List of Freemasons and Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan: Difference between pages

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Difference between pages)
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→‎A: Referenced page does not support info.
 
move cast to anchor link
 
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Infobox Film
{{Freemasonry2}}
| name = Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan
<!--New additions to the list MUST be properly referenced with properly formatted <ref> tags like this: <ref>(website or book information)</ref> Simply referencing with a URL is fine, we can fix the formatting later.-->
| image = Wrath-of-khan-bob-peak-post.png
| caption = Theatrical poster art by [[Bob Peak]]
| director = [[Nicholas Meyer]]
| producer = Robert Sallin<br />[[Harve Bennett]]<br />(executive)
| writer = '''Screenplay:'''<br />[[Jack B. Sowards]]<br />[[Nicholas Meyer]]<br />'''Story:'''<br />[[Harve Bennett]]<br />[[Jack B. Sowards]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[#Cast|see Table]]
| music = [[James Horner]]
| cinematography = Gayne Rescher
| editing = William Paul Dornisch
| distributor = [[Paramount Pictures]]
| released = June 4, 1982
| runtime = 116 min.
| country = United States
| amg_id = 1:46527
| imdb_id = 0084726
}}


'''''Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan''''' is the second feature film based on the ''[[Star Trek]]'' [[science fiction]] [[television series]], following 1979s ''[[Star Trek: The Motion Picture]]''. The film is a sequel to the [[Star Trek: The Original Series|original TV series]] episode "[[Space Seed]]", with [[Ricardo Montalbán]] reprising his role as the genetically-engineered tyrant [[Khan Noonien Singh|Khan]]. When Khan returns from a fifteen-year exile to enact revenge on his nemesis, [[James T. Kirk]], the crew of the starship U.S.S. ''[[Enterprise (Star Trek)|Enterprise]]'' must stop Khan from acquiring a powerful but unstable [[terraforming]] device. The events of ''Wrath of Khan'' begin a [[story arc]] that concludes in the fourth feature film.
This is a list of notable Freemasons. [[Freemasonry]] is a fraternal organisation which exists in a number of forms worldwide. Throughout history some members of the fraternity have made no secret of their involvement, while others have not made their membership public. In some cases, membership can only be proven by searching through the fraternity's records. Such records are most often kept at the individual [[Masonic Lodge|Lodge]] level, and may be lost due to fire, flood, deterioration, or simple carelessness. [[Grand Lodge]] governance may have shifted or reorganized, resulting in further loss of records on the member or the name, number, location or even existence of the Lodge in question. In areas of the world where Masonry has been suppressed by governments, records of entire Grand Lodges have been destroyed. Because of this, masonic membership can sometimes be difficult to verify.


After the lackluster critical and commercial response to ''The Motion Picture'', series creator [[Gene Roddenberry]] was forced out of the sequel's production. Executive producer [[Harve Bennett]] wrote the original outline for the film, which [[Jack B. Sowards]] developed into a full script. [[Nicholas Meyer]] was made director after writing a final script for the film in twelve days, without accepting a writing credit; Meyer's style would evoke the swashbuckling atmosphere of the original series, reinforced by [[James Horner]]'s musical score. Production used various cost-cutting techniques such as using old miniatures from past movies. Among the technical achievements of the film is the first film sequence created entirely by computer graphics. The character of [[Spock]] was intended to be killed off permanently in the film, the only reason actor [[Leonard Nimoy]] reprised his role; negative audience reaction to the character's death led to significant revisions of the film's ending without Meyer's consent, allowing the possible return of the character in later movies.
Standards of "proof" for those on this list may vary widely; some figures with no verified Lodge affiliation are claimed as Masons if reliable sources give anecdotal evidence suggesting they were familiar with the "secret" signs and passes, but other figures are rejected over technical questions of irregularity in the Lodge that initiated them. Where available, specific Lodge membership information is provided; where serious questions of verification have been noted by other sources, this is indicated as well.


Upon release, ''The Wrath of Khan'' was a box office success, earning over $70 million in the United States and setting a world record for first-day gross. Critical reaction to the film was positive, with reviewers highlighting Khan and the film's pacing as strong elements. Dissenting reviewers, such as the ''[[Washington Post]]'', called the special effects outdated and the cast geriatric. The film is now considered one of the best films of the franchise, and is credited with bringing renewed interest in ''Star Trek''.


==Plot==
{{AlphanumericTOC|
The film opens with a female [[Vulcan (Star Trek)|Vulcan]] in command of the [[USS Enterprise (NCC-1701)|USS ''Enterprise'']], attempting to rescue a stranded ship in the [[List of Star Trek regions of space#Neutral Zone|Neutral Zone]]. The ''Enterprise'' is attacked by [[Klingon]] cruisers, and is critically damaged. The "attack" is revealed to be an exercise known as the "[[Kobayashi Maru]]", a [[no-win situation]] designed to test the character of [[Starfleet]] officers. The Vulcan is Captain [[Spock]]’s protégée, Lieutenant [[Saavik]]. Admiral [[James T. Kirk]] oversees the training session externally.<ref name=Adaptations>Cartmell, 179-181.</ref>
numbers=|
seealso=|
externallinks=|}}


Meanwhile, the [[USS Reliant|USS ''Reliant'']] is on a mission to search for a lifeless planet for testing of "[[Project Genesis]]", a device which reorganizes molecular matter in order to create hospitable worlds for colonization. ''Reliant'' officers [[Pavel Chekov]] and [[Clark Terrell]] beam to the surface of a possible candidate, Ceti Alpha VI, and are captured by [[Khan Noonien Singh]]. Khan and his fellow genetically-advanced supermen were once rulers on Earth in the late 20th century, but were exiled to space in a [[sleeper ship]]. After a foiled attempt to capture the ''Enterprise'', Kirk exiled Khan and his followers to Ceti Alpha V to build a new civilization. Soon after being left by the ''Enterprise'', Ceti Alpha VI exploded, destroying Ceti Alpha V's ecosystem and shifting its orbit. Khan blames Kirk for the deaths of his wife and followers and their harsh life, and plans to revenge his people. Using mind-controlling Ceti eels which crawl into the ears of their victims, Khan manipulates Chekov and Terrell and hijacks the ''Reliant''.<ref name="st-plot">{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/series/MOV/002/synopsis/82.html|title='Wrath of Khan' Plot summary|work=StarTrek.com|publisher=[[Viacom]]|accessdate=2008-09-14}}</ref>
==A==
* [[Abd al-Qadir]] [[Sufi]] mystic, scholar and political leader.<ref>http://mondediplo.com/1997/09/masons 1864 (one on-line source says 1867, contemporary sources say 1864), member Henri IV, Paris, but degree work conducted at Lodge of the Pyramids, Alexandria, Egypt</ref>
:1° 18th June, 1867, at a specially convened meeting of the Lodge of the Pyramids, Alexandria, Egypt.<ref>[http://www.masonicphilatelicclub.org.uk/page7.html Page 7<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[John Abbott|Sir John Abbott]] Canadian Prime Minister (1891 - 1892). Initiated St. Paul's, No. 374, E.R., Montreal, 1847.<ref name=CANADA>{{cite web| title =Famous Canadian Freemasons| url=http://www.mastermason.com/eureka283/canadianmasons.htm| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref>
* [[Bud Abbott|William "Bud" Abbott]] Famous half of the Abbott & Costello comedy team.<ref name=masonicinfo-1>[http://www.masonicinfo.com/famous1.htm Famous Masons A-L<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Sherman Adams]] Governor of [[New Hampshire]] and U.S. Congressman.<ref name=masonicinfo-1>[http://www.masonicinfo.com/famous1.htm Famous Masons A-L<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Agustín I of Mexico]], emperor of Mexico<ref name=ridmex>Pages 202-203 [http://books.google.com/books?id=ISMObxdcmfsC The Freemasons: A History of the World's Most Powerful Secret Society], by Jasper Ridley</ref>
* [[Nelson Aldrich]], [[United States Senator]] from [[Rhode Island]]. Treasurer of the Grand Lodge of Rhode Island.<ref name=masonicinfo-1>[http://www.masonicinfo.com/famous1.htm Famous Masons A-L<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin]] Astronaut. Second Man on the Moon. Montclair Lodge No. 144, New Jersey.<ref name=calodges>[http://www.calodges.org/no406/FAMASONS.HTM Famous Freemasons Masonic Presidents<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Elizabeth Aldworth]], Entered Apprentice and Fellowcraft Degree.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/aldworth_e/aldworth_e.html | title = Mrs. Elizabeth Aldworth | accessdate = 2007-04-25 | author = | last = | first = | authorlink = Catherine Yronwode | coauthors = Bro. Edward Conder. | date = 2002-02-25 | format = | work = Biograpy/Aldworth | publisher = Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon A.F. & A.M. | pages = | language = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = upon secretly observing the first two degrees of a lodge at labour in her father’s home, she was discovered and, after discussion, initiated in the Entered Apprentice and Fellowcraft Degree. A champion of Freemasonry
}}</ref>
* [[Vasile Alecsandri]] Romanian Poet, playwright, politician and diplomat.<ref name="Stoica">Stoica, Stan (coordinator). ''Dicţionar de Istorie a României'', p. 153-5. Bucharest: Editura Merona, 2007.</ref>
* [[José Eloy Alfaro Delgado]] - Leader of the [[Ecuadorian Liberal Revolution]] and [[President of Ecuador]]<ref>[http://www.875fm.com/html/AboutMasonry.html FACTS ABOUT MASONRY]</ref>
* [[Eugène Goblet d'Alviella]], Vice-chancellor of the [[Université Libre de Bruxelles]], liberal senator and Grand Master of the [[Grand Orient of Belgium]].<ref name=gob/>
* [[Salvador Allende]] Socialist president of Chile (1970-1973). Lodge Progreso No. 4, Valparaíso.<ref name=calodges />
* [[Ezra Ames]], Portrait painter<ref name=masonicinfo-1/>
* [[Edward Neville da Costa Andrade]] English physicist. Initiated into Lodge Progresso No. 4 in 1935. <ref name=autogenerated9>John Hamill and Robert Gilert (Eds.), Freemasonry, A Celebration Of The Craft p. 226 (J.G. Press, 1998)</ref>
* ‎ [[Jules Anspach]], Belgian Liberal politician<ref name="gob">[http://www.mason.be/en/celeb.htm Famous Belgian freemasons], [[Grand Orient of Belgium]]</ref>
* [[Sir Edward Victor Appleton]] English Physicist. Nobel Prize 1947. Isaac Newton Lodge No. 859, Cambridge.<ref name=calodges />
* [[Dennis Archer]] US Politician. Geometry Lodge #49 (Prince Hall), Detroit<ref>[http://atlaspythagoras.com/famous.aspx Atlas Pythagoras Lodge website]</ref>
* [[Constantin Argetoianu]] [[Prime Minister of Romania]], 1939.<ref name="Stoica"/>
* [[Louis Armstrong]] Jazz musician. Montgomery Lodge No. 18 (Prince Hall), New York.<ref name=calodges />
* [[Thomas Arne]] Composer of [[Rule Britannia]] <ref name=autogenerated9 />
* [[Benedict Arnold]], Hiram Lodge No. 1, New Haven, CT (expelled 1781)<ref>[http://www.nymasoniclibrary.org/events/ESMSpring07-Solomon1MinuteBook.pdf Masoniclibrary.com]</ref>
* [[Eddy Arnold]], singer<ref name=masonicinfo-1/>
* [[Voltaire|François-Marie Arouet (Voltaire)]], Raised 1778 by WM Ben Franklin, Loge des Neuf Sœurs, Paris<ref name=GLBC&Y-nine>http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/texts/nine.html Grand Lodge of British Columbia & Yukon's "La Loge des Neufs Soeurs" page</ref>
* [[Gheorghe Asachi]] Romanian writer, poet, painter, historian, dramatist and translator.<ref name="Stoica"/>
* [[Elias Ashmole]], Warrington Lodge, Lancashire<ref>{{cite journal | last = Rose | first = Gerry | date = 29 | year = 1993 | month = November | title = The Venetian Takeover of England and Its Creation of Freemasonry | journal = The American Almanac | url = http://american_almanac.tripod.com/venfreem.htm | laysummary = Conference Address by Gerald Rose, Schiller Institute Conference, September, 1993 | laysource = The New Federalist | laydate = [[September 5]], [[1993]]}} </ref>
* [[John Jacob Astor]], American Financier, The Holland Lodge No. 8, New York, NY, 1790<ref name=autogenerated6>Bicentenial Commemorative Volume of Holland Lodge No. 8, Published by the Lodge, New York, 1988</ref>
* [[Mustafa Kemal Ataturk]] National hero and founder of the modern Republic of Turkey. Macedonia Risorta Lodge No. 80, Thessaloniki.<ref name=calodges /><ref>[http://www.province.org.uk/famous.htm Masonic Province of South Wales, Eastern Division | Famous Freemasons<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://lodge1759.mysite.wanadoo-members.co.uk/famousmasons.htm Some Famous Freemasons<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://abbey.lodge.org.uk/famous-masons.htm Abbey Lodge Abingdon<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.mokanna329.org/mokfamous.html mokfamous<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Stephen F. Austin]] Known as the Father of Texas. Louisiana Lodge No. 109, Missouri.<ref name=masonicinfo-1>[http://www.masonicinfo.com/famous1.htm Famous Masons A-L<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Gene Autry]], Cowboy,<ref name=AASR-hall>[http://www.srmason-sj.org/web/temple-files/hall-of-honor/hallofhonor.html AASR hall of fame]</ref> Grand Cross. Catoosa Lodge No. 185, OK


