Canvey Island

Coordinates: 51°52′11″N 0°5′7″E / 51.86972°N 0.08528°E / 51.86972; 0.08528
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Canvey Island
Canvey Island's seawall and the adjacent environments at Leigh Beck.
Population37,479 
OS grid referenceTQ789829
District
Shire county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townCANVEY ISLAND
Postcode districtSS8
Dialling code01268
PoliceEssex
FireEssex
AmbulanceEast of England
UK Parliament
List of places
UK
England
Essex

Canvey Island (area 18.45 km²; pop. 37,479[1]) is a reclaimed island in the Thames estuary separated from the mainland of south Essex by a network of creeks. Lying below sea level it is prone to flooding at exceptional tides, but has nevertheless been inhabited since the Roman invasion of Britain. The island was mainly agricultural land until the 20th century when it became the fastest growing seaside resort in Britain over a forty year period, and was further populated during the London overspill. The North Sea flood of 1953 devastated the island costing the lives of 58 islanders, and led to the temporary evacuation of the 13,000 residents.[2] Canvey is consequently protected by modern sea defences comprising 15 miles (24 km) of concrete seawall, flood sirens, and an internal drainage system with 12 pumping stations.[3]

The western end of the island has been developed as a petrochemical site since 1936. A gas terminal was built in 1959 and received the first delivery of its kind in the pioneering scheme to transport liquified natural gas overseas. Construction of an oil refinery began in the 1960s and was then abandoned in the late 1970s at the cost of £60 million. However, the deserted site has unexpectedly flourished as a environment for wildlife, with 30 red data book species of invertebrate being noted which has led to the brownfield site being classified as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI).

The political affiliation of Canvey's residents is almost exclusively in favour of independent representation. The Member of parliament for Castle Point is Bob Spink of United Kingdom Independence Party, while 15 of Canvey's 17 seats at the borough council are represented by members of the Canvey Island Independent Party (CIIP).

Notable residents of the island have included Roland and Francis Prout; 20th century pioneers of catamaran design, the pub rock band Dr. Feelgood, and the Olympic decathelete Dean Macey.

Geography

The Canvey group of islands in the 16th century as shown in the map of south east Essex by the topographer John Norden in 1594.

Canvey Island located at 51°52′11″N 0°5′7″E / 51.86972°N 0.08528°E / 51.86972; 0.08528 is situated in the Thames estuary off the coast of south Essex, and is approximately six miles wide from east to west by three miles north to south. The island is connected to the mainland by bridges to North Benfleet and South Benfleet, with South Benfleet also being the nearest town centre at approximately half a mile away. Canvey is approximately 15 miles (24 km) from the Essex county town of Chelmsford, 30 miles (48 km) from London, and within the Thames Gateway.

Canvey is a salt marsh formed at the south coast of Essex from the interaction of silt in the River Thames and material entering the estuary on the tides of the North Sea from the coast of Norfolk.[4] In 1594, Canvey existed as a fragmented collection of islands within a larger group that comprised Two Tree Island, Lower Horse, and Upper Horse. The islands are low-lying, flat, prone to flooding, susceptible to subsidence, but also in the case of the "Canvey group" - an area of excellent pasture, such that in 1622 the first large scale project was implemented to reclaim Canvey and protect the sheep farming industry. Sluices, dykes, and a surrounding seawall were implemented but proved ineffectual with the island suffering extensive flooding in 1731, 1736, 1791, 1881, 1897.[5] The death of 58 islanders in the North Sea Flood of 1953 prompted the reinforcement of the 15 miles (24 km) of seawall and its raising by two to three feet,[6] while pumping stations and flood sirens were also introduced. In 1982 a larger replacement concrete seawall was constructed to surround approximately 75% of the island's perimeter with flood barriers spanning the East Haven Creek and Benfleet Creek shared with Canvey by Pitsea and Benfleet respectively.

