path

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Field path with medium vegetation in the Aare valley

A path is a connection between two geographical positions (locations) that is suitable for people, animals or vehicles to move on (or part of) it. The distance covered is called the distance traveled . Along this route, there must be both an obstacle-free space for the moving objects (people / animals / vehicles) to pass, as well as a sufficient amount of ground or medium (air, water, earth) suitable for the objects in question (e.g. B. Sufficient water depth for the draft of a ship).

A path in the narrower sense is an approximately strip-shaped connection between two geographical positions on a surface that can be walked on and / or driven on, which is suitable for people, animals or (non-track-bound) land vehicles to move on. A path in the narrower sense therefore includes connections on the ground , on bridges, walkways etc. and in tunnels, underpasses etc.

A path in the broader sense includes connections to water and air in addition to connections on land .

etymology

The word Weg comes from the Germanic vega for “way”, later adapted in the Gothic language ( Old High German  wec , “pull, drive”, Middle High German  wec ), then adopted in Old High German as wëg or wëc and in Middle High German as wëc . Today's word is related to move (and Latin via , from “vea”).

General

The paths built by people make it easier to move around (on foot or by vehicle) through otherwise mostly impassable landscapes . The path smooths or cuts through obstructive vegetation , levels bumps, bridges water surfaces or valleys with walkways or bridges and leads through mountains with tunnels . Paths remove the obstacles given by nature. The routes, which are adapted to human locomotion, serve the convenience and shorten the walking or driving time .

Paths usually run on properties that belong to different property owners. Since the use of these paths by strangers would impair the property owners' rights, the Romans already introduced a right of way. In general, right of way is understood to mean all legal norms for the construction of roads and paths , the use , dedication and designation of public and private paths. Since the separation of the legal areas , the road and right of way belong to the law of public matters , while the right of way in private law belongs to the neighboring law . It is based on the principle that paths on third-party properties can only be built and used by agreement with the property owner.

history

In the early days , there were initially beaten paths , the oldest type of road, for much frequented connections between places (for example between the place of residence and the hunting ground ) . With the help of tools, people turned these beaten paths into paths. A further expansion was required for handcarts and later for carts pulled by pack animals. These paths initially retained the locally existing soil type as the road surface . In ancient times , the Babylonians began around 700 BC in Mesopotamia with paving made of fired brick as a non-local road surface , which the Romans later cultivated as a mortar-like paving ( emplastrum in Latin ).

The Roman law knew four types of roads ( Latin via ) and paths ( Latin iter ), namely

  • the state or military roads ( Latin viae consulares vel praetoriae vel militares ), the land of which was publicly owned and which served to connect places ( Latin quae ad usum omnium pertinent ).
  • The public roads in the individual places or between them ( Latin viae vicinales ). They corresponded to today's municipal roads.
  • There were paths whose land was privately owned, but which connected a state road with several courtyards or buildings and which anyone could walk on. They corresponded to the private roads on which public transport took place.
  • Finally, there were the purely private routes ( Latin viae privatae ).

This division has been preserved to this day. Ulpian knew only three categories, namely running on public land routes ( Latin viae publicae ) to the military roads ( Latin viae militares ), which runs on private land roads ( Latin viae privatae ) can be loaded with rights of way as well as a borough by crossing or municipalities connecting roads ( Latin via vicinales ), which could be a “via publica” or “via privata”.

In the Frankish imperial constitution , there was a conception of public authority that differed significantly from Roman constitutional and administrative law, which also influenced the way of life. In shaping the right of way in the Franconian Empire , on the one hand the cooperative law and on the other hand the king's ban were of fundamental importance. The path within the local settlement community belonged to the common land . The three types of the king's ban, the peace, ordinance and administrative ban, also covered the streets and paths. By virtue of the ban on peace, the king took certain roads under his special protection ( Latin via regiae ). Due to his administrative ban, he is the bearer of the executive.

In the Middle Ages , road tolls ( Latin telonium viaticum ) and tolls ( Latin passagium ) resulted from property on the road . There was a compulsory road that stipulated the use of certain roads against the payment of taxes. The so-called Wegeregal ( Latin jus viae publicae regale ), which had existed since the 16th century, extended to country and military roads and included the right to raise money for their maintenance as well as the right of escort ; Customs justice was not one of them. It emerged with the strengthening of royal supremacy and imperial power and pushed back the common land that had ruled until then with equal use of roads by all citizens. On May 14, 1316, the Archbishop of Cologne, Heinrich II of Virneburg , granted the city of Xanten a toll road privilege, which was levied on every unloaded cart. On July 11, 1372, Emperor Charles IV granted a road toll for Cologne. In the early modern period, this road shelf passed to the sovereigns .

