Yoshinori Ōsumi

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Yoshinori Ōsumi (2016)

Yoshinori Ōsumi ( Japanese 大 隅 良 典 , Ōsumi Yoshinori ; born February 9, 1945 in Fukuoka , Japan ) is a Japanese cell biologist . He is known for research and discoveries on autophagocytosis (autophagy). In 2016 he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this .

Life

Ōsumi was born in Fukuoka in 1945. His father was a professor at Kyushu University and an engineer. Ōsumi received his bachelor's degree from the University of Tokyo in 1967 and received his doctorate there in 1974 with Kazutomi Imahori . During his studies, he switched from chemistry to molecular biology, which was then in the making . Until 1977 he was a postdoctoral fellow at Rockefeller University with Gerald Edelman , where he began to work with wheat cells (DNA duplication), and then he did research at the University of Tokyo (with Yasuhiro Anraku), where he was a lecturer in 1986 ( Lecturer) and 1988 Assistant Professor (Associate Professor). At that time he was already working on membrane transport in vacuoles in the cell, which are part of the autophagy system. In 1996 he went to the National Institute for Basic Biology in Okazaki as a professor . He was also a professor at the Graduate University for Advanced Studies in Hayama from 2004 to 2009 . In 2009 he retired and was then professor at the Tokyo University of Technology .

plant

Yoshinori Ōsumi in a laboratory at the Tokyo University of Technology

He clarified the molecular mechanisms of autophagy using the example of yeast cells , later also in mammalian cells, which adjust to changing environmental conditions by breaking down the body's own proteins . He and his group identified the enzymes involved, their regulation depending on the metabolic state and the mechanism of the formation of autophagosomes. In the yeast cell, if there is a nitrogen deficiency, autophagosomes (membranes that enclose the proteins to be broken down and release them to vacuoles or lysosomes ) form, and vesicles fuse in the vacuoles and vacuoles. Ōsumi investigated various genetic variants of yeast cells that lacked proteinases in the vacuoles that are important for these cell breakdown processes . In 1991 his group found a first autophagy-defective mutant (apg 1-1, later called ATG 1) in yeast and later they found 13 more (ATG). With the decoding of the genome of the yeast cell that followed soon afterwards, the corresponding genes could be cloned. ATG 1 corresponded to a protein kinase , the others had more complicated functions and corresponded to regulatory ubiquitin- like enzymes.

Awards (selection)

He received the Fujihara Award in 2005, the Japan Academy Award in 2006, the Asahi Award in 2008 , the Kyoto Award in 2012 and the Canada Gairdner International Award in 2015 . In 2015 he received the International Prize for Biology , the Keio Medical Science Prize and the Rosenstiel Award . In 2016 he received the Wiley Prize in Biomedical Sciences , the Dr. Paul Janssen Award for Biomedical Research and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . Thomson Reuters had already listed him as one of the favorites for a Nobel Prize since 2013 due to the number of his citations ( Thomson Reuters Citation Laureates ). In 2016 he was also awarded the Japanese Order of Culture . For 2017 he was awarded the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences , which is endowed with three million US dollars. In 2017 he was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science .

Fonts

  • with Tsukada: Isolation and characterization of autophagy-defective mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae . In: FEBS Letters . Volume 333, 1993, pp. 169-174, abstract
  • with K. Takeshige, M. Baba, S. Tsuboi, T. Noda: Autophagy in yeast demonstrated with proteinase-deficient mutants and conditions for its induction . In: Journal of Cell Biology . Volume 119, 1992, pp. 301-311, abstract
  • with Takeshige, M. Baba, N. Baba: Ultrastructural analysis of the autophagic process in yeast: detection of autophagosomes and their characterization . In: Journal of Cell Biology . Volume 124, 1994, pp. 903-913, abstract
  • with Noboru Mizushima u. a .: A protein conjugation system essential for autophagy . In: Nature . Volume 395, 1998, p. 395, abstract
  • with Kabeya u. a .: LC3, a mammalian homologue of yeast Apg8p, is localized in autophagosome membranes after processing . In: EMBO Journal. Volume 19, 2000, pp. 5270-5278, PMC 305793 (free full text)
  • with K. Suzuki a. a .: The Pre-Autophagosomal Structure Organized by Concerted Functions of APG Genes Is Essential for Autophagosome Formation . In: The EMBO Journal . Volume 20, 2001, pp. 5971-5981, doi: 10.1093 / emboj / 20.21.5971 .
  • with Mizushima, Yoshimori: Autophagosome formation in mammalian cells . In: Cell Structure and Function. Volume 27, 2002, pp. 421-429, PMID 12576635
  • with Nakatogawa, Ichimura: Atg8, a Ubiquitin-like Protein Required for Autophagosome Formation, Mediates Membrane Tethering and Hemifusion . In: Cell . Volume 130, 2007, pp. 165-178, doi: 10.1016 / j.cell.2007.05.021

Web links

Commons : Yoshinori Ōsumi  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Press release at nobelprize.org, October 3, 2016.
  2. ↑ SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg Germany: Award 2016: Nobel Prize for Medicine goes to the Japanese Yoshinori Ohsumi. In: SPIEGEL ONLINE. Retrieved October 3, 2016 .
  3. ↑ 2013 Predictions at Thomson Reuters (sciencewatch.com); Retrieved September 25, 2013
  4. ↑ Fellows of the AAAS: Yoshinori Ohsumi. American Association for the Advancement of Science, accessed January 30, 2018 .
personal data
SURNAME Ōsumi, Yoshinori
ALTERNATIVE NAMES 大 隅 良 典 (Japanese)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Japanese cell biologist
DATE OF BIRTH February 9, 1945
PLACE OF BIRTH Fukuoka