Val Terragnolo
| Val Terragnolo | ||
|---|---|---|
 The Val Terragnolo with the towns of Puechem (in front) and Piazza (behind) with a view to the west |
||
| location | Trentino , Italy | |
| Waters | Leno di Terragnolo | |
| Mountains | Vicentine Prealps | |
| Geographical location | 45 ° 53 ' N , 11 ° 9' E | |
|
||
| Type | Kerbtal | |
| rock | Sedimentary rocks | |
| height | 210 to 2127 m slm | |
| length | 18 km | |
| climate | from sub-Mediterranean to sub-alpine | |
| particularities | former German language island | |
The Val Terragnolo , also known as Valle di Terragnolo , is an orographically left side valley of the Adige Valley in Trentino ( Italy ). The valley, also known as Laim or Leimtal in German, was a German language island until the 19th century .
geography
Location and surroundings
The valley is located in the southeast of the province of Trento and borders directly on the province of Vicenza in the Veneto region to the east . It leads from Passo della Borcola 1207 m slm in a semicircle in an east-west direction to the gates of Rovereto and there flows into the Vallagarina , as this section of the Adige Valley is called. The deeply cut Kerbtal is traversed over the entire length of 18 kilometers by the Leno di Terragnolo (German: Laimbach or Leimbach), a torrent that flows into the Torrente Leno at San Colombano like a gorge .
It is bordered in the south by the massif of the Pasubio , in the northeast it borders on the high plateau of Folgaria and in the northwest on the Monte Finonchio, all of which belong to the Vicentine Prealps .
Administrative structure
Most of the valley belongs to the municipality of Terragnolo . 33 of the 37 villages in the valley belong to this municipality. Only the lower valley area falls into the municipality of Trambileno , with the hamlet Ca 'Bianca and the individual settlements Maso al Fò and Ronchi, as well as in the municipality of Rovereto with the hamlets of Cisterna, Pinteri and Senter.
climate
The valley's climate is influenced by the numerous altitude levels that range from the sub-Mediterranean to the sub-alpine area. In Piazza, the seat of the municipality of Terragnolo at 782 m slm , the average annual temperature between 1990 and 2003 was 10.4 ° C. It was coldest in December and January with an average temperature of 1.9 ° C and the warmest in August with 20.4 ° C. In winter, the values are higher due to inversion weather conditions and the strong sunlight on the south-facing slope than, for example, in Rovereto in the Adige Valley, which is only 210 m slm high.
The annual average rainfall in Piazza between 1923 and 2003 was 1138 mm. These are typical values of the Italian pre-Alps with minimum values in winter and two almost equally high maximum values in spring and autumn. In the months of January and February around 10% and in May / June and October / November around 40% of the annual rainfall. Slope and orientation are also responsible for the occurrence of numerous microclimates .
Geomorphology and geology
The Terragnolo valley is an asymmetrical notch valley of fluvioglacial origin that merges into a gorge at the end of the valley. It was formed by the glaciers of the Riss and Würm glaciers , so a branch of the Etsch glacier covered the valley during the Würme Ice Age . In the warm period between and afterwards , running water caused the deep erosion that characterizes the valley. Remnants of moraine and river deposits as well as boulders that can be found in Val Terragnolo are evidence of this past, as are the terraces formed by glaciers on which the settlements emerged in the subsequent period.
The rock layers that predominate in the valley are sedimentary rocks , primarily main dolomite , but also nodular limestone , such as the Veronese marble as well as oolithic and micritic limestone. Worth mentioning is the Noriglio gray limestone, a limestone subformation that was named by the geologist Richard Lepsius after the place Noriglio, a district of Rovereto located on the northwestern edge of the Terragnolo valley and also occurs in the Val Terragnolo. However, igneous rock from the Tertiary period is also embedded in the valley . On the other hand, fluvial sediments are predominantly found towards the valley floor .
Due to the geological conditions, the valley is affected by karstification . Karst waters are also the main tributaries of the Leno di Terragnolo.