The modern internal surface storm water drainage system of the island consists of sewers, culverts, natural and artificial dykes and lakes. These feed seven pumping stations and gravity sluices which discharge the water into the Thames and surrounding creeks. The levels within the system are managed by a further five "Low flow" pumping stations. All the stations were upgraded in 2006, with four of the discharge sites being reconstructed with "high flow" stations capable (as in the case of the May Avenue pumping station) of discharging 600 litres of water per second at any tide level.[3]

Counus Island

The Elizabethan antiquarian William Camden noted in his topographical survey "Brittania" of the British isles in 1607 that Canvey Island (which he called Island Convennon) was documented in the 2nd century by the Alexandrian geographer Ptolemy.[7] In his work Geographia Ptolemy mentions a headland in the mouth of the Thames to the east of the Trinovantes region called Counus Island. However, the difficulties faced in exacting the location of land areas in Ptolemy's ancient work has led modern researchers to question the correlation between Ptolemy's island and contemporary Canvey. It is argued that the Counus Island would have existed much further out to sea (or even likely to be the Isle of Sheppey[8]), and that the similarity between the names is mere coincidence. Without any suitable island matching Ptolemy's Counus Island, it is also thought that the documented island has been lost or reduced to an insignificant sandbank by subsidence and the constant effects of the sea since Ptolemy's time.[9][10]

Incular Island

Mentioned on John Norden's 1594 insert above, is what is now the Eastern/Point mud flats of Canvey Island. Two Tree Island is in pretty much the same shape now as then. The third un-named Island could well be Counus or (Council Island). Certainly the Trinovantes, Cantiaci and the Catuvellauni would have counseled with the Iceni here, shortly before the rebellion against the Romans. Counus remains as the Canvey Point Sand Bank and Maplin Sands, and stretched the whole length of Southend Sea Front area. It is the main reason for Southend's Tidal flats being so shallow. Cana's People were descendant of both Cantiaci and the Catuvellauni. Counus would then be placed at the southern border of the Trinovantes on the Eastern Extent of The Tames (Thames). - <noted by Neville A. Daniels>

History

Roman

Fragments of early marked pottery uncovered from the site of the Roman port facility at the eastern point of the island.

Excavations on Canvey have unearthed a collection of early man-made objects comprising axes from the Neolithic era,[10] a bracelet dating from the Bronze Age,[11] and early Celtic gritted ware pottery.[10] However, the remains of Roman structures and objects suggests the first settlement of Canvey occurred between 50–250 AD.[10][9] The remains point to a community existing with a farmstead, a garrison, a burial ground, and the operation of a large salt-making industry (revealed by the existence of several Red hills).[10][12] The discovery of a Roman road found to terminate 100 metres across the creek in neighbouring Benfleet suggests a means may have existed to facilitate the salt's distribution to Chelmsford and Colchester,[10] and the recovery of rich items of pottery and glassware of a variety only matched elsewhere by excavations of port facilities suggests the Romans may also have exploited Canvey's location in the Thames for shipping.[10][13]

Saxon and Mediaeval

The settlement and agricultural development of Essex by the Saxons from the 5th century saw the introduction of sheep-farming which would dominate the island's industry until the 20th century. The Norman conquest saw the area of Canvey recorded in the domesday book as a sheep farming pasture under the control of nine villages and parishes situated in a belt across south inland and coastal Essex.[14] Apart from the meat and wool produced from the sheep, the milk from the ewes was used for cheese-making.[11] The abundance in later centuries would see the cheeses become a commodity taken for sale at the London markets, and at one stage exported via Calais to the continent.[10] The existence of several place names on modern Canvey using the wick suffix (denoting the sheds in which the cheese was made) shows the influence of the early Saxon culture. The island itself has its name derived from the Anglo-Saxon Caningaege; meaning The Island of Cana's People.[10] The developments of the English language would lead to the more familiar name of Caneveye written in manorial records of 1254.[15] The period of development often produced a confused use of letters[16] such that comparative spellings would also include Canefe, Kaneweye, Kaneveye, and Koneveye. By the 12th century, Essex and subsequently Canvey were in the possession of Henry de Essex who inherited the land from his Grandfather - a man called Suene and a descendant of King Sweyn II of Denmark.[17] During the reign of Henry II (1154–1189) the land was confiscated from de Essex and redistributed among the King's favoured nobles.[17]

14th century – 17th century

One of two octagonal Dutch cottages from the 17th century which are preserved on the island. The above cottage marked at 1618 dates prior to the reclamation project, and now functions as a museum.