The ''Enterprise'' embarks on a training voyage under the command of Captain Spock, while Kirk conducts an inspection. The ''Enterprise'' receives a message from Space Station Regula I, a remote science laboratory where Kirk's former lover, Dr. [[Carol Marcus (Star Trek)|Carol Marcus]], and son, Dr. [[David Marcus (Star Trek)|David Marcus]], have been developing the Genesis Device. Informing Starfleet Command of the situation, the ''Enterprise'' is ordered to investigate; since the ship is now on an active-duty mission, Kirk assumes command. En route, Khan attacks and cripples the ''Enterprise'', killing many of the ship's trainees. A transmission between the two ships reveals Khan knows of the Genesis device; determined to stop Khan from gaining such a potent weapon, Kirk stalls for time and disables the ''Reliant''{{'}}s defenses by use of a special prefix code and counterattacks. With his own ship badly damaged, Khan is forced to retreat.<ref name="st-plot"/>
==B==
* [[Johann Christian Bach]], Composer. Lodge of Nine Muses No. 235, London.<ref>[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/bach_jc/bach_jc.html Johann Christian Bach<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Michael Baigent]], Author of [[The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail]], Editor of ''Freemasonry Today''<ref> [http://www.freemasonrytoday.com/public/about-us.php About us] page from ''Freemasonry Today''</ref>
* [[Mikhail Bakunin]], Russian revolutionary, Lodge ''Il Progresso Sociale'', Florence 1864,<ref>''Bakunin and the Italians'', T. R.Ravindranathan,, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1988</ref>
* [[Nicolae Bălcescu]] Romanian soldier, historian, journalist, and leader of the [[1848 Wallachian Revolution]].<ref name="Stoica"/>
* [[Henry Baldwin (judge)|Henry Baldwin]], US Associate Justice (1830-1844):<ref name=Bessel-sc>http://bessel.org/sctfmy.htm Paul M. Bessel's Supreme Court page</ref>Master of Lodge No. 45 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1805<ref name=Bessel-sc/>
* [[Harold Ballard]], One time owner of [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] National Hockey League team. Corinthian No. 481, GRC, Toronto, ON.<ref name=CANADA />
* [[Simion Bărnuţiu]] Romanian philosopher, politician and leader of the 1848 Transylvanian Revolution. <ref>Neamţu, Gelu. A fost sau nu Simion Bărnuţiu un francmason (Simion Bărnuţiu franc-maçon). In: Inorogul. Caiete masonice. Bucureşti, 2001, p.121-146.</ref>
* [[Diego Martínez Barrio]], Prime minister of Spain and founder of the [[Republican Union Party]]<ref>[http://www.gle.org/ingles/i_historia.php#III 1863-1923], Brief History of the Spanish Masonry</ref>
* [[Frederic Bartholdi]], Sculptor of the Statue of Liberty in New York. Lodge Alsace-Lorraine, Paris.<ref>[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/bartholdi_f/bartholdi_f.html Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Edmund Barton]] first Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of [[Australia]], Speaker of the legislative assembly.<ref name=masonicinfo-1/>
* [[Count Basie|William "Count" Basie]] Jazz orchestra leader and composer. Wisdom Lodge No. 102 (Prince Hall), Chicago. Also a Shriner.<ref name=masonicinfo-1/>
* [[Frederick Bates]] Governor of [[Missouri]].<ref name=masonicinfo-1/>
* [[Birch Bayh]], US Senator from Indiana from 1962-1981.<ref name=masonicinfo-1/>
* [[Daniel Carter Beard]], Founder of the Boy Scouts. Made a Mason in Mariner's Lodge No. 67, New York City, NY, and later affiliated with Cornucopia Lodge 563, Flushing, NY.<ref name=GLBC&Y>http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/textfiles/famous.html Grand Lodge of British Columbia & Yukon's "A few famous freemasons" page</ref>
* [[Edvard Beneš]], President of Czechoslovakia (1935-1939, 1945-1948). Ian Amos Komensky Lodge No. 1, Prague.<ref>[http://www.exsequi.org.za/famouse-freemasons.asp Exsequi Lodge History: Famous Freemasons]</ref>
* [[R.B. Bennett]] Prime Minister of [[Canada]] 1930-1935.<ref name=masonicinfo-1/>
* [[Lloyd M. Bentsen]] US Senator from [[Texas]]<ref name=masonicinfo-1/>
* [[Irving Berlin]], Composer. Munn Lodge No.190, New York.<ref>[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/berlin_i/berlin_i.html Irving Berlin<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Silvio Berlusconi]] Italian media tycoon and politician. [[Propaganda Due]], Expelled in 1981 (some say 1976) by the Grand Orient of Italy<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1298864.stm Berlusconi: The power of personality], BBC, 14 May, 2001</ref>
* [[Ramón Emeterio Betances]], considered the Father of the Puerto Rican Nation by followers of Puerto Rico's independence movements. Logia Unión Germana, [[San Germán, Puerto Rico]], and his birthplace in [[Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico]] is now the site for the Logia Cuna de Betances.<ref>Dávila del Valle. Oscar G., [http://www.triplov.com/carbonaria/antilhas/valle_01.htm Presencia del ideario masónico en el proyecto revolucionario antillano de Ramón Emeterio Betances], available at the Grande Loja Carbonária do Brasil's website, [http://www.triplov.com/carbonaria/] </ref>
* [[Gabriel Bethlen]] Prince of [[Transylvania]] and anti-[[Habsburg]] leader.<ref name="Stoica"/>
* [[George Valentin Bibescu]] Romanian aviation pioneer, Grand Master of Romanian Grand Lodgd from 1911 to 1916.<ref name="Stoica"/>
* [[Francis Bischof]], Queensland Australia Police Commissioner from 1958-1969.<ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A130221b.htm | title = Bischof, Francis Erich (Frank) (1904 - 1979), [[Australian Dictionary of Biography]]}}</ref>
* [[Hugo L. Black]], US Associate Justice (1937-1971),<ref name=Bessel-sc/> Birmingham Temple Lodge No. 836, Birmingham, AL
* [[John Blair]], US Associate Justice (1789-96), and Grand Master of Virginia from 1778 to 1784.<ref name=Bessel-sc/>
* [[Samuel Blatchford]], US Associate Justice (1882-1893)<ref name=Bessel-sc/>
* [[Dimitrie Bolintineanu]] Romainan poet, politician, 1848 revolutionary.<ref name="Stoica"/>
* [[Simón Bolívar]], Leader of South American independance<ref name=GLBC&Y/><ref name=GLBC&Y-bolivar/> variously, a president of Venezuela, Colombia, Greater Colombia, Bolivia, & Peru. Lodge Order and Liberty No. 2, Peru.
:Initiated: Cadiz, Spain<ref name=GLBC&Y-bolivar>[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/bolivar_s/bolivar_s.html Simon Bolivar<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
:Founder, Lodge Order and Liberty No. 2, Peru, 1824<ref name=GLBC&Y/><ref name=GLBC&Y-bolivar/>
* [[Cezar Bolliac]] Radical Romanian political figure, amateur archaeologist, journalist and Romantic poet.<ref name="Stoica"/>
* [[Shadrach Bond]], first [[Governor of Illinois]].<ref>[http://www.ilmason.org/history.html "The History of Illinois Freemasonry". Accessed September 25, 2007.</ref>
* [[Omar Bongo]], President of [[Gabon]], the world's longest serving President<ref name=lemonde>Wauthier, Claude. [http://mondediplo.com/1997/09/masons Africa's Freemasons - A strange inheritance], ''Le Monde Diplomatique'', September 1997. Accessed 15 August 2008.</ref>
* [[Robert Borden]], [[Prime Minister of Canada]] St. Andrew’s Lodge No. 1, Halifax, Nova Scotia<ref> {{cite web | url=http://www.freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/prime_ministers/borden_r/borden_r.html | title=Borden at GL of BC}}</ref>
:1° 1880 St. Andrew’s Lodge No. 1
* [[Gutzon Borglum]], American sculpture who started work on [[Mount Rushmore]], raised in Howard Lodge No. 35.<ref name=autogenerated7>John Hamill and Robert Gilert (Eds.), Freemasonry, A Celebration Of The Craft p. 227 (J.G. Press, 1998)</ref>
* [[Lincoln Borglum]], Son of [[Gutzon Borglum]], completed the [[Mount Rushmore]] project, raised in Battle River Lodge No. 92.<ref name=autogenerated7 />
* [[Ernest Borgnine]], Actor, Abingdon Lodge No. 48<ref name=autogenerated2>John Hamill and Robert Gilert (Eds.), Freemasonry, A Celebration Of The Craft p. 228 (J.G. Press, 1998)</ref>
* [[James Boswell]], Scottish writer, raised in Canongate Kilwinning Lodge at Edinburgh, 1759<ref name=autogenerated2 />
* [[Mackenzie Bowell]], Prime Minister of Canada from 1894-1896<ref name=GLBC&Y/>
* [[Charles Bradlaugh]], Nineteenth Century [[Atheist]] and Republican MP, ''Grand Lodge des Philadelphes'', London<ref> [http://freemasonry.dept.shef.ac.uk/pdf/bradlaugh.pdf The Cause of Humanity’: Charles Bradlaugh and Freemasonry] (PDF), The Centre for Research into Freemasonry, Sheffield University</ref>
* [[Omar N. Bradley]], US General during WWII West Point Lodge No. 877, NY<ref name=GLBC&Y/>
* [[Sir Donald Bradman]], Australian Cricketer.<ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.exsequi.org.za/famouse-freemasons.asp| title = Famous Freemasons. Political and civil rights leaders: Australia}}</ref>
* Sir [[Christoffel Brand]], first Speaker of the [[Legislative Assembly]] of the [[Cape Colony]]<ref>[http://databases.tanap.net/ead/html/CapeTown_5.4.6/pdf/CapeTown_5.4.6.pdf Inventory of the Archives of the Secretary, Lodge De Goede Hoop, Cape Town, 1772-1963 (inventory 5/4/6)] in the [http://databases.tanap.net TANAP Collection].</ref>
* [[Joseph Brant]], Principal Chief of the Six Nations Indians. Initiated in Lodge No. 417, 1776. First Master of Lodge No. 11, Mohawk Village (near Brantford) in 1798.<ref name=CANADA />
* [[Dimitrie Brătianu]] [[Prime Minister of Romania]] (1881).<ref name="Stoica"/>
* [[Ion Brătianu|Ion C. Brătianu]] Romanian politician, participant in the [[Wallachian Revolution of 1848]], three-time [[Prime Minister of Romania]].<ref name="Stoica"/>
* [[David Brearley]], Signer of the US Constition for the State of New Jersey, and was also the first Grand Master of Masons for the State of New Jersey.<ref>[http://athena.louisville.edu/a-s/english/subcultures/colors/black/bljett01/faretxt4.html "In the Index of the Regius Manuscript: Section VII, Anglo-Saxon Masonry and the Constitution"]</ref>
* [[Henry Brougham]], Scottish [[abolitionist]] and founder of'' [[Edinburgh Review]]''. Raised in Fortrose Lodge, Stornway, Scotland<ref name=autogenerated2 />
* [[James Bruce]]. Scottish explorer, Canongate Kilwinning Lodge<ref name=autogenerated2 />
* [[Samuel von Brukenthal]] Baron of the [[Holy Roman Empire]].<ref name="Stoica"/>
* [[James Buchanan]], U.S. President, Lodge No. 43, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
:Initiated December 1l, 1816
:Worshipful Master of Lancaster Lodge No. 43, Lancaster, PA 1822-1823
:District Deputy Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania 1824
* [[Charles Buls]], radical mayor of [[Brussels]]<ref name=gob/>
* [[Luther Burbank]], US horticulturist responsible for the [[burbank potato|Russet Burbank potato]], Santa Rosa Lodge No. 57,<ref name=autogenerated2 />
* [[Arleigh Burke]], US Admiral<ref name=AASR-hall/>
:Supreme Temple Architect (Honored in 1997)<ref name=AASR-hall>http://www.srmason-sj.org/web/temple-files/hall-of-honor/hallofhonor.html AASR-SJ's "Hall of Honor" page</ref>
* [[Robert Burnaby]], English explorer and businesman. First Past Master of Victoria Lodge No. 1085, District Grand Master (English) of British Columbia.<ref>*Reid, Robie L. ''Historical Notes and Biographical Sketches 1848 - 1935'' "[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/grand_masters/burnaby_r/burnaby_r.html Bio of Robert Burnaby]" at Grand Lodge BC & Yukon website </ref>
* [[Conrad Burns]] US Senator from [[Montana]]<ref name=masonicinfo-1/>
* [[Robert Burns]], National poet of Scotland. St. David's Lodge No. 174, Tarbolton.<ref>[http://www.masonmusic.org/burns.html Robert Burns, Auld Lang Syne]</ref>
* [[Harold H. Burton]], US Associate Justice (1945-1958)<ref name=Bessel-sc/>
* [[Arthur Leopold Busch]], Builder of First Craft Accepted by the United States Government. Member of Peconic Lodge No. 349 Greenport, NY.{{Fact|date=September 2008}}
* [[Cyriel Buysse]], Flemish nationalist wrtier<ref name=gob/>
* Admiral [[Richard E. Byrd]] US Admiral, initiated in Federal Lodge No. 1 and founded First Antarctic Lodge No. 777 in 1935<ref name=autogenerated2 />
* [[James F. Byrnes]], US Associate Justice (1941-1942)<ref name=Bessel-sc/>


The ''Enterprise'' makes its way to Regula I, where they find most of the Genesis team dead. The remaining scientists, including Carol and David, have hidden deep inside the planetoid of Regula itself. Using Chekov and Terrell as spies, Khan steals the Genesis Device. When Khan orders Terrell to kill Kirk, the eels' influence wanes; Terrell kills himself while Chekov overcomes the parasite's control. Kirk and Spock arrange a rendezvous in code, and upon boarding the ''Enterprise'' pilot the ship into the nearby Mutara nebula, which will interfere with both ships' defenses and weapons. Despite the advice of his lieutenants, Khan pursues.<ref name="st-plot"/>
==C==
* [[Alessandro Cagliostro]], Sicilian charlatan and occultist<ref>[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/esoterica/cagliostro_a/cagliostro_a.html http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/esoterica/cagliostro_a/cagliostro_a.html]</ref>
* [[Plutarco Elías Calles]], President of Mexico during the [[Cristero War]]<ref>Denslow, William R. [http://books.google.com/books?id=dmPato81X9sC&pg=PA171&dq=plutarco+calles+freemason&sig=NsSB9-6KQUn50HmpBT8eh9nx3No 10,000 Famous Freemasons] p. 171 (2004 Kessinger Publishing)ISBN 1417975784</ref>
* [[Malcolm Campbell]], record breaking English motor-racer<ref name=autogenerated2 />
* [[Eddie Cantor]]. Entertainer, raised in Munn Lodge No 190, New York City<ref name=autogenerated2 />
* [[Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino]] Romanian politician, twice Conservative [[Prime Minister of Romania]].<ref name="Stoica"/>
* [[Carol II of Romania|Carol II]] [[King of Romania]] (1930-40).<ref name="Stoica"/>
* [[José Miguel Carrera]], Chilean General and aristocratic leader in the early struggle for the independence of Chile and first president Chile.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/hispanic_heritage/article-9020492 Carrera, José Miguel], Encyclopedia Britannica, Guide to Hispanic Heritage</ref> St. John's Lodge No. 1, NY<ref>[http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/zeldis16.html Poinsett - A revolutionary diplomat]</ref>
* [[Kit Carson]], American Adventurer. Montezuma Lodge No. 109, Taos, NM<ref name=GLBC&Y/>
* [[Paul Foster Case]], Founder of the Los Angeles occult school, the [[Builders of the Adytum]], Fairport Lodge No. 476, Fairport, New York<ref>[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/esoterica/case_p/case_p.html Paul Foster Case]</ref>
* [[Marc Chagall]], Russian artist who worked in Paris. initiated in 1912<ref name=autogenerated13>John Hamill and Robert Gilert (Eds.), Freemasonry, A Celebration Of The Craft p. 229 (J.G. Press, 1998)</ref>
* [[Thomas Chalmers]], Lodge St. Vigean, 1800<ref name=autogenerated13 />
* [[Joshua Chamberlain]], Commander of US forces on Little Round Top during the [[American Civil War]] battle of Gettysberg, and governor of [[Maine]]. United Lodge #8, [[Brunswick, Maine]]
:1° [[August 27]], [[1862]]
:2° [[August 27]], [[1862]]
:3° [[August 28]], [[1862]]<ref>
{{cite web
|url= http://www.masonicworld.com/education/files/may05/general_and_brother_joshua_l.htm
|accessdate = 2007-07-16
|title= General and Brother Joshua L. Chamberlain
|last= Plummer
|first= Charles W.
|publisher= MasonicWorld.com
}}</ref>
* [[Nicolas Chamfort]], French writer, Loge des Neuf Soeurs, Paris<ref name=GLBC&Y-nine/>
* [[Walter Chrysler]] Founder of Chrysler Corporation.<ref name=masonicinfo-1/>
* [[Winston Churchill]], Prime Minister of England, Studholme Alliance Lodge No. 1591, Rosemary Lodge No. 2851. (Note: The Churchill Society claims he resigned from his Lodges in 1912.)<ref>
{{cite web
|url= http://www.churchill-society-london.org.uk/lttrs.fmasons.hall.html
|accessdate= 2007-07-16
|title= Letters
|publisher= The Churchill Society
}}</ref>
* [[André Citroen]], French engineer and motor-car manufacturer, was a member of Lodge La Philosophie, Paris<ref name=autogenerated13 />
* [[Thomas C. Clark]], US Associate Justice (1949-1967)<ref name=Bessel-sc/>
* [[John Hessin Clarke|John H. Clarke]], US Associate Justice (1916-1922)<ref name=Bessel-sc/>
* [[Mark Wayne Clark]], US Army General, Mystic Tie Lodge No. 398, Indianapolis<ref name=autogenerated13 />
* [[Henry Clay]] Speaker of the. U.S. House of Representatives and Grand Master of Kentucky.<ref name=masonicinfo-1/>
* [[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|15px]] [[Moses Cleaveland]] founded the city of [[Cleaveland]], Ohio, was Worshipful Master of Moriah Lodge in 1791<ref name=autogenerated13 />
* [[DeWitt Clinton]], Governor of New York State, Grand Master of NY during the [[William Morgan (anti-Mason)|Morgan]] Affair, The Holland Lodge No. 8, New York, NY, 1790<ref>Bicentennial Commemorative Volume of Holland Lodge No. 8, Published by the Lodge, New York,
1988</ref>
* [[Tyrus Cobb]], baseball star and member of Royston Lodge No. 426, Detroit<ref name=autogenerated13 />
* [[William F. Cody]], a.k.a. [[Buffalo Bill]], was raised in Platte Valley Lodge No. 15, Nebraska<ref name=autogenerated8>John Hamill and Robert Gilert (Eds.), Freemasonry, A Celebration Of The Craft p. 230 (J.G. Press, 1998)</ref>
* [[George Cohan]], Broadway star, raised in Pacific Lodge No. 233, New York City<ref name=autogenerated8 />
* [[Nat King Cole]] pianist and ballad singer.<ref name=masonicinfo-1/>
* [[Samuel Colt]] manufacturer of Colt revolvers<ref name=autogenerated8 />
* [[Émile Combes]], French Prime Minister<ref>[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/fiction/williams.html Masonic references in the works of Charles Williams] Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon 2007</ref><ref>Burke, Peter [http://books.google.com/books?id=6voJOw4V0KoC&pg=PA304&dq=emile+combes+freemason&sig=ggcTqPG053LmGfTn9JRpzBLaRPU The New Cambridge Modern History] p. 304 (1979 Cambridge University)</ref><ref>[http://books.guardian.co.uk/reviews/history/0,,1587972,00.html Bigots united]</ref>
* [[Spencer Compton, 7th Marquess of Northampton]], Pro Grand Master, [[United Grand Lodge of England]]<ref> [http://www.grandlodge-england.org/ugle/whos-who.htm UGLE] Accessed 13 Jun 07</ref>
* [[Charlie Conacher]], Toronto Maple Leaf ice hockey legend. Initiated in North Gate Lodge No. 591, Pickering, Ontario, in 1935.<ref name=CANADA />
* [[Marquis de Condorcet]], French mathematician and philosopher, Lodges de Neuf Soeurs<ref name=autogenerated8 />
* [[Leroy Cooper]], U.S. astronaut, member of Carbondale Lodge No. 82, Colorado<ref name=autogenerated8 />
* [[Harry H. Corbett]] actor- star of [[Steptoe and Son]][<ref>[http://seastwood.com/Eastwood/freemasonmovie.asp Freemason Film Celebrities<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>]
* [[Charles de Coster]], Belgian author of [[The Legend of Thyl Ulenspiegel and Lamme Goedzak]]<ref name=gob/>
* [[Edith Cowan]], First woman elected to Australian Parliament, Worker for women and children's Rights. Member of St Cuthberts Lodge Perth Australia (Le Droit Humain). Found on the Australian $50 Note<ref>[http://freemasonrysaust.org.au/freemason.html South Australian Freemasonry page]</ref>
* [[Francesco Crispi]], Prime Minister of Italy<ref>[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/crispi_f/crispi_f.html Francesco Crispi<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> (possibly expelled in 1894?)<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9406EED91531E033A25753C1A9669D94659ED7CF Crispi to be Expelled by Freemasons], New York Times, October 10, 1894, Page 2</ref>
* [[Miron Cristea]] [[Patriarch of All Romania|Patriarch]] of the [[Romanian Orthodox Church]] (1925-39), [[Prime Minister of Romania]] (1938-39).<ref name="Stoica"/>
* [[Davy Crockett]], 19th-century American folk hero, frontiersman, soldier and politician<ref name=autogenerated8 />
* [[Aleister Crowley]], English occultist, Anglo-Saxon Lodge No. 343, Paris (GLdF), 1904<ref>[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/aqc/crowley.html Aleister Crowley: freemason!], Martin Starr , [http://freemasonry.bcy.ca Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon]</ref>
* [[William Cushing]], US Associate Justice (1789-1810),<ref name=Bessel-sc/> St. Andrews Lodge, Boston
* [[Alexander John Cuza]] Romanian ''[[Domnitor]]'' of the [[Danubian Principalities]], 1859-66.<ref name="Stoica"/>


Blinded by the nebula, both starships attempt to outmaneuver the other; Kirk uses Khan's inexperience in three-dimensional combat to critically disable the ''Reliant''. Khan, mortally wounded, activates the Genesis Device, which will reorganize all the matter within the nebula—including the ''Enterprise''. Though Kirk's crew detects the activation of the Genesis Device and begins to lumber away using [[impulse engine]]s, with the [[warp drive]] damaged they will not be able to escape the nebula in time. Spock goes to Engineering to restore warp drive; when McCoy tries to prevent him from exposing himself to high levels of radiation, Spock disables the doctor and performs a [[mind meld]], telling McCoy to "remember". Spock restores power, allowing the ''Enterprise'' to escape the explosion. Kirk arrives in Engineering just as Spock succumbs to [[radiation poisoning]].<ref name="st-plot"/>
==D==
* [[Jim Davidson (comedian)|Jim Davidson]]. British comedian<ref name=masonicinfo-1>[http://www.masonicinfo.com/blksheep.htm Our "Black Sheep"<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name=UGLE-1>http://www.ugle.org.uk/masonry/famous-masons.htm UGLE's "Famous" page</ref>
:Former Master, Chelsea Lodge, England (resigned)<ref name=masonicinfo-1/>
:Founding Master of British Forces Foundation (Lodge) No. 9725<ref name=masonicinfo-1/>
* [[William Crosby Dawson]], US Judge and Politician, San Marino Lodge No. 34, F.&A.M, Greensboro, GA
:Grand Master of Masons in Georgia from 1843 until his death in Greensboro on May 6, 1856.<ref>[http://www.cviog.uga.edu/Projects/gainfo/gahistmarkers/williamdawsonhistmarker.htm Historical Marker placed by Grand Lodge of Georgia]</ref>
* [[Carol Davila]] Romanian Physician.<ref name="Stoica"/>
* [[Image:Flag of Belgium.svg|15px]] [[Ovide Decroly]], Belgian educationalist. initiated in Lodge Les Amis Philanthropes No. 2, Brussels in 1902 <ref name=autogenerated8 />
* [[Cecil B. DeMille]] movie maker member of Prince of Orange Lodge No. 16, New York City<ref name=autogenerated8 />
* [[Jack Dempsey]], heavyweight boxing champion in 1919, Kenwood Lodge No. 800, Chicago<ref name=autogenerated8 />
* [[Frédéric Desmons]], Protestant priest who persuaded the Grand Orient de France to remove the term of the Great Architect of the Universe from their Constitution<ref>[http://www.calodges.org/no406/FRANC-OR.HTM ADDRESS TO THE 2002 CALIFORNIA MASONIC SYMPOSIUM]</ref>
* [[Willis Van Devanter]], US Associate Justice (1911-1937)<ref name=Bessel-sc/>
* [[Thomas Dewey]], American politician (1902-1971)<ref>[[Time Magazine]], [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,762444,00.html?iid=chix-sphere Letters], Monday, Aug. 21, 1939</ref>
* [[Blaise Diagne]], Senegalese political leader<ref>[http://www.au-senegal.com/decouvrir/blaisediagne.htm Blaise Diagne, député]</ref>
* [[Porfirio Díaz]], President of Mexico<ref>[http://www.yorkrite.com/gcmx/os1999.html MEXICAN MASONRY- POLITICS & RELIGION] Oscar J. Salinas</ref>
* [[John George Diefenbaker]], Prime Minister of Canada, Wakaw Lodge No. 166, Wakaw, SK<ref>Referenced at the US National Masonic Memorial, Alexandira, VA.</ref>
* [[Everett Dirksen]] U.S. Congressman and Minority Leader of the U.S. Senate.<ref name=masonicinfo-1/>
* [[Walt Disney]] Animator, Producer and Director.{{cn}}
* [[Henry Dodge]] U.S. Senator from [[Wisconsin]].<ref name=masonicinfo-1/>
* [[Bob Dole]], US polititian<ref name=AASR-hall/> Russell Lodge No. 177, Kansas<ref name=GLBC&Y/>
* [[Ed Doolan]] US Radio Presenter<ref> [http://www.freemasonrytoday.com/08/p09.php Freemasonry Today] Issue 8, Spring 1999</ref>
* [[Jimmy Doolittle|James Doolittle]], US General<ref name=AASR-hall/> and Shriner.
* [[Jim Douglas]], Governor of Vermont <ref name=GLVTDouglas>
{{cite web
|url= http://www.vtfreemasons.org/inaction/douglas.htm
|accessdate= 2007-07-16
|title= James H. Douglas, Governor of Vermont
|work= Vermont Masonry in Action
|publisher= Grand Lodge of Vermont
}}</ref>
* [[Tommy Douglas]], Canadian politician, Weyburn Lodge No. 20, Weyburn, SK<ref>[http://www.freemasonry.bcy.ca/textfiles/famous.html] Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon</ref>
* [[William O. Douglas]], US Associate Justice (1939-1975)<ref name=Bessel-sc/>
* [[Sir Arthur Conan Doyle]] British physician and author, creator of Sherlock Holmes.<ref name=masonicinfo-1/>
* [[Edwin Drake]], US oil industry pioneer, Oil Creek Lodge No. 3, Titusville, Pennsylvania<ref name=autogenerated8 />
* [[Jean Henri Dunant]] founder of the [[Red Cross]] and shared the first [[Nobel Prize]]<ref name=autogenerated12>John Hamill and Robert Gilert (Eds.), Freemasonry, A Celebration Of The Craft p. 231 (J.G. Press, 1998)</ref>
* [[Herbert Dunnico]], UK Polititian and Master of the [[New Welcome Lodge]]<ref>[http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/prescott08.html Freemasonry and the Labour Party in London: Some Approaches], Andrew Prescott, 2002</ref>
* [[Joseph Duveen, 1st Baron Duveen]], UK art dealer and initiate of Royal Colonial Institute Lodge No. 3556<ref name=autogenerated12 />


