Tölzer brewing history

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The Bürgerbräugarten in Tölz (1881)

The Tölz brewing history describes a tradition that can be traced back to the 15th century and has long represented a significant economic factor that contributed significantly to the economic and cultural rise of the place. With 23 breweries that existed at the same time, also of importance for Bavaria , Tölz was the second largest beer taxpayer after Munich until the 19th century .

history

In 1476 a Tölzer brewer was first mentioned with "Hans der preu". In 1486 "Alber Jörgs prewgarten" was called and in 1495 a "liendl prew". At the time, beer was considered to be a simple food that was brewed at home while enjoying wine . In the 15th century, as everywhere in Bavaria , wine was still the preferred drink of the Tölz people. However, this was to change in the course of the 16th century. For example, ten wine and two mead owners were named for the year 1577 , facing four brewers, with the latter only boiling 138 bushels of barley this year . However , local beer quickly gained in popularity, probably due to the higher cash on wine. So in 1579 nine wine owners were named, with seven brewers already, who in 1584 boiled 311 bushels of barley. In 1588 the situation had changed and five wine owners faced eleven brewers, whose number rose to 18 by 1603.

View of the Starnbräu (1895)

In 1631 Tölz reached a peak with 22 breweries, which could be maintained until the end of the 18th century - an unusually high number compared to other localities and given a population of only around 1500 inhabitants. The unbeatable advantage of the brewing industry for the Tölz market was its construction on a moderately sloping tuff hill ridge in the area of ​​today's Marktstrasse and the Mühlfeld. Caves, sometimes only half caves, were cut in this soft and porous subsoil on the Mühlfeld . For centuries, these served the Tölz breweries as excellent cooling and storage cellars. The insulation of the tuff rock kept the temperature constant at 6 to 8 ° C even in summer - an ideal cooling and storage temperature for bottom-fermented beers that were missing elsewhere, such as Munich , which was built on gravel , which sometimes turned out to be fatal in the brewing industry.

Krottenbach and Ellbach dug ravine-like beds around the tuff hill, the resulting hill proved to be ideal for a settlement and the construction of a castle , which also bordered the Isar to the west . In the 12th century, the Ellbach was diverted through a canal system through the town, a "technical masterpiece of its time". The stream, which now (until 1964) flowed openly through Marktstrasse, not only served to operate numerous mills , but later also proved to be valuable for the brewers.

The Bruckbräu at Amortplatz on a postcard (dated 1899)

Most of the breweries were located in Marktstrasse, which was built by the Wittelsbach family in the 13th century . But the beer brewed by the Franciscans in their monastery for their own consumption was also stored on the Mühlfeld, in the storage cellar of the Gasthof Zantl.

Most of the Tölzer beer was exported, initially to surrounding settlements and monasteries. When monasteries such as in Benediktbeuern or Reutberg began to brew beer themselves and sold it in the surrounding area, this led to lawsuits from the Tölzer brewers. In 1651 21 Tölzer brewers sued the Elector against the Benediktbeuern monastery in vain that it would impair their business . In 1673 the Tölzer brewers repeated their complaint without success. When Benediktbeuern received official permission in 1696 to maintain the Kesselbrücke and supply surrounding landlords with beer, the Tölzer sent two emissaries to their sovereign to withdraw this permit, but were again not heard. Such quarrels were repeated later with the Tegernsee monastery and the Reutberg Franciscan monastery. The latter would abuse its license and "maintain a farmer's tavern in which beer is served and drunk from morning to night."