During Edward II's reign (1307-1327) the land was under the possession of John de Apeton[11] and the first attempts were made at managing the effects of the sea with rudimentary defences,[11][10] but periodical flooding continued to blight the small population of mostly shepherds and their fat-tailed variety of sheep for a further 300 years. William Camden wrote of the island in 1607 that it was so low that it was often quite flooded, except the hills, upon which the sheep have a place of safe refuge.[7] The uniform flatness of Canvey suggests that these hills are likely to be the red hills of the Roman salt making industry, or the early makeshift sea defences constructed by some of the landowners around their farms.

A timber channel, and chalk and ragstone remains of the sea wall built c.1622. The flood of January 1881 destroyed three miles (5 km) of the wall on the island's south side and subsequently this area was abandoned.

In 1622, Sir Henry Appleton (a descendant of John de Apeton), and Canvey's other landowners[18] instigated a project to reclaim the land and wall the island from the Thames. The scheme was managed by an acquaintance of Appleton's - Joas Croppenburg, a Dutch Haberdasher of Cheapside in London. An agreement was reached in 1623 which stipulated that in return for inning and recovering the island, the landowners would grant a third of the land as payment for the work.[11] A relation of Croppenburg's; the Dutch engineer Cornelius Vermuyden present in England at the time of the project on a commission to drain the Fens and involved in repairing the seawall at Dagenham has led to speculation that Vermuyden oversaw the project, but proof appears to be vague,[10] nevertheless the work was completed by around 300 Hollanders skilled in the construction of dykes and other sea defences. The engineers successfully reclaimed 3,600 acres (15 km2)[10] by walling the island with local chalk, limestone and the heavy clay of the marshes, with the main length along the Thames faced with kentish ragstone.[9][10] A broad drainage ditch was dug inland off the area facing the river while smaller inlets were filled in. Excess water would have collected in the broad ditch and then been discharged into the river by the means of seven sluices (later known as Commissioners Dykes).[9] The completion of the work saw a considerable number of the Dutch engineers take land as payment for their work, and consequently settle on the island.[17]

Modern era

The Chapman Lighthouse

The coast of Canvey Island was host to the Chapman Lighthouse as briefly described in Joseph Conrad's novel 'Heart of Darkness'.[19] It is believed that the peril of the mudflats below such shallow waters off the Canvey Island coast prompted the Romans to devise some form of beacon as a warning in the area. In 1851 a hexagonal lighthouse was constructed by the engineer James Walker, a consultant lighthouse engineer at Trinity House at the time. This all-iron lighthouse replaced a lightship which had been moored in the area for the preceding four years. The lighthouse was demolished in 1957 due to its poor condition.

Canvey-on-sea

During the Victorian era Canvey was a very fashionable place to visit and many thought its air to have healing properties. Canvey Island benefited from this and thousands of people flocked to it especially from places like London. This was the case until the late 1970s when tourism to the Island declined.

Second World War

During the Second World War the island was a part of the GHQ Line, a line of concrete pillboxes constructed as a part of the defence against the expected German invasion. Some of the old pillboxes are still in place today. Also, concrete barges were used extensively just off the south coast of the island, partly to act as a sea-barrier and also as a mounting point for anti-aircraft guns; one of which was beached on the east end of the island and remained for many years as a point of interest for visitors and a play area for many separate generations of the island's children. It has since been demolished by the Island yacht club as it was considered 'a risk to health and safety'.

Along with the Coalhouse Fort at nearby East Tilbury, Thorney bay on the southern coast of the island was the site of a degaussing station built to monitor the effectiveness of the degaussing equipment functioning on board the allied ships passing along the Thames. The structure is the last intact degaussing station on the north side of the river, and was still operating in 1974. Known as the Canvey loop, the building was occupied by the Women's Royal Naval Service and used for monitoring merchant ships.[20][21]

The Flood of 1953

The flooded sea front, amusements and residential areas in 1953.

