Jats

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Jat People
Regions with significant populations
India, Pakistan, EU, US, Canada, Australia
Languages
Punjabi, Balochi, Sindhi, Gujarati, Hindi, Urdu, English
Religion
Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, Atheism, Sikhism, Christianity, Jainism, Vedic religion
Related ethnic groups
• Indo-Aryans

• Indo-Iranians
• Indo-Scythians
• Indo-European
• Kashmiri people
• Punjabis
• Baluchis

• Sindhis

Jat people (IAST: Jāṭ, Hindi: जाट, Punjabi: ਜੱਟ جاٹ, Urdu: جاٹ) of Northern India and Pakistan, are an ethnic group descendant of Aryan/Indo-Scythian tribes.[2][3]

The Jat people, a group which live in Northern/Western India, Kashmir and Pakistan, follow many different faiths, professions and languages. They have a distinct cultural history that can be historically traced back to ancient times.[4][5]

Some have moved to Western countries for business, labour, marital and commercial reasons. There, some have become prominent among the immigrants in the West.

Jat people were designated in a British report as a 'Martial Race'.[6] 'Martial Race' was a designation created by officials of British India to describe "races" (peoples) that were thought to possess qualities such as courage, loyalty, self sufficiency, physical strength, resilience, orderliness, hard working, fighting tenacity and military tactics. The British recruited heavily from these so-called 'Martial Races' for service in the colonial army.[7]

Demographics

The last census in 1931 in India recorded population on the basis of ethnicity. In 1925, according to Professor Qanungo[8] the population of Jats was around nine millions in South Asia and were the followers of three great religions as under:

Religion Jat Population %
Islam 33 %
Sikhism 20 %
Hinduism 47 %

According to Dr. B.S. Dhillon, by taking in to consideration the population growth of both India and Pakistan since 1925, Professor Quanungo's figure of nine million could be translated into at least 30 million.

According to Hukum Singh Pawar (Pauria), adequate statistics about Jat population are available in the Census Report of India of 1931, which is the last and the most comprehensive source of information on the Jats, who were estimated to be approximately ten million in number at that time.[9] From 1931 to 1988 the estimated increase in the Jat population of the Indian subcontinent including Pakistan respectively is 3.5% Hindu, 3.5 %Sikh and 4.0% Muslim.[10] As worked out by Dr Sukhbir Singh, the Hindu Jats in 1931 were 2210945 which rose to 7,738,308 in 1988, where as the Muslim Jats were 3,287,875 in 1931 and 13,151,500 in 1988. The Total population of Jats was 8,406,375 in 1931, where as it grew to be 31,066,253 in 1988

The state-wise break-up of the total Jat population (including the Hindu, Sikh and Muslim) is given in the following table:[11]

Name of state Jat Population 1931 Jat Population 1988 (estimated)
Ajmer-Marwar 29,992 104,972
Blochistan 93,726 369,365
Bombay Presidency 54,362 216,139
CP & Brar 28,135 98,473
Delhi 53,271 187,072
Jammu & Kashmir 148,993 581,477
NWFP 76,327 302,700
Punjab 6,068,302 22,709,755
Rajasthan 1,043,153 3,651,036
UP & Avadh 810,114 2,845,244
Total 8,406,375 31,066,253

Distribution

In India, Jats inhabit the states of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat. In Pakistan, they are found mainly in the provinces of Punjab and Sindh. In large parts of these areas the Jats are the dominant land owners, particularly in Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan. Large numbers of Jats also live overseas in many countries or regions such the United States, Europe, Canada and Australia.

Some Jats are landlords; however, they are also found in many other professions, especially in western countries. Traditionally they have dominated as the political class in Punjab.[12]

A number of Jats belonging to the political classes have produced many political leaders, including the 7th Prime Minister of India, Prime Minister Choudhary Charan Singh. Moreover, there have been many Jat Kings and warriors throughout history.[13] A large number of Jats serve in the Indian Army, including the Jat Regiment, Rajputana Rifles, Sikh Regiment and the Grenadiers and have won many of the highest military awards for gallantry and bravery. Jats also serve in the Pakistan Army especially in the Punjab Regiment, where they have also been highly decorated. The Jat Regiment is one of the longest serving and most decorated regiments of the Indian Army.[14] The regiment has won five battle honours, eight Mahavir Chakra, eight Kirti Chakra, 32 Shaurya Chakras, 39 Vir Chakras and 170 Sena medals.[15]

The Jats are the most prosperous in India on a per-capita basis in Jat regions (Punjab, Haryana, and Gujarat are the wealthiest of Indian states).[16]

File:Jat distribution.gif
South Asia map distribution of Jat people. Jat people in South Asia are mostly concentrated in greater Punjab, Sindh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat.
File:Jat soldier.jpg
Officer and soldier of the 10th Jat Regiment of the British Indian Army
File:A Jat soldier.JPG
A Jat Infantry Soilder

Background

Theories of origin

There are many theories about the origin of the Jats. Jats are sometimes considered to be of Scythian (Saka), Indo-European, Indo-Iranian or Indo-Aryan stock in view of the similar physical features and common practices with one or the other of these groups[citation needed].

Indo-Aryan origin

Main article: Indo-Aryan origin of Jats

The Indo-Aryan origin of Jats has been advocated on the basis of ethnological, physical and linguistic standards by many historians like E.B.Havell,[17] Qanungo,[18] C.V.Vaidya,[19] Sir Herbert Risley,[20] Thakur Deshraj,[21] Mangal Sen Jindal[22]etc.

The Sinsinwar Jat rulers of Bharatpur have been recorded as Yadav, by Prakash Chandra Chandawat.[23] Historian UN Sharma has mentioned the chronology of Krishna in which starting from Sindhupal in 64th generation of Krishna to Bharatpur ruler Maharaja Brijendra Singh (1929-1948) all the rulers are mentioned as Yaduvanshi Jats.[24] Sidhu Jats are also Bhatti Rajput in origin, and thus Yaduvanshi in origin.

The original home of Jats is possibly connected with the original home of Indo-Aryans, the Aryavarta (North & Central India), since the Jats are considered by many to be a tribe of largely Aryan origins.

Indo-Scythian origin

Sir Alexander Cunnigham[2] considered the Jats to be of Indo-Scythian stock. He identified them with the "Xanthi" of Strabo[25] and the "Jatii" of Ptolemy[26] and Pliny (in some manuscripts);[27] and held that they probably entered the Punjab from their home on the Oxus very shortly after the Meds or Mands. These Meds or Mands, who he also considered to be Indo-Scythians, who moved into the Punjab about a century before Christ. The Jats seem to have first occupied the Indus valley as far down as Sindh, whither the Meds followed them about the beginning of the Common era.

Before the earliest Muslim conquests, the Jats had spread into Punjab proper, where they were firmly established by the beginning of the eleventh century.

