of Carthage
  20. Epaphras , Bishop of Colossai
  21. Epaphroditus , Bishop of Hadriacus
  22. Erastus , Bishop of Paneas
  23. Euodius , Bishop of Antioch
  24. Fortunatus
  25. Gaius , Bishop of Ephesus
  26. Ananias , Bishop of Damascus
  27. Hermas , Bishop of Philippi
  28. Hermes , Bishop of Dalmatia
  29. Herodion , Bishop of Patras
  30. James, brother of the Lord , first bishop of Jerusalem
  31. Jason , Bishop of Tarsus
  32. Johannes Markus (mostly equated with the evangelist Mark), Bishop of Byblos
  33. Joseph Justus , Bishop of Eleutheropolis
  34. Cleopas
  35. Linus , second bishop of Rome and first successor to Peter
  36. Lucius of Cyrene , Bishop of Laodicea I Syria
  37. Luke the Evangelist
  38. Marcus of Apollonia , Bishop of Apollonia
  39. Mark the Evangelist , Bishop of Alexandria
  40. Narcissus , Bishop of Athens
  41. Nikanor , one of the seven deacons
  42. Olympas
  43. Onesiphorus , Bishop of Cyrene
  44. Onesimus
  45. Parmenas , one of the seven deacons
  46. Parrobus , Bishop of Pottole
  47. Philemon , Bishop of Gaza
  48. Philologus , Bishop of Sinope
  49. Philip the Evangelist , one of the seven deacons, Bishop of Tralleis i. Asia Minor
  50. Phlegon , Bishop of Marathon
  51. Prochorus , one of the seven deacons, Bishop of Nicomedia in Bithynia
  52. Pudens
  53. Quadratus , Bishop of Athens
  54. Quartus , Bishop of Berytus
  55. Rufus , Bishop of Thebes i. Boeotia
  56. Silas , Bishop of Corinth
  57. Silvanus
  58. Simeon , second bishop of Jerusalem
  59. Sosipater , Bishop of Iconium
  60. Sosthenes , Bishop of Colophon
  61. Stachys , Bishop of Byzantion
  62. Stephen , one of the Seven Deacons of Acts and the first martyr
  63. Simeon, called Niger
  64. Tertius , scribe for Paul (Romans) a. Bishop of Iconium
  65. Squidward , Bishop of Edessa
  66. Timon , one of the seven deacons
  67. Timothy , Bishop of Ephesus
  68. Titus , Bishop of Gortyn in Crete
  69. Trophimus
  70. Tychicus , Bishop of Colophon
  71. Urban , Bishop of Macedonia
  72. Zenas , lawyer and bishop of Diospolis

Matthias, who would later replace Judas Iscariot as apostle, is also often numbered in the seventy.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Bruce Metzger : Textual Commentary on the Greek NT
  2. ^ Migne: Patrologia Graeca XCII 1061-1065.
    Jürgen Dummer : Dorotheos of Tire (II) . In: Walter Kasper (Ed.): Lexicon for Theology and Church . 3. Edition. tape 3 . Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau 1995, Sp. 349 .
  3. ^ Migne: Patrologia Graeca X 953-958.
  4. ↑ Migne: Patrologia Graeca XCII 521-524 and 543-545.
  5. ↑ Solomon of Basra: Book of the Bee , Chapter XLIX .
  6. ↑ Peter Hauptmann: Dimitrij, Metropolit v. Rostov . In: Walter Kasper (Ed.): Lexicon for Theology and Church . 3. Edition. tape 3 . Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau 1995, Sp. 234 .
  7. ↑ Demetrius of Rostov: The Synaxis of the Holy Seventy Apostles . ( Memento from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) From: The Great Collection of the Lives of the Saints , Volume 5: January, compiled by St. Demetrius von Rostow. Olympas is already in the list of the pseudo-Dorotheos.
  8. ↑ Eusebius follows Clement in distinguishing the Cephas mentioned in Gal 2 : 11-21  EU from the apostle Peter . A conflict between the apostles may have been considered offensive.
  9. ^ Eusebius, Church History 1, 12.
  10. ↑ For example, both Pseudo-Doretheus and Pseudo-Hippolytus.