On 31 January 1953, the North Sea Flood hit the island during the night and caused the deaths of 58 people. Many of the victims were in the holiday bungalows of the eastern Newlands estate and perished as the water reached ceiling level. The small village area of the island is approximately two feet above sea level and consequently escaped the effects of the flood. This included the local Red Cow pub which was later renamed the King Canute in reference to the legend of the 11th century Danish king of England commanding the tide to halt with the sea lapping at his feet.

After the flood of 1953, a new seawall was built, which was then replaced with a significantly larger construction in the 1980s.

Petrochemical site

The disused storage tanks at the Occidental site in 1997.

The southern area of the Canvey Island West ward has predominantly existed as petrochemical site since the first construction of an oil terminal there in 1936.[22] In 1959, as part of a pioneering Anglo-American project designed to asses the viability of transporting liquefied natural gas overseas, a gas terminal with two one thousand tonne capacity storage tanks was constructed at the site alongside the oil terminal. The gas terminal built by the British Gas Council was designed to store and distribute imported gas to the whole of Britain via the facilities at Thames Haven and the local refinery at Shellhaven in Coryton. The first delivery of 2020 tonnes arrived on 20 February 1959 from Lake Charles, Louisiana by a specially modified liberty ship Normarti renamed The Methane Pioneer. The success of seven further deliveries over the following 14 months[23] established the international industry for transporting liquefied natural gas by sea,[24] but the discovery of oil and gas in North sea ended the development in Britain. Planning permission was granted in the following years for Occidental Petroleum and the Italian oil company, United Refineries Ltd to develop the site and construct an oil refinery, but a report in 1975 by the Health and safety executive concluded that the residents of the island faced an unacceptable risk, which led to the permission being revoked. The issue of risk was again highlighted in an attack by the Provisional Irish Republican Army in January 1979 on a storage tank at the island's Texaco oil terminal. A bomb was detonated at a tank containing aviation fuel, but failed to ignite with the fuel escaping into a safety moat.[25][26]

Canvey Wick
The Occidental jetty and reed beds at the Canvey wick site.

The Occidental site was abandoned in 1975 leaving a half-built oil refinery, storage tanks, and an unused mile long jetty which cost around £10 million of the approximate total of £60 million spent on the project.[27] But because the foundations of the 100-hectare Occidental site were prepared by laying thousands of tonnes of silt dredged from the Thames; the abandoned area has flourished as a haven for around 1,300 species of wildlife, many of which are endangered or were thought to be extinct; including the shrill carder bee, the emerald damsel fly and the weevil hunting wasp. It has been said that the site may exist with one of the highest levels of biodiversity in western Europe, and has been labelled as "Britain's rainforest".[28] Officially titled as "Canvey Wick", the site is currently open with restricted access to the public and was designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) in February 2005 by the UK government's statutory body English Nature.[29]

Pub rock

Canvey Island was an influential destination in the 1970s for artists of the Pub rock genre of music[30] such as Elvis Costello,[31] Eddie & The Hot Rods, Nick Lowe,[32] and The Kursaal Flyers, while also being home to "Canvey Island’s finest" band Dr. Feelgood.[33] Although Canvey Island may now be considered as the worst place in the world by its younger generation of musicians such as Joshua Third (guitarist of the Horrors),[34] the island continues to be a source of inspiration for artists such as British Sea Power who included a song entitled "Canvey Island" on their 2008 album Do You Like Rock Music?

Governance

Canvey Island was established as a separate civil and ecclesiastical parish in 1881. The formation replaced the 17 divisions of the land held since the Norman era by the neighbouring parishes of North Benfleet, South Benfleet, Bowers Gifford, Prittlewell, Southchurch, Hadleigh, Laindon, Pitsea, and Vange.[35] In 1926, the parish was converted to the Canvey Island Urban District, then dissolved along with the Benfleet Urban District in the Local Government Act 1972 to form the parliamentary constituency and local government district and borough of Castle Point.[36] As of 2008, the Member of Parliament representing Castle Point is Bob Spink of the United Kingdom Independence Party.