Cunningham held that the Rajputs belonged to the original Aryan stock, and the Jats to a late wave of immigrants from the north west, probably of Scythian race.

In Punjab Castes, Sir Denzil Ibbetson wrote:

" .... the original Rajput and the original Jat entered India at different times in its history. But if they do originally represent to separate waves of immigration, it is at least exceedingly probable, both from their almost identical physique and facial character and from the close communion which has always existed between them, that they belong to one and the same ethnic stock; and it is almost certain that the joint Jat Rajput stock contains not a few tribes of aboriginal descent, though it is probably in the main Aryo-Scythian, if Scythian be not Aryan."

Common Indo-European Ancestry of Jats

Main article: Common Ancestry of Jatt Names

History shows that between 1000 to 3000 years ago a number of Central Asian tribes classified as Indo-Iranian/Indo-European/Indo-Aryans migrated into both Europe and South Asia. In both Europe and South Asia there are many surnames which are common. These common tribal names stayed intact in some places which were settled such as India due to a strong tradition of heritage preservation. Alternatively , these tribes may have originated from South Asia and spread into Central Asia.[28]

Jats in the Deva Samhitā

Deva Samhita is a collection of Sanskrit hymns in which it is mentioned that after the destruction of Daksha's sacrifice by Virabhadra and his ganas, the followers of Shiva, the defeated gods sought Brahma and asked his counsel. Brahma advised the gods to make their peace with Shiva. Shiva accepted his advice and restored the burnt head of Daksha and the broken limbs were made whole. Then the devas thanked Shiva for his gentleness, and invited him to sacrifice. There Daksha looked on him with reverence, the rite was duly performed, and there also Vishnu appeared. A compromise was achieved between Vaishnavas and followers of Shiva. Devasamhita records the discussion between Shiva and Parvati. Pārvatī asks Shiva about the origin of Jats, their antiquity and characters of Jats, Shiva tells her these things in form of shloka (verses) numbering from 12 - 17. Some relevant verses are given below.

There is mention of Jats inDeva Samhitā[29] in the form of powerful rulers over vast plains of Central Asia. For example in the 'Deva Samhitā' of Gorakh Sinha from the early medieval period, when Pārvatī asks Shiva about the origin of Jats, their antiquity and characters of Jats, Shiva tells her like this in Sanskrit shloka-15 as under:

महाबला महावीर्या, महासत्य पराक्रमाः Mahābalā mahāvīryā, Mahāsatya parākramāḥ
सर्वाग्रे क्षत्रिया जट्‌टा देवकल्‍पा दृढ़-व्रता: Sarvāgre kshatriyā jattā Devakalpā dridh-vratāḥ || 15 ||
Meaning - "They are, like gods, firm of determination and of all the kshatriyā, the Jattā are the prime rulers of the earth." (here the connection is on Phonetic grounds)

Shiva explains Parvati about the origin of Jats in Shloka –16 of Deva samhita as under:

श्रृष्टेरादौ महामाये वीर भद्रस्य शक्तित: Shrishterādau mahāmāye Virabhadrasya shaktitaḥ
कन्यानां दक्षस्य गर्भे जाता जट्टा महेश्वरी Kanyānām Dakshasya garbhe jātā jatta maheshwarī. || 16 ||
Meaning – "In the beginning of the universe with the personification of the illusionary powers of Virabhadra and Daksha's daughtergana's womb originated the caste of Jats."

In the shloka-17 of 'Deva Samhitā' when Pārvatī asks about the origin of Jats, Shiva tells Parvati that:

गर्व खर्चोत्र विग्राणां देवानां च महेश्वरी Garva kharchotra vigrānam devānām cha maheshwarī
विचित्रं विस्‍मयं सत्‍वं पौराण कै साङ्गीपितं Vichitram vismayam satvam Pauran kai sāngīpitam || 17 ||
Meaning - "The history of origin of Jats is extremely wonderful and their antiquity glorious. The Pundits of history did not record their annals lest it should injure and impair their false pride and of the vipras and gods. We describe that realistic history before you."

Jats in Mahabharata period

Jats find a mention in most ancient Indian literature. Over sixty clans are named in the Rig Veda.[30] In the Mahabharata as they are mentioned ‘Jartas’ in ‘Karna Parva’. The famous Sanskrit scholar Panini (traditionally dated 520-460 BCE, with estimates ranging from the 7th to 4th centuries BCE) has mentioned in his Sanskrit grammar known as Aṣṭādhyāyī in the form of shloka as जट झट संघाते or “Jat Jhat Sanghate”.[31] This means that the terms 'Jat' and 'democratic federation' are synonymous. He has mentioned many Jat clans as settled in Punjab and North west areas. They are mentioned in the grammar treatise of Chandra of the fifth century in the phrase sentence अजय जर्टो हुणान or “Ajay Jarto Huṇān”, which refers to the defeat of Huns by the Jartos under the leadership of Yasodharman. The inscriptions of Mandsaur and Bijayagadh theorise on phronetic grounds that Yasodharman, the ruler of Malwa, may have been a Jat of the Virk gotra ( clan).[32][33] -[34]

Mahabharata Shalya Parva section 45 says, "Listen now to the names of those other combatants armed with diverse weapons and clad in diverse kinds of robes and ornaments, that Skanda procured: ....Akshasantarjana, Kunadika, Tamobhrakrit, Ekaksha, Dwadasaksha, Eka Jata ... Beholding the installation of Kartikeya, These and many other mighty companions, O king, came to the high-souled and illustrious Kartikeya".[35]This has been illustrated in following shlokas in the online edition of Mahabharata in Sanskrit along with Devanagari as under:

अक्षसंतर्जनॊ राजन कुनथीकस तमॊ ऽभरकृत akṣasaṃtarjano rājan kunadīkas tamo 'bhrakṛt[36]
एकाक्षॊ थवाथशाक्षश च तदैवैक जटः परभुः ekākṣo dvādaśākṣaś ca tathaivaika jaṭaḥ prabhuḥ[37]

The Jat historian, Dharmpal Singh Dudee, has explained the above legend of the Mahabharata, in which Brahma nominated Swami Kartikeya as senapati of all the beings and performs his coronation on this position. On the occasion of coronation, Swami Kartikeya received various offerings from manifold people. One of these was a chief of all the senapatis (generals) named Jat.[38] This shloka reads in Sanskrit as under:

अक्षः सन्तर्जनो राजन् कुन्दीकश्च तमोन्नकृत।

एकाक्षो द्वादशक्षश्च तथैवैक जटः प्रभु ।।

Translation- O Rajan! Akshaḥ santarjana, kundīka, tamonnakrata, ekāksha, dwādashāksha and a 'Jat' the chief lord offered to Swami Kartikeya.

