BAE Hawk

BAE Hawk
Hawk T1 of the Red Arrows
Type:	Trainer aircraft Ground attack aircraft
Design country:	United Kingdom
Manufacturer:	BAE Systems
First flight:	1974
Commissioning:	1976
Production time:	In series production since 1974
Number of pieces:	approx. 600 without T-45 (as of 2007)

The BAE Hawk is a light British jet trainer and is designed as a fighter aircraft for close air support . The first flight took place in 1974 under the name Hawker Siddeley HS 1182 . The Hawk is still produced by BAE Systems to this day .

history

In the 1960s, the UK's Royal Air Force (RAF) needed a new aircraft to train their fighter pilots. It was supposed to replace the aging Folland Gnat . The SEPECAT Jaguar was originally intended for this task, but it turned out to be too complicated for flight training. In 1968 Hawker-Siddeley (now BAE SYSTEMS ) began developing a simple two-seat fighter aircraft. In contrast to the Folland Gnat, the Hawk ( German Habicht ) should not only be designed for aerial combat, but also for light bombing attacks in order to expand the training possibilities. One innovation was the raised rear pilot's seat, with which a better view forward was made possible. This concept was later adopted by many other manufacturers.

The first flight of the prototype took place in 1974. Two years later, the first machines were put into service with the RAF. A total of 105 Hawks are still in service with the RAF today. The jet proved itself both in training for air combat and in bombing raids. Due to its flight characteristics and maneuverability, student pilots can perform all flight maneuvers that are also possible on larger fighter aircraft. Although the Hawk can only fly in the subsonic range in regular flight, the construction is nevertheless designed for a maximum speed of Mach  1.2. This enables the pilot students to practice the transition to the supersonic range in a dive.

The Royal Navy took over twelve Hawks from the RAF in the 1990s. These simulate attacking fighter planes during air defense exercises by British warships.

The BAE Hawk achieved worldwide fame through the RAF aerobatic team, the " Red Arrows ". This has been using nine red painted hawks in their flight demonstrations since 1980. The Finnish aerobatic team " Midnight Hawks " and the Saudi aerobatic team " Saudi Hawks " also use this aircraft.

During an act of sabotage against British Aerospace on January 29, 1996 , activists severely damaged a BAE Hawk destined for Indonesia.

Versions

Versions of the United Kingdom Armed Forces

Hawk T.1

The Hawk T.1 is the basic version, which entered service in 1976. A total of 176 machines were ordered by the RAF, later 12 copies were taken over by the Royal Navy .

Hawk T.1A

From 1983 to 1986, 88 of these machines were converted for the use of AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles. This version was named T.1A. Since 2001 the Hawk T.1 aircraft have been converted, with parts of the fuselage being replaced. These are intended to reduce the weight of the machines and create additional storage space for weapons and additional tanks. With the exception of the Red Arrows, the still active machines are to be decommissioned by 2015; the end of service is targeted for the latter in 2018

Hawk T.2

The RAF calls the Hawk T.2 the Hawk Mk.128, see below

Hawk 50 series

The Hawk 50 and all other series, with the exception of the Mk.128, were intended for export. It differs only slightly from the T.1. The main difference lies in the armament, since the type in Finland , Kenya and Indonesia should be used primarily as a combat aircraft and not as a training aircraft. A total of 89 machines were delivered to these three countries.

Hawk Mk.51

Basic version for the Finnish Air Force , 50 built, delivered from 1980 to 1985

Hawk Mk.51A

Version for the Finnish Air Force with light structural reinforcements, seven built

Hawk Mk.52

Version for the Kenyan Air Force , built 12, delivered in 1980/1981

Hawk Mk.53

Version for the Indonesian Air Force , built 20, delivered from 1980 to 1984

Hawk 60s series

The Hawk 60 was developed on the basis of the Hawk 50. It has more modern engines and a modified fuselage, which significantly reduces the weight of the machine. The maximum weapon load is about 500 kg higher than that of the Hawk 50 / T.1.