A [[space burial]] is held in the ''Enterprise''{{'}}s torpedo room, and Spock's coffin is shot into orbit around the newly formed Genesis planet. Kirk and David make peace, and the crew leaves the planet reminiscing about Spock. In the final scene the coffin is seen to have soft-landed on the planet as Spock narrates ''Star Trek''{{'}}s "[[Where no man has gone before]]" monologue.
==E==
* [[Hubert Eaton]], American chemist, Euclid Lodge, No. 58, Great Falls, Montana<ref name=autogenerated12 />
* [[John David Eaton]], President of the Canadian based [[Eaton's|T. Eaton Company]]. Assiniboine, No. 114, G.R.M., Winnipeg.<ref name=CANADA />
* [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|King Edward VII]], King of Great Britain, UGLE<ref name=UGLE-1 />
* [[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom|King Edward VIII]], King of Great Britain; UGLE<ref name=UGLE-1 />
* [[Gustave Eiffel]], Designer and architect of the Eiffel Tower.<ref name=autogenerated15>[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/textfiles/famous.html A few famous freemasons<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Duke Ellington]], Musician, Social Lodge No. 1, Washington D.C., Prince Hall Affiliation<ref name=autogenerated12 />
* [[Oliver Ellsworth]], Chief Justice of the United States (1796-1800)<ref name=Bessel-sc/>
* [[Sam Ervin]], US Senator.<ref name=AASR-hall/>


==F==
* [[Eberhard Faber]], founder of the Faber Pencil Company, Chancellor Walworth No. 271, New York, <ref name=autogenerated12 />
* [[Douglas Fairbanks]] movie star and member of Beverly Hills Lodge No. 528<ref name=autogenerated12 />
* [[Ettore Ferrari]], Italian sculptor and [[Grand Master (Masonic)|Grand Master]] of the [[Grande Oriente d'Italia]],<ref name=autogenerated10>Entry Giuseppe Mazzini in [http://www.phoenixmasonry.org/10,000_famous_freemasons/Volume_3_K_to_P.htm Volume III K - P], 10,000 FAMOUS FREEMASONS, By WILLIAM R. DENSLOW], 1957, Macoy Publishing & Masonic Supply Co., Inc.</ref>
* [[Stephen J. Field]], US Associate Justice (1863-1897)<ref name=Bessel-sc/>
* [[William Fields]], American comedian and member of E. Coppee Mitchell Lodge No. 605, Philadelphia<ref name=autogenerated12 />
* [[Charles Finney]], American Preacher, Evangelist and Author (1792-1875), Meridian Sun Lodge No. 32 in [[Warren, New York]]. Finney asked for dismissal and was honorably discharged.<ref>''The Memoirs of Charles G. Finney, The Complete Restored Text'', Garth Rosell and Richard Dupuis, eds, Zondervan Publishing House, Grand Rapids, MI (1989). Page 629.</ref>
* [[Hamilton Fish IV]], US Politician<ref>[http://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/masons.E-F.html The Political Graveyard: Freemasons, politicians, New York, E-F<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* The Most Rev'd [[Geoffrey Fisher]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]<ref name=GLBC&Y/><ref name=UGLE-1 />
* [[John Fitch]] US engineer and member of Bristol lodge No.25<ref name=autogenerated12 />
* [[Sanford Fleming|Sir Sanford Fleming]], Creator of first Canadian stamp. Canadian engineer and surveyor. Suggested the use of time zones. St. Andrew's No. 16, Toronto, Ontario.<ref name=CANADA />
* [[Sir Alexander Fleming]], Nobel Prize winner (Medicine), London Scottish Rifles Lodge No. 2310
:Past Master (later, Secretary) of Sancta Maria Lodge No. 2682
:Past Master (later, Treasurer) of Misericordia Lodge No. 3286, 1935
:Past Junior Grand Warden, Senior Grand Deacon 1942
:Grand Warden, 1948 [[UGLE]]
:Received the Distinguished Service Citation of the Grand Lodge of New York, USA.<ref name=SRSJFleming>
{{cite web
| last =Morris
| first =Robert
| title =Alexander Fleming, Mason And Discoverer of Penicillin
| work = The Scottish Rite Journal
| publisher =Scottish Rite S.J. USA
| date =Summer 2000
| url =http://www.srmason-sj.org/web/journal-files/Issues/mar02/morris.htm
| accessdate = 2007-07-16
}}</ref>
* [[Banister Fletcher]] English architect and historian of architecture, initiated 1910, Authors' Lodge No. 3456<ref name=autogenerated12 />
* [[Jean Pierre de Florian|Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian]], French oet and romance writer. Loge des Neuf Sœurs, Paris<ref name=GLBC&Y-nine/>
* [[Martin Folkes]], originator of the story of the falling apple inspiring [[Issac Newton|Newton's]] discovery of [[gravity]]<ref name=autogenerated3>John Hamill and Robert Gilert (Eds.), Freemasonry, A Celebration Of The Craft p. 232 (J.G. Press, 1998)</ref>
* [[Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca]], first President of Brazil, Grand Master of the Grande Oriente do Brasil.<ref>[http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/8527/hist.html The History of Masonry in Brazil] – Bibliography: Menezes, Manuel Joaquim de, Exposição Histórica da Maçonaria no Brasil (1857); Mello, Mário Carneiro do Rego, A Maçonaria e a Revolução Republicana de 1817 (1912); Amaral, Braz do, A Conspiração Republicana da Bahia de 1798 (1926); Barros, F. Borges de, Primórdios das Sociedades Secretas na Bahia (1928); Kloppenburg, Boaventura, A Maçonaria no Brasil (Orientação para os Católicos) (1961)</ref>
* [[Gerald Ford]] U.S. President. Malta Lodge No. 465, Grand Rapids, MI
:Initiated September 30, 1949, Malta Lodge No. 465, Grand Rapids, Michigan
:Passed to Fellowcraft April 20, 1951 Columbia Lodge No. 3, Washington, DC, courtesy to Malta Lodge No. 465, Grand Rapids, MI
:Raised a Master Mason May 18, 1951 Columbia Lodge No. 3, Washington, DC, courtesy to Malta Lodge No. 465, Grand Rapids, MI
* [[Henry Ford]] founder of the [[Ford Motor Company]], raised in Palestine Lodge No. 35.<ref name=autogenerated3 />
* [[Nathan Bedford Forrest]], confederate general and first Imperial Wizard of the original (and now defunct) [[Ku Klux Klan]]<ref>Denslow, ''10,000 Famous Freemasons'', [http://www.phoenixmasonry.org/10,000_famous_freemasons/Volume_2_E_to_J.htm Volume 2]</ref> He was a member of Angerona Lodge no. 168 in Tennessee, but later resigned from both Freemasonry and the Klan<ref>[http://www.fam144.com/history.htm History of Midland Lodge]</ref>.
* [[Antoine Fourcroy]], French chemistry pioneer, Lodge Les Neuf Soeurs at Paris<ref name=autogenerated3 />
* [[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor]]<ref name="FI"> "In Mozart's Vienna, Freemasonry had flourished under the Hapsburgs mainly due to the influence of Francis Stephen, Duke of Lorraine, who, himself, was a Freemason." [http://www.njfreemason.net/Wolfgang%20Amedeus%20Mozart.htm Wolfgang Amedeus Mozart - Master Mason].</ref>
* [[Benjamin Franklin]], February 1731, St. John's Lodge of Philadelphia; [[Tun Tavern Lodge]], Philadelphia, PA; Master of Loge [[Les Neuf Sœurs]], Paris; Past Grand Master of Pennsylvania<ref>[http://www.pagrandlodge.org The Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of Pennsylvania<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Henry Frye]], Chief Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court, (Prince Hall)<ref>http://www.grandlodge-nc.org/nc-mason/archives/2001/NCM_126_1.pdf</ref>


==G==
* [[Isabelle Gatti de Gamond]], pioneering Belgian secular educationalist and Socialist activist<ref name=gob/>
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]], Italian general and radical<ref>[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/garibaldi_g/garibaldi.html Garibaldi — the mason] Translated from Giuseppe Garibaldi Massone by the [[Grand Orient of Italy]]</ref>
* [[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|15px]] [[James A. Garfield]], U.S. President. Magnolia Lodge No. 20, OH
:1° November 19, 1861, Magnolia Lodge, No. 20, Columbus, Ohio
:3° November 22, 1864 in Columbus Lodge No. 30, Columbus, Ohio
:Affiliated with Garrettsville Lodge No. 246, Garrettsville, Ohio October 10, 1866
:Chaplain Garrettsville Lodge No. 246, 1868-1869
:Petitioners for Lodge Charter, & Charter Member of Pentalpha Lodge No. 23 of Washington, D.C. on May 4, 1869<ref>http://www.pagrandlodge.org/mlam/presidents/index.html Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania's presidents pages.</ref>
* [[Licio Gelli]], Italian politician and worshipful master of [[Propaganda Due]]
:Expelled in 1981 (some say 1976) by the Grand Orient of Italy.<ref>[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/anti-masonry/anti-masonry01.html#p2 5. What was the P2 Lodge?], Anti-masonry Frequently Asked Questions, [http://freemasonry.bcy.ca Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon]</ref>
* [[George IV of the United Kingdom|King George IV]], King of Great Britain, UGLE<ref name=UGLE-1 />
* [[George VI of the United Kingdom|King George VI]], King of Great Britain, UGLE<ref name=UGLE-1 />
* [[Ion Ghica]] Romanian revolutionary, mathematician, diplomat, twice [[Prime Minister of Romania]], four-time President of the [[Romanian Academy]].<ref name="Stoica"/>
* [[W.S.Gilbert|Sir W S Gilbert]], one half of '[[Gilbert and Sullivan]]'.<ref name="gilandsul">Beresiner, Yasha. [http://www.mqmagazine.co.uk/issue-8/p-06.php "Musical Masons"]. MQ Magazine, Issue 8 (January 2004). Accessed [[18 July]] [[2007]].</ref>
* [[King C. Gillette]], American businessman<ref>[http://srjarchives.tripod.com/1998-09/LEAZER.HTM A Few Famous Freemasons<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[John H. Glenn]], Jr., Astronaut and US Senator<ref name=AASR-hall/> Concord Lodge No.688 Concord, OH<ref name=GLBC&Y/>
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]], German philosopher and Poet. Lodge Amelie, Weimar.<ref>[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/goethe_j/goethe_j.html Johann Wolfgang von Goethe<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Octavian Goga]] Romanian poet, playwright, journalist, translator, fascist politician ([[Prime Minister of Romania]] in 1937-38).<ref name="Stoica"/>
* [[Alexandru G. Golescu]] Romanian politician, participant in the [[Wallachian Revolution of 1848]], [[Prime Minister of Romania]] (1870).<ref name="Stoica"/>
* [[E. Urner Goodman]], co-founder of the [[Boy Scouts of America|Boy Scouts]]' [[Order of the Arrow]]<ref>Sources disagree as to whether he was [http://www.dragonkeypress.com/articles/article_2004_10_25_5337.html] or wasn't: [http://listserv.tcu.edu/cgi-bin/wa.exe?A2=ind0010&L=scouts-l&P=94161] a member</ref>
* [[Henri Grégoire]] Roman Catholic priest, [[Civil Constitution of the Clergy|constitutional bishop of Blois]] and French revolutionary leader<ref name="lemonde"/>
* [[Gus Grissom|Virgil I. Grissom]] Second American in space, Mitchell Lodge No. 228, Mitchell, Indiana<ref>[http://www.phoenixmasonry.org/masonicmuseum/americas_astronauts_fdcs.htm Americas Astronauts FDCs<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


==H==
==Cast==
[[Image:Star-trek-II-spocks-funeral.png|thumb|250px|The crew of the ''Enterprise'' gathers for Spock's funeral (the torpedo with Spock's body is at the bottom of the frame). From left to right: Sulu, Chekov, Scott, Kirk, McCoy, Uhura, and Saavik.]]
*[[Manly Palmer Hall]], Esoteric author, r. 1954/11/22 into Jewel Lodge No. 374 , San Francisco<ref>{{cite book| last = Denslow| first =William R.| authorlink = | title = 10,000 Famous Freemasons, vol. ii | publisher = [Trenton, MO. : Missouri Lodge of Research / Educational Bureau, Royal Arch Mason Magazine]| year = 1958| page = p. 165}}</ref>
;[[William Shatner]] as [[James T. Kirk]]
*[[Lionel Hampton]], Musician, (Prince Hall).<ref>{{cite book| last = Cox| first = Joseph| authorlink = | title = Great Black Men of Masonry | publisher = [[iUniverse]]| year = 2002| page = p. 176| doi = | isbn = 0595227295}}</ref>
*[[Warren G. Harding]], U.S. President. Marion Lodge No. 70, OH
:1° June 28, 1901
:3° August 27, 1920
* [[John Marshall Harlan|John M. Harlan]], US Associate [[Supreme Court]] Justice<ref name=Bessel-sc/>
* [[J. Edgar Hoover]], Head of the FBI from the 1920s to the 1970s,<ref name=AASR-hall/> Grand Cross. Federal Lodge No. 1, Washington, DC
* [[Tim Horton]], Canadian ice hockey legend. Founder of the donut chain bearing his name. Initiated in Kroy Lodge No. 676, Toronto, Ontario, in 1962.<ref name=CANADA />
* [[Camille Huysmans]], Mayor of [[Antwerp]] and Prime Minister of Belgium<ref name=gob/>


:A Starfleet Admiral and former commander of the ''Enterprise''. Shatner and his film nemesis, Khan Noonien Singh, were never actually face-to-face at any point during the film; all of their interactions are over a viewscreen or through communicators, due in part to the fact that the same set served as the bridge for the ''Reliant'' and ''Enterprise''; the two actors' scenes were filmed four months apart.<ref>Shatner.</ref> Meyer described Shatner as an actor who was naturally protective of his character and himself, and who performed better over multiple takes.<ref name="meyer"/>
==I==
* [[Burl Ives]], American actor and singer,<ref name=AASR-hall/> Magnolia (now Magnolia-La Cumbre) Lodge No. 242, CA


;[[Ricardo Montalbán]] as [[Khan Noonien Singh]]
==J==
* [[Nat Jackley]] English comic actor.<ref name="ugle">''[http://www.ugle.org.uk/masonry/famous-masons.htm Famous British Freemasons]'', United Grand Lodge of England</ref>
* [[Andrew Jackson]], U.S. President. Harmony Lodge No. 1
:St. Tammany Lodge No. 1 (A.K.A. Harmony Lodge No. 1), Nashville, Tennessee
:Grand Master of Masons of Tennessee, October 7, 1822 until October 4, 1824
* [[Jesse Jackson]], US Civil Rights leader and Politician, Harmony Lodge No. 88, Chicago, IL (PHA)<ref>http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/prince_hall/famous.html sources "The Phylaxis Society Public Affairs Office and Masonic Information Center"</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| quotes =
| last = McElligot
| first = Willam
| authorlink =
| coauthors = R Theron Dunn, GL of CA
| date =
| year =
| month =
| title = A Few Good Men
| journal = Lodge Room International Magazine
| volume = 2
| issue = 1
| pages = 7
| issn =
| doi =
| id =
| url = http://www.lodgeroominternational.com/library/download/01January071.pdf
| language =
| format =
| accessdate =
| laysummary =
| laysource =
| laydate =
| quote =
}}</ref>
* [[Robert H. Jackson]], U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice (1941-1954)<ref name=Bessel-sc/>
* [[John Jay]], Chief Justice of the United States (1789-1795)<ref name=Bessel-sc/>
* [[Andrew Johnson]], U.S. President. Greenville Lodge No. 119, TN
:Initiated May 5, 1851
* [[John Paul Jones]], Naval hero during the American Revolution, St. Bernards Lodge No. 122, Kirkudbright, Scotland<ref name=GLBC&Y/>
* [[Melvin Jones]], Founder of [[Lions Clubs International]], Garden City Lodge No. 141, IL<ref name=GLBC&Y/>
* [[Benito Juarez]], President of Mexico. Rito Nacional Mexicano de la Logia Independiente, No. 02