Thus appearance of Jat name in Mahabharata along with Brahma shows that name of Jat is as antique as Brahma.[39] Mahabharata Anushasan Parva mentions in chapter 17 that one of the names of parmatma or parmeshwar is Jata (जट) as given shloka 86 as under in Devanagari and IAST:[40]

महानखॊ महारॊमा महाकेशॊ महाजटः mahānakho mahāromā mahākeśo mahājaṭaḥ
असपत्नः परसाथश च परत्ययॊ गिरिसाधनः asapatnaḥ prasādaś ca pratyayo girisādhanaḥ

Jats in Shāhnāma

Jats have been mentioned in Shāhnāma ("The epic of kings"), the national epic of Persia (modern Iran), by Hakīm Abul-Qāsim Firdawsī Tūsī (Persian: حکیم ابوالقاسم فردوسی توسی‎ ), more commonly transliterated as Firdowsi (935–1020) , the most revered Persian poet. The Shāhnāma tells the mythical and historical past of Iran from the creation of the world up until the Islamic conquest of Iran in the 7th century. The Shâhnameh recounts the history of Iran, beginning with the creation of the world and the introduction of the arts of civilization (fire, cooking, metallurgy, law) to the Aryans and ends with the Arab conquest of Persia. The scene that has been drawn by Firdowsi in his Shahnama is in the legend of Rostam and Sohrab. Sohrab was in search of Rostam, his father. Both, the father and son had heard the heroic deeds of each other, but none of them wanted to disclose his identification. Sohrab while being in search of his father leads his army to the White Castle (Dazh-e-Safid) in Iran. Hujir, guardian of the castle, sees the army come and goes to meet them. Sohrab asked Hujir about the heroes and war champions of Iran as under:[41][42]

"I would ask all
About the king, the rebellions and the troops
All the renowned ones of that region
Such as Tus, Kaous and Gudarz
The knights and the valliants of the country of Iran
Like, Gostahm[43] and praiseworthy Giv[44]
About Bahram,[45] and the renowned Rostam[46]
I ask you about every Jat, you count them for me"

Dr S.M. Yunus Jaffery writes that Firdowsi has used word Jat for those war-like persons, a word that seems to be equivalent of Yaudheyas that has been often used in the history of Kushan period.[47] It should be pointed out here that the word Kushan has been used in Shahnama at several places. Tarikh-e-Bayhaqi, also called Tarikh-e-Masudi is history of Ghaznavid dynasty (366-582 AH/976-1186 AD). An extract from this book has been given in Loghat Nama-e-Dehkhoda, the encyclopedia of Persia, compiled by Ali Akbar Dehkhoda in Persia. Under the entry ‘Jat’ it says:

“Ahmad escaped with his nobles and other persons, who were three hundred riders and bigger convicts. But Telak remained with him. He wrote letters to Hindu rebellious Jats that they should not take the way of abjected ones.”[48]

Dr S.M. Yunus Jaffery writes that under the same entry, the quotation of Adib Peshawar has also been given. Probably he has written about the Jats in Afghanistan:

“They are a clan of Hindus, now most of them have been honoured to adopt the Islamic faith. In the verbal history I have been told that people of Panni clan in Afghanistan are Jats in their origin. There are some small pockets of Jats in towns like Roudsar".[49]

Jats in Majmal-ut-Tawarikh

Majmal-ut-Tawarikh, the first Persian account of the 11th century (1026), refers an interesting legend about the Jats and Meds. It says that both these people, the descendants of Ham, lived in Sind on the banks of the river Bahar. They indulged in mutual warfare. It so happens that the Jats overpowered the distressing Meds. But realizing the futility of continuous struggle both the Jats and the Meds begged King Dajushan (Duryodhan) to appoint a King to rule over them and thereby ensure perpetual peace. The King nominated his sister Dassal (Duhsala), who governed them with wisdom. But despite its riches, dignity and greatness, there was no Brahman or wise man in the country. Hence from all over Hindustan thirty thousand Brahmans along with their families were sent there by her brother. Perhaps the name of the famous city Brahmanabad points to the place where the Brahman immigrants first settled. [50]They settled there and in time Sind became flourishing. The queen later on made over small portion of her realm to the Jats and appointed one of them, Judrat, as their chief. She made a similar provision for the Meds also. [51] This narrative involving the mythological figures can not be regarded as a historical fact but would imply that the people designated as Jats were present at the time of war of Mahabharata.[52]

Etymology

One theory about the origin of the word, 'Jat' is that it has originated from the Sanskrit language word “Gyat” . The Mahabharata mentions in chapter 25, shloka 26 that Lord Krishna founded a federation ‘Gana-sangha’ of the Andhak and Vrishni clans. This federation was known as ‘Gyati-sangh’. Dr Natthan Singh, a Jat historian theorises, that over a period of time ‘Gyati’ became ‘Gyat’ and it may have changed to Jat.[53]

Another theory of the word's origins is that Jat came from the word Gaut tribal name of some Indo-Aryan tribes of Central Asia (such as those which later became Gauts/Goths or Jutes and settled in Europe), which was written by Jat a witer in Jattan Da Ithihas. It has also been mentioned by Jat historian Bhim Singh Dahiya.[54] Jats have many surnames common to German people even today.

According to Jat historian Ram Lal Hala, the word Jat is derived from word 'Yat'. He theorises, that there was a Chandra Vanshi king named Ushana (उशना), ancestor of Lord Krishna. Ushana was born after nine generations of Yadu. Ushana performed hundred Ashvamedha Yagyas and got the title of 'yat'. The word 'Yat' later may have changed to 'Jat'.[55]

There are many variations of the term Jat. In the Punjab, the phonetic sound is "Jutt" or "Jatt."

Jats in Islamic History

Jats in Sind

Jats and Meds have been the oldest occupants of Sind. The first Persian account of the 11th century Mujmat ut-Tawarikh (1026), originally an ancient work in Sanskrit, mentions Jats and Meds as the ancient tribe of Sind and calls them the descendants of Ham, the son of Noah.[56][57]The Ghaznavid poet, Farrukhi calls the Jats (Zatt in Arabic) as the Indian race.[58] These Arabic/Persian accounts find support from the early fifth century inscription which documented the Indianized names of the Jat rulers,[59] such as Raja Jit-Jit Salindra-Devangi-Sumbooka-Degali-Vira Narindra- Vira Chandra and Sali Chandra. Furthermore, the Mujmat ut-Tawarikh also mentions the Indianized name of one of their chiefs of the Jats in remote ancient time as Judrat.[60][57]These textual references further strengthened the view of O'Brien, who opines that the names and traditions of certain Jat tribes seem to connect them more closely with Hindustan.[61]

According to Dr. Raza, Jats appear to be the original race of Sind valley, stretching from the mouth of Indus to as far as the valley of Peshawar.[57]Traditionally Jats of Sind consider their origin from the far northwest and claimed ancient Garh Gajni (modern Rawalpindi) as their original abode.[62] Persian chronicler Firishta strengthened this view and informs us that Jats were originally living near the river of the Koh-i-Jud (Salt Range) in northwest Punjab.[63] The Jats then occupied the Indus valley and settled themselves on both the banks of the Indus River. By the fourth century region of Multan was under their control.[57]Then they rose to the sovereign power and their ruler Jit Salindra, who promoted the renown of his race, started the Jat colonisation in Punjab and fortified the town Salpur/Sorpur, near Multan.[64]