After sales areas to the left and right of the Isar broke away from the middle of the 17th century, the Tölzer breweries opened up new markets. From then on, beer was sold as far as Tyrol and the Werdenfelser Land . However, the main sales area was the capital Munich. This increased in the 18th century. A delivery of 8,730 buckets of beer (around 5,600 hectoliters ) is documented for the year 1782 . In the whole of Munich, beer consumption was around 68,000 hectoliters this year. At that time, Tölz was known as Munich's “ beer mole ”. Beer shortage was a recurring problem in the capital and people liked to buy Tölzer beer, which arrived in Munich in a few hours on rafts on the Isar. Until the 19th century occurred in Munich, due to the Sommersudverbotes between Georgi (April 23) and Michaelmas (September 29) to supply shortages, which were covered by the "Bieramme Toelz". Although the brewers should brew enough beer for the summer months, the more simmered Märzen beer should have a longer shelf life and be richer , based on a higher original wort and a higher alcohol content. It was usually sold at a higher price and should be in stock by the end of September. However, Munich brewers had problems keeping this beer cool for long enough due to the geological conditions in Munich and the high groundwater level. The fermentation and storage cellars in Munich, which are only a few meters deep, quickly heated up to over 10 ° C in summer, so that many Munich breweries became sour or spoiled. Also to the Schadenfreude Tölzer brewers, this was enough for them, with their tuff stone cellars to the advantage. The Oktoberfest was also affected by this problem. By the time brewers were allowed to resume their craft, the beer was fermented and stored, the festival was over. Therefore, Tölzer beer was also served at the Oktoberfest. Journalists are said to have recommended the Munich brewers to take Tölzer beer as an example. Heinrich Noë wrote in 1865: “In my youth, Tölzer beer was much more famous than it is now. At the Oktoberfest on the Theresienwiese, Tölzer's own pubs were opened, and they enjoyed the greatest number of visitors. "

The Winzerer Fähndl also has its origins in Tölz. On the initiative of the Tölz historian Johann Nepomuk Sepp , the winegrowers monument was created in Tölz Markstrasse in 1887, the general, caretaker and liege lord of Tölz Kaspar III. Winzerer , and the fallen Tölzern the Franco-German War of 1870-71 devoted. At the inauguration of the monument on June 26, 1887 by the Prince Regent, 130 rifle companies, veterans and warriors' associations with around 4,500 members took part. The main participants in these train groups founded the association under the name “Hauptmannschaft Winzerer Fähndl” in the Tölzer Bruckbräu on the same day for the purpose of “maintaining the old German spirit and spirit”. In fact, the club was dedicated to socializing and historical drama. In 1926, the "Winzerer Fähndl" moved into the tent of the same name at the Oktoberfest, and in 1950 moved into the Paulaner festival tent, which bore this name until 2018.

The green brewery on the Mühlfeld (around 1920)

Tölzer beer was considered popular in Munich and was preferred to Munich beer by locals . Since the Tölzer beer could not be sold more expensively in Munich, the people of Munich got a better quality beer for the same price. This competition was not sustainable for Munich breweries, so that in the medium term this led to the development of beer gardens , far away from the actual breweries, outside the old town.

Tölzer beer was traditionally brown beer . The barley was mostly bought in the Munich Schranne , the hops from Bohemia and the area around Spalt . Several Tölz hop farmers are named for the 17th century , but they quickly gave up because of a lack of yield. For additional cooling of the tuff stone cellars, blocks of ice were used that were taken from the Maxlweiher and Klammerweiher. Even before trading in wood , Kistler goods , salt or lime, brewing was the most important branch of industry in Tölz for a long time. Brewery owners became prosperous and were often active as patrons or local politicians. Accordingly, not only the brewers, master brewers and brewers, but also restaurants, hotels, domestic staff and other craftsmen benefited from the brewing industry .

The decline of the Tölzer brewing industry began in the second half of the 19th century. In 1868 the guilds were abolished and the beer substitute regulation of 1811, which was supposed to protect against bad and overly expensive beer, was abolished. This and the freedom of trade of the German Empire , newly founded in 1871, favored the development of large breweries. By 1870 at the latest, Munich was no longer dependent on its "beer mummy". Above all, the development of the compression refrigeration machine by Carl von Linde in 1873 quickly destroyed the advantage of the Tölz storage cellar. But the number of breweries also fell rapidly in Munich. While 63 Munich breweries still existed around 1800 with more than 40,000 inhabitants, the number sank to 53 breweries in 1814 and by 1865 to 18 breweries, with around 170,000 inhabitants now.