:Montalbán stated in promotional interviews for the film that he believed all good villains do villainous things, but still believe that they are acting for the "right" reasons; Khan's anger at the death of his wife justifies his pursuit of Kirk.<ref name="cast">''Star Trek'' cast and crew.</ref> Meyer made it clear in film commentary that despite speculation that Montalbán used a prosthetic chest, no artificial devices were added to Montalbán's muscular physique,<ref name=meyer>Meyer.</ref> which the costume department took into consideration in designing Khan's outfit. Montalbán thoroughly enjoyed making the film, counting the role as a career highlight. His major complaint was that he was never face-to-face with Shatner for a scene. "I had to do my lines with the script girl, who, as you might imagine, sounded nothing like Bill [Shatner]," he explained.<ref>{{cite news|author=Spelling, Ian|date=1994-08-07|title=From Deep Space to Heaven|work=[[The Toronto Sun]]|page=TV6}}</ref> Bennett noted that the film was close to getting the [[green light]] when it occurred to the producers that no one had asked Montalbán if he could take a break from ''[[Fantasy Island]]'' to take part in the movie.<ref name="cast"/>
==K==
* [[Image:Flag of Hawaii.svg|15px]] [[David Kalakaua]], King of Hawaii, 1874-91. Lodge Le Progress de l'Oceanie No. 124<ref name=GLBC&Y/>
* [[Alexander Keith]], Canadian politician and brewmaster, former Grand Master of [[Nova Scotia]] <ref> [http://www.grandlodgens.org/glns/meml/keith.php]</ref>
* [[Rudyard Kipling]], UK author and poet, Hope and Perseverance Lodge No. 782. E.C., Lahore, India; founding member, The Builders of the Silent Cities Lodge No. 12, St. Omer, France, F.R.<ref>[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/kipling_r/kipling_r.html Rudyard Kipling<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Adolph Knigge]], German author<ref name=autogenerated5>[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/texts/illuminati.html A Bavarian Illuminati primer]</ref>
* [[Mihail Kogălniceanu]] [[Prime Minister of Romania]] (1863-65), Liberal statesman, lawyer, historian and publicist.<ref name="Stoica"/>


;[[Leonard Nimoy]] as [[Spock]]
==L==
* [[Joseph Lamar]], US Associate Justice (1888-1893), Webb Lodge No. 166 F.& A.M., Augusta, Georgia<ref name=Bessel-sc/>
:Senior Warden of Webb Lodge #166 in 1885<ref name=Bessel-sc/>
* [[Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven]] (1873–1932), [[Afrikaans]] writer and member of [[South Africa]]n parliament.<ref>Cooper, A. A. 1986. ''The Freemasons of South Africa''. p178. Cape Town: Human & Rousseau</ref><ref>[http://www.grandlodge.co.za/170799.html Grand Lodge of South Africa]</ref>
* [[Leopold I of Belgium]], king of Belgium<ref name=gob/>
* [[Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle]], composer of [[La Marseillaise]]<ref>[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/delisle_r/delisle_r.html Rouget de Lisle], Grand Lodge of British Columbia</ref>
* [[Pascal Lissouba]], president of the Republic of the Congo, 1992-1997.<ref name="lemonde"/>
* [[Franz Liszt]], Composer. Lodge zur Einigkeit, Frankurt.<ref name=autogenerated15 />
* [[Charles Lindbergh]], US Aviator and chairman of the [[America First Committee]], Keystone Lodge No. 243, St. Louis, Mo.<ref>[http://www.srmason-sj.org/web/journal-files/Issues/oct02/field.htm Scottish Rite Journal]</ref>
* [[Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans]], Grandmaster of the [[Grand Orient de France]] during the [[French Revolution]]<ref> "ORLEANS, DUKE OF", [http://www.phoenixmasonry.org/mackeys_encyclopedia/o.htm Letter O], ENCYCLOPEDIA OF FREEMASONRY AND ITS KINDRED SCIENCES, by ALBERT C. MACKEY M. D.</ref>
* [[Trent Lott]], Former majority leader of the US Senate<ref>[http://www.srmason-sj.org/council/journal/aug99/Tribe.html Ill. Trent Lott, 33°, Grand Cross</ref>


:The Captain of the ''Enterprise'', who gives control of the ship to Kirk after Starfleet sends the ship to Regula I. Nimoy had not originally intended to have a role in ''The Motion Picture''{{'}}s sequel, but was enticed back on the promise that his character would be given a dramatic death scene.<ref name="rioux-243">Rioux, 243.</ref> According to Nimoy, he reasoned that since he believed ''The Wrath of Khan'' would be the final ''Star Trek'' film, having Spock "go out in a [[blaze of glory]]" seemed like a good way to end the character.<ref name="cast"/>
==M==
* [[John A. Macdonald|Sir John A. Macdonald]], The first Prime Minister of the Dominion of Canada (1867 - 1873 and 1878-1891 when he died in office). Began the creation of rail service across Canada. St. John's Lodge No. 758, Kingston, Ontario. Honourary Past Grand Senior Warden.<ref name=CANADA />
* [[John Bayne Maclean]], Canadian founder of [[Maclean's|Maclean's Magazine]] and President of Maclean's Publishing Co. Ionic Lodge No. 25, Toronto, ON.<ref name=CANADA />
* [[Robert Macoy]], US publisher and organizer of Eastern Star<ref>[http://www.macoy.com/about.html history of Macoy Masonic Publishing house]</ref>
* [[Titu Maiorescu]] Romanian literary critic and politician, [[Prime Minister of Romania]] (1913-14).<ref name="Stoica"/>
* [[John Marshall]], Chief Justice of the United States (1801-1835)<ref name=Bessel-sc/>
:Grand Master of Virginia from 1793-1795<ref name=Bessel-sc/>
* [[Thurgood Marshall]], U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice (1967-1991), Coal Creek Lodge No. 88, Tulsa, Oklahoma PHA<ref name=GLBC&Y/>
* [[General Douglas MacArthur]], US General during WWII,<ref name=AASR-hall/> Manila Lodge No. 1, 1936, Philippines<ref name=GLBC&Y/>
* [[Harpo Marx]], US film comedian<ref>http://www.mastermason.com/wilmettepark/wellknownmasons.html mastermason.com</ref>
* [[Giuseppe Mazzini]] Italian Revolutionary, Grand Master of the [[Grande Oriente d'Italia]]<ref name=autogenerated10 />
* [[Henry Joy McCracken]], Member of the [[Society of the United Irishmen]]<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www.irish-freemasons.org/gl_history.htm History<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[William McKinley]], U.S. President. Hiram Lodge No. 21, VA
:1° Hiram Lodge No. 21, Winchester, Virginia May 1, 1865
:Affiliated Canton Lodge No. 60, Canton, Ohio August 21, 1867
::Demitted from same to become a...
:Charter Member of Eagle Lodge No. 431, Canton, Ohio (a.k.a. William McKinley Lodge)
* [[Samuel McLaughlin|Colonel Robert Samuel McLaughlin]], Founder and President of the McLaughlin Carriage Co. which later became [[General Motors|General Motors of Canada]]. Cedar Lodge No. 270, Oshawa, Ontario. Grand Steward in 1945, 75 year member in the Craft. Royal Arch, Knight Templar, President of Oshawa Shrine Club.<ref name=CANADA />
* [[John McLean]], US Associate Justice (1829-1861)<ref name=Bessel-sc/>
* [[Sebastião de Melo, Marquis of Pombal]], 18th century Portuguese statesman<ref>[http://www.portugal-info.net/people/politicians.htm Portugal People</ref><ref>[http://www.gle.org/ingles/i_historia.php#n3 Note 3], Brief History of the Spanish Masonry, Grand Lodge of Spain]</ref>
* [[Robert Menzies|Sir Robert Menzies]], 12th Prime Minister of Australia, Austral Temple Lodge No. 110, [[Victoria, Australia|VC]]<ref name=autogenerated14>[http://www.uglnsw.freemasonry.org.au Freemasons NSW & ACT<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Juan Álvarez Mendizábal]], Spanish minister of the Treasury, Taller Sublime, Cadiz<ref>[http://www.fuenterrebollo.com/Masoneria/mendizabal.html Biography of Mendizábal] (in Spanish)</ref>
* [[George Middleton]], Third Master of African Lodge #459 (Prince Hall)<ref>[http://www.princehall-pa.org/GrandLodge/glhist.htm Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania]</ref>
* [[Sherman Minton]], US Associate Justice (1949-1956)<ref name=Bessel-sc/>
* [[Ion Minulescu]] Romanian poet, novelist, short story writer, journalist, literary critic and playwright.<ref name="Stoica"/>
* [[Kweisi Mfume]], President NAACP, Mount Olive Lodge No. 25, Baltimore, Maryland (Prince Hall).<ref>[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/prince_hall/famous.html Famous Prince Hall Freemasons, Grand Lodge BC&Y website]</ref>
* [[John Molson]], Founder of [[Molson|Molson Breweries]]. St. Paul's Lodge, No. 374 UGLE, Montreal. Past Provincial Grand Master.<ref name=CANADA />
* [[Bob Monkhouse]], English comedian and television presenter, Chelsea Lodge No.3098.<ref>[http://www.durham.net/~cedar/famous.html Famous Freemasons from around the world<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[James Monroe]] U.S. President, Williamsburg Lodge No. 6, Williamsburg, Virginia.
:Initiated: November 9, 1775
:Other Lodge records lost
* [[William H. Moody]], US Associate Justice (1906-1910)<ref name=Bessel-sc/>
* [[Robert Moray]], Scottish philosopher, Edinburgh [Lodge] 1641.<ref>{{cite journal
| last = Rose
| first = Gerry
| date = [[November 29]], [[1993]]
| title = The Venetian Takeover of England and Its Creation of Freemasonry
| journal = The American Almanac
| url = http://american_almanac.tripod.com/venfreem.htm
| laysummary = Conference Address by Gerald Rose, Schiller Institute Conference, September, 1993
| laysource = The New Federalist
| laydate = [[September 5]], [[1993]]
}}</ref>
* [[John Hunt Morgan]] General for the [[Confederate States of America]], Daviess Lodge #22, [[Lexington, Kentucky]] <ref>Smith, Dwight L. ''Goodly Heritage'' ([[Grand Lodge of Indiana]], 1968) pg.124</ref>
* [[Rob Morris (Freemason)|Robert Morris]], Poet Laureate of Freemasonry and founder of the Order of the Eastern Star<ref name=masonicinfo-2>
{{cite web
|url= http://www.masonicinfo.com/famous2.htm
|accessdate= 2007-08-01
|title= Famous Freemasons, M through Z
}}</ref>
* [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]], Composer. Zur Wohltätigkeit (Charity) Lodge, Austria.<ref name=mozart>[http://www.freedomdomain.com/freemasons/mozart01.html Untitled Document<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
:1° Zur Wohltätigkeit (Charity) Lodge, December 14, 1784
:2° "Zur wahren Eintracht" (True Harmony) Lodge, January 7, 1785 ''(as "courtesy work" to home Lodge)''.
:3° April 22, 1785
:Composed several pieces of Masonic ritual music, the first at age 11.<ref name=mozart/>
* [[Leopold Mozart]], Father of [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Amadeus ]], Zur Wohltätigkeit (Charity) Lodge, Austria.<ref name=mozart/>
:1° Zur Wohltätigkeit (Charity) Lodge, April 6, 1785
:2° Zur Wohltätigkeit (Charity) Lodge, April 16, 1785
:3° Zur Wohltätigkeit (Charity) Lodge, April 22, 1785
* [[Audie Murphy]], One of the most decorated United States combat soldier of World War II<ref name=AASR-hall/>


;[[DeForest Kelley]] as [[Leonard McCoy]]
==N==
:The ''Enterprise''{{'}}s doctor and a close friend of both Kirk and Spock. Kelley looked over an early version of the ''Wrath of Khan'' script and was dissatisfied to the point that he considered not being in the film.<ref>Rioux, 243.</ref> Kelley noted in an interview that he spoke many of the film's lighter lines, and felt that this role was essential to bring a lighter side to the onscreen drama.<ref name="cast"/>
* [[James Naismith]], Canadian-born American sports educator who invented the game of basketball.<ref name=CANADA />
* [[Ernesto Nathan]], Italian politician and [[mayor of Rome]], grand master of the [[Grande Oriente d'Italia]]<ref> [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Ernesto_Nathan Ernesto Nathan], [[1911 Encyclopedia Britannica]]</ref>
* [[Samuel Nelson]], US Associate Justice (1845-1872)<ref name=Bessel-sc/>
* [[Kenneth Noye]], British criminal, Hammersmith Lodge<ref>[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/this_britain/article281727.ece Noye's tangled web of corruption], [[Independent on Sunday]], 14 April 2000</ref>
* [[Sam Nunn]], US Senator.<ref name=AASR-hall/>
:Honored as Supreme Temple Architect 1995<ref name=AASR-hall/>


;[[James Doohan]] as [[Montgomery Scott]]
==O==
* [[Daniel O'Connell]] Irish political figure,Lodge No. 189, Dublin, in 1797<ref>John Hamill and Robert Gilert (Eds.), ''Freemasonry, A Celebration Of The Craft'' (J.G. Press, 1998), p. 239</ref> (Later left Freemasonry due to Catholic condemnations){{Fact|date=August 2008}}
* [[Bernardo O'Higgins]] South American revolutionary leader and first Chilean head of state as Captain General<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/hispanic_heritage/article-9056854 O'Higgins, Bernardo], Encyclopedia Britannica, Guide to Hispanic Heritage</ref>


: The ''Enterprise''{{'}}s chief engineer. During Spock's death scene in the film, Kelley felt that him speaking his catchphrase "[[He%27s_dead,_Jim#.22He.27s_dead.2C_Jim..22|He's dead, Jim]]" would crack up the audience and ruin the moment. Doohan says the line "He's dead already" to Kirk instead.<ref>Rioux, 249.</ref> In the film, Scott loses his young nephew due to Khan's attacks on the ''Enterprise''. The cadet, played by [[Ike Eisenmann]], had many of his lines cut in the original theatrical release of the film, including Doohan's dialogue that explained he was Scott's relative. These scenes were readded in home video releases, making Scott's grief at the crewman's death more understandable.<ref name="okuda">Okuda.</ref>
==P==
* [[Alexandru Paleologu]] Romanian essayist, literary critic, diplomat and politician.<ref name="Stoica"/>
* [[Arnold Palmer]], Professional Golfer,<ref name=AASR-hall/> Loyalhanna Lodge No. 275, Latrobe, PA
* [[Richard Parsons, 1st Earl of Rosse]], First recorded Grandmaster of Ireland and founder of the Dublin Hellfire club<ref>[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/parsons_r/parsons_r.html Richard Parsons 1st Earl of Rosse]</ref>
* [[William Paterson]], US Associate Justice (1793-1806)<ref name=Bessel-sc/>
* [[Norman Vincent Peale]],<ref name=AASR-hall/> Midwood Lodge No. 1062, Brooklyn, NY
* [[Matthew Calbraith Perry]], Commodore, US Navy, The Holland Lodge No. 8, New York, NY, 1819<ref name=autogenerated6 />
* [[John Henry Lawrence Phillips]] Bishop of Portsmouth,1960-1975: [[Provincial Grand Master]] Hampshire & Isle of Wight Lodges, 1975-1979
* [[George Pickett]], Confederate gerneral at [[Gettysburg]]<ref>[http://www.masonicinfo.com/famous2.htm#P Famous Freemasons M-Z]</ref>
* [[Albert Pike]], Confederate general, re-wrote rituals for Scottish Rite (Southern Jurisdiction), author of [[Morals and Dogma]], Western Star Lodge No. 2, Little Rock, Arkansas. Sovereign Grand Commander AASR, Southern Jurisdiction.<ref>http://www.pagrandlodge.org/district37/672/WL672-FamousMasons.html PA GL </ref>
* [[John Pintard]], founder of the [[New York Historical Society]], The Holland Lodge No. 8, New York, NY<ref name=autogenerated6 />
* [[Mahlon Pitney]], US Associate Justice (1912-1922)<ref name=Bessel-sc/>
* [[Augustus Le Plongeon]], French Archaeologist. First to survey and excavate at Chitchen Itza.<ref>http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/leplongeon_a/leplongeon.jpg</ref>
* [[James K. Polk]], U.S. President. Columbia Lodge No. 31, TN
:Initiated June 5, 1820.
* [[Eugène Edine Pottier]], French composer of ''the Internationale''<ref>Ridley, Jasper. ''The Freemasons: A History of the World's Most Powerful Secret Society.'' p. 46.</ref>
* [[Reynato Puno]], [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Philippines]] , Grandmaster of Masons, active member of Hiram Lodge No. 88, and the Grand Lodge of the Philippines<ref>[http://www.mb.com.ph/issues/2006/12/20/OPED2006122082834.html mb.com.ph/, Hail to the Chief]</ref><ref>[http://www.hiramlodge88.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=category&sectionid=1&id=1&Itemid=27 hiramlodge88.org, Hiram Lodge # 88]</ref> <ref>[http://www.jacquesdemolay305.org/members-of-the-lodge.html jacquesdemolay305.org, CHARTER MEMBERS]</ref>
* [[Alexander Pushkin]], Russian poet. Lodge Ovid, Kischinev.
:1° Lodge Ovid, 1821<ref name=GLBC&Y/>
* [[William Preston (Freemason)|William Preston]], Author of ''Illustrations of Masonry''.<ref>http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/preston_illustrations_masonry_intro.html Preston Illust. Masonry</ref>


;[[George Takei]] as [[Hikaru Sulu]]:
==R==
: The helm officer of the ''Enterprise''. Takei had not wanted to reprise his role for ''The Wrath of Khan''. Shatner called the actor on the phone and persuaded him to return.<ref name="okuda"/>
* [[Ion Heliade Rădulescu]] Romanian academic, poet, essayist, memoirist, short story writer, newspaper editor and politician.<ref name="Stoica"/>
* [[Thomas Stamford Raffles]], Raised July 5, 1813, Lodge De Vriendschap, Sourabaya<ref name=autogenerated4>[http://www.mastermason.com/wilmettepark/wellknownmasons.html Well Known Freemasons<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[A. Philip Randolph]], Joppa Lodge No. 55, NYC <ref>http://www.freemasonry.org/phylaxis/notes_6_9_-_00.htm freemasonry.org</ref>
* [[Stanley F. Reed]], US Associate Justice (1938-1957)<ref name=Bessel-sc/>
* [[George Reid (Australian politician)|George Reid]], 4th Prime Minister of Australia, Lodge Centennial No. 169, UGL of [[NSW]]<ref name=autogenerated14 />
* [[Ed Rendell]], Governor of Pennsylvania <ref>http://abclocal.go.com/wpvi/story?section=news/special_reports&id=5960480 Video about Philly Freemason</ref>
* [[Theodor Reuss]], German occultist and head of [[O.T.O.]], Pilger Loge #238 (UGLE) 1878, and excluded from Freemasonry in 1880.<ref name=GL_of_BC&Y_article_on_Reuss>http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/esoterica/reuss_t/reuss_t.html GL of BC&Y article on Reuss</ref>
:1° November 9, 1876
:2° May 8, 1877
:3° January 9, 1878
:Excluded: October 1, 1880
::All at Pilger Loge No. 238, UGLE<ref name=GL_of_BC&Y_article_on_Reuss/>
:Grandmaster of [[Rite of Memphis-Misraïm]], [[1913]]<ref name=GL_of_BC&Y_article_on_Reuss/>
* [[Paul Revere]], American Revolutionary hero, St. Andrew's Lodge, Boston, MA; Grand Master of Massachusetts 1794-97.<ref name=GLBC&Y/>
* [[Michael Richards]], American Actor<ref name=AASR-SJ-casalou>[http://www.srmason-sj.org/web/journal-files/Issues/sep03/casalou.htm The Scottish Rite Journal<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name=AASR-SJ-marsellos>http://www.srmason-sj.org/council/journal/sep00/marsellos.html AASR-SJ article 2</ref>
:1° in Riviera Lodge No. 780 in Pacific Palisades, California, December 17, 1998<ref name=AASR-SJ-casalou/>
:2° March 25, 1999<ref name=AASR-SJ-casalou/>
:3° May 20, 1999<ref name=AASR-SJ-casalou/>
:Affiliated with Culver City-Foshay Lodge No. 467 in Culver City, California in 1999<ref name=AASR-SJ-casalou/>
* [[Rafael del Riego]], Spanish general and liberal politician<ref>[http://www.gle.org/ingles/i_historia.php#II Masonry in Spain. II. 1808-1868]</ref>
* [[Jose Rizal]], [[Polymath]] and National Hero of the [[Philippines]], Logia Solidaridad 53 Madrid, Spain; made honorary Worshipful Master of Nilad Lodge No. 144 in 1892<ref>[http://www.glphils.org/famous-masons/frizal.htm Famous Filipino Masons - Jose Rizal<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Charles Owen Leaver Riley]], Anglican Archbishop, Grand Master of District Grand Lodge of [[Western Australia]] 1904-17, 1920-29.<ref>http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A110403b.htm [[Australian Dictionary of Biography]]</ref>
* [[Roy Rogers]], American actor, Hollywood Lodge No. 355, CA<ref name=GLBC&Y/><ref>http://srjarchives.tripod.com/1998-09/LEAZER.HTM Scottish Rite Journal </ref>
* [[Will Rogers]] American political commontator and satirist, Claremore Lodge No. 53, OK
* [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]], U.S. President. Holland Lodge No. 8, NY
:1° October 11, 1911, Holland Lodge No. 8.
:First Honorary Grand Master of the [[Order of DeMolay]], April 13, 1934
* [[Theodore Roosevelt]], U.S. President. Matinecock Lodge No. 806, Oyster Bay, NY
:1° Matinecock Lodge No. 806, Oyster Bay, New York January 2, 1901
* [[Félicien Rops]] Belgian artist<ref name=gob/>
* [[Constantin Daniel Rosenthal]] Romanian painter and 1848 revolutionary.<ref name="Stoica"/>
* [[C. A. Rosetti]] Romanian literary and political leader, participant in the [[Wallachian Revolution of 1848]].<ref name="Stoica"/>
* [[James Mayer Rothschild]] Financier, Initiated Oct. 24, 1802: Emulation Lodge No. 12, London<ref name=GLBC&Y/>
* [[Archibald Hamilton Rowan]], member of the [[Society of the United Irishmen]]<ref name=autogenerated1 />
* [[William Byron Rumford]], California legislator, Most Worshipful [[Prince Hall Freemasonry|Prince Hall]] Grand Lodge, Berkeley, California<ref>{{cite book
| last =Rumford
| first =William Byron, interviewee
| authorlink =
| coauthors =Joyce Henderson, Amelia R. Fry, and Edward France, interviewers
| title =Legislator for fair employment, fair housing and public health : oral history transcript
| publisher =Bancroft Library. Regional Oral History Office
| year =1973
| location =Berkeley
| pages =3
| url =http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=hb8n39p2g3&query=&brand=calisphere
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}</ref>
* [[Alecu Russo]] Romanian writer, literary critic and publicist.<ref name="Stoica"/>
* [[John Rutledge]], Chief Justice of the United Sttes (1795), Associate Justice (1789-1791)<ref name=Bessel-sc/>