In Silesia there was a road toll regulation since August 26, 1789. One of the early laws on road construction is the Chausseebau-Edikt for the Kurmark of 1792. The right of way in the General Prussian Land Law (APL) of June 1794 comprised the state rights to dispose of the roads, possibly against compensation , their use and maintenance and traffic regulations (II 15, §§ 1 ff. APL). It even dealt with particularly piled up and stably built highways or dam roads (II 15, §§ 17 ff. APL).

species

Depending on who owns the paths, a distinction is made between public and private paths.

Public ways

Public roads are subject to the road and right of way to the right of public matters . This means that public paths are accessible to everyone within the framework of common use . Road construction agency ( road construction and road maintenance ) is the relevant regional authority .

Private ways

Private roads are used exclusively for private traffic and are located on private property. They may only be used by the owners of the property on which they are located. Strangers are only allowed to use private routes within the framework of easements or the emergency route law. The road construction load is incumbent on its owner.

Beaten path
Dirt road in the Gebersack nature reserve (May 2016)
Grass path
Gravel road near Weidelsburg
Gravel road in Ethiopia
Gravel road at Coober Pedy
Paved path in Görzke
Hiking trail RM69 in the Sierra Espuña (Spain) (7.5 km northeast of Alhama de Murcia )

Types

Paths can be differentiated according to use or development and are named according to regional customs. The most common types of land transport routes are:

Further typifications

The concept of the path can be broadly defined and differentiated and typified according to special characteristics .

Degree of expansion and partly according to historical relationships
Function , partly historical terms
location
Flooring, texture
builder
Carrier medium
User group, type of use
Frequency of use
  • Main way
  • byway
  • Secret path
Positional relationship

These terms are used in transferred contexts such as in transmission technology or in decisions . With regard to physical traffic routes, they are used not only for the purpose of differentiation but also for naming purposes.

  • External path, internal path, thoroughfare
  • Longitudinal path, cross path
  • Parallel path, middle path, side path
  • Randweg, Ringweg, Rundweg
  • Connection path, linkage path
  • Detour (lengthening path that is not considered part of an optimal route)
  • Crossroads (point of fork in the road)

designation

When forest areas are parceled out, forestry roads are either numbered or spelled, as is the case with A-Weg, B-Weg and the following in the Dahlener and Dübener Heide . Since this scheme does not serve as a simple orientation for hikers or tourists, in some places there are second names assigned by regional organizations. The sequence of names in forest areas can be interrupted by previous clearing and can only be understood by looking at historical maps. One-letter village paths and streets can be found in Elstertrebnitz , among other places .

Delimitations

Paths are separated from streets by the state of development . During the paving of roads mostly from today asphalt or concrete is, point the way as covering pavement, gravel, sand or clay on. Roads are therefore built more for means of transport , paths for foot traffic (sidewalks, footpaths, farm roads ). As a legal term, traffic routes are a generic term for pedestrian or vehicle traffic (person-controlled or automated) or a combination of both for certain areas on the site. This includes in particular motorways , federal , state and local roads and railways . Traffic routes are used to effect the transport of goods , living beings (and messages) using suitable means of transport.

The word route is used in a figurative sense when traffic routes are not immediately recognizable, but only when they are used by humans or animals (see section on the carrier medium ). For directions and sequences , however, the term route is recommended .

Web links

Commons : ways  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: way  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Hjalmar Falk , Alf Torp , Vocabulary of the Germanic Language Unit , Part 3, 1979, p. 382
  2. ↑ Harry Böseke, On the Road in the Land of Elements , 2006, p. 96
  3. ↑ Volkmar Kellermann, Germanische Altertumskunde: Introduction to the study of a cultural history of the prehistoric and early days , Volume 1, 1966, p. 58
  4. ↑ Friedrich Krzizek, the public right of way , in 1967, p.1
  5. ↑ Ulpian, Digesten , 43, 8; 2, 22
  6. ^ Anne Kolb, Transport and Message Transfer in the Roman Empire , 2000, p. 206
  7. ^ Research Society for Roads, Research from Roads , Issues 30–31, 1942, p. 7
  8. ↑ Friedrich Krzizek, the public right of way , in 1967, p.2
  9. ↑ Jost Hermand (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Modern Times , Volume 14, 2011, Col. 739 f.
  10. ↑ August Heinrich Simon / Heinrich Leopold von Strampff (eds.), Journal for Scientific Processing of Prussian Law , Volume 2, 1834, p. 67
  11. ↑ Lorenz von Stein , The administrative system of personal and economic life , 1888, p. 345
  12. ^ Rudolf Brandts, M. Gladbach: from the history and culture of a Rhenish town. On behalf of the city administration for the 600 year city anniversary , 1955, p. 32
  13. ^ Hermann Roesler, Textbook of German Administrative Law , 1872, p. 452
  14. ↑ the certification of hiking trails introduced in 2003 by the cooperation project "Wanderbaren Deutschland"