Ibn Hauqual mentions the area of their abode in between Mansura and Makran.[65] By the end of seventh century, Jats were thickly populated in Deybal region.[66] In the early eighth century, when the Arab commander Muhammad bin Qasim came to Sind, the Jats were living along both sides of the river Indus. Their main population was settled in the lower Sind, especially in the region of Brahmanabad (Mansura); Lohana (round the Brahmanabad) with their two territories Lakha, to the west of Lohana and Samma, to the south of Lohana; Nerun (modern Hyderabad); Dahlilah; Roar and Deybal. In the further east, their abode also extended in between Deybal, Kacheha (Qassa) and Kathiawar in Gujarat. In upper Sind they were settled in Siwistan (Schwan) and Alor/Aror region.[57][67]

The Chachnama, possibly dating originally to the 7th or 8th century CE, and translated into Persian in 1216 CE, classified people living on the eastern and western side of the Indus River into 'the western Jats' (Jatan-i-gharbi) and 'the eastern Jats (Jatan-i-Sharqi),[68]

Before the invasion of Sultan Mahmud (1027), Jats had firmly established in the region of Multan and Bhatiya on the banks of Indus River.[57][69] Alberuni mentions the Mau as the abode of Jats in Punjab, situated in between the river Chenab and Beas.[70]

In the 13th century CE, chroniclers further classified them as 'The Jats living on the banks of the rivers (Lab-i-daryayi)[71] and the Jats living in plain,desert (Jatan-i-dashti); and 'the rustic Jats' (rusta'i Jat) living in villages.[72] Professionally, they were classified on the basis of their habitats, as boatmen and maker of boats, those who were living in the riverside.[73] However Jats of country side were involved in making of swords; as the region of Deybal was famous for the manufacture of swords, and the Jats were variously called as teghzan (holder of the swords).[74] The rustic people were appointed by the Chach and the Arab commanders as spies (Jasus) and the caravan guide (rahbar). They used to guide the caravans on their way both during day time and at night.[75][57]

In political hierarchy, the early fifth century inscription refers to them as a ruler of Punjab, part of Rajasthan and Malwa.[57]It further highlights their sovereign position with high sounded epithets such as Sal, Vira, and Narpati ('lord of men').[76] In the military hierarchy, the Chachnama placed them high on the covetous post of Rana. During the war they were brought against enemy as soldiers. In Dahir's army all the Jats living in the east of Indus River stood marshalled in the rear against the Arab commander Muhammad Bin Qasim.[77] They were also involved in palace management, thus Chach appointed them as his bodyguard (pasdar).[78]

Migration from Sind

As for the migration of Jats from Sind, it may be assumed that natural calamity and increase in population compelled them to migrate from their original abode in search of livelihood.[57]Hoernle has propounded the 'wedge theory' for the migration of most of the ancient tribes. This wedge theory tends us to believe that the Jats were among the first wave of the Aryans, and their first southeast migration took place from the Nort-West, and established their rule at Sorpur in Multan regions. Further they migrated towards east and stretched their abode from Brahmanabad (Mansura) to Kathiawar. As Jataki, the peculiar dielect of the Jats, also proves that the Jats must have come from the NW Punjab and from other districts (e.g. Multan) dependent upon the great country of the Five rivers.[79] By the end of fifth and the beginning of the sixth century, their southward migration, second in line, took place and they reached Kota in Rajasthan, probably via Bikaner regions. From Kota they migrated further east and established their rule at Malwa under the rule of Salichandra, son of Vira Chandra. Salichandra erected a minster (mindra) on banks of the river Taveli in Malwa.[80] Probably after their defeat by Sultan Mahmud in 1027 AD, and later hard pressed by the Ghaznavi Turkish Commander, the Jats of Sind again migrated to Rajasthan and settled themselves in Bundi regions.[57]The second inscription found at Bundi probably dates from circa samvat 1191 (1135 AD) possibly refers to the Jats as opponents of the Parmara rulers of Rajasthan.[81]

When Muhammad bin Qasim attacked Dahlilah, a fortified town in between Roar and Brahmanabad, most of the inhabitants (the Jats) had abandoned the place and migrated to Rajasthan via desert and took shelter in the country of Siru (modern Sirohi) which was then ruled by King Deva Raj, a cousin of Rai Dahir.[82] However, the third migration took place in early eighth century and Jats of lower Sind migrated to Rajasthan, probably via Barmer regions. By the twelfth century, the Jats settled in western Punjab, as the native poet Abul Farj Runi mentions them along with the Afghans.[57]Meanwhile, they also extended their abode in the eastern part of the Punjab (now Haryana), as in the end of the twelfth century they resisted Qutab Din Aibek in the region of Hansi.[83]

The Jats of the lower Indus comprise both Jats and Rajputs, and the same rule applies to Las-Bela where descendants of former ruling races like the Sumra and the Samma of Sind and the Langah of Multan are found. At the time of the first appearance of the Arabs they found the whole of Makran in possession of Zutts.[84] On phronetic grounds, this maybe Jats.[85] The Jats of the lower Indus comprise both Jats and Rajputs, and the same rule applies to Las-Bela where descendants of former ruling races like the Sumra and the Samma of Sind and the Langah of Multan are found. At the time of the first appearance of the Arabs they found the whole of Makran in possession of Zutts [citation needed]. On phronetic grounds, this maybe Jats [citation needed].

According to a Hadith, Hazrat Abdulla Bin Masood, a companion of Muhammad saw some strangers with Muhammad and said that their features and physique were like those of Jats.[86] This indicates that Jats may have been in Arabia even during Muhammad's time. It is mentioned in the Abadis i.e., the authentic traditions of Prophet Mohammad compiled by Hazrat Imam Bukhari (d. 875 A.D - 256 A.H) that an Indian tribe of had settled in Arabia before Prophet Mohammad’s times [citation needed]. Bukhari also tells us that an Indian Raja (king) sent a jar of ginger pickles to the Prophet. This shows that the Indians resided in an adjacent area.[87] Furthur writing about the period of the Companions in his book "Al adab al Mufarrad" has stated that once when Hazrat Aisha (Muhammads's wife) fell ill, her nephews brought a Jat doctor for her treatment. We hear of them next when the Arab armies clashed with the Persian forces which were comprised of Jat soldiers as well. The Persian Command Hurmuz used Jat soldiers against Khalid ibn al-Walid in the battle of 'salasal' of 634 A.D (12 hijri). This was the first time that Jats were captured by the Arabs[citation needed]. They put forward certain conditions for joining the Arab armies which were accepted, and on embracing Islam they were associated with different Arab tribes.[88] This event proves that the first group of people from the Indian subcontinent to accept Islam were Jats who did it as early as 12 hijri (634 A.D) in the time of Hazrat `Umar ibn al-Khattāb.[89]

The Persian King Yazdgerd III had also sought the help of the Sind ruler who sent Jat soldiers and elephants which were used against the Arabs in the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah [citation needed].