Flora and fauna
Since the Val Terragnolo extends over several altitudes and associated different climatic areas, which are also influenced by the slope and orientation, it has a rich biodiversity . The altitude levels range from the subalpine area on Pasubio to the planar area near San Colombano at the confluence of the Leno di Terragnolo with the Leno di Vallarsa to a little more than 220 m slm . Sun can be found in the lowest part termophile species such as the turpentine pistachio or Onosma helveticum subsp. tridentinum a subspecies of Onosma helvetica . The lower altitudes are characterized on the south and south-west facing slopes by sub-Mediterranean mixed deciduous forests in the form of coppice forests with manna ash , European hop beech and in dry, sunny places with downy oaks. The common hazel and the wig bush can also be found . Among the crops there are vines and Buckwheat . The latter was grown in the past by the population for the preparation of black polenta . Since agricultural use was only possible with the help of terraces supported by dry stone walls , artificially created habitats for wall joint and wall societies were also created.
On the northern slopes, on the other hand, the mixed deciduous forests with sessile oaks and winter but also summer linden and field maple reach almost down to the valley floor and mix there with species of the sub-Mediterranean mixed deciduous forest, which extends up to over 800 m slm on the southern slopes . At this height, beech forests are already mixed with silver fir and Norway spruce on the northern slopes . Species such as the sycamore maple and the alpine laburnum are native to this altitude level, which on the southern slopes can mostly only be found at the upper edge of the valley and towards the end of the valley . From around 1500 m slm , this altitude level is replaced by larch and Swiss stone pine and subsequent alpine and meadow areas.
The variety of habitats with wetlands, arid zones to grass and rock habitats are home to numerous species. Including rare or endangered species such as the mountain hare , golden eagle , capercaillie , black grouse and wall creeper .
history
economy
For centuries, the valley's economy was based on the three pillars of forestry, agriculture and alpine farming . While agriculture and alpine pasture for the most part did not go beyond the importance of a pure subsistence economy due to the geographical conditions , the timber trade was the most important source of income for a long time. Today, the number of commuters , who are particularly employed in Rovereto, far exceeds the number of im Tal employed so that one can speak of a commuter community situation .
forestry
The forest was used in various ways, with only the high quality timber being traded. This was the Leno getriftet and handled in Rovereto. Wood, which had no market value, served the population mainly as firewood, to a lesser extent it was also used for charcoal production and for firing lime kilns . Leaves and branches of certain species, such as the hop beech or the manna ash, served as additional feed for goats. Beech leaves as a substitute for straw in the stables. Intensive use resulted in the characteristic coppice forest, which makes up 50% of the total forest area and is of little forestry value.
Agriculture
Until the 1950s agriculture played an important role in the livelihood of the residents. Due to several factors, however, it did not contribute significantly to an improvement in economic conditions. The geographical conditions and the resulting low degree of mechanization , a lack of infrastructure, the strong fragmentation of property relations due to the division of real estate and the limited cultivation to certain species are still factors that have a negative effect on the commercial use of agriculture.
This also explains the decrease in the agricultural area of over 60% in the last 150 years. In the middle of the 19th century, this still made up over a quarter of the total area, in 2014 it was only 11%. At the same time, the urbanized area increased threefold to around 3.3% of the total area, while the forest area increased by 19.4% and made up 83% of the total area in 2014.
The decline in the agriculturally used area is particularly evident in the decline in terrace cultivation. The latter can be found at altitudes between 226 and 1215 m and covers about 11% of the valley. Compared to the middle of the 19th century, only a little more than 29% of the terraces were cultivated in the 2010s, which made up a little more than 3% of the total area. The fields and meadows that are close to roads are still cultivated, while remote and difficult-to-reach terraces have been abandoned and taken over by the forest.
Up until the 1950s, viticulture and the cultivation of cherries played a certain role in the lower western valley areas. In 2010, according to statistics, there were still 15 farms, four of which were livestock and a total of 16 cows.
Alpine farming
In the past almost all farms in the valley had their own livestock. The livestock was characterized by the fact that most of the farms only had one or two cows. Almwirtschaft was therefore operated exclusively through community ownership. The municipality of Terragnolo owned up to 13 alpine pastures, which were tilled by the end of the 1940s. The foot and mouth disease at the end of the 19th century and the First World War caused the population to shrink considerably. The sharp decline in population in the 20th century ultimately meant that livestock farming and alpine farming no longer played a role. In the 2010s there was only one farm with cows and sheep that was run as a commercial enterprise.
Craft
The water of the Leno was not only used to transport timber, which was discontinued with the construction of the road to Rovereto at the beginning of the 20th century, but several sawmills, mills and forges were built along its banks. In the course of industrialization , however, these lost their importance and were therefore partly no longer rebuilt after the destruction caused by the Lena flood of 1882. A Venetian sawmill in the village of Sega (dt. Saw ) from the 16th century, which was shut down in the second half of the 20th century, has been preserved as a museum.