Affiliation Councillors
  Canvey Island Independent Party (CIIP) 15
Template:British politics/party colours/Conservative|  Conservative Party 2
Template:British politics/party colours/Labour|  Labour Party 0
Template:British politics/party colours/Liberal Democrat|  Liberal Democrats 0

Canvey is represented within Castle Point Borough Council by 17 councillors elected from six wards: Canvey Island Central, East, North, South, West, and Winter Gardens. The political affiliation of Canvey councillors within the council is almost exclusively led by the Canvey Island Independent Party (CIIP) formed in 2003 by local resident Dave Blackwell. 15 of the available 17 seats are taken by the CIIP with two held by members of the Conservative Party.[37]

The Canvey Island town council was formed in 2007 after a petition containing the signatures of 3,000 islanders was accepted by the government.[38] As of 2008, the council is represented by 11 councillors, and functions with Councillor surgeries, and through four committees - Community Relations, Environment and Open Spaces, Planning and Policy, and Finance. The surgeries are held at the town council offices, while the committees meet at various venues every fortnight.[39]

Demography

Population

Canvey was principally populated by a small farming community until its development as the "Canvey-on-Sea" resort and the sale of 1,004 plots of land within the newly created "South-view Estate" by the entrepreneur Frederick Hestor. The developments began in 1899 and saw the population increase from 307 at the 1901 census to 6,248 in 1939. The settlement of Canvey by the holiday makers, and the influx during the London overspill saw the population rise to 11,258 in 1951, making the island the fastest growing seaside resort by population in Britain over a forty year period.[40]

Year 1851 1887 1901 1911 1921 1931 1939 1951 1961 1971 2001
Population 69[41] 282[42] 307[43] 583[44] 1,795[45] 3,532[46] 6,248[46] 11,258[46] 15,605[46] 26,608[46] 37,479[47]

Landmarks

Designed by Ove Arup in 1932, the Labworth Café is a grade II listed building situated on Canvey Island's seafront.

The Lobster Smack Public House at the south west corner of the island is a grade II listed building dated to the 17th century. The pub was known to Charles Dickens who mentioned it in Great Expectations.[48] Alongside the pub is a row of wooden Coast guard cottages that date from the late 19th century which are also of grade II listed status.[49][50]

Landmarks from the era of Canvey's development as a seaside resort in the 20th century include the International style Labworth Café built 1932-33 and designed by Ove Arup. The building fell into a state of disrepair in the 1970s and 80s but was renovated in 1996 and now functions as both a beach bistro and restaurant. The local bus depot within the island's Leigh Beck area was reopened as the Castle point transport museum in 1979. The depot had served the island between 1934-1978 and now houses a collection of buses, commercial, military and emergency vehicles, and general items related to public road transport.[51]

Natural landmarks of the island consist of the 30 hectares of West Canvey marshes bought by the RSPB in 2007 as a compliment to the adjacent marshes and conservation areas at Pitsea,[52] and the eight hectares of Canvey Lake Local Nature Reserve owned by Castle Point Borough Council. The lake existed as a means to facilitate the salt-making process during the Roman settlement of the island, and is also thought to have functioned as an oyster bed.[53] At the the eastern point of the island is the 36-acre Canvey Heights Country Park which was reclaimed from the Newlands landfill site that operated between 1954-89. The park now provides views across the creeks and marshes towards Hadleigh and Leigh on sea, and supports an array of wildfowl such as skylarks, dark-bellied brent geese, and grey plover.[54]

Transport

The island is connected to the mainland by two roads with bridges, the A130 and the B1014.

The nearest railway station is Benfleet railway station on the c2c line between London (Fenchurch Street) and Shoeburyness. The station is mainly used by commuters during the week travelling to London, however it is used by many other people travelling to Southend, Basildon and Lakeside for shopping and also for meeting up with people. One of the busiest two days on the line is the Southend Airshow days where it is used by thousands more passengers than usual for a bank holiday weekend.