According to Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (Tabari), Hazrat Ali ibn Abi Talib had employed Jats to guard Basra treasury during the battle of Jamal.

"Jats were the guards of the Baitul Maal at al-Basra during the time of Hazrat Uthman ibn Affan and Hazrat Ali ibn Abi Talib."

[90] Amir Muawiya had settled them on the Syrian border to fight against the Romans. It is said that 4,000 Jats of Sind joined Mohammad Bin Qasim's army and fought against Raja Dahir. Sindhi Jats henceforth began to be regularly recruited in the Muslim armies.

The line of rulership before Islam runs: Siharus, Raja Sahasi II, Chach, Raja Dahir. The first two were Buddhist Rajputs and the last two Hindu Brahmins.There is a difference of opinion among historians concerning the social dynamic between the Jatts and the Brahmins.Some historians suggest that the relationship was an adversarial one, with Brahmins using their high caste status to exploit and oppress the Jatts, Meds and Buddhists, who formed the bulk of the peasantry.[91] According to a quote by historian U.T Thakkur, "When Chach, the Brahmim chamberlain who usurped the throne of Rajput King Sahasi II went to Brahmanabad, he enjoined upon the Jats and Lohanas not to carry swords, avoid velvet or silken cloth, ride horses without saddles and walk about bare-headed and bare-footed".[92]

However, Thakkur also writes that Hinduism and Buddhism existed side by side, suggesting a more complex dynamic between the endogamous groups. [The king followed early Hindusim, but a majority of his advisers were a mix of Buddhists,and other faiths. The ruler of Brahmanabad, a Jatt, also had professed Buddhism as his spiritual guide. Nonetheless, there was a strong sense of "ideological dualism" between them, which he wrote was the inherent weakness that the Arabs exploited in their favor when they invaded the region.[92]

It was because of this internal dissenion that that Muhammad bin Qasim received cooperation from some of the Buddhists as well as some of the Jats and Meds during his campaign in Sind [3](An advanced history of India by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar; Hemchandra Raychaudhuri; Kalikinkar Datta Delhi: Macmillan India, 1973) In fact he was hailed as deliverer by several sections of local population. The position of the Buddhists in Sind seeking support from outside can be read in the Chach Nama.

Mohammad Bin Qasim's work was facilitated by the treachery of certain Buddhist priests and renegade chiefs who deserted their sovereign and joined the invader. With the assistance of some of these traitors, Mohammad crossed the vast sheet of water separating his army from that of Dahir and gave battle to the ruler near Raor (712 A.D.). Dahir was defeated and killed

— Historical accounts documented in the, Chach Nama according to Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, Hemchandra Raychaudhuri, & Kalikinkar Datta[93]

Sind had a large Buddhist population at this time but the ruler, Dahir, followed Brahminism, and to te Arabs was a Brahmin. It is said that the Buddhists been receiving constant information from their co-religionists in Afghanistan and Turkistan about the liberal treatment meted out to them by the Arab conquerors of those regions.[94] Thus, bin-Qasim received cooperation from the Buddhist population.[95] The Buddhist ruler of Nerun (Hyderabad) had secret correspondence with Muhammad Bin Qasim. Similarly, Bajhra and Kaka Kolak, Buddhist Rajas of Sewastan, allied themselves with Muhammad Bin Qasim.[96]

Ancient Jat Kingdoms

Some Jat historians such as B.S. Dehiya,[97], Dr Natthan Singh,[98] K.P. Jayaswal,[99] Ram Swarup Joon,[100]Bhaleram Beniwal[101]A K Mittal, [102] Rahul Sankrityan, [103] Dr Atul Singh Khokhar, [104]and other writers state that ancient Jat kingdoms include those of:


  • Shrikrisna,Balram[Romila thapar in new history of jats][Albaruni says to shrikrisna was a jat][now a days only jat found in Mathura,Gokul,Barsana,Goverdhan,Vrindavan etc]
  • Maurya[some new historian try to proove it]
  • Shak
  • Kushan[In mathura disst. jats are in great amount,kushan things are found in jats population areas]
  • guptas[Chandragomin grammer says-jart wins the hoons.either gupts were jats or jat regiment exist in gupt army.][The historion k.p. jaiswal says jats were lower cast could not be true because Amarsingh[In nine jems of gupts]give the list of Sudras,in which Jats are not found.so that time jats were Royal/martial cast.
  • Harshavardhana[Pusyabhuti vans/state was in Hariyana.today these gotra found in jats]
  • Yasodharman

Most of the republic/democratic states

  • Yaudhays[Rajasthan,Hariyana]
  • Arjunayan[Rajasthan,Hariyana]
  • Kurind[Punjab]
  • Malav[Punjab in the time of Sikander,after that spread in eastern Rajasthan,Hariyana]


Rai Dynasty

The Jats of Balhara clan and the Rai Dynasty ruled Sindh and followed Buddhisms,[29] Shaivism, Vaishnavism, Jainism. There were internal dissensions shortly before the invasion of the Arabs under Muhammad Bin Qasim. It is said 4000 Jatts supported Quasim and fought against the Raja Dahir.

During Raja Dahir's rule, he supplied the Persians with war elephants and Jatt soldiers [105] who they used to fight against the Arab Muslims. Some captured Jatt soldiers may have converted to Islam and may have been employed in the armies and defenses of prominent Muslim leaders such as the Caliphs Ali and Muawiyah.

Many Jats continued to resist, and a century later, Jatts would stage rebellions against the Abbasid Caliphs, even killing some of their Amirs [106].