Some Tölz breweries countered falling sales figures by joining forces . Other Brauherren waived their right to brew beer , the Bräugerechtsame in favor of operating a pure Tafernwirtschaft (comparable to a modern restaurant concession ), at a time when Toelz become the emerging health resort developed. Still others could not help taking over a large Munich brewery and were closed in the medium term after the acquisition. With the Grünerbrauerei, the last of the historic Tölzer breweries closed its doors in 2001 after almost four hundred years. After the takeover by the Kaltenberg Castle Brewery , “Tölzer Beer” was brewed there and in Kaltenberg for a few years under this name and according to a Tölzer recipe.

From 2008, however, changed conditions enabled the creation of new breweries in Tölz. The entrepreneur Achim Bürklin acquired the property of the Grünerbrauerei. He had the main building converted into a residential building, whereby the exterior of the brewery was largely preserved in consultation with the monument protection authorities. In 2008, he founded the Mühlfeldbräu in an outbuilding. In the bathing section, this was followed in 2015 by the Binderbräu. Many building and alley names as well as restaurant names are reminiscent of the Tölz brewing tradition to this day. The majority of the former storage cellars are not accessible today, but some are used for a bar or club.

Historic breweries

Locations of the Tölzer breweries, recorded on a map of the Bavarian land surveying administration from 1812
Keferloher's former Tölzer breweries in the city museum
  • Hacklbräu: First mentioned as a brewery in 1495 , the Hacklbräu goes back to the founder Peter Hackl. Anton Amman, the last owner of the brewery, renounced the brewing rights in 1864 in favor of a tavern. His widow sold the building to the market town of Tölz in 1874. This had the building demolished in order to build a road to the former train station.
  • Stiegenbräu: Located in the upper Marktstrasse, it was already known as the “former Stiegenbräu” in 1880, probably named after a staircase over the Ellbach.
  • Oswaldbräu: Named after the first owner Oswald Frank (1584), who is mentioned as a fire victim in 1634. Ludwig Steigenberger was the last owner to renounce the brewing rights in favor of a tavern.
  • Maierbräu: Carried the name of the second owner Hans Mayer (1629). The brewery went out in 1870 with the waiver of the brewing rights in favor of a tavern.
  • Schaftlerbräu: named after the beer brewer and mayor Hans Schafstetter. The fire of 1634 also affected this brewery. The brewery existed under different owners until 1974, but from 1935 under the name Oberlandbräu .
  • Bürgerbräu: Located in what was later the former town hall and now the town museum, named after "pierpreu" Balthasar Birger, first mentioned in 1616. Around 1900, in the course of the redesign by Gabriel von Seidl , no longer a brewery, but a classy hotel. Its beer garden was the nationally known Bürgerbräugarten.
  • Schrödlbräu: Founded by Balthasar Schredl, the brewery lasted until 1877, when it also went out in favor of a tavern with a hotel. In its heyday Karoline Auguste von Bayern was one of the regular guests.
  • Bräumaurerbräu: The house name handed down from 1616 refers to the beer brewer and mayor Georg Premaurer. Ignaz Doppelhammer renounced his right to brew in 1870 and the brewery went out.
  • Radlbräu: The Rädl family appointed a mayor in 1588, Thomas Rädl is mentioned as the first brewer of this house in 1647. The house was connected to the former dance hall. Augustin Höfter renounced the brewing legal name in 1833 and received the tavern, which was quickly followed by the in-house girls' school.
    The Oswaldbräu in Marktstrasse (before 1909)
  • Restbräu: named after Georg Rest, the owner from 1673. This house also burned down in 1634, infected by Swedish soldiers during the Thirty Years War . Between 1773 and 1786 the owner Anton Ertl brewed there. The heiress of the house married Anton Faist in the middle of the 19th century, both of them bought the Bürgerbräu, whereupon the rest of the brewery was shut down. The building is known today as the Sporrerhaus.