;[[Walter Koenig]] as [[Pavel Chekov]]
==S==
* [[Mihail Sadoveanu]] Romanian Novelist, short story writer, journalist and political figure, Grand Master from 1932.<ref name="Stoica"/>
* [[Práxedes Mateo Sagasta]], (1825-1903) Prime Minister of Spain<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C0CE2D81530E633A2575BC1A9669D94669FD7CF New York Times], October 18, 1887</ref>
* [[Augusto César Sandino]] Central American revolutionary and founder of the Nicaraguan [[Sandinistas]] <ref>[http://www.sandino.org/bio_en.htm Biographical Notes], sandino.org</ref>
* [[Jose de San Martin]], Argentinean hero from the Spanish Revolution<ref>[http://www.library.nd.edu/rarebooks/collections/manuscripts/latin_american/sc_history/san_martin.shtml José de San Martín (1778-1850)] - Southern Cone Historical Manuscripts</ref>
* [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]], (Santa Ana) Mexican general and President<ref name=ridmex />
* [[Artur Santos]], Portugese politician, Mayor of [[Ourem]] during the [[Our Lady of Fatima|Fatima apparitions]]<ref>"At twenty-six he joined the Grand Orient Masonic Lodge at Leiria." [http://www.fatimacrusader.com/cr07/cr07pg12.asp OPPOSITION TO FATIMA (Part I)], The Fatima Crusader, Issue 7 Page 12, Spring 1981</ref>
* [[Denis Sassou Nguesso]], general and the president of the Republic of the Congo.<ref name="lemonde"/>
* [[Sir Ernest Shackleton]], UK explorer, Navy Lodge No. 2612 (UGLE)
:1° 9 July 1901 at Navy Lodge No. 2612
:2° 2 November 1911, at Guild of Freemen Lodge No. 3525 (UGLE)
:3° 30 May 1913 at Guild of Freemen Lodge No. 3525<ref>[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/shackleton_e/shackleton_e.html Sir Ernest Shackleton<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Philipp Gotthard of Schaffgotsch]], [[Prince-Bishop]] of [[Breslau]]<ref>[http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/s/s1/schaffgotsch_p_g.shtml SCHAFFGOTSCH, Philipp Gotthard<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Friedrich Schiller]], Rudolstadt Lodge, Berlin<ref name=GLBC&Y/>
* [[Jean Sibelius]], Composer, Suomi Lodge No. 1, Helsinki, Finland.<ref>[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/sibelius_j/sibelius_j.html Jean Sibelius<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
:1° Suomi Lodge No. 1, August 18, 1922
:He wrote several pieces of interest to Masons including "Praising Hymn" and the "Ode to Fraternity."
* [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]], founder of the of the [[Thule Society]]<ref>Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 138 and see Howard 1989: 124 ("In 1901 von Sebottendorff was initiated into a Masonic lodge which, like many in the Middle East, had connections with the French Grand Orient"). Furthermore: "the masonic lodge, which Glauer had joined at [[Bursa]] in 1901, may have been a local cadre of the pre-revolutionary Secret Society of Union and Progress, founded on the model of Freemasonry by Salonican Turks to generate liberal consciousness during the repressive reign of the Sultan." (Goodrick-Clarke, ''op. cit.'', 139).</ref>
* [[Heath Shuler]], United States Congressman for North Carolina, Oconee Lodge 427.<ref>The North Carolina Mason, Volume 133, Number 3, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://wnctrestleboard.blogspot.com/2008/04/congressman-heath-shuler-to-be-raised.html Congressman Heath Shuler to be raised!]</ref><ref>[http://twtmag.ning.com/group/northcarolinamasons/forum/topic/show?id=1698387%3ATopic%3A29708 http://twtmag.ning.com/group/northcarolinamasons/forum/topic/show?id=1698387%3ATopic%3A29708] The Working Tools Masonic Magazine] March 30, 2008</ref>
* [[James Sloan (Orangeman)|James Sloan]], co-founder of the [[Orange Order]]<ref name="original">"James Wilson and James Sloan, who along with 'Diamond' Dan Winter, issued the first Orange lodge warrants from Sloan's Loughgall inn, were masons." [http://homepages.iol.ie/~fagann/1798/orange.htm The Men of no Popery, The Origins Of The Orange Order], by Jim Smyth, from History Ireland Vol 3 No 3 Autumn 1995 </ref>
* [[Joseph Smith, Sr.]], Mormon leader, Ontario Lodge No. 23 of Canandaigua, New York
:1° May 7, 1818 in Ontario Lodge No. 23<ref name=autogenerated11>[http://www.freemason.org/cfo/may_june_2001/mormon.htm The Morman Church and Freemasonry<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]], Founder of the [[Latter Day Saint movement]], Nauvoo Lodge, IL<ref>http://www.lds-mormon.com/morgan2.shtml lds-mormon.com</ref>
* [[Hyrum Smith]], Mormon leader, Mount Moriah Lodge No. 112, Palmyra, New York<ref name=autogenerated11 />
* [[John Philip Sousa]], Composer,<ref name=AASR-hall/> Hiram Lodge No. 10, Washington, DC<ref name=AASR-hall/>
* [[Red Skelton|Richard Bernard "Red" Skelton]], American commedian, Vincennes Lodge No. 1, Vincennes, IN<ref name=GLBC&Y/><ref name=AASR-SJ-casalou/>
* [[Bernard Spilsbury|Sir Bernard Spilsbury]], British forensic scientist.<ref name=UGLE-1 />
* [[Jock Stein]], [[football (soccer)|football]] manager of teams including [[Celtic F.C.]] and [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]].<ref>[http://www.grandlodgescotland.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=236&Itemid=158 Grand Lodge of Scotland]</ref>
* [[Potter Stewart]], US Associate Justice (1958-1981)<ref name=Bessel-sc/>
* [[Philipp von Stosch]], occultist, antiquarian and English spy.<ref>[http://www.oelodge.uklinux.net/history.htm A Concise History of Freemasonry] OLD EPSOMIAN LODGE</ref>
* [[Joseph Story]], US Associate Justice (1811-1845)<ref name=Bessel-sc/>
* [[Alexandru Sturdza]], Russian publicist and diplomat of Romanian origin.<ref name="Stoica"/>
* [[Dimitrie Sturdza]], four-time [[Prime Minister of Romania]], president of the [[Romanian Academy]] (1882-1884).<ref name="Stoica"/>
* [[Arthur Sullivan| Sir Arthur Sullivan]], the latter half of '[[Gilbert and Sullivan]]'.<ref name="gilandsul"/>
* [[Goswin de Stassart]], Belgian statesman<ref name=gob/>
* [[William Stukeley]], English archaeologist and antiquarian. Lodge at Salutation Tavern, London.<ref>[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/stukeley_w/stukeley_w.html William Stukeley<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Noah H. Swayne]], US Associate Justice (1862-1881)<ref name=Bessel-sc/>


:The ''Reliant''{{'}}s first officer and a former member of the ''Enterprise''{{'}}s crew. During filming, Kelley noted that Chekov never actually met Khan in "Space Seed" (Koenig had not joined the cast), and thus Khan recognizing Chekov on Ceti Alpha as in the script did not make sense. ''Star Trek'' books have tried to rationalize this discrepancy; in the film's novelization by [[Vonda N. McIntyre]], Chekov is "an ensign assigned to the night watch" during "Space Seed" and thus met Khan in an off-screen scene.<ref>Jenkins, 104.</ref> The non-canonical novel ''[[To Reign in Hell: The Exile of Khan Noonien Singh]]'' by [[Greg Cox]]explains the discrepancy by having Chekov escort Khan to the surface of Ceti Alpha after the events of "Space Seed". The real cause of the error was a simple oversight by the filmmakers. Meyer justifies the mistake in audio commentary by noting that [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] made similar oversights in his [[Sherlock Holmes]] stories.<ref name="meyer"/> Chekov's screaming while being infested by the Ceti eel in the film lead Koenig to jokingly dub the film ''Star Trek II: Chekov Screams Again'', in reference to how Chekov had screamed during ''The Motion Picture''.<ref name="okuda"/>
==T==
* [[Alphonso Taft]], U.S. Attorney General and Secretary of War. Kilwinning Lodge No. 356, OH
* [[William Howard Taft]], U.S. President. Kilwinning Lodge No. 356, OH
:"Mason at sight" inside Kilwinning Lodge No. 356, OH, February 18, 1909 by Grand Master Charles S. Hoskinson<ref name=Bessel-sc/>
* [[Christian Tell]] Romanian politician, 1848 revolutionary, [[Mayor of Bucharest]].<ref name="Stoica"/>
* [[Strom Thurmond]] US Senator from [[South Carolina]] and [[segregationist]] candidate for the United States presidency in 1948<ref>[http://www.masonicworld.com/education/files/artjun02/SENATE%20CONFIRMATION.htm ON SENATE CONFIRMATION OF MEN AND MASONS], Masonicworld</ref>
* [[John Tipton]], American politician<ref>[http://www.jacksonlodge146.org/b_lodge/History/History_of_Jackson_Lodge.htm History of Jackson Lodge]</ref>
* [[Nicolae Titulescu]] Romanian diplomat, government minister, President of the [[League of Nations]].<ref name="Stoica"/>
* [[Thomas Todd]], US Associate Justice (1807-1826)<ref name=Bessel-sc/>
* [[Robert Trimble]], US Associate Justice (1826-1828). Union #16 in Paris, Kentucky<ref name=Bessel-sc/>
:Worshipful Master, Union Lodge No. 16 F.& A.M., Paris, Kentucky<ref name=Bessel-sc/>
* [[Harry S Truman]], U.S. President, Belton Lodge No. 450, Belton, MO<ref>[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/truman_h/truman_h.html Harry S Truman<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
:1° February 9, 1909
:Worshipful Master, Grandview Lodge No. 618, Grandview, Missouri
:Grand Master of Missouri, 1940-1941
:Honorary Grand Master of the International Supreme Council, [[Order of DeMolay]], May 18, 1959
* [[Mark Twain]], American author. Polar Star Lodge No. 79, A.F.& A.M., St. Louis, Missouri.
:1° May 22nd, 1861
:2° June 12th, 1861
:3°July 10, 1861
:Suspended for non-payment of dues and later reinstated April 24th, 1867. Demitted October 1867, but recorded as having visited Carson City Lodge U.D. in February and March 1868.<ref>Burnworth, Gerald. [http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Oracle/1190/mark-twain-1.html "Brother Samuel Langhorne Clemens: A Missouri Freemason"]. Paper read September 28, 1999 at the 178th Annual Communication of the Grand Lodge of Missouri. Accessed [[July 2]], [[2007]]</ref>


;[[Nichelle Nichols]] as [[Uhura]]
==V==
:The ''Enterprise''{{'}}s communications officer. In her autobiography, ''Beyond Uhura'', Nichols noted that she advocated on Gene Roddenberry's behalf to the producers over elements of the film, including the naval references and militaristic uniforms. Nichols also defended Roddenberry when the producers believed he was the source of script leaks.<ref>Nichols, 248–249.</ref>
* [[Alexandru Vaida-Voevod]] three-time [[Prime Minister of Romania]].<ref name="Stoica"/>
* [[Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen]], Founder of the Belgian Liberal Party<ref name=gob/>
* [[Frederick M. Vinson]], Chief Justice of the United States (1946-1953)<ref name=Bessel-sc/>
* [[Traian Vuia]] Romainan inventor and early aviation pioneer.<ref name="Stoica"/>


;[[Bibi Besch]] as [[Carol Marcus (Star Trek)|Carol Marcus]].
==W==
:The mother of Kirk's son, Marcus is the lead scientist working on [[Project Genesis]]. Meyer was looking for an actor who looked beautiful enough that it was plausible a wandering womanizer such as Kirk would fall for her, yet could also project a sense of intelligence.<ref name="meyer"/>
* [[Sir Charles Warren]], English archaeologist. Surveyor of Herod's Temple. Royal Lodge of Friendship No. 278, Gibraltar.<ref>[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/warren_c/warren_c.html Sir Charles Warren<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Earl Warren]], Chief Justice of the US (1953-1969)<ref name=Bessel-sc/>
:Grand Master of California 1935 to 1936<ref name=Bessel-sc/>
: Potentate of Aahmes Shrine<ref name=Bessel-sc/>
* [[George Washington]] General, Politician, and First President of the United States. Initiated in Fredricksberg VA, Past Master of Alexandria Lodge No. 22, Virginia. <ref>[http://www.gwmemorial.org/ Welcome to the George Washington Masonic Memorial<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[John Wayne]], American actor,
:Glendale DeMolay Chapter (during high school)
:awarded the DeMolay Legion of Honor in 1970
:1° July 9, 1970 Marion McDaniel Lodge No. 56, Tucson, Arizona
:2° July 10, 1970 Marion McDaniel Lodge No. 56
:3° July 11, 1970 Marion McDaniel Lodge No. 56
:December 1970, he joined the York Rite Bodies in California
:Shriner, Al Malaikah Shrine Temple<ref>http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/wayne_j/wayne_j.html GL BC&Y</ref>
* [[Adam Weishaupt]], founder of the [[Illuminati]]<ref name=autogenerated5 />
* [[Philip Wharton, 1st Duke of Wharton]], English politician, atheist and member of the [[Hellfire club]] <ref>[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/wharton_p/wharton_p.html Philip, Duke of Wharton],</ref>
* [[Oscar Wilde]], Irish playwright, novelist, and poet, Apollo University Lodge, No. 357 (UGLE)<ref>[http://hiram7.wordpress.com/2007/08/02/the-wilde-oxford-freemason/ The Wilde Oxford Freemason]</ref>
* [[Billy Wilder]], American journalist<ref name=autogenerated4 />
* [[James Wilson (Orangeman)]], co-founder of the [[Orange Order]]<ref name="original" />
* [[John Wilkes]], English politician and journalist <ref>[http://www.freemasonrytoday.com/40/p12.php John Wilkes], Freemasonry Today</ref>
* [[William IV of the United Kingdom|King William IV]], King of Great Britain, UGLE<ref name=UGLE-1 />
* [[Jeff Winter]], English football referee<ref>[http://www.mqmagazine.co.uk/issue-12/p-41.php Jeff Winter]</ref>
* [[Levi Woodbury]], US Associate Justice (1845-1851)<ref name=Bessel-sc/>
* [[William B. Woods]], US Associate Justice (1881-1887)<ref name=Bessel-sc/>
* [[Steve Wozniak]] Co-founder Apple Computers, Charity Lodge No. 362, Campbell, CA<ref name=GLBC&Y/>
* [[Christopher Wren|Sir Christopher Wren]], English architect, Master of Lodge Original, No. 1, now the Lodge of Antiquity No. 2<ref>[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/wren_c/wren_c.html Sir Christopher Wren<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
:''"adopted"'' May 18, 1691<ref>[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/wren_c/adoption.html Sir Christopher Wren adoption<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


;[[Merritt Butrick]] as [[David Marcus (Star Trek)|David Marcus]]:
==Y==
:Kirk's son, who has grown up to be a scientist like his mother. Meyer said that what he physically liked about Butrick was that his hair was blond like Besch's and curly like Shatner's, making him a plausible son of the two.<ref name="meyer"/>
* [[John Yarker]] - English occultist<ref name=GLofBC&Y-Yarker>http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/esoterica/yarker_j/yarker_j.html GL of BC&Y</ref>
:1° Lodge of Integrity No. 189 (later 163) Manchester, October 25, 1854
:Affiliated with Fidelity Lodge No. 623 April 27, 1855
:Worshipful Master of Fidelity Lodge No. 623, Dunkinfield, 1857
:Expelled from the Ancient and Accepted Rite
:Demitted (from ''all'' regular Freemasonry), 1862


;[[Paul Winfield]] as [[Clark Terrell]]
==Z==
:The captain of the ''Reliant''. Meyer had seen Winfield's work in films such as ''[[Sounder (film)|Sounder]]'' and thought highly of him; there was no reason for casting him as the ''Reliant''{{'}}s captain other than Meyer's desire to direct him in scenes. Though upon reflection Meyer thought that the ceti eel scene might have been corny, he felt that Winfield's acting helped add gravity.<ref name="meyer"/>
* [[Duiliu Zamfirescu]] Romanian novelist, poet, short story writer, lawyer, nationalist politician, journalist, diplomat and memoirist.<ref name="Stoica"/>


;[[Kirstie Alley]] as [[Saavik]]
==References==
:Spock's protege and a Starfleet officer-in-training aboard the ''Enterprise'', the film was Alley's first feature film role. During Spock's funeral, Saavik tears up and cries. Meyer remembers during filming someone asked him, "'Are you going to let her do that?' And I said, 'Yeah', and they said, 'But Vulcans don't cry,' and I said, 'Well, that's what makes this such an interesting Vulcan.'"<ref name="meyer"/> The character's emotional outbursts can be partly explained by the fact that Saavik was described as of mixed Vulcan-[[Romulan (Star Trek)|Romulan]] heritage in the script, though no indication is given on film.<ref name="okuda"/>Alley was so fond of her Vulcan ears that she would take them home with her after filming.<ref name="meyer"/>