There are two bus companies that operate services onto Canvey Island. These two companies are First Essex and Regal Busways. First Essex is the main bus operator and operates eight services onto Canvey, these services are: 3, 16, 21, 22, 26, 27, 28, 822. These all run through the town centre and connect all of the different parts of the island to the town centre. From Canvey, passengers can travel to places such as Southend, Basildon, Bournes Green and Benfleet. Regal Busways is a new operator on the island and started services in May 2006 and operate the No.1 service to Chelmsford. The service operates via Benfleet, South Benfleet, Battlesbridge, Howe Green and Sandon and occaisionally beyond Chelmsford to Writtle. Regal Busways use Optare Tempo vehicles that have luxury leather seats and state-of-the-art public information systems.

Canvey Island is located off junction 30 of the M25 motorway. From here visitors should take the main A13 road to Sadlers Farm roundabout and then take the A130 Canvey Way which will take them eventually onto the island.

Education

Castle View School is a comprehensive school for ages 11-16 located in the north of Canvey Island overlooked by Hadleigh Castle. As of 2006 it has some 900 pupils, and 200 staff. It is a specialist science college. Another school is Furtherwick Park School and is for 11-16 year olds and is in the town centre and is a specialist media arts school. The third school is a specialist arts school named after Cornelius Vermuyden which is located near Waterside Farm.

Notable people

Ebenezer Joseph Mather, the founder of Royal National Mission to Deep Sea Fishermen spent his retirement on the island. He died 23 December 1927 and was buried in the grounds of the local St Nicholas church.[55] Clara James one of the founding members in 1889 of The Women's Trade Union Association (WTUA) established a holiday home on the island and served from 1925 as a parish councillor. She died on Canvey in 1956.[56] The pioneers of the modern catamaran Roland and Francis Prout were born and lived on the island, and developed and operated the Prout Catamaran business from the boat yards at Leigh Beck. The brothers also represented Britain at the flatwater canoeing event at the 1952 Olympics.[57]

The Olympic decathlete Dean Macey was born and raised on the island, as was Robert Denmark the Olympic and Commonwealth (Gold) 5,000 metres athlete.

Peter Taylor the temporary manager of the England football team in 2000 was born on Canvey[citation needed]. Other footballers from the island include Frank Saul: FA Cup winner in 1967 with Tottenham Hotspur F.C.; Ty Gooden: who played between 1992-2005 for teams such as Arsenal and Swindon Town F.C.; and Dean Marney: an England U21 currently playing at Hull City.

The U18s England Rugby Union and Saracens player Reece Durrance was also born on the island.[citation needed]