Hawk Mk.60

Export version for the Air Force of Zimbabwe , equipped with a braking parachute and equipped to accommodate an air reconnaissance tank, built eight, delivered in 1982

Hawk Mk.60A

Backordered copies for Zimbabwe, five built, delivered in 1992

Hawk Mk. 61

Export version for the Air Force of the United Arab Emirates , nine built, eight delivered in 1983 and one delivered in 1988

Hawk Mk.63

Another version for the United Arab Emirates, built 16, 1984/1985

Hawk Mk.63A

Modernized Mk.63 with Adour 871 engines, four underwing weapon stations and two wing tip mounting rails for air-to-air missiles as well as the wings of the Hawk 100, 15 converted from October 1991

Hawk Mk.63C

New builds identical to the Mk. 63A, four built, delivered from 1995

Hawk Mk.64

Export version for the Kuwait Air Force , built 12, delivered 1985/1986

Hawk Mk.65

Export version for the Royal Saudi Air Force , built 30, delivered in 1987/1988

Hawk Mk.65A

Improved version for Saudi Arabia, 20 built, delivered in 1997

Hawk Mk.66

Export version for the Swiss Air Force , 20 built of which 19 in Emmen, Switzerland, units assembled by RUAG , delivered from 1989–1991

The Swiss Air Force ordered 20 Hawk Mk.66 training aircraft in 1987, which were delivered between 1990 and 1991. In December 2002 the last Hawk of the Swiss Air Force was taken out of service. Until the introduction of the Pilatus PC-21 , the task of the Hawk was continued with the F-5F Tiger. In August 2007 Finland acquired 18 of these machines for the price of two new Hawks. In the five years between the decommissioning and the sale to Finland, the remaining 18 aircraft were stored in the aircraft cavern at Buochs ​​airfield (one aircraft was lost in a crash at Nesthorn in 1990 , another was given to the Dübendorf Aviation Museum).

Hawk Mk.67

Export version for the South Korean Air Force , equipped with the extended nose of the Hawk 100 to accommodate a controllable nose wheel and other avionics, built 20, delivered in 1993

Hawk 100 series

The Hawk 100 is the further development of the Hawk 50. It can be equipped with an additional infrared camera , a so-called Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR), in the front fuselage and has improved wings, at the tips of which recordings for air-to-air missiles can be attached. The new HOTAS system makes it easier to control the machine despite additional electronics.

Hawk Mk.102

Export version for the Air Force of the United Arab Emirates, equipped with mounts for air-to-air missiles and Racal “Prophet” Radar Warning Receiver (RWR), built 18, delivered in 1993/1994

Hawk Mk.103

Beginner hunting trainer of the Royal Air Force of Oman , equipped with FLIR and laser rangefinder in the extended nose, BAE "Sky Guardian" RWR and mounting rails for air-to-air missiles on the wing tips, four built, delivered in 1993/1994

Hawk Mk.108

Export version for the Royal Malaysian Air Force , equipped with BAE "Sky Guardian" RWR and mounting rails for air-to-air missiles on the wing tips, 10 built, delivered in 1994/1995

Hawk Mk.109

Export version for the Indonesian Air Force, eight built

Hawk Mk.115

Export version for today's Royal Canadian Air Force , local designation CT-155 Hawk, built 19, delivered in 2000/2001

Hawk 120/130/160 series

The latest versions of the Hawk have been in development since the mid-1990s. Thanks to new materials and the latest electronics, they have little in common with the original T.1. The jets are designed for a service life of over 50 years, more than twice as long as the previous models.

Hawk Mk.120

Beginner hunting trainer of the South African Air Force with Adour 951 engines, 24 ordered, shipped from 2000

Hawk Mk.127

Beginner's hunting trainer of the Royal Australian Air Force with Adour 871 engines, 33 built, including 21 examples assembled in Australia, delivered in 2000/2001, later modernized to the Mk.128 standard

Hawk Mk.128

RAF advanced jet trainers with Adour 951 engines and new EFIS displays, as they are also used in the Eurofighter Typhoon , 30 ordered, delivered from 2011

Hawk Mk.129

Export version for Bahrain , six built, delivered from 2003

Hawk Mk.132

Execution of the Indian Air Force and the Indian Navy with Adour 871 engines, 24 built by BAE, the rest by HAL, a total of 105 for the Air Force and 17 for the Navy (currently in progress)

Hawk i

Modification of the Mk.132 version produced at HAL with an Indian mission computer, digital map and a few other minor changes, so far a converted copy