;[[Judson Scott]] as [[Joachim (Star Trek)|Joachim]]
:Khan's chief henchman. Scott had several speaking lines with Montalbán, but was uncredited. According to ''[[TV Guide]]'', this was because Scott's agent tried to negotiate top billing; Scott wound up with more money but no credit.<ref name="tvguide-flick">{{cite web|author=[[Maitland McDonagh|McDonagh, Maitland]]|date=2002-09-12|url=http://www.tvguide.com/News-Views/Columnists/Ask-FlickChick/?posting=%7B4833BDB0-FD07-4671-BAA4-9D7103467119%7D|title=Ask FlickChick|publisher=[[TV Guide]]|accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref>

==Production==
===Development===
[[Image:Gene1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Gene Roddenberry]] was removed from a direct role in the development of ''The Wrath of Khan'' due to concerns that he was the main reason behind ''The Motion Picture''{{'}}s lukewarm reception.]]
After the release of ''[[Star Trek: The Motion Picture]]'', executive producer [[Gene Roddenberry]] wrote his own sequel to the film, involving a plot he had presented before in which the crew of the ''Enterprise'' travel back through time to assassinate [[John F. Kennedy]] and set a corrupted time line right.<ref>Shatner, 161-162.</ref> This sequel was turned down by Paramount executives, who blamed the poor performance and inflated budget ($46 million) of the first movie on the constant rewrites demanded by Roddenberry and the movie's plodding pace.<ref>Rioux, 240-241.</ref> As a consequence, Roddenberry was ultimately removed from the production and according to Shatner, "kicked upstairs" to the ceremonial position of "executive consultant".<ref>Shatner, 99.</ref> [[Harve Bennett]], a new Paramount television producer, was made producer for the next ''Star Trek'' film.<ref name="rioux-240">Rioux, 240-242.</ref> According to Bennett, he was called in front of a group including [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] and [[Michael Eisner]] and asked if he thought he could make a better movie than ''The Motion Picture''. When Bennett replied in the affirmative, [[Charles Bluhdorn]] asked, "Can you make it for less than forty-five-fucking-million-dollars?" Bennett replied that "Where I come from, I can make five movies for that."<ref name="rioux-240"/>

Bennett realized he faced a serious challenge in developing the new ''Star Trek'' movie, including the fact that he had never seen the show.<ref name="rioux-240"/> To compensate, Bennett watched all the original episodes. This immersion convinced Bennett that what the first movie lacked was a real villain; after seeing the episode "[[Space Seed]]", he decided that the character of Khan Noonien Singh was the perfect enemy for the film.<ref name="robinson">Robinson.</ref>

Bennett wrote his first film treatment in November 1980. In his version, titled ''Star Trek II: The War of the Generations'', Kirk investigates a rebellion on a distant world and discovers that his son is the leader of the rebels. Khan is in fact the mastermind behind the plot, and Kirk and son join forces to defeat the tyrant. Bennett then hired [[Jack B. Sowards]], an avid ''Star Trek'' fan, to turn his outline into a filmable script. Sowards wrote an initial script before a writer's strike in 1981. Sowards' draft, ''The [[Omega]] Syndrome'', involved the theft of the Federation's ultimate weapon, called the "Omega system".<ref name="robinson"/> Sowards was concerned that his weapon had nothing uplifting about it, so the art director Michael Minor suggested the device be turned into a [[terraforming]] tool instead; in recognition of the Biblical power of the weapon, Sowards renamed the "Omega system" to the "[[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] device".<ref name="robinson"/> By April Sowards had produced another draft which moved Spock's death to later in the story and introduced a male character named 'Savik'. As preproduction of the film began in earnest, [[Samuel A. Peeples]], writer of the ''Star Trek'' episode "[[Where No Man Has Gone Before]]", was called in to offer his own script, but the resulting draft (which entirely omitted Khan) was judged insufficient. With deadlines looming for the special effects production to begin(which required detailed storyboards based on a finished script), director [[Nicholas Meyer]] and Bennett pooled the written drafts.<ref name="robinson"/> Meyer contributed his own screenplay written in twelve days which he described as "[[Horatio Hornblower|'Hornblower']] in outer space", utilizing nautical references and a swashbuckling feel.<ref name="rioux-243"/> Despite Roddenberry's disagreements with Meyer's naval texture or Khan's [[Moby-Dick#Ahab|Captain Ahab]] undertones (see [[#Themes|Themes]]), production of the film began in fall 1981.<ref>Rouix, 245.</ref>

===Design===
Meyer said that he did everything within budget to change the look of ''Star Trek'' in order to create a nautical atmosphere.<ref name="cast"/> The ''Enterprise'', for example, was given a [[ship's bell]] and a [[boatswain's call]]. To save money on set design, production designer [[Joseph Jennings]] utilized existing elements from ''The Motion Picture'', which had been left standing after filming was completed.<ref name="robinson"/> Nearly 65% of the film was shot on the same set, as the [[bridge (ship)|bridge]] of the ''Reliant'' and the "bridge simulator" from the opening scene were simply [[redress]]es of the ''Enterprise''{{'}}s bridge.<ref name="cast"/> ''Star Trek II'' reused models and footage from the first ''Star Trek'' film to stretch the film's budget, including shortened versions of the same shots of the docked ''Enterprise'' at the beginning of ''The Motion Picture''.<ref name="okuda"/> The original ship miniatures were used when possible, or else modified to stand in as a new construction. The orbital office complex from ''The Motion Picture'', for example, was inverted and retouched to become the Regula I space station.<ref name="robinson"/> Elements of the cancelled ''[[Star Trek: Phase II]]'' TV show, such as bulkheads, railings, and sets were also cannibalized for the film.<ref name="okuda"/> A major concern for the designers was that the ''Reliant'' be easily distinguishable from the ''Enterprise''. The ship's design was flipped after Bennett accidentally opened and approved the preliminary ''Reliant'' designs upside-down.<ref name="cast"/>

Meyer utilized camera and set tricks to spare the construction of large sets. For a scene taking place at [[Starfleet Academy]], scenery was placed close to the camera to give the sense the set was larger than it really was using [[forced perspective]]. To give the illusion that the ''Enterprise''{{'}}s elevators moved between decks, corridor pieces were wheeled around to change the hall configuration while the lift doors were closed.<ref name="okuda"/>

Producer Robert Sallin wanted the uniforms from ''The Motion Picture'' changed, but did not want to discard the jumpsuits entirely for budgetary reasons. Dye tests of the fabric showed that the old uniforms took three colors well: a blue-gray, a gold, and a dark red. Costume designer [[Robert Fletcher]] decided to use the dark red due to the strong contrast it provided with the background to create ''The Wrath of Khan''{{'}}s naval-inspired uniforms, which would be used in the films until 1994s ''[[Star Trek Generations]]''. The first versions of the uniforms had stiff black collars, but Sallin suggests changing it to a turtleneck, using a form of vertical quilting called ''[[trapunto quilting|trapunto]]''. By the time of ''The Wrath of Khan''{{'}}s production, the machines and needles needed to produce trapunto were rare, and Fletcher was able to find only one needle for the wardrobe department.<ref name="robinson"/> The crew was so worried about losing or breaking the needle that one of the department's workers took it home with him as a security measure, leading Fletcher think it had been stolen.<ref name="okuda"/>

For Khan and his fellow supermen, Fletcher created a strong contrast with the highly organized Starfleet uniforms; his idea was that the exiles' costumes were made out of whatever they could find.<ref name="cast"/> "My intention with Khan was to express the fact that they had been marooned on that planet with no technical infrastructure, so they had to cannibalize from the spaceship whatever they used or wore. Therefore, I tried to make it look as if they had dressed themselves out of pieces of upholstery and electrical equipment that composed the ship," Fletcher said.<ref name="cast"/> Khan's costume was specially designed with an open chest to show Ricardo Montalbán's physique. Fletcher also designed smocks for the Regula I scientists and civilian clothes for Kirk and McCoy, designed to look practical and comfortable.<ref name="cast"/>

===Filming===
''The Wrath of Khan'' was much more action-oriented than its predecessor, but was much less costly to make, with a modest special effects budget and TV production schedule. The project was supervised not by Paramount's theatrical division, but by its television unit, and produced by Bennett, a respected TV veteran, at a budget of US$11,000,000—far less than ''The Motion Picture''{{'}}s $46 million cost.<ref name="rioux-249"/>

Spock's death was shot over three days; during that time, no visitors were allowed on set. The initial scripts called for Spock's death to have been early in the movie, but fan reaction led to the event's movement to the climax of the film. Shatner disagreed with the clear glass separation between Spock and Kirk during the death scene, instead wanting a translucent divider allowing viewers to only see Spock's silhouette; his complaint was overruled. During Spock's funeral sequence Meyer wanted the camera to track the torpedo that served as Spock's coffin as it was placed in a long trough and slid into the launcher. Initially the camera crew thought the entire set would have to be rebuilt in order to accommodate the shot, but Sallin suggested putting a dolly into the trough and controlling it from above with an offset arm.<ref name="cast"/> Scott plays "[[Amazing Grace]]" on the bagpipes during the scene, which was James Doohan's idea.<ref>Nichols, 251.</ref>

Spock's death was to remain irrevocable, but Nimoy had such a positive experience during filming that he asked if he could add a way for Spock to return in a later film. The "remember" sequence was initially filmed without Kelley's prior knowledge of what was going on.<ref>Rioux, 248.</ref> Test audiences at screenings of the film reacted badly to Spock's death and the film's ending (the tone of which was dark and final),<ref name="cast"/> so Bennett modified the ending. The scene of Spock's casket soft-landed on the planet and Nimoy's closing monologue were added to positive response; Meyer objected to the changes, but did not stand in the way of the modifications.<ref name="rioux-249">Rioux, 249.</ref>

===Effects===
''The Wrath of Khan''{{'}}s special effects were created by [[Industrial Light & Magic]] (ILM), [[George Lucas]]' effects house. ILM also created the new models for the film; the ''Reliant'' was the first non-''Constitution''-class Federation starship seen in the series.<ref name="robinson"/> Due to budget and time constraints, the effects team sought to simplify the complicated effects of ''The Motion Picture''.<ref name="cast"/> As the script called for the ''Reliant'' and ''Enterprise'' to inflict significant damage on each other, ILM developed techniques to illustrate the damage without physically harming the models.<ref name="robinson"/> Rather than move the models on a [[bluescreen]] during shooting, the [[Vistavision]] camera was panned and tracked to give the illusion of movement.<ref name="cast"/> Damage to the ''Enterprise'' was cosmetic, and simulated with pieces of aluminum that were colored or peeled off. Phaser damage was simulated using [[stop motion]]. The script called for large-scale damage to the ''Reliant'', so larger versions of the ship's model were created to be blown up.<ref name="robinson"/>

The battle in the nebula was a difficult sequence to accomplish without the aid of computer-generated models. The nebula was filmed first, using a saltwater and freshwater mixture inside a specially-lit cloud tank to generate the nebula. All the footage was shot at two frames per second to give the illusion of faster movement. Using matte work, the ships were physically stuck on a background plate to complete the shot.<ref name="cast"/> The destruction of the ''Reliant''{{'}}s engine nacelle was created by superimposing shots of the engine blowing apart and explosions over the actual model.<ref name="cast"/> The Ceti eel shoots used several different models, which were overseen by Special Effects Supervisor [[Ken Ralston]]. Ralston had finished creature design for ''[[Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi]]'' and used a string tied to the eel in order to inch the model across the actors' faces before entering the ear canal.<ref name="cast"/> Footage which used a giant model of Koenig's ear was discarded from the theatrical release due to the visceral reaction it elicited in viewers.<ref name="okuda"/>

Among ILM's technical achievements for ''The Wrath of Khan'' was cinema's first entirely computer-generated sequence, demonstrating the effects of the Genesis Device on a barren planet.<ref name="wpost-incredible">{{cite news|author=Pegoraro, Rob|date=2008-06-29|title=Incredibles, Inc; The story of how computer programmers transformed the art of movie animation|work=[[The Washington Post]]|page=BW8}}</ref> The first concept the animators discussed was turning a rock into a flower, but after poor feedback the artists decided on a planet flyby.<ref name="cast"/> The programmers spent a significant amount of time and detail on the sixty-second sequence; one artist ensured that the stars visible in the background matched those visible from a real star light-years from Earth. The animators hoped it would serve as a "commercial" for the studio's talents.<ref name="wpost-incredible"/>

===Music===
[[James Horner]] was hired to score ''The Wrath of Khan'' and compose music evocative of [[seafaring]] and [[swashbuckling]]. ''The Washington Post'' described the style as "echoing both the bombastic and elegiac elements of [[John Williams]]' ''Star Wars'' and [[Jerry Goldsmith]]'s original ''Star Trek'' scores."<ref name="post-music">{{cite news|author=Harrington, Richard|date=1982-07-25|title=Sounds Of the Summer Screen|work=[[The Washington Post]]|page=L1}}</ref> The soundtrack was Horner's first major film score,<ref name="post-music"/> and was recorded with a 88-piece [[orchestra]]. Horner used [[synthesizer]]s for ancillary effects; at the time, science-fiction films such as ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]]'' and ''[[The Thing (film)|The Thing]]'' were eschewing the synthesizer in favor of more traditional orchestras.<ref>{{cite news|author=Sterritt, David|date=1982-08-17|title=Films: zing go the strings of a polymoog|work=[[Christian Science Monitor]]|page=1}}</ref>

==Themes==
''The Wrath of Khan''{{'}} features several recurring themes, including death, resurrection, and growing old.<ref>{{cite book|author= Kraemer, Ross; Cassidy, William; Schwartz, Susan|year=2003|title=Religions of Star Trek|publisher=Perseus Books Group|isbn=0-813-34115-9}}</ref> Upon writing his own version of the script, Meyer hit upon a link between Spock's death and the age of the characters:
<blockquote>This was going to be a story in which Spock died, so it was going to be a story about death, and it was only a short hop, skip, and a jump to realize that it was going to be about old age and friendship. I don't think that any of those other scripts were about old age, friendship, and death.<ref name="meyer"/></blockquote>
In keeping with the theme of death and rebirth symbolized by Spock's sacrifice and the Genesis device, Meyer wanted to call the film ''The Undiscovered Country'', in reference to [[Prince Hamlet]]'s description of death in [[William Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Hamlet (play)|Hamlet]]'',<ref>{{cite web|author=Shakespeare, William|url=http://www.bartleby.com/46/2/31.html|title=Hamlet: Act III, Scene I|publisher=[[Bartleby.com]]|accessdate=2008-10-03}}—"'''Hamlet''': But that the dread of something after death/The undiscovered country from whose bourn/No traveller returns, puzzles the will/And makes us rather bear those ills we have/Than fly to others that we know not of?"</ref> but the title was changed without the director's knowledge during editing.<ref name="meyer"/>

Meyer added elements to reinforce the aging of the characters. Kirk is unhappy about his birthday, compounded by McCoy's present of reading glasses for Kirk's eyes. The script for the film stated that by the events of the film Kirk was 49, but Shatner was unsure about being specific about Kirk's age.<ref name="meyer"/> Harve Bennett remembers that Shatner was hesitant about portraying a middle-aged version of himself, and believed that with proper makeup he could continue playing a younger Kirk. Bennett convinced Shatner that he could age gracefully like [[Spencer Tracy]]; unbeknownst to the producer, Shatner had been the aide for Tracy years earlier in ''[[Judgment at Nuremberg]]'', and was very fond of the actor.<ref name="cast"/> Meyer made sure to emphasize Kirk's parallel to [[Sherlock Holmes]] in that both characters waste away in the absence of their stimuli; new cases, in Holmes' case, and starship adventures in Kirk's.<ref name="meyer"/>

Khan's pursuit of Kirk is central to the film's theme of vengeance, and the film purposefully heavily borrows elements from [[Herman Melville]]'s ''[[Moby Dick]]''. To make the parallels clear to viewers, Meyer added a visible copy of ''Moby Dick'' to Khan's dwelling.<ref name="meyer"/> Kirk represents both the restless elements of [[Ishmael (Moby-Dick)|Ishmael]] as well as serving as the titular white whale. Khan's blind pursuit of Kirk mirrors [[Captain Ahab]]'s obsession with Moby Dick. Both pursue their quarry against the better judgement of their crew, and both end up killing themselves in an effort to take their foe with them. [[University of Northern Colorado]] professor Jane Wall Hinds argues that the themes of ''The Wrath of Khan'' clash with the optimistic and [[transcendentalism|transcendentalist]] perspectives found in the shows such as ''The Original Series'' and ''The Next Generation''.<ref name="hinds-ahab">{{cite journal|author=Hinds, Jane|year=|month=|title=The Wrath of Ahab; or, Herman Melville Meets Gene Roddenberry|journal=The Journal of American Culture|volume=20|issue=1|pages=43-46}}</ref> The themes of revenge as explored in ''Moby Dick'' would later heavily influence ''[[Star Trek: First Contact]]''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Barrett, Michele; Barrett, Duncan|year=2001|title=Star Trek: The Human Frontier|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-92982-2|pages=20–26}}</ref>

==Release and reception==
===Critical response===
''Star Trek II'' grossed $78,912,963 in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=startrek2.htm|title=Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan|publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]|accessdate=2008-10-05}}</ref> for a total of $97,000,000 worldwide. Although the total gross of ''Wrath of Khan'' was less than ''The Motion Picture'', it was more profitable due to its lower cost of production.<ref name="nytimes-office"/> The film earned $14,347,221 in its opening weekend at the US box office, at the time the largest opening weekend gross in history.<ref name="nytimes-office">{{cite news|author=Harmetz, Aljean|date=1982-06-08|title='Star Trek II' Sets Mark for Sales at Opening|work=[[The New York Times]]|page=C11}}</ref> The film's novelization, written by [[Vonda N. McIntyre]], stayed on the [[New York Times Best Seller list|''New York Times'' paperback bestsellers list]] for more than three weeks.<ref>{{cite news|author=Staff|date=1982-07-25|title=Paperback Best Sellers: Mass Market|work=[[The New York Times]]|page=24, section 7}}</ref>

Critical response to ''The Wrath of Khan'' was positive. On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film has a "fresh" rating, with 92% of featured critics giving the film a favorable review;<ref name="rt">{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/star_trek_ii_the_wrath_of_khan|title=Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (1982)|publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|accessdate=2008-09-15}}</ref> ''The Wrath of Khan'' is the highest rated ''Star Trek'' film on the site.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/search/full_search.php?search=star+trek|title=Star Trek on RT|publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|accessdate=2008-09-08}}</ref> After the lukewarm response to the first feature film, ''Trek'' fan response to ''The Wrath of Khan'' was highly positive, crediting the film's success as bringing renewed interest to the franchise.<ref>Jenkins, 250.</ref> ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' went further, calling ''The Wrath of Khan'' "the film that, by most accounts, saved ''Star Trek'' as we know it."<ref>{{cite web|author=Bernardin, Mark|date=2002-08-13|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,335196,00.html|title=Review; Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan -- The Director's Edition|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|accessdate=2008-08-05}}</ref>