Socio-cultural aspects
language
There is evidence that the valley was settled by German-speaking settlers in the 13th century. Where the settlers called into the valley by the prince-bishops of Trento and their vassals , such as the Lizzana and the Castelbarco , came from cannot be said with certainty.
These inhabitants, simply referred to as Teutonici in contemporary documents , made the valley, which was only populated on the edge of the Adige Valley, arable. These were lumberjacks who first cleared the valley terraces and built their farms there. From these individual settlements , hamlets and today's fractions of the municipality of Terragnolo emerged.
As a result of the timber trade with the Adige Valley, especially with Rovereto, assimilation with Italian began in the 16th century, which can be recognized by the slow change in topographical names, which from this point on increasingly show Romansh-language influences. Assimilation was intensified by the temporary emigration of workers, especially after 1630, when there was a strong demand for workers in Rovereto after surviving the plague epidemic . The language spoken in Terragnolo was called Slambròt because of these influences, just like in Folgaria . This had its own language characteristics and is considered the dialect of Cimbrian .
The slambròt completely disappeared in the 19th century. The compulsory teaching introduced by Maria Theresa at the end of the 18th century and the subsequent elementary schools that were only taught in Italian contributed to this. Only in the course of folk studies of the 19th century in the nationality conflict of the Habsburg monarchy did this language awaken the interest of science again. In 1886 the folklorist Christian Schneller only met two residents over 80 who spoke Slambròt during his studies .
The term Zimbern to refer to the inhabitants of the Terragnolotal goes back to the linguist Eberhard Kranzmayer in the 20th century. Today only place and field names in the valley indicate the Cimbrian origin of the former residents.
Valley community
The difficult living conditions in the valley due to the geographical situation created a sense of community and solidarity among the residents, which was the starting point for the drafting of community rules. As early as the 16th century, the heads of families made decisions on community issues. In order to secure the livelihood, forest and pasture areas were bought by the community for communal use, as the heavily fragmented private property was mostly insufficient to secure a livelihood. These rules found their highest form of expression in the 17th century with the drafting of a statute, the Capituli et ordini del Commune di Terragnollo . This statute contains elements of the Roman and Germanic legal conception and was drawn up in Italian. It not only shows how the two ethnic groups coexisted peacefully next to each other, but also that the inhabitants of the valley developed their own identity from two different cultural areas, which outsiders saw neither as German nor Italian.
The best-known example of a valley community in today's Trentino, in which real estate is divided into joint and private ownership, is the valley municipality of Fleims .
emigration
The Val di Terragnolo is one of the valleys in Trentino where emigration was most noticeable. While this was limited in time, especially seasonally, up to the first half of the 19th century, the phenomenon intensified significantly after the First World War.
Up until the 19th century, the silk industry in Rovereto in particular attracted a large number of workers, until it collapsed in the second half of the 19th century due to the outbreak of Pébrine's disease of the silk moth. A powdery mildew epidemic of the grapevines that appeared in the valley at the same time led to a crisis in the weak economy in the valley. The result was that new jobs were on the lookout and found during the construction of the Brenner Railway and the straightening of the river Adige. When these projects were completed at the end of the 19th century, the first major wave of emigration to Brazil and Argentina occurred in the valley. This affected about 4% of the population at that time.
At the beginning of the 20th century, it was again seasonal emigration that made itself felt in the valley. The main goals were the Austrian crown lands , but also the German Empire and Switzerland . They worked there as forest workers, especially in the summer months.
The war destruction during the First World War and the slow reconstruction in the post-war period triggered the next wave of emigration. A phylloxera plague that occurred in the 1920s and the global economic crisis in the 1930s did not allow the flow of emigrants to dry up. In the 1920s France and Belgium were still the primary destinations of emigrants, but in the 1930s, due to the restrictive emigration policy of the fascist government, the northern Italian cities and the Italian colonies took in the emigrants.
If the flow of emigration was interrupted during World War II, it resumed almost immediately afterwards. The general drop in prices in agriculture in the 1950s reinforced the phenomenon again. The priority targets were now Switzerland and the Federal Republic of Germany . From the 1960s onwards, it was the urban centers of Trentino, especially Rovereto, that became attractive destinations.