Sports

Canvey Island has two senior football teams in Canvey Island F.C. (the Gulls) and Concord Rangers F.C. Founded in 1926, Canvey FC has achieved considerable success and disappointment in recent years from winning the FA Trophy in 2000-01 and the promotion to the Football Conference in 2004-05, to resignation the following year, and subsequent re-entry into the Isthmian League First Division North.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Office for National Statistics. (2008).
  2. ^ Canvey Island's 13,000 refugees. (1953-02-02). The Guardian, p. 1. Retrieved 2008-07-29.
  3. ^ a b "Canvey Island Drainage scheme 2006". Environment agency. (May Avenue Pumping Station information board).
  4. ^ Hallmann, 2006. (p. 1).
  5. ^ Dowd, 2008. Meteorology.
  6. ^ Hallman, 2006. (p.107)
  7. ^ a b Camden. (1586).
  8. ^ MacBean, & Johnson. (1773).
  9. ^ a b c d White. (1994).
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Yearsley. (2000).
  11. ^ a b c d e Barsby. (1992).
  12. ^ see: The excavation of a Red Hill on Canvey Island. (Rodwell, 1966).
  13. ^ Essex County Council Heritage Conservation. (2008). Romano-British Occupation of South Essex. Retrieved: 2008-03-27.
  14. ^ Darby, (p. 157).
  15. ^ Castle Point Borough Council. (2006). Local History: Canvey Island. Retrieved: 2008-02-27.
  16. ^ English Place-Name Society. (1926).
  17. ^ a b c Bills. (2004).
  18. ^ Canvey's other landowners were Abigail Baker, Thomas Binckes, the Blackmore family, and Juilius Sludder. (Barsby, 1992).
  19. ^ Joseph Conrad. (1899). The Heart of Darkness. (p. 5). Everyman. ISBN 0460872923.
  20. ^ Matthew Stanton. (2008-05-05). Wartime museum. Castlepoint Yellow Advertiser. (p. 21).
  21. ^ Canvey's WW2 Degaussing Station. Canvey Island Community archive. Retrieved 2008-07-25.
  22. ^ Stratton, 2000. (p. 192).
  23. ^ Center for Energy Economics. (2008). Introduction to LNG: Brief History of LNG. Retrieved 2008-06-18.
  24. ^ Long and Gardner, 2004. (p. 293).
  25. ^ The Secretary of State for the Home Department (Mr. Merlyn Rees) (18 January 1979). Commons Sitting - Bomb incidents. Retrieved 2008-06-18.
  26. ^ Sir Bernard Braine. (27 March 1979). Commons Sitting - Liquified gas storage (Canvey Island). Retrieved 2008-06-18.
  27. ^ Canvey: Jetty scheme to prompt island jobs boom?. (1999-09-24). Gazette. Newsquest Media Group. Retrieved 2008-06-18.
  28. ^ Castree, 2005. (p.2).
  29. ^ Canvey Wick SSSI Designation by English Nature
  30. ^ Birch. (2000).
  31. ^ The Elvis Costello Home Page. (2008). Don't Look Back: Credits. Retrieved: 2008-02-19.
  32. ^ Andrew Shields and Peter Watts. (2007-08-07). The best of Essex: Culture: Canvey Island pub rock. Timeout. Retrieved 2008-07-10.
  33. ^ The Elvis Costello Home Page. (2008). Liner Notes: Trust. Rhino liner notes. Retrieved: 2008-02-19.
  34. ^ James Medd. (February 18, 2007). The Horrors! The Horrors! Independent on Sunday. Retrieved: 2008-02-19.
  35. ^ Hallmann, 2006. (p. 7).
  36. ^ Hallmann, 2006. (p. 112).
  37. ^ Castle Point Borough Council. (2008). Councillors. Retrieved: 2008-05-31.
  38. ^ Castle Point Borough Council. Canvey Island - Parish Council. Retrieved 2008-05-24.
  39. ^ Canvey Island Town Council. (2008). Annual report 2007/2008.
  40. ^ Walton, 2000. (p.37).
  41. ^ Hallmann, 2006. (p. 40).
  42. ^ John Bartholomew. (1887). Gazetteer of the British Isles. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
  43. ^ Dowd, 2008. (Appendix 12; Canvey Post-Domesday Census returns & estimates).
  44. ^ Hallmann, 2006. (p. 43).
  45. ^ Stratton, 2000. (p. 192).
  46. ^ a b c d e A Vision of Britain through time: Island UD: Total Population. Department of Geography of the University of Portsmouth. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
  47. ^ Office for National Statistics. (2008).
  48. ^ Christopher Somerville. (2001-02-05). Essex: Walking on Canvey Island. The Telegraph. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
  49. ^ The Lobster Smack Public House. (2006). Listed Buildings Online. Heritage Gateway. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
  50. ^ 2-8 Haven Road. (2006). Listed Buildings Online. Heritage Gateway. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
  51. ^ Moss, P. (2008). Castle point transport museum. Museum History. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
  52. ^ The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. (2007-12-13). West Canvey Marshes. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
  53. ^ Canvey Lake. (2008). Greengrid. The Thames Gateway South Essex Partnership. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
  54. ^ "From Rubbish Tip to Country Park; Thames Gateway." The Times (London, England) (Nov 15, 2005): 7. InfoTrac Full Text Newspaper Database. Gale. Essex Libraries. 28 Aug. 2008
  55. ^ Stephen Friend, ‘Mather, Ebenezer Joseph (1849–1927)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 28 Aug 2008
  56. ^ Gerry Holloway, ‘James, Clara Grace (1866–1954)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, Oct 2007 accessed 28 Aug 2008
  57. ^ Ron Norman. (2008) G. Prout & Sons... and the Catamaran. Shearwater Association. Retrieved: 2008-02-22.

References

External links

Next island upstream River Thames Next island downstream
Lower Horse Island Canvey Island Two Tree Island
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