Jat Kingdoms in Medieval India

The Jat Uprising of 1669

Main article: The Jat Uprising of 1669

The Jat uprising of 1669 under Gokula in region around Mathura occurred at a time when the Mughal government was by no means weak or imbecile. [107] In fact this period of Aurangzeb’s reign witnessed the climax of the Mughal Empire.[108], [109] during the early medieval period frequent breakdown of law and order often induced the Jats to adopt a refractory course. [110] But, with the establishment of the Mughal rule, law and order was effectively established and we do not come across any major Jat revolt during the century and a half proceeding the reign of Aurangzeb. [111]

Historians have generally ascribed the said Jat rebellion to Aurangzab’s religious discrimination and the oppression of local officers. [112], [113]. [114] These, however seem to have been the contributory causes but neither the sole nor the dominant factors which precipitated the revolt. The real cause of the Jat rebellion of 1669 lay deeper than have been assigned to it so far. [115]

The Jat rebellion of 1669 was essentially the result of the political provocation aggravated by the economic discontent and set ablaze by the religious persecution. [116]

Once their combined efforts proved fruitful under later leaders and bright future prospects appeared ahead. Their circumstantial union assumed a little fixed character. Consideration of common benefit might also have been instrumental in leading the tribal and democratic Jats to prefer, accept and finally adopt the institution of kingship. To such circumstances may be traced the genesis of the Jat state of Bharatpur and the eventual emergence of the principalities of Patiala, Nabha and Jind which were the Jat republicans until India's independence. [117]


Gohad

Main article: Gohad
File:Maharaja Bhim Singh Rana.jpg
Maharaja Bhim Singh Rana

According to the Rajputana Gazetteer, the Jagir of village Bamrauli near Agra, was transferred to the Chauhan and Kachwaha Rajputs of Bairath (near Alwar), during the rule of the Tomar Rajputs in Delhi in the 11th century. During Firuz Shah Tughluq's regime , his satrap in Agra, Muneer Mohammad, forced the Jats of Bamrauli to leave the village in 1367. The Bamraulia Jats moved to the region of Gwalior beyond the Chambal river.

According to Cunningham and William Cook, the Bamraulia Jats founded the city of Gohad near Gwalior in 1505. Later it developed into an important Jat State that continued till Indian Independence. The Jat rulers of Gohad were awarded the title of Rana.

Singhan Deo was the first Jat ruler of the state of Gohad. The chronology of Jat rulers of Gohad has 17 names: Singhan Deo I, Singhan Deo II, Devi Singh, Udyaut Singh, Rana Anup Singh, Sambhu Singh, Abhay Chander, Ratan Singh, Uday Singh, Bagh Raj, Gaj Singh, Jaswant, Bhim Singh, Girdhar Pratap, Chhatra Singh, Kirat Singh and Pohap Singh.

Dholpur

Main article: Dholpur
File:Rana Udaybhanu Singh.jpg
Rana Udaybhanu Singh

The present town of Dholpur, which dates from the 16th century, stands somewhat to the north of the site of the older town built in the 11th century by Raja Dholan (or Dhawal) Deo, a Tomara Rajput chieftain; it was named as Dholdera or Dhawalpuri after him.

In 1450, Dholpur had a Raja of its own. However, the fort was taken by Sikander Lodi in 1501 and transferred to a Muslim governor in 1504. In 1527, after strenuous resistance, the fort fell to Babur and came under the sway of the Mughals along with the surrounding country. It was assigned by Emperor Akbar to the province of Agra. A fortified sarai built during the reign of Akbar still stands in the town, within which is the fine tomb of Sadik Mohammed Khan, one of his generals.

During the dissensions which followed the death of emperor Aurangzeb in 1707, Raja Kalyan Singh Bhadauria obtained possession of Dholpur. His family retained it until 1761, after which it was taken successively by the Jat Maharaja Suraj Mal of Bharatpur; by Mirza Najaf Khan in 1775; by the Scindia ruler of Gwalior in 1782; and finally, by the British East India Company in 1803. It was restored by the British to the Scindias under the "Treaty of Sarji Anjangaon", but in consequence of new arrangements, was again occupied by the British. Finally, in 1806, the territories of Dholpur, Ban and Rajakhera were handed over to Kirat Singh of Gohad, in exchange for his own state of Gohad, which was ceded to the Scindias.

From this point begins the history of the princely state of Dholpur, a vassal of the British during the Raj. After Independence, it was incorporated into the newly-formed state of Rajasthan.

Bharatpur

Main article: Bharatpur
File:Maharaja Surajmal.jpg
Maharaja Suraj Mal
Coat of arms of Bharatpur rulers

In the disorder following Aurangzeb's death in 1707, Jat resistance resumed, organised under the leadership of Churaman. Churaman's nephew,Badan Singh, established a kingdom centered at Deeg, from which he extended his rule over Agra and Mathura.

Badan Singh's fifth son and successor was Maharaja Suraj Mal. Suraj Mal, described as the "Jat Plato" and the "Jat Ulysses", extended his kingdom to include Agra, Mathura, Dholpur, Mainpuri, Hathras, Aligarh, Etawah, Meerut, Rohtak, Farrukhnagar, Mewat, Rewari and Gurgaon,Alwar. He was described as the greatest warrior and the ablest statesman that the Jats had ever produced. He moved the capital from Deeg to Bharatpur after 1733.Surajmal accepted the mugal revenue system in his state.he gave the power to Chaudhery[Head of 100 villages].it is the reason behind it that jats called as chaudhery not thakur.if he acccepted rajput system then today jats called as thakur. Rustam, a Jat king of the Sogariya clan, laid the foundation of the modern city of Bharatpur. After him, control passed to his son, Khemkaran and then to Suraj Mal. Khemkaran was a warrior. He was awarded with the title "Faujdar", which is still used by all Sogariyas. The beautiful palace and gardens at Deeg and the Bharatpur fort, both built by Suraj Mal, symbolised the coming of age of the Jat state. Suraj Mal died on 25 December, 1763.After Surajmal his son Jawahar singh become the rooler.he was great soldier too.he defeat maratha in dholpur war.he attak delhi and looted it very well.IN 1805 AD Ranjit singh defeated the british general lord lake in maratha-british war.then the fort of bharatpur famous as lohagarh[fort of steel] During the Raj, the state covered an area of 5,123 sq.km. Its rulers enjoyed a salute of 17 guns. The state acceded unto the dominion of India in 1947. It was merged with three nearby princely states to form the 'Matsya Union', which in turn was merged with other adjoining territories to create the present-day state of Rajasthan.

Kuchesar

Main article: Kuchesar

In the mid-eighteenth century the Dalal Jats of Mandoti, Haryana, built the mud fort of Kuchesar in Uttar Pradesh.

Ballabhgarh

Main article: Ballabhgarh

The founders of the princely state of Ballabhgarh had come from village Janauli, which is more than 2000 years old. The Tevatia Jat Sardar Gopal Singh left Janauli in 1705 (in Palwal) and got settled at Sihi, a village of Tewatia Jats in Ballabgarh at a distance of about 5 km from Ballabhgarh. Charan Das's son, Balram Singh, rose to a powerful king in this dynasty. Princely state of Ballabgarh is after his name. He was brother in law of Maharaja Suraj Mal and mama of Jawahar Singh. Raja Nahar Singh (1823 – 1858) was a notable King of this princely state. The forefathers of Jat Raja Nahar Singh had built a fort here around 1739 AD. The small kingdom of Ballabhgarh is only 20 miles from Delhi. The name of the Jat Raja Nahar Singh will always be highly regarded among those who martyred themselves in the 1857 war of independence.