Hawk Mk.165

Advanced jet trainer of the Royal Saudi Air Force , identical to the Mk.128, 44 ordered, delivery since 2016, 22 of which will be assembled in the country

Hawk Mk.166

Advanced jet trainer of the Royal Air Force of Oman , identical to the Mk.128, 8 ordered, delivery since 2017

Hawk 200 series

The Hawk 200 was developed as a single-seat, low-cost, multi-role fighter aircraft for export customers who are primarily intended to replace the Hawk 50 and 60 series. The technical equipment is essentially based on the 120 series. A total of 62 machines have been ordered so far.

Hawk Mk.203

Version for the Royal Air Force of Oman, built 12

Hawk Mk.205

planned version for Saudi Arabia, which was not implemented

Hawk Mk.208

Version for the Royal Malaysian Air Force with the possibility of air refueling, built 18

Hawk Mk.209

Version for the Indonesian Air Force, built 32

T-45 Goshawk

United States Navy T-45A Goshawk (2008)

The T-45 Goshawk was developed as a carrier-supported version for the US Navy by British Aerospace and McDonnell Douglas (Boeing since 1997) based on the Mk.60 for the VTXTS tender. Compared to the Hawk, the machine had a catch hook under the stern for carrier landings, a raised main landing gear and an extended, reinforced nose landing gear with double tires for catapult launches. In addition, the flight characteristics in speed ranges below 200 km / h were improved by means of slats extending over the entire span in order to enable the slow approach to aircraft carriers. In addition, two retractable air brakes were attached to the rear. The tail surfaces have also been enlarged; the bow of the fuselage was designed sloping down more to improve visibility. In November 1981 the decision was made to buy this machine, which was then named T45TS (T-45 Training System). The actual development began in 1984 and two prototypes were built in 1986. The first flight took place on April 16, 1988 and the first series copies were delivered to the US Navy in early 1991.

The first carrier testing began in December 1991 on the USS John F. Kennedy ; In February 1992, the T-45A officially entered service in several training squadrons (e.g. VT-21 and VT-22 at Navy Air Station in Kingsville , Texas). Of the 221 units ordered, the first 83 machines (serial numbers A001 to A083) were delivered as T-45A, before production was switched to the more modern T-45C in 1997 (serial numbers A084 to A221). This had its first flight in October 1997 and was put into service from 1999. It differs from the A variant in that it has a modernized cockpit with multifunctional screens and digital avionics.

The last of a total of 221 machines was delivered to the US Navy on October 20, 2009. The remaining T-45A will be brought to the T-45C booth by 2013 as part of the Required Avionics Modernization Program (RAMP). Actually, the procurement of 300 aircraft was planned, as a land-based version was planned with the T-45B. However, this became superfluous due to the extension of the use of the previous models TA-4J Skyhawk and T-2C Buckeye . By August 26, 2010, the three training units “Training Air Wing” 1, 2 and 6 had completed over one million flight hours on the T-45. It should remain in service until 2035. In April 2017, a persistent problem with the aircraft's oxygen supply became known, which led to the US Navy temporarily decommissioning its entire fleet.

Advanced Hawk

BAE Systems and Hindustan Aeronautics present their jointly improved Advanced Hawk jet trainer at Aero India in Bengaluru. The new version has been worked on with company funds for about two years. The Advanced Hawk demonstrator took off on its maiden flight at BAE Systems in Warton in early June 2017. Among other things, a current cockpit configuration with large screens and the LiteHUD is planned for the aircraft. The wings are given slats to increase maneuverability and reduce take-off and landing distances. A new self-protection system can also be installed. An air refueling probe is also installed. HAL and BAE Systems also offer a weapon system. Up to 3000 kg payload can be carried at eight stations, including precision bombs.