  • Gerstlacherbräu: As a brewery provable as early as the 16th century, it was not given the name Gerstlacherbräu until 1732 by the brewer and host Franz Borgias Gerstlacher. Schrödlbräu acquired the building in 1817 and at the same time renounced the brewing rights there. The Benediktbeuern monastery pharmacy then moved into the property.
  • Oberkerschbräu: Probably one of the oldest breweries. The name probably refers to the fact that brandy (Kerschgeist) was also produced there. In 1897 the brewing rights for a tavern was waived here, too, which was also given up at the beginning of the 20th century.
  • Pudlbräu: The brewery bears the name of the house owners of the early 16th century, the Pudl family. Hanns Schafstetter was named as the first proven brewer in 1616. His son Hans founded the Schaftlerbräu in 1650.
  • Klammerbräu: Stephan Khlammer was mentioned as the first brewer in 1613. Merged with the Pudlbräu at the beginning of the 19th century, whereby the Pudlbräu went out and remained as an inn on Marktstrasse. The Klammerbräu expanded in 1898 and built a new brewhouse on the Mühlfeld behind today's Bräustüberl. At the beginning of the 20th century (1921, according to other sources 1925) there was a merger with Kolber- and Bruckbräu.
    The Oberlandbräu in Marktstrasse
  • Metzgerbräu: Originally called Dietlbräu , known as Metzgerbräu from 1838 at the latest. One of the oldest Tölz breweries, which was mentioned as early as 1476. Brewer Johann Prugger was sent to Graz with 95 other Bavarian hostages during the War of the Austrian Succession . Until the end of his life, he litigated the Tölz market due to refused support.
  • Kolberbräu: Georg Kholber is named as the house brewer in 1664.
  • Fagnerbräu: Proven as a brewery since 1577, according to other sources since 1584, under this name since 1654 due to the owner family. The brewing right expired in the middle of the 19th century and was replaced by a wine business (Schwaighofer) that still exists today .
  • Unterkerschbräu: From 1610 owned by the Reiffenstuel family from Gmund , who provided several Tölz mayors. The brewery existed until 1860, when it was given up in favor of a restaurant with a butcher's shop.
  • Grünerbräu: Originally located in the lower Marktstrasse as Krinnerbräu from 1603 , the brewery expanded and relocated its brewery to Mühlfeld in the 19th century (1876). Lasted the longest of all historical breweries, with the output being around 30,000 hectoliters in the end. 2001 Takeover by the Kaltenberg Castle Brewery.
  • Starnbräu: Originally called Starnberger, it has been preserved as a name with an inn to this day, including a former brewhouse in a back restaurant.
  • Krugbräu: The house name refers to the owner and wine owner Hans Krug around 1475. First mentioned in 1577 as a brewery. The brewery went out in 1750.
  • Bruckbräu: As the only secular brewery west of the Isar, located at Amortplatz, the name was simply derived from the location on the Isar bridge (Bavarian: Bruck ). The first mention of a "pierpreus" goes back to 1614. In 1647 a Balthasar Mayr is named as a brewer who is said to have stolen a horse near Kirchbichl from withdrawing Swedes. The most famous owner was Anton Krettner . Babette Lettinger, Bruckbräus' widow, employ him as a private tutor. Later both married and Krettner developed the Bruckbräu into a cultural center of Tölz. In 1883 he composed the famous Tölzer Schützenmarsch in it , which was premiered in the Bruckbräusaal. In 1925 the merger to form a share brewery with Kolber and Klammerbräu followed. This was located next to today's Bräustüberl opposite the Mühlfeldkirche . Klammerbräu held the majority and finally sold in 1928 to Löwenbräu , who ran the brewery on Mühlfeld until the 1950s, then dissolved. From the 1930s onwards, the NSDAP used the Bruckbräu as a party venue, where they met in the Bruckbräusaal.