The Teragnole
With Teragnole those women were referred from the Val Terragnolo until the 1960s, the weekdays back loaded walk daily up to 15 kilometers long distances to Rovereto with their meager earnings from agriculture, especially with milk but also with wild berries, mushrooms and Firewood to trade. This form of women's work contributed significantly to the livelihood of the people in the valley. At the beginning of the 20th century there were up to 100 women who used up their goods in the city before sunrise at any time of the year and went home again around noon.
In particular, corn flour was exchanged for the preparation of the polenta. The latter was the staple food in the valley because it was cheap and filled the stomach. Since no maize was grown in Val Terragnolo, it had to be brought into the valley. Through the trade in maize flour, the teragnols contributed significantly to the distribution of the pellagra in the valley. Around 1900, over 61% of the population showed symptoms of the disease, making Val Terragnolo one of the most affected areas in Trentino.
traffic
The valley can be reached via the Strada provinciale SP 2, which leads on the orographically right side of the valley from Rovereto to Serrada, a fraction of Folgaria . The SP 2 touches most places in the valley, including the Piazza fraction in which the municipality of Terragnolo has its seat. From Piazza the Strada provinciale 138 leads always on the rich valley side to the Passo della Borcola on the border with the province of Vicenza.
literature
- Bruno Bais: Storia della Valle di Terragnolo. Ricerche e documenti . La Grafica, Mori 1986.
- Giampietro Braga: Le valli del Leno: Vallarsa e valle di Terragnolo . Nuova grafica Cierre, Verona 1990.
- Commissione italiana di stratigrafia della Società geologica italiana (ed.): Carta geologica d'Italia - 1: 50,000: catalogo delle formazioni (Fascicolo VII) . SELCA, Florence 2007. ( PDF )
- Giulia Mastrelli Anzilotti: Due isole linguistiche di origine tedesca nel Roveretano: Vallarsa e Terragnolo . In: GB Pellegrini, S. Bonato, A. Fabris (eds.): Le isole linguistiche di origine germanica nell'Italia settentrionale . Istituto di Cultura Cimbra, Roana 1984.
- Giulia Mastrelli Anzilotti: Toponomastica trentina: i nomi delle località abitate . Provincia autonoma di Trento. Servizio beni librari e archivistici, Trient 2003 ISBN 978-88-86602-56-3
- Laura Mattevi: La geografia antropica della Valle di Terragnolo . Comune di Terragnolo, Rovereto 2008.
- Osservatorio del Paesaggio Trentino (ed.): Paesaggi rurali della Valle del Leno: criticità e prospettive di rivitalizzazione per il paesaggio terrazzato della Valle del Leno tra Rovereto e Terragnolo: December 2017 . o. O., o. J. ( PDF )
- Italo Prosser: Guido de Probizer (1849–1929) e la lotta alla pellagra In: Marcello Bonazza: I buoni ingegni della patria: l'Accademia, la cultura e la città nelle biografie di alcuni agiati tra Settecento e Novecento , Accademia Roveretana degli Agiati , Rovereto 2002 ( PDF )
- Antonio Sarzo: Il paesaggio dell'abbandono nel circondario agreste di Senter (Valle di Terragnolo, Trentino) . In: Museo civico di Rovereto (ed.): Annali del Museo civico di Rovereto Volume 22/2006 . Rovereto 2007 ( PDF )
- Roger Schöntag: The emergence and decline of a language island depending on geographical, sociocultural and political boundaries. The Cimbrian and other Northern Italian minorities of German In: Andre Klump, Johannes Kramer: Romance Studies in Past and Present Issue 19.2 Buske, Hamburg 2013 ISSN 0947-0565 ( PDF )
- Bruno Schweizer : Zimbrischer und Fersentalerischer Sprachatlas = Atlante linguistico cimbro e mòcheno edited and commented by Stefan Rabaus, Kulturinstitut Lusérn - Bernstoler Kulturinstitut, Lusern – Palai im Fersental 2012 ISBN 978-88-95386-02-7 ( PDF )
- Renato Stedile: El raminel del late, le fascinele de legna, i fonghi, la zerla: quando le “teragnole” scendevano a Rovereto . Comune di Rovereto, Rovereto 2009 ( PDF )