User states

Play media file

South African BAE Hawk with braking parachute

 Australia ( Australian Air Force ):

• 33 (33 × Hawk T.Mk.127, are essentially to be modernized to the T.Mk.2 standard)

 Bahrain ( Royal Bahraini Air Force (Air Force of Bahrain) ):

• 6 (6 × Hawk T.Mk.129)

 United Kingdom ( Royal Air Force ):

• 221 (176 × Hawk T.Mk.1 / T.Mk.1A / T.Mk.1W from 1976/1983/1990 and 28 × Hawk T.Mk.2; in supply since July 2009)

 Finland ( Ilmavoimat (Finnish Air Force) ):

• 75 (50 × Hawk T.Mk.51, 7 × Hawk T.Mk.51A and 18 × Hawk T.Mk.66; still coming)

 India ( Indian Air Force ):

• 126 (106 × Hawk T.Mk.132, initially 66 × ordered in 2003, 40 × reordered in 2010 and 20 × reordered in 2012, 24 built at BAE Systems, the rest at HAL , in stock since 2007)

 India ( Indian Navy ):

• 17 (17 × Hawk T.Mk.132, ordered July 2010, construction by HAL)

 Indonesia ( Tentara Nasional Indonesia - Angkatan Udara (Indonesian Air Force) ):

• 60 (Hawk T.Mk.53, 8 × Hawk T.Mk.109, 32 × Hawk T.Mk.209)

 Canada ( Canadian Air Force ):

• 21 (21 × Hawk T.Mk.115 / CT-155)

 Qatar ( Qatar Emiri Air Force ):

• 9 (appointed in 2018, delivery from 2021)

 Kenya ( Kenya Air Force ):

• 12 (12 × Hawk T.Mk. 52)

 Kuwait ( Al-Quwwat al-Jawwiya al-Kuwaitiya (Kuwait Air Force) ):

• 12 (12 × Hawk T.Mk.64)

 Malaysia ( Tentera Udara Diraja Malaysia (Malaysian Air Force) ):

• 28 (10 × Hawk T.Mk.108, 18 × Hawk T.Mk.208)

 Oman ( Air Force of Oman ):

• 24 (5 × Hawk T.Mk.103, 12 × Hawk T.Mk.203, 8 × Hawk T.Mk.128 last delivery 2017)

 Saudi Arabia ( Al Quwwat al Jawwiya as Sa'udiya (Saudi Air Force) ):

• 50 (30 × Hawk T.Mk.65 / 20 × Hawk T.Mk.65A)

 Switzerland ( Swiss Air Force ):

• 20 (20 × Hawk T.Mk.66; retired, 18 sold to the Finnish Air Force ) 1 crashed, 1 in the Flieger-Flab-Museum .

 Zimbabwe ( Zimbabwe Air Force ):

• 8 (8 × Hawk T.Mk.60; retired)

 South Korea ( South Korean Air Force ):

• 20 (20 × Hawk T.Mk.67)

 South Africa ( South African Air Force ):

• 24 (24 × Hawk T.Mk.120)

 United States ( United States Navy Aviators ):

• 223 (223 × T-45A / C "Goshawk")

 United Arab Emirates ( United Arab Emirates Air Force ):

• 39 (Hawk T.Mk.61, Hawk T.Mk.63A / C, Hawk T.Mk.102)

Aircraft on display

• 1 Hawk Mk. 66 U-1251 of the Swiss Air Force in the Flieger-Flab-Museum , Dübendorf, Switzerland
• 1 BAE Hawk 115 (CT-155) 155209 Royal Canadian Air Force in the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum, Hamilton Ontario, Canada
• 1 BAe Hawk T.1 Mod XX343 3 ETPS (bow only) of the Royal Air Force of the Boscombe Down Aviation Collection, Old Sarum, Salisbury GB
• 1 BAe Hawk 53 of the Indonesian Air Force in front of the Dirgantara Mandala Museum, Indonesia