Existing breweries

The Mühlfeldbräu, in the background the former Grünerbräu (2019)
  • Mühlfeldbräu: Founded in 2008, on the site of the former Grünerbrauerei. The brewers use a 5 hectolitre brewing plant, which also supplies the connected restaurant. Craft beers are also produced there, adapted to modern conditions .
  • Binderbräu: founded in 2015, named after the owner and host Binder, with changing brewers. The brewery is located in a house on Vichyplatz, built at the end of the 19th century, which was previously used as a guesthouse and restaurant. The brewhouse is located in the center of the restaurant, open to the public.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Stephan Bammer: A short history of Bad Tölz . Ed .: City of Bad Tölz. 2017, p. 51 .
  2. ↑ a b Benjamin Engel: An honest craft. In: sueddeutsche.de. August 23, 2016. Retrieved August 23, 2019 .
  3. ^ Georg Westermayer: Chronicle of the castle and the market of Tölz . 1st edition. Verlag FP Schapperer, Tölz 1871, p. 128 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A11000087_00144~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~LT%3D~PUR%3D ).
  4. ↑ a b Georg Westermayer: Chronicle of the castle and the market Tölz . 1st edition. Verlag FP Schapperer, Tölz 1871, p. 129 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A11000087_00145~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~LT%3D~PUR%3D ).
  5. ↑ Astrid Assel, Christian Huber: The Bayer and his beer . 1st edition. Volk Verlag, Munich 2016, ISBN 978-3-86222-191-2 , pp. 122 .
  6. ↑ Stephan Bammer: A short history of Bad Tölz . Ed .: City of Bad Tölz. 2017, p. 14 .
  7. ↑ a b c Astrid Assel, Christian Huber: The Bayer and his beer . 1st edition. Volk Verlag, Munich 2016, ISBN 978-3-86222-191-2 , pp. 125 .
  8. ^ Walter Frei: Tölz in old pictures . 2., ext. Edition. Mayr, Miesbach 2000, p. 73 .
  9. ↑ a b Astrid Assel, Christian Huber: The Bayer and his beer . 1st edition. Volk Verlag, Munich 2016, ISBN 978-3-86222-191-2 , pp. 124 .
  10. ^ Christoph Schnitzer, Roland Haderlein, Claudia Petzl: Bad Tölz . 1st edition. CS-Press & Print, Bad Tölz 2009, p. 70 .
  11. ↑ a b Gerda Möhler: The Munich Oktoberfest . 1st edition. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, Munich 1981, ISBN 3-405-12489-1 , p. 200 .
  12. ^ Gerda Möhler: The Munich Oktoberfest . 1st edition. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, Munich 1981, ISBN 3-405-12489-1 , p. 149 .
  13. ↑ a b Georg Westermayer: Chronicle of the castle and the market Tölz . 1st edition. Verlag FP Schapperer, Tölz 1871, p. 130 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A11000087_00144~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~LT%3D~PUR%3D ).
  14. ↑ Astrid Assel, Christian Huber: Munich and the beer . 1st edition. Volk Verlag, Munich 2009, p. 46 .
  15. ↑ Astrid Assel, Christian Huber: The Bayer and his beer . 1st edition. Volk Verlag, Munich 2016, ISBN 978-3-86222-191-2 , pp. 126 .
  16. ^ Peter Blath: Bad Tölz - Everyday impressions . Sutton Verlag, 2009, ISBN 978-3-89702-885-2 , pp. 7 .
  17. ↑ Ursula Eymold (Ed.): Beer. Power. Munich . 1st edition. Süddeutsche Zeitung-Verlag, Munich 2016, ISBN 978-3-86497-336-9 , pp. 28 .
  18. ↑ Astrid Assel, Christian Huber: The Bayer and his beer . 1st edition. Volk Verlag, Munich 2016, ISBN 978-3-86222-191-2 , pp. 128 .
  19. ↑ Ursula Eymold (Ed.): Beer. Power. Munich . 1st edition. Süddeutsche Zeitung-Verlag, Munich 2016, ISBN 978-3-86497-336-9 , pp. 154 .
  20. ↑ Ursula Eymold (Ed.): Beer. Power. Munich . 1st edition. Süddeutsche Zeitung-Verlag, Munich 2016, ISBN 978-3-86497-336-9 , pp. 155 .
  21. ↑ Astrid Assel, Christian Huber: The Bayer and his beer . 1st edition. Volk Verlag, Munich 2016, ISBN 978-3-86222-191-2 , pp. 129 .
  22. ↑ New life for Tölz brewing tradition. In: merkur.de. March 1, 2009, accessed August 23, 2019 .
  23. ↑ Christoph Schnitzer: Binderbräu: History (s) of beer. In: merkur.de. January 19, 2016, accessed August 23, 2019 .
  24. ^ Walter Frei: Tölz in old pictures . 2., ext. Edition. Mayr, Miesbach 2000, p. 35 .
  25. ↑ Christoph Schnitzer: The Nazi era in the Altlandkreis Bad Tölz and its consequences . Verlag Tölzer Kurier, 2015, p. 61 .