A near-universal note of praise was for the film's pacing, which was much swifter than its predecessor and closer to the TV series.<ref name="nyt-review">{{cite news|author=Maslin, Janet|date=1982-06-04|title=New 'Star Trek' full of gadgets and fun|work=[[The New York Times]]|page=C12}}</ref><ref name="wash-review">{{cite news|author=Arnold, Gary|date=1982-06-04|title=Cashing in on the Spock market; 'Star Trek II' shows little enterprise|work=[[The Washington Post]]|page=D1}}</ref> [[Janet Maslin]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' also credited the film with a stronger story than ''The Motion Picture'' and stated the sequel was everything the first film should have been.<ref name="nyt-review"/> ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' agreed that ''The Wrath of Khan'' was closer to the original spirit of ''Star Trek'' than its predecessor.<ref name="variety-rev">{{cite web|author=Staff|date=1982-01-01|url=http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117795162.html?categoryid=31&cs=1|title=Star Trek II - The Wrath of Khan|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> Strong character interaction was cited as a strong feature of the film,<ref name="bbc-rev">{{cite news|author=Cramp, Nick|date=2001-09-03|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2001/09/04/star_trek_ii_wrath_of_kahn_1982_review.shtml|title=Star Trek II: The Wrath Of Kahn (1982)|work=[[bbc.co.uk]]|accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> as was Montalbán's portrayal of Khan.<ref name="ebert-rev">{{cite web|author=[[Roger Ebert|Ebert, Roger]]|date=1982-01-01|url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19820101/REVIEWS/201010345/1023|title=Review: Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|accessdate=2008-09-13}}</ref>

Complaints about the film focused on what was seen as tepid battle sequences,<ref name="ebert-rev"/> and perceived melodrama.<ref name="timeout-rev">{{cite web|author=Adams, Derek|date=|url=http://www.timeout.com/film/reviews/75286/star_trek_ii-the_wrath_of_khan.html|title=Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (1982)| work=[[Time Out]]|accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref><ref name="wash-review"/> While many publications felt that Spock's death was dramatic and well-handled,<ref name="tv-review">{{cite web|author=Staff|date=|url=http://movies.tvguide.com/star-trek-ii-wrath-khan/review/109954|title=Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan Review|work=[[TV Guide]]|accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref><ref name="ebert-rev"/> ''The Washington Post''{{'}}s Gary Arnold stated Spock's death "feels like an unnecessary twist, and the filmmakers are obviously well-prepared to fudge in case the public demands another sequel."<ref name="wash-review"/> Negative reviews of the film also focused on the acting of the aged stars.<ref name="wash-review"/><ref name="chicago-review">{{cite web|author=Kehr, David|date=1982-01-01|url=http://onfilm.chicagoreader.com/movies/capsules/11462_STAR_TREK_THE_WRATH_OF_KHAN_STAR_TREK_TWO_THE_WRATH_OF_KHAN|title=Star Trek: The Wrath of Khan Capsule review|work=[[Chicago Reader]]|accessdate=2008-10-01}}</ref>

The film has had an impact on other movies. Meyer's rejected title for the film, ''The Undiscovered Country'', would later be used for ''[[Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country]]'', retaining the nautical influences.<ref name="meyer"/> Director [[Bryan Singer]] has cited the film as an influence on ''[[X2 (film)|X2]]'', as well as his abandoned sequel to ''[[Superman Returns]]''.<ref>{{cite web|author= Pascale, Anthony|title=Interview: Bryan Singer On Trek|publisher=TrekMovie|date=2007-05-12|url=http://trekmovie.com/2007/05/12/interview-bryan-singer-on-trek/|accessdate=2008-10-03}}</ref> The film is also a favorite of director [[J. J. Abrams]], producer [[Damon Lindelof]] and writers [[Roberto Orci]] and [[Alex Kurtzman]], the creative crew of the relaunch film ''[[Star Trek (film)|Star Trek]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Staff|title=Can J.J. Abrams save Star Trek?|journal=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]|date=July 2006|pages=56}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Pascale, Anthony|title=Interview - Roberto Orci On Why He Is A Trekkie & Making Trek Big Again |publisher=TrekMovie|date=2007-10-04|url=http://trekmovie.com/2007/10/04/interview-roberto-orci-on-why-he-is-a-trekkie/ | accessdate=2008-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Pascale, Anthony|author=Pascale, Anthony|title=Exclusive: Lindelof Talks Trek Essentials + Lost/Trek Connections|publisher=TrekMovie|date=2008-02-28|url=http://trekmovie.com/2008/02/28/exclusive-lindelof-talks-trek-essentials-losttrek-connections/|accessdate=2008-10-03}}</ref>

===Home video===
Paramount released ''The Wrath of Khan'' on [[Video Home System|VHS]] in 1983. Unlike contemporary releases, Paramount sold the VHS for $39.95, more than $40 below other movie cassette prices. The movie's release was credited with more competitive VHS pricing, and an increase in the adoption of increasingly cheaper VHS players.<ref name="adweek-vhs">{{cite news|author=Sharkey, Betsy|date=1984-12-17|title=Billion-Dollar VCR Boom Stuffs Agency Stockings|work=[[Adweek]]|}}</ref>

Paramount released ''The Wrath of Khan'' on DVD in 2000; no special features were included on the disc.<ref>{{cite news|author=Kirkland, Bruce|date=2000-07-01|title=Trekking to DVD|work=[[The Toronto Sun]]|page36}}</ref> Montalbán drew hundreds of fans of the film to [[Universal City, California]] where he signed copies of the DVD to commemorate its release.<ref>{{cite web|author=Staff; Stone, Sandy (photos)|date=2000-07-12|url=http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/news/article/112011.html|title=Dispatch: The Autograph of Khan|work=StarTrek.com|publisher=[[Viacom]]|accessdate=2008-10-13}}</ref> In August 2002, the film was rereleased as a highly anticipated<ref>{{cite news|author=McKay, John|date=2001-12-07|title=DVDs soaring in popularity|work=[[The Gazette]]|page=F4}}</ref> two-disc "Director's Edition" format.<ref name="ign-collector">{{cite web|author=Conrad, Jeremy|date=2002-07-26|url=http://dvd.ign.com/articles/366/366006p1.html|title=Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan - The Director's Edition|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2008-09-14}}</ref> In addition to remastered picture quality and 5.1 [[Dolby]] [[surround sound]], the second DVD contained extras including [[director commentary]], cast interviews, [[Storyboard|storyboards]] and the theatrical trailer.<ref name="ign-collector2">{{cite web|author=Conrad, Jeremy|date=2002-07-26|url=http://dvd.ign.com/articles/366/366006p2.html|title=Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan - The Director's Edition (page 2)|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2008-09-14}}</ref> The expanded cut of the film was given a Hollywood premiere before the release of the DVD. In a speech, Meyer spoke about directors' cuts of films, stating that he didn't believe they were necessarily better than the original but that the rerelease gave him a chance to add in elements which had been removed from the theatrical release by Paramount.<ref>{{cite web|author=Staff|date=2002-08-01|url=http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/news/article/125240.html|title=Meyer, Montalban Unveil "Khan" Director's Cut|work=StarTrek.com|publisher=[[Viacom]]|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref> The four hours of bonus content and expanded director's cut of the movie were favorably received.<ref name="ign-collector2"/><ref>{{cite news|author=Staff|date=2002-05-17|title=Trek II out on DVD|work=[[The Toronto Sun]]|page=86}}</ref>
<!-- http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/news/article/125294.html -->

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


==References==
[[Category:Freemasonry]]
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|title=Adaptations: From Text to Screen, Screen to Text|author=Cartmell, Deborah; Whelehan, Imelda|year=1999|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-4151-6738-8}}
*{{cite book|author=Jenkins, Henry|year=1992|title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans & Participatory Culture|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-4159-0572-9|pages=}}
*{{cite video|people=[[Nicholas Meyer|Meyer, Nicholas]]|date2=2002-08-06|title=Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, The Directors Edition: Audio commentary|publisher=[[Paramount Pictures]]|medium=DVD; Disc 1/2}}

*{{cite book|author=Nichols, Nichelle|authorlink=Nichelle Nichols|year=1994|title=Beyond Uhura: Star Trek and Other Memories|publisher=GP Putnam's Sons|location=United States of America|isbn=0-399-13993-1}}

*{{cite video|people=[[Michael Okuda|Okuda, Michael]]|date2=2002-08-06|title=Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, The Directors Edition: Text commentary|publisher=[[Paramount Pictures]]|medium=DVD; Disc 1/2}}
*{{cite book|author=Rioux, Terry Lee|year=2005|title=From Sawdust to Stardust: The Biography of DeForest Kelley|publisher=[[Pocket Books]]|isbn=0-7434-5762-5}}
*{{cite book|author=[[William Shatner|Shatner, William]]|coauthors=Chris Kreski|year=1994|title=Star Trek Movie Memories|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|isbn=0-0610-9235-5|pages=}}
*{{cite journal|author=Robinson, Ben (editor)|year=2002|month=September|title=Special 'The Wrath of Khan' Issue|journal=[[Star Trek: The Magazine]]|publisher=Fabbri Publishing|volume=3|issue=5}}
*{{cite video|people=''Star Trek'' cast and crew|date2=2002-08-06|title=Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, The Directors Edition: Special Features|publisher=[[Paramount Pictures]]|medium=DVD; Disc 2/2}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Memoryalpha|Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan|''Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan''}}
*[http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/series/MOV/002/index.html ''Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan''] at StarTrek.com

{{Star Trek}}
{{Star Trek Vulcan stories}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Star Trek 02: The Wrath of Khan}}
[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:1980s action films]]
[[Category:Action thriller films]]
[[Category:Adventure films]]
[[Category:Science fiction action films]]
[[Category:Sequel films]]
[[Category:Star Trek films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Nicholas Meyer]]
[[Category:Films set in the 23rd century]]


[[ca:Star Trek II: La còlera de Khan]]
[[es:Lista de Francmasones]]
[[cs:Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan]]
[[it:Categoria:Massoni]]
[[de:Star Trek II: Der Zorn des Khan]]
[[lv:Brīvmūrnieku uzskaitījums]]
[[et:Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan]]
[[pt:Anexo:Lista de maçons]]
[[es:Star Trek II: La ira de Khan]]
[[ru:Список масонов]]
[[fr:Star Trek II : La Colère de Khan]]
[[id:Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan]]
[[it:Star Trek II: L'ira di Khan]]
[[he:מסע בין כוכבים 2: זעמו של חאן]]
[[hu:Star Trek II: Khan haragja]]
[[nl:Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan]]
[[ja:スタートレックII カーンの逆襲]]
[[no:Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan]]
[[pl:Star Trek II: Gniew Khana]]
[[pt:Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan]]
[[ru:Звёздный путь: Гнев Хана (фильм)]]
[[simple:Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan]]
[[sl:Zvezdne steze 2: Khanov bes]]
[[fi:Star Trek II: Khanin viha]]
[[sv:Star Trek II Khans vrede]]
[[zh:星际旅行II：可汗怒吼]]

Revision as of 13:35, 10 October 2008

Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan
File:Wrath-of-khan-bob-peak-post.png
Theatrical poster art by Bob Peak
Directed byNicholas Meyer
Written byScreenplay:
Jack B. Sowards
Nicholas Meyer
Story:
Harve Bennett
Jack B. Sowards
Produced byRobert Sallin
Harve Bennett
(executive)
Starringsee Table
CinematographyGayne Rescher
Edited byWilliam Paul Dornisch
Music byJames Horner
Distributed byParamount Pictures
Release date
June 4, 1982
Running time
116 min.
CountryUnited States

Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan is the second feature film based on the Star Trek science fiction television series, following 1979s Star Trek: The Motion Picture. The film is a sequel to the original TV series episode "Space Seed", with Ricardo Montalbán reprising his role as the genetically-engineered tyrant Khan. When Khan returns from a fifteen-year exile to enact revenge on his nemesis, James T. Kirk, the crew of the starship U.S.S. Enterprise must stop Khan from acquiring a powerful but unstable terraforming device. The events of Wrath of Khan begin a story arc that concludes in the fourth feature film.

After the lackluster critical and commercial response to The Motion Picture, series creator Gene Roddenberry was forced out of the sequel's production. Executive producer Harve Bennett wrote the original outline for the film, which Jack B. Sowards developed into a full script. Nicholas Meyer was made director after writing a final script for the film in twelve days, without accepting a writing credit; Meyer's style would evoke the swashbuckling atmosphere of the original series, reinforced by James Horner's musical score. Production used various cost-cutting techniques such as using old miniatures from past movies. Among the technical achievements of the film is the first film sequence created entirely by computer graphics. The character of Spock was intended to be killed off permanently in the film, the only reason actor Leonard Nimoy reprised his role; negative audience reaction to the character's death led to significant revisions of the film's ending without Meyer's consent, allowing the possible return of the character in later movies.

Upon release, The Wrath of Khan was a box office success, earning over $70 million in the United States and setting a world record for first-day gross. Critical reaction to the film was positive, with reviewers highlighting Khan and the film's pacing as strong elements. Dissenting reviewers, such as the Washington Post, called the special effects outdated and the cast geriatric. The film is now considered one of the best films of the franchise, and is credited with bringing renewed interest in Star Trek.

Plot

The film opens with a female Vulcan in command of the USS Enterprise, attempting to rescue a stranded ship in the Neutral Zone. The Enterprise is attacked by Klingon cruisers, and is critically damaged. The "attack" is revealed to be an exercise known as the "Kobayashi Maru", a no-win situation designed to test the character of Starfleet officers. The Vulcan is Captain Spock’s protégée, Lieutenant Saavik. Admiral James T. Kirk oversees the training session externally.[1]

Meanwhile, the USS Reliant is on a mission to search for a lifeless planet for testing of "Project Genesis", a device which reorganizes molecular matter in order to create hospitable worlds for colonization. Reliant officers Pavel Chekov and Clark Terrell beam to the surface of a possible candidate, Ceti Alpha VI, and are captured by Khan Noonien Singh. Khan and his fellow genetically-advanced supermen were once rulers on Earth in the late 20th century, but were exiled to space in a sleeper ship. After a foiled attempt to capture the Enterprise, Kirk exiled Khan and his followers to Ceti Alpha V to build a new civilization. Soon after being left by the Enterprise, Ceti Alpha VI exploded, destroying Ceti Alpha V's ecosystem and shifting its orbit. Khan blames Kirk for the deaths of his wife and followers and their harsh life, and plans to revenge his people. Using mind-controlling Ceti eels which crawl into the ears of their victims, Khan manipulates Chekov and Terrell and hijacks the Reliant.[2]

The Enterprise embarks on a training voyage under the command of Captain Spock, while Kirk conducts an inspection. The Enterprise receives a message from Space Station Regula I, a remote science laboratory where Kirk's former lover, Dr. Carol Marcus, and son, Dr. David Marcus, have been developing the Genesis Device. Informing Starfleet Command of the situation, the Enterprise is ordered to investigate; since the ship is now on an active-duty mission, Kirk assumes command. En route, Khan attacks and cripples the Enterprise, killing many of the ship's trainees. A transmission between the two ships reveals Khan knows of the Genesis device; determined to stop Khan from gaining such a potent weapon, Kirk stalls for time and disables the Reliant's defenses by use of a special prefix code and counterattacks. With his own ship badly damaged, Khan is forced to retreat.[2]

The Enterprise makes its way to Regula I, where they find most of the Genesis team dead. The remaining scientists, including Carol and David, have hidden deep inside the planetoid of Regula itself. Using Chekov and Terrell as spies, Khan steals the Genesis Device. When Khan orders Terrell to kill Kirk, the eels' influence wanes; Terrell kills himself while Chekov overcomes the parasite's control. Kirk and Spock arrange a rendezvous in code, and upon boarding the Enterprise pilot the ship into the nearby Mutara nebula, which will interfere with both ships' defenses and weapons. Despite the advice of his lieutenants, Khan pursues.[2]

Blinded by the nebula, both starships attempt to outmaneuver the other; Kirk uses Khan's inexperience in three-dimensional combat to critically disable the Reliant. Khan, mortally wounded, activates the Genesis Device, which will reorganize all the matter within the nebula—including the Enterprise. Though Kirk's crew detects the activation of the Genesis Device and begins to lumber away using impulse engines, with the warp drive damaged they will not be able to escape the nebula in time. Spock goes to Engineering to restore warp drive; when McCoy tries to prevent him from exposing himself to high levels of radiation, Spock disables the doctor and performs a mind meld, telling McCoy to "remember". Spock restores power, allowing the Enterprise to escape the explosion. Kirk arrives in Engineering just as Spock succumbs to radiation poisoning.[2]

A space burial is held in the Enterprise's torpedo room, and Spock's coffin is shot into orbit around the newly formed Genesis planet. Kirk and David make peace, and the crew leaves the planet reminiscing about Spock. In the final scene the coffin is seen to have soft-landed on the planet as Spock narrates Star Trek's "Where no man has gone before" monologue.