Patiala

Main article: Patiala

Patiala was a state of Siddhu Jats ancestry in Punjab.[118] Its area was 5932 sq. mile and annual income Rs 1,63,00,000/-. The rulers of the erstwhile states of Patiala, Nabha and Jind trace their ancestry to Jat sardar Phul of Siddhu ancestry.[119] Apparently the appellation of dynasty "Phulkian" is derived from their common founder. One of sons of Phul, Ram Singh had son Ala Singh, who assumed the leadership in 1714 when Banda Bahadur was engaged in the fierce battle against the Mughals. Ala Singh carved out an independent principality from a petty Zamindari of 30 villages. Under his successors, it expanded into a large state, touching the Shivaliks in north, Rajasthan in the south and upper courses of the Yamuna and Sutlej rivers while confronting the most trying and challenging circumstances.

Nabha

Main article: Nabha

Nabha was a state of Siddhu Jats.[120] founded by grandson of Chaudhary Phul Singh. Chaudhary Phul Singh had six sons namely, 1.Tiloka 2.Ram Singh 3.Rudh 4.Chunu 5. Jhandu and 6.Takhtmal. Annual income of Nabha state was Rs 1,50,000/-.[121] Phul, was Chaudhri (Governor) of a country located at the south east of Dihli. Phul’s descendants founded 3 States: Patiala, Jind and Nabha. Nabha was founded by the great-grandson of Phul in 1755.[122] According to another version they the founder of this Sikh dynasty descent from Jaisal, clan of Bhatis the founder of the State of Jaisalmer in 1156.

Jind

Main article: Jind

Jind state in Haryana was founded by descendants of Phul Jat of Siddhu ancestry.[123] Jind was a state of Siddhu Jats founded by grandson of Chaudhary Phul Singh. Chaudhary Phul Singh had six sons namely, 1.Tiloka 2.Ram Singh 3.Rudh 4.Chunu 5. Jhandu and 6.Takhtmal. Tiloka had two sons namely, 1. Gurudutta 2. Sukh Chain. Sukh Chain's descendants ruled Jind state and Gurudatta's descendants ruled Nabha state.Area of the state was 1259 sq mile and annual income of Jind state was Rs 30,00,000/-.[124] According to another version stating descent from Jaisal, founder of the State of Jaisalmer in 1156, the founder of this Sikh dynasty, Phul, was Chaudhri (Governor) of a country located at the south east of Dihli. Phul’s descendants founded 3 States: Patiala, Jind and Nabha.

By the nineteenth century, Jats ruled the states of Bharatpur, Dholpur, Gohad, Kuchesar, Ballabhgarh, Patiala, Nabha and Jind. The Jats established a reputation of being determined and sturdy.

Mursan

Mursan state of Thenua Jats was in Hathras in Uttar Pradesh. Raja Mahendra Pratap was the famous freedom fighter from this state.Raja Mahendra pratap married with sister of arvinder singhRooler of Jind




Other states

There are so many other Jat states. If we included Jats state of Punjab, these are more than Rajput states. Some of the states to mention are:

  • Vrindavan (Mathura) - It was a Jat state till now.

Genetics

A recent study of the people of Indian Punjab, where about 40% or more of the population are Jats, suggest that the Jats are similar to other populations of the Indus Valley. The study involved a genealogical DNA test which examined single nucleotide polymorphisms (mutations in a single DNA "letter") on the Y chromosome (which occurs only in males). Jats share many common haplotypes with German, Slavic, Baltic, Iranian, and Central Asian groups. It found Jat people share only two haplotypes, one of which is also shared with the population of present-day Turkey, and have few matches with neighbouring Pakistani populations.[125] This haplotype shared between the two Jat groups indicates to be part of the Indo-Aryan (or Indo-European) genetic contribution to these populations, where as the haplotypes shared with other Eurasian populations indicates to be due to the contribution of Indo-European Scythians (Saka, Massagetae) or White Huns.[126] (These groups indicates to be course all be branches of a larger ethnic complex). However using the same database Jats share many haplotypes (within the R1a haplogroup) with Southern Indians. Hence it seems as far as haplogroup R1a is concerned Jats, many Europeans and Southern Indians, but not non-Punjabi Pakistani populations, share a common recent history (based on R1a1 haplotypes). The R1a marker on it own or in its entirety is not indicative of the spread of Indo-European/Scythian populations.[127] The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), Jats contain haplogroups typical of North India, Pakistan, and West Asia. This indicates that for the female mtDNA, there is very little connection with Central Asian or northwest European populations, even though Jats share many male Indo-European/Scythian Y-SNP markers with these populations. Hence this indicates that there has been male migration in or out of the Jat population in historical times.

Jats today

Today, besides agriculture, Jats are engaged in white-collar jobs, trade and commerce. Though they continue to be a rural populace, there presence in towns and district headquarters can be noted due to migration, which undoubtedly explains their distance from agriculture and animal husbandry.[128]

Jats are considered a Forward Caste in India.

Land reforms, particularly the abolition of Jagirdari and Zamindari systems, Panchayati Raj and Green revolution, to which Jats have been major contributors, have immensely contributed to the economic betterment of the Jat people. Adult franchise has created enormous social and political awakening among Jats. Consolidation of economic gains and participation in the electoral process are two visible outcomes of the post-independence situation. Economic differentiation, migration and mobility could be clearly noticed amongst Jats.[129]

Life and culture of Jats

Main article: Life and culture of Jats
A typical Jat chaupal in a village smoking hubble-bubble (hukka)

The Life and culture of Jats is full of diversity and approaches most closely to that ascribed to the traditional Aryan colonists of India.[130][131]The Jat lifestyle was designed to foster a martial spirit[132]. Whenever they lost their kingdoms, Jats retired to the country-side and became landed barons and the landlords with their swords girded round their waists. [citation needed]They would draw the sword out of the scabbard at the command of their panchayat to fight with the invaders. Jats have a history of being brave and ready fighters[citation needed]. They are fiercely independent in character and value their self respect more than anything, which is why they offered heavy resistance against any foreign force that treated them unjustly [133]. They are known for their bravery and readyness to sacrifice their lives in battle for their people.[citation needed] In the government of their villages, they appear much more democratic than the Rajput; they have less reverence for hereditary right and a preference for elected headmen. [134]

Food habits

In Haryana Jats are mostly non-meat eaters as a result of Buddhist influence and the Arya Samaj Sect of Hinduism. Their staple food is wheat or bajra, vegetables and plenty of milk and ghee.[135] In Gujarat and Rajasthan the Jat males usually eat meat, while the females are mostly vegetarians. However, food habits within individual families can be completely different so no major specific food habit can given for millions of Jats.but jats in punjab are mainly sikhs and have carnivourius taste also.

Jat Organizations

Main article: Khap

The Jats have always organized themselves into clans, Panchayat system or Khap. A clan was based on one small gotra or a number of related gotras under one elected leader whose word was law. [136]The big Jat clans now are so big that individual in them are only related to each other by individual that lived typically hundreds years ago. Mutual quarrels of any intensity could be settled by orders of Jat elders. In times of danger, the whole clan rallied under the banner of the leader. The Jat Khap or Panchayat "system is territorial and highly democratic. District and a number of Khaps form a 'Sarva Khap' embracing a full province or state. Negotiations with anyone were done - at 'Sarva Khap' level.