Technical specifications

BAE Hawk T.1

Parameter	Data of the Hawk Mk.128	Data from the T-45C Goshawk
Type	Training and ground attack aircraft	Training aircraft
length	12.43 m	11.97 m
span	9.94 m	9.39 m
Wing area	16.69 m²	16.69 m²
Wing extension	5.57	5.82
Wing loading	minimum (empty weight): 274 kg / m² maximum (max. take-off weight): 545 kg / m²	minimum (empty weight): 255 kg / m² maximum (max. takeoff weight): 383 kg / m²
height	3.98 m	4.09 m
Empty mass	4570 kg	4263 kg
Max. Takeoff mass	approx. 9100 kg	6387 kg
Top speed	Mach 0.85 or 1040 km / h (at optimal flight altitude)	1,006 km / h (at an altitude of 2500 m) 922 km / h (at 9150 m altitude)
Marching speed	1019 km / h (at sea level)	k. A.
Service ceiling	13,565 m	12,955 m
Max. Rate of climb	47.25 m / s	35.47 m / s
Use radius	583 km (without additional tanks) 925 km (with additional tanks)	k. A.
Transfer range	2584 km	1850 km
Max. Gun load	3085 kg	k. A.
Engine	a turbofan engine Rolls-Royce Adour Mk.951	a Rolls-Royce Adour F405-PR-401 turbofan engine
Thrust	28.89 kN	25.98 kN
Thrust-to-weight ratio	maximum (empty weight): 0.65 minimum (max.start mass): 0.32	maximum (empty weight): 0.62 minimum (max.starting mass): 0.41
costs	approx. 15 million euros per aircraft	k. A.

Armament

Explosive ordnance up to 3,085 kg at five external load stations

Air-to-air guided missile

• 2 × LAU-7 / A start rails for one Raytheon AIM-9L “Sidewinder” each - infrared-guided for short distances
• 2 × starting rails for one MBDA AIM-132 ASRAAM each
• 2 × APU-60-1 start rails for one MKB Wympel R-60M (AA-8 "Aphid") each - infrared controlled for short distances

Air-to-surface guided missile

• 4 × MBDA Brimstone

Unguided air-to-surface missiles

• 4 × LAU-5003 rocket tube launch containers for 19 × unguided CRV7 air-to-surface missiles each ; Caliber 70 mm
• 4 × LAU51 rocket tube launch containers for 19 × unguided Forges de Zeebrugge air-to- surface rockets each ; Caliber 70 mm
• 4 × MATRA 155 rocket tube launch containers for 18 × unguided SNEB (TDA) air-to-surface rockets, caliber 68 mm

Unguided bombs

• 5 × Hunting Engineering BL755 (264 kg anti-tank cluster bomb with 7 × 21 bomblets)
• 5 × Royal Ordnance MC / GP Mk.10 (1,000 lb / 454 kg free-fall bomb )
• 5 × Royal Ordnance MC / GP Mk.20 (540 lb / 245 kg free-fall bomb)
• 5 × Mark 82 LDGP (227 kg free fall bomb)
• 9 × Royal Ordnance 250 lb / 113 kg free fall bomb

Guided bombs

• 2 × GBU-12B / D "Paveway II" - laser-guided 227 kg / 500 lb glide bomb

Additional container

• 1 × external ADEN 30 mm automatic cannon container (under the hull with 130 rounds of ammunition)
• 2 × wing lower tanks (additional tank for 592 liters of kerosene )
• 2 × wing lower tank (additional tank for 455 liters of kerosene)
• 2 × CBLS-200 practice bomb containers for four practice bombs

Web links

Commons : BAE Hawk  - album containing pictures, videos and audio files

Commons : T-45 Goshawk  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

1. ^ Website of the Saudi Hawks
2. ^ HAL rolls out improved Hawk i trainer, Flightglobal, January 26, 2016
3. ↑ Follow-on purchase to boost Saudi Hawk renewal, Flightglobal, February 19, 2016
4. ↑ Saudi Arabia rolls-out first domestically built Hawk jet trainer, Janes, March 31, 2019
5. ↑ Oman receives first Hawk jet trainers, Janes, July 31, 2017 ( Memento of the original from August 1, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
6. ↑ ^{a b} Final Goshawk delivered. Combat Aircraft Monthly January 2010, p. 17.
7. ↑ FliegerRevue June 2011, pp. 24–26, T-45 Goshawk - One million flight hours.
8. ↑ Goshawks Celebrate One Million Flight Hours. In: AIR International October 2010 , p. 5.
9. ↑ LEIGH GIANGRECO: US Navy temporarily grounds T-45 fleet. In: FLIGHTGLOBAL.COM. April 6, 2017, accessed April 6, 2017 . 
10. ↑ FLIGHT REVUE: Advanced Hawk presented | FLIGHT REVUE , accessed August 6, 2017
11. ^ Qatar signs for Hawk jet trainers, Janes, July 3, 2018