- Michael Wedekind: Folk Studies and Folk Politics in the Area of German Language Islands in Northern Italy . In: Rainer Mackensen (Hrsg.): Origins, types and consequences of the construct “population” before, during and after the “Third Reich”: On the history of German population science, Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden 2009, ISBN 978-3-531- 16152-5
Web links
- Sentiero delle Teragnole (Italian)
- Language islands and ethnic minorities in Trentino (Italian)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Bruno Bais: Storia della Valle di Terragnolo. Ricerche e documenti p. 12
- ↑ Antonio Sarzo: Il paesaggio dell'abbandono nel circondario agreste di Senter (Valle di Terragnolo, Trentino) p. 114
- ^ Antonio Sarzo: Il paesaggio dell'abbandono nel circondario agreste di Senter (Valle di Terragnolo, Trentino) pp. 115–116
- ^ A b Giampietro Braga: Le valli del Leno: Vallarsa e valle di Terragnolo p. 40, 107
- ^ Giampietro Braga: Le valli del Leno: Vallarsa e valle di Terragnolo p. 28
- ^ Commissione italiana di stratigrafia della Società geologica italiana (ed.): Carta geologica d'Italia - 1: 50,000: catalogo delle formazioni (Fascicolo VII) . P. 125
- ^ Giampietro Braga: Le valli del Leno: Vallarsa e valle di Terragnolo pp. 41-43
- ↑ Antonio Sarzo: Il paesaggio dell'abbandono nel circondario agreste di Senter (Valle di Terragnolo, Trentino) pp. 138-139
- ^ Giampietro Braga: Le valli del Leno: Vallarsa e valle di Terragnolo pp. 44-45
- ^ A b Il Trentino in schede - Institute for Statistics of the Autonomous Province of Trento (Italian), accessed on November 22, 2018
- ↑ Giampietro Braga: Le valli del Leno: Vallarsa e valle di Terragnolo pp. 133-136
- ^ Giampietro Braga: Le valli del Leno: Vallarsa e valle di Terragnolo p. 151
- ↑ Osservatorio del Paesaggio Trentino (ed.): Paesaggi rurali della Valle del Leno: criticità e prospettive di rivitalizzazione per il paesaggio terrazzato della Valle del Leno tra Rovereto e Terragnolo: December 2017 pp. 16-20
- ↑ Osservatorio del Paesaggio Trentino (ed.): Paesaggi rurali della Valle del Leno: criticità e prospettive di rivitalizzazione per il paesaggio terrazzato della Valle del Leno tra Rovereto e Terragnolo: December 2017 p. 13
- ↑ Osservatorio del Paesaggio Trentino (ed.): Paesaggi rurali della Valle del Leno: criticità e prospettive di rivitalizzazione per il paesaggio terrazzato della Valle del Leno tra Rovereto e Terragnolo: December 2017 p. 75
- ↑ Antica Segheria Veneziana - Sega di Terragnolo (Italian) accessed on November 20, 2018
- ^ Roger Schöntag: The emergence and decline of a language island depending on geographical, sociocultural and political borders. The Cimbrian and other Northern Italian minorities of German pp. 132–133
- ^ Giulia Mastrelli Anzilotti: Due isole linguistiche di origine tedesca nel Roveretano: Vallarsa e Terragnolo p. 73
- ^ Giulia Mastrelli Anzilotti: Due isole linguistiche di origine tedesca nel Roveretano: Vallarsa e Terragnolo, pp. 75-76
- ↑ Bruno Schweizer: Cimbrian and Fersentalerischer Sprachatlas p. 134
- ↑ Bruno Bais: Storia della Valle di Terragnolo. Ricerche e documenti p. 71
- ↑ Michael Wedekind: Volkstumswwissenschaft and Volkstumsppolitik in the area of German language islands in Northern Italy p. 86
- ↑ Giulia Mastrelli Anzilotti: Toponomastica trentina: i nomi delle località abitate p. 77
- ^ Roger Schöntag: The emergence and decline of a language island depending on geographical, sociocultural and political borders. The Cimbrian and other northern Italian minorities of German p. 136
- ↑ Bruno Bais: Storia della Valle di Terragnolo. Ricerche e documenti p. 33
- ↑ Laura Mattevi: La geografia antropica della Valle di Terragnolo S. 25, 29
- ↑ Laura Mattevi: La geografia antropica della Valle di Terragnolo p.29
- ↑ Laura Mattevi: La geografia antropica della Valle di Terragnolo S. 26, 30
- ↑ Laura Mattevi: La geografia antropica della Valle di Terragnolo p.27
- ↑ Renato Stedile: El raminel del late, le fascinele de legna, i fonghi, la zerla: quando le “teragnole” scendevano a Rovereto pp. 3-4
- ↑ Italo Prosser: Guido de Probizer (1849-1929) e la lotta alla pellagra p. 270