Social customs of Jats

Main article: Social customs of Jats
Jat marriage:Toran ceremony
Tejaji fairs are organized in all areas inhahited by Jats

All Jats, irrespective of their official or financial positions in life, have equal social status (except the royal family of Patiala who are Sidhu/Bhatti Rajput in origin).

The only criterion of superiority is age. The Jats are required to marry within their community although this is changing with modern times. With the advancement of modern civilization, as people are becoming less dependent upon and less tolerant towards each other, the joint family system is going out of vogue. It is still prevalent in the less advanced areas.[citation needed]

Recently, the jats have promoted intermarrige within other races of punjab that foster communal harmony. This is especially true with respect to Jat marriages with males or females of the dalit (untouchable) classes. It is also customary for jats to seek brahmin (high caste) mates for their daughters as they are ardent believers in the caste system.

Religion

Jats are followers of many faiths. They were previously ardent supporters of Buddhism and Jainism, along with the Historical Vedic religion, and its successor, modern Hinduism. Today they follow Hinduism, Islam, and Sikhism.

Language

Jats usually speak Hindi and its dialects (Rajasthani, Haryanvi, Malvi), Punjabi and its dialects, Urdu, Kashmiri, Dogri, Sindhi and Gujarati. Sikh and Muslim Jats from the Punjab mostly speak Punjabi and its various dialects (such as Maajhi, Malwi, Doabi,Seraiki, Pothohari, and Jhangochi).


List of Jat Clans

Main article: List of Jat Clans

The clan names of the Jats are unique in India. However, some of their clan names do overlap with the Rajputs and Gujars.[137] List of Jat Clans have been compiled by many Jat historians like Ompal Singh Tugania,[138] Bhaleram Beniwal[139][140] Dr Mahendra Singh Arya and others,[141] Thakur Deshraj,[142] Dilip Singh Ahlawat,[143] Ram Swarup Joon[144] etc. The above lists have more than 2700 Jat gotras. Thakur Deshraj, Ram Swarup Joon and Dilip Singh Ahlawat have mentioned history of some of Jat gotras. Some websites of Jats have also prepared list of Jat Gotras with details of history and distriburion.[145]

>=== Famous Jats ===


|Raja mahendra was President when he form goverment in Afganistaan.Please clik the image.

The Jats have produced famous personalities in all the fields of life such as Rajas, Politicians, Generals, Administrators, Actors, Freedom fighters, Reformers, Technocrats, Players, Industrialists and Businessmen.

<gallery> Image:Shiva.jpg|Jats claim to their origin from jatta of Shiva.

References

  1. ^ Jat popoulation 1988. Hukum Singh Pawar (Pauria):The Jats - Their Origin, Antiquity and Migration.1993, ISBN 81-85253-22-8
  2. ^ a b Alexander Cunningham, History of Sikhs
  3. ^ Sir Herbert Risley: The People of India
  4. ^ Sir Herbert Risley: The People of India
  5. ^ History of Medieval India - Vaidya
  6. ^ Glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and NWFP, H.A. Rose
  7. ^ Glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and NWFP, H A Rose
  8. ^ Kalika Ranjan Qanungo: History of the Jats, Delhi 2003. Edited and annotated by Dr Vir Singh
  9. ^ Census of India 1931, Vol.I,Pt.2;Delhi:1933.Encly. Brit. Vol.12, 1968 Jats, p.969
  10. ^ Dr. Sukhbir Singh q. in "Suraj Sujan", Aug, Sept and Oct. Issuies, 1990, Maharaja Suraj Mal Sansthan, C-4, Janakpuri, New Delhi.
  11. ^ Hukum Singh Pawar (Pauria):The Jats - Their Origin, Antiquity and Migration. 1993, ISBN 81-85253-22-8
  12. ^ http://www.indianmuslims.info/news/2007/january/21/india_news/history_of_punjab_politics_jats_do_it.html.
  13. ^ History of the Jatt Clans - Dr H.S Duleh.
  14. ^ http://www.india-defence.com/reports/2849.
  15. ^ http://www.india-defence.com/reports/2849.
  16. ^ Haryana Online
  17. ^ E.B.Havell: The history of Aryan rule in India, page 32
  18. ^ Qanungo: History of the Jats
  19. ^ C.V.Vaidya: History of Medieval Hindu India
  20. ^ Sir Herbert Risley: The People of India
  21. ^ Thakur Deshraj: Jat Itihasa
  22. ^ Mangal Sen Jindal: History of Origin of Some Clans in India
  23. ^ Dr. Prakash Chandra Chandawat: Maharaja Suraj Mal aur unka yug, Jaypal Agencies Agra, 1982
  24. ^ UN Sharma :Jaton ka Navin Itihas
  25. ^ Strabo, Geography 11.8.2: καὶ τῶν Δαῶν οἱ μὲν προσαγορεύονται Ἄπαρνοι οἱ δὲ Ξάνθιοι οἱ δὲ Πίσσουροι "And of the Dahae, some are called Aparni, some Xanthii, and some Pissuri.
  26. ^ Ptolemy, Geography 6.12.4: Κατέχουσι δὲ τῆς χώρας τὰ μὲν πρὸς τοῖς Ὠξείοις ὄρεσι Πάσκαι, τὰ δὲ πρὸς τῷ ἀρκτικῷ τμήματι τοῦ Ἰαξάρτου Ἰάτιοι, καὶ Τάχοροι, "Of this territory, the Pascae inhabit the regions towards the Oxian mountains, the Jatii and Tachori inhabit the regions towards the northern section of the Jaxartes."
  27. ^ Pliny 6.18.47: sub eo tractu gentes Orciani, Commori, Berdrigae, Pharmacotrophi, Chomarae, Choamani, Murrasiarae, Mandruani, Iatii. However, Iatii doesn't show up in all manuscripts: for an apparatus criticus, see here.
  28. ^ Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists: Sanghamitra Sengupta,1 Lev A. Zhivotovsky,2 Roy King,3 S. Q. Mehdi,4 Christopher A. Edmonds,3 Cheryl-Emiliane T. Chow,3 Alice A. Lin,3 Mitashree Mitra,5 Samir K. Sil,6 A. Ramesh,7 M. V. Usha Rani,8 Chitra M. Thakur,9 L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza,3 Partha P. Majumder,1 and Peter A. Underhill3
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  43. ^ Gostahm :One of the Commanders of Iranian army, and belonged to the royal family
  44. ^ Another war champion of Iranian army
  45. ^ Another war champion of Iranian army
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  78. ^ Chachnams, p.64
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  81. ^ Inscription No.II, Tod, op.cit., Vol.II, Appendix, pp. 917-919 and n. 13
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Futher Reading

See also

External links

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