Cast

File:Star-trek-II-spocks-funeral.png
The crew of the Enterprise gathers for Spock's funeral (the torpedo with Spock's body is at the bottom of the frame). From left to right: Sulu, Chekov, Scott, Kirk, McCoy, Uhura, and Saavik.
William Shatner as James T. Kirk
A Starfleet Admiral and former commander of the Enterprise. Shatner and his film nemesis, Khan Noonien Singh, were never actually face-to-face at any point during the film; all of their interactions are over a viewscreen or through communicators, due in part to the fact that the same set served as the bridge for the Reliant and Enterprise; the two actors' scenes were filmed four months apart.[3] Meyer described Shatner as an actor who was naturally protective of his character and himself, and who performed better over multiple takes.[4]
Ricardo Montalbán as Khan Noonien Singh
Montalbán stated in promotional interviews for the film that he believed all good villains do villainous things, but still believe that they are acting for the "right" reasons; Khan's anger at the death of his wife justifies his pursuit of Kirk.[5] Meyer made it clear in film commentary that despite speculation that Montalbán used a prosthetic chest, no artificial devices were added to Montalbán's muscular physique,[4] which the costume department took into consideration in designing Khan's outfit. Montalbán thoroughly enjoyed making the film, counting the role as a career highlight. His major complaint was that he was never face-to-face with Shatner for a scene. "I had to do my lines with the script girl, who, as you might imagine, sounded nothing like Bill [Shatner]," he explained.[6] Bennett noted that the film was close to getting the green light when it occurred to the producers that no one had asked Montalbán if he could take a break from Fantasy Island to take part in the movie.[5]
Leonard Nimoy as Spock
The Captain of the Enterprise, who gives control of the ship to Kirk after Starfleet sends the ship to Regula I. Nimoy had not originally intended to have a role in The Motion Picture's sequel, but was enticed back on the promise that his character would be given a dramatic death scene.[7] According to Nimoy, he reasoned that since he believed The Wrath of Khan would be the final Star Trek film, having Spock "go out in a blaze of glory" seemed like a good way to end the character.[5]
DeForest Kelley as Leonard McCoy
The Enterprise's doctor and a close friend of both Kirk and Spock. Kelley looked over an early version of the Wrath of Khan script and was dissatisfied to the point that he considered not being in the film.[8] Kelley noted in an interview that he spoke many of the film's lighter lines, and felt that this role was essential to bring a lighter side to the onscreen drama.[5]
James Doohan as Montgomery Scott
The Enterprise's chief engineer. During Spock's death scene in the film, Kelley felt that him speaking his catchphrase "He's dead, Jim" would crack up the audience and ruin the moment. Doohan says the line "He's dead already" to Kirk instead.[9] In the film, Scott loses his young nephew due to Khan's attacks on the Enterprise. The cadet, played by Ike Eisenmann, had many of his lines cut in the original theatrical release of the film, including Doohan's dialogue that explained he was Scott's relative. These scenes were readded in home video releases, making Scott's grief at the crewman's death more understandable.[10]
George Takei as Hikaru Sulu
The helm officer of the Enterprise. Takei had not wanted to reprise his role for The Wrath of Khan. Shatner called the actor on the phone and persuaded him to return.[10]
Walter Koenig as Pavel Chekov
The Reliant's first officer and a former member of the Enterprise's crew. During filming, Kelley noted that Chekov never actually met Khan in "Space Seed" (Koenig had not joined the cast), and thus Khan recognizing Chekov on Ceti Alpha as in the script did not make sense. Star Trek books have tried to rationalize this discrepancy; in the film's novelization by Vonda N. McIntyre, Chekov is "an ensign assigned to the night watch" during "Space Seed" and thus met Khan in an off-screen scene.[11] The non-canonical novel To Reign in Hell: The Exile of Khan Noonien Singh by Greg Coxexplains the discrepancy by having Chekov escort Khan to the surface of Ceti Alpha after the events of "Space Seed". The real cause of the error was a simple oversight by the filmmakers. Meyer justifies the mistake in audio commentary by noting that Arthur Conan Doyle made similar oversights in his Sherlock Holmes stories.[4] Chekov's screaming while being infested by the Ceti eel in the film lead Koenig to jokingly dub the film Star Trek II: Chekov Screams Again, in reference to how Chekov had screamed during The Motion Picture.[10]
Nichelle Nichols as Uhura
The Enterprise's communications officer. In her autobiography, Beyond Uhura, Nichols noted that she advocated on Gene Roddenberry's behalf to the producers over elements of the film, including the naval references and militaristic uniforms. Nichols also defended Roddenberry when the producers believed he was the source of script leaks.[12]
Bibi Besch as Carol Marcus.
The mother of Kirk's son, Marcus is the lead scientist working on Project Genesis. Meyer was looking for an actor who looked beautiful enough that it was plausible a wandering womanizer such as Kirk would fall for her, yet could also project a sense of intelligence.[4]
Merritt Butrick as David Marcus
Kirk's son, who has grown up to be a scientist like his mother. Meyer said that what he physically liked about Butrick was that his hair was blond like Besch's and curly like Shatner's, making him a plausible son of the two.[4]
Paul Winfield as Clark Terrell
The captain of the Reliant. Meyer had seen Winfield's work in films such as Sounder and thought highly of him; there was no reason for casting him as the Reliant's captain other than Meyer's desire to direct him in scenes. Though upon reflection Meyer thought that the ceti eel scene might have been corny, he felt that Winfield's acting helped add gravity.[4]
Kirstie Alley as Saavik
Spock's protege and a Starfleet officer-in-training aboard the Enterprise, the film was Alley's first feature film role. During Spock's funeral, Saavik tears up and cries. Meyer remembers during filming someone asked him, "'Are you going to let her do that?' And I said, 'Yeah', and they said, 'But Vulcans don't cry,' and I said, 'Well, that's what makes this such an interesting Vulcan.'"[4] The character's emotional outbursts can be partly explained by the fact that Saavik was described as of mixed Vulcan-Romulan heritage in the script, though no indication is given on film.[10]Alley was so fond of her Vulcan ears that she would take them home with her after filming.[4]
Judson Scott as Joachim
Khan's chief henchman. Scott had several speaking lines with Montalbán, but was uncredited. According to TV Guide, this was because Scott's agent tried to negotiate top billing; Scott wound up with more money but no credit.[13]

Production

Development

Gene Roddenberry was removed from a direct role in the development of The Wrath of Khan due to concerns that he was the main reason behind The Motion Picture's lukewarm reception.

After the release of Star Trek: The Motion Picture, executive producer Gene Roddenberry wrote his own sequel to the film, involving a plot he had presented before in which the crew of the Enterprise travel back through time to assassinate John F. Kennedy and set a corrupted time line right.[14] This sequel was turned down by Paramount executives, who blamed the poor performance and inflated budget ($46 million) of the first movie on the constant rewrites demanded by Roddenberry and the movie's plodding pace.[15] As a consequence, Roddenberry was ultimately removed from the production and according to Shatner, "kicked upstairs" to the ceremonial position of "executive consultant".[16] Harve Bennett, a new Paramount television producer, was made producer for the next Star Trek film.[17] According to Bennett, he was called in front of a group including Jeffrey Katzenberg and Michael Eisner and asked if he thought he could make a better movie than The Motion Picture. When Bennett replied in the affirmative, Charles Bluhdorn asked, "Can you make it for less than forty-five-fucking-million-dollars?" Bennett replied that "Where I come from, I can make five movies for that."[17]

Bennett realized he faced a serious challenge in developing the new Star Trek movie, including the fact that he had never seen the show.[17] To compensate, Bennett watched all the original episodes. This immersion convinced Bennett that what the first movie lacked was a real villain; after seeing the episode "Space Seed", he decided that the character of Khan Noonien Singh was the perfect enemy for the film.[18]

Bennett wrote his first film treatment in November 1980. In his version, titled Star Trek II: The War of the Generations, Kirk investigates a rebellion on a distant world and discovers that his son is the leader of the rebels. Khan is in fact the mastermind behind the plot, and Kirk and son join forces to defeat the tyrant. Bennett then hired Jack B. Sowards, an avid Star Trek fan, to turn his outline into a filmable script. Sowards wrote an initial script before a writer's strike in 1981. Sowards' draft, The Omega Syndrome, involved the theft of the Federation's ultimate weapon, called the "Omega system".[18] Sowards was concerned that his weapon had nothing uplifting about it, so the art director Michael Minor suggested the device be turned into a terraforming tool instead; in recognition of the Biblical power of the weapon, Sowards renamed the "Omega system" to the "Genesis device".[18] By April Sowards had produced another draft which moved Spock's death to later in the story and introduced a male character named 'Savik'. As preproduction of the film began in earnest, Samuel A. Peeples, writer of the Star Trek episode "Where No Man Has Gone Before", was called in to offer his own script, but the resulting draft (which entirely omitted Khan) was judged insufficient. With deadlines looming for the special effects production to begin(which required detailed storyboards based on a finished script), director Nicholas Meyer and Bennett pooled the written drafts.[18] Meyer contributed his own screenplay written in twelve days which he described as "'Hornblower' in outer space", utilizing nautical references and a swashbuckling feel.[7] Despite Roddenberry's disagreements with Meyer's naval texture or Khan's Captain Ahab undertones (see Themes), production of the film began in fall 1981.[19]

Design

Meyer said that he did everything within budget to change the look of Star Trek in order to create a nautical atmosphere.[5] The Enterprise, for example, was given a ship's bell and a boatswain's call. To save money on set design, production designer Joseph Jennings utilized existing elements from The Motion Picture, which had been left standing after filming was completed.[18] Nearly 65% of the film was shot on the same set, as the bridge of the Reliant and the "bridge simulator" from the opening scene were simply redresses of the Enterprise's bridge.[5] Star Trek II reused models and footage from the first Star Trek film to stretch the film's budget, including shortened versions of the same shots of the docked Enterprise at the beginning of The Motion Picture.[10] The original ship miniatures were used when possible, or else modified to stand in as a new construction. The orbital office complex from The Motion Picture, for example, was inverted and retouched to become the Regula I space station.[18] Elements of the cancelled Star Trek: Phase II TV show, such as bulkheads, railings, and sets were also cannibalized for the film.[10] A major concern for the designers was that the Reliant be easily distinguishable from the Enterprise. The ship's design was flipped after Bennett accidentally opened and approved the preliminary Reliant designs upside-down.[5]

Meyer utilized camera and set tricks to spare the construction of large sets. For a scene taking place at Starfleet Academy, scenery was placed close to the camera to give the sense the set was larger than it really was using forced perspective. To give the illusion that the Enterprise's elevators moved between decks, corridor pieces were wheeled around to change the hall configuration while the lift doors were closed.[10]

Producer Robert Sallin wanted the uniforms from The Motion Picture changed, but did not want to discard the jumpsuits entirely for budgetary reasons. Dye tests of the fabric showed that the old uniforms took three colors well: a blue-gray, a gold, and a dark red. Costume designer Robert Fletcher decided to use the dark red due to the strong contrast it provided with the background to create The Wrath of Khan's naval-inspired uniforms, which would be used in the films until 1994s Star Trek Generations. The first versions of the uniforms had stiff black collars, but Sallin suggests changing it to a turtleneck, using a form of vertical quilting called trapunto. By the time of The Wrath of Khan's production, the machines and needles needed to produce trapunto were rare, and Fletcher was able to find only one needle for the wardrobe department.[18] The crew was so worried about losing or breaking the needle that one of the department's workers took it home with him as a security measure, leading Fletcher think it had been stolen.[10]

For Khan and his fellow supermen, Fletcher created a strong contrast with the highly organized Starfleet uniforms; his idea was that the exiles' costumes were made out of whatever they could find.[5] "My intention with Khan was to express the fact that they had been marooned on that planet with no technical infrastructure, so they had to cannibalize from the spaceship whatever they used or wore. Therefore, I tried to make it look as if they had dressed themselves out of pieces of upholstery and electrical equipment that composed the ship," Fletcher said.[5] Khan's costume was specially designed with an open chest to show Ricardo Montalbán's physique. Fletcher also designed smocks for the Regula I scientists and civilian clothes for Kirk and McCoy, designed to look practical and comfortable.[5]

Filming

The Wrath of Khan was much more action-oriented than its predecessor, but was much less costly to make, with a modest special effects budget and TV production schedule. The project was supervised not by Paramount's theatrical division, but by its television unit, and produced by Bennett, a respected TV veteran, at a budget of US$11,000,000—far less than The Motion Picture's $46 million cost.[20]

Spock's death was shot over three days; during that time, no visitors were allowed on set. The initial scripts called for Spock's death to have been early in the movie, but fan reaction led to the event's movement to the climax of the film. Shatner disagreed with the clear glass separation between Spock and Kirk during the death scene, instead wanting a translucent divider allowing viewers to only see Spock's silhouette; his complaint was overruled. During Spock's funeral sequence Meyer wanted the camera to track the torpedo that served as Spock's coffin as it was placed in a long trough and slid into the launcher. Initially the camera crew thought the entire set would have to be rebuilt in order to accommodate the shot, but Sallin suggested putting a dolly into the trough and controlling it from above with an offset arm.[5] Scott plays "Amazing Grace" on the bagpipes during the scene, which was James Doohan's idea.[21]

Spock's death was to remain irrevocable, but Nimoy had such a positive experience during filming that he asked if he could add a way for Spock to return in a later film. The "remember" sequence was initially filmed without Kelley's prior knowledge of what was going on.[22] Test audiences at screenings of the film reacted badly to Spock's death and the film's ending (the tone of which was dark and final),[5] so Bennett modified the ending. The scene of Spock's casket soft-landed on the planet and Nimoy's closing monologue were added to positive response; Meyer objected to the changes, but did not stand in the way of the modifications.[20]

Effects

The Wrath of Khan's special effects were created by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM), George Lucas' effects house. ILM also created the new models for the film; the Reliant was the first non-Constitution-class Federation starship seen in the series.[18] Due to budget and time constraints, the effects team sought to simplify the complicated effects of The Motion Picture.[5] As the script called for the Reliant and Enterprise to inflict significant damage on each other, ILM developed techniques to illustrate the damage without physically harming the models.[18] Rather than move the models on a bluescreen during shooting, the Vistavision camera was panned and tracked to give the illusion of movement.[5] Damage to the Enterprise was cosmetic, and simulated with pieces of aluminum that were colored or peeled off. Phaser damage was simulated using stop motion. The script called for large-scale damage to the Reliant, so larger versions of the ship's model were created to be blown up.[18]

The battle in the nebula was a difficult sequence to accomplish without the aid of computer-generated models. The nebula was filmed first, using a saltwater and freshwater mixture inside a specially-lit cloud tank to generate the nebula. All the footage was shot at two frames per second to give the illusion of faster movement. Using matte work, the ships were physically stuck on a background plate to complete the shot.[5] The destruction of the Reliant's engine nacelle was created by superimposing shots of the engine blowing apart and explosions over the actual model.[5] The Ceti eel shoots used several different models, which were overseen by Special Effects Supervisor Ken Ralston. Ralston had finished creature design for Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi and used a string tied to the eel in order to inch the model across the actors' faces before entering the ear canal.[5] Footage which used a giant model of Koenig's ear was discarded from the theatrical release due to the visceral reaction it elicited in viewers.[10]

Among ILM's technical achievements for The Wrath of Khan was cinema's first entirely computer-generated sequence, demonstrating the effects of the Genesis Device on a barren planet.[23] The first concept the animators discussed was turning a rock into a flower, but after poor feedback the artists decided on a planet flyby.[5] The programmers spent a significant amount of time and detail on the sixty-second sequence; one artist ensured that the stars visible in the background matched those visible from a real star light-years from Earth. The animators hoped it would serve as a "commercial" for the studio's talents.[23]

Music

James Horner was hired to score The Wrath of Khan and compose music evocative of seafaring and swashbuckling. The Washington Post described the style as "echoing both the bombastic and elegiac elements of John Williams' Star Wars and Jerry Goldsmith's original Star Trek scores."[24] The soundtrack was Horner's first major film score,[24] and was recorded with a 88-piece orchestra. Horner used synthesizers for ancillary effects; at the time, science-fiction films such as E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial and The Thing were eschewing the synthesizer in favor of more traditional orchestras.[25]

Themes

The Wrath of Khan' features several recurring themes, including death, resurrection, and growing old.[26] Upon writing his own version of the script, Meyer hit upon a link between Spock's death and the age of the characters:

This was going to be a story in which Spock died, so it was going to be a story about death, and it was only a short hop, skip, and a jump to realize that it was going to be about old age and friendship. I don't think that any of those other scripts were about old age, friendship, and death.[4]

In keeping with the theme of death and rebirth symbolized by Spock's sacrifice and the Genesis device, Meyer wanted to call the film The Undiscovered Country, in reference to Prince Hamlet's description of death in William Shakespeare's Hamlet,[27] but the title was changed without the director's knowledge during editing.[4]

Meyer added elements to reinforce the aging of the characters. Kirk is unhappy about his birthday, compounded by McCoy's present of reading glasses for Kirk's eyes. The script for the film stated that by the events of the film Kirk was 49, but Shatner was unsure about being specific about Kirk's age.[4] Harve Bennett remembers that Shatner was hesitant about portraying a middle-aged version of himself, and believed that with proper makeup he could continue playing a younger Kirk. Bennett convinced Shatner that he could age gracefully like Spencer Tracy; unbeknownst to the producer, Shatner had been the aide for Tracy years earlier in Judgment at Nuremberg, and was very fond of the actor.[5] Meyer made sure to emphasize Kirk's parallel to Sherlock Holmes in that both characters waste away in the absence of their stimuli; new cases, in Holmes' case, and starship adventures in Kirk's.[4]

Khan's pursuit of Kirk is central to the film's theme of vengeance, and the film purposefully heavily borrows elements from Herman Melville's Moby Dick. To make the parallels clear to viewers, Meyer added a visible copy of Moby Dick to Khan's dwelling.[4] Kirk represents both the restless elements of Ishmael as well as serving as the titular white whale. Khan's blind pursuit of Kirk mirrors Captain Ahab's obsession with Moby Dick. Both pursue their quarry against the better judgement of their crew, and both end up killing themselves in an effort to take their foe with them. University of Northern Colorado professor Jane Wall Hinds argues that the themes of The Wrath of Khan clash with the optimistic and transcendentalist perspectives found in the shows such as The Original Series and The Next Generation.[28] The themes of revenge as explored in Moby Dick would later heavily influence Star Trek: First Contact.[29]

Release and reception

Critical response

Star Trek II grossed $78,912,963 in the U.S.[30] for a total of $97,000,000 worldwide. Although the total gross of Wrath of Khan was less than The Motion Picture, it was more profitable due to its lower cost of production.[31] The film earned $14,347,221 in its opening weekend at the US box office, at the time the largest opening weekend gross in history.[31] The film's novelization, written by Vonda N. McIntyre, stayed on the New York Times paperback bestsellers list for more than three weeks.[32]

Critical response to The Wrath of Khan was positive. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a "fresh" rating, with 92% of featured critics giving the film a favorable review;[33] The Wrath of Khan is the highest rated Star Trek film on the site.[34] After the lukewarm response to the first feature film, Trek fan response to The Wrath of Khan was highly positive, crediting the film's success as bringing renewed interest to the franchise.[35] Entertainment Weekly went further, calling The Wrath of Khan "the film that, by most accounts, saved Star Trek as we know it."[36]

A near-universal note of praise was for the film's pacing, which was much swifter than its predecessor and closer to the TV series.[37][38] Janet Maslin of The New York Times also credited the film with a stronger story than The Motion Picture and stated the sequel was everything the first film should have been.[37] Variety agreed that The Wrath of Khan was closer to the original spirit of Star Trek than its predecessor.[39] Strong character interaction was cited as a strong feature of the film,[40] as was Montalbán's portrayal of Khan.[41]

Complaints about the film focused on what was seen as tepid battle sequences,[41] and perceived melodrama.[42][38] While many publications felt that Spock's death was dramatic and well-handled,[43][41] The Washington Post's Gary Arnold stated Spock's death "feels like an unnecessary twist, and the filmmakers are obviously well-prepared to fudge in case the public demands another sequel."[38] Negative reviews of the film also focused on the acting of the aged stars.[38][44]

The film has had an impact on other movies. Meyer's rejected title for the film, The Undiscovered Country, would later be used for Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country, retaining the nautical influences.[4] Director Bryan Singer has cited the film as an influence on X2, as well as his abandoned sequel to Superman Returns.[45] The film is also a favorite of director J. J. Abrams, producer Damon Lindelof and writers Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman, the creative crew of the relaunch film Star Trek.[46][47][48]

Home video

Paramount released The Wrath of Khan on VHS in 1983. Unlike contemporary releases, Paramount sold the VHS for $39.95, more than $40 below other movie cassette prices. The movie's release was credited with more competitive VHS pricing, and an increase in the adoption of increasingly cheaper VHS players.[49]

Paramount released The Wrath of Khan on DVD in 2000; no special features were included on the disc.[50] Montalbán drew hundreds of fans of the film to Universal City, California where he signed copies of the DVD to commemorate its release.[51] In August 2002, the film was rereleased as a highly anticipated[52] two-disc "Director's Edition" format.[53] In addition to remastered picture quality and 5.1 Dolby surround sound, the second DVD contained extras including director commentary, cast interviews, storyboards and the theatrical trailer.[54] The expanded cut of the film was given a Hollywood premiere before the release of the DVD. In a speech, Meyer spoke about directors' cuts of films, stating that he didn't believe they were necessarily better than the original but that the rerelease gave him a chance to add in elements which had been removed from the theatrical release by Paramount.[55] The four hours of bonus content and expanded director's cut of the movie were favorably received.[54][56]

Notes

  1. ^ Cartmell, 179-181.
  2. ^ a b c d "'Wrath of Khan' Plot summary". StarTrek.com. Viacom. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  3. ^ Shatner.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Meyer.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Star Trek cast and crew.
  6. ^ Spelling, Ian (1994-08-07). "From Deep Space to Heaven". The Toronto Sun. p. TV6.
  7. ^ a b Rioux, 243.
  8. ^ Rioux, 243.
  9. ^ Rioux, 249.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i Okuda.
  11. ^ Jenkins, 104.
  12. ^ Nichols, 248–249.
  13. ^ McDonagh, Maitland (2002-09-12). "Ask FlickChick". TV Guide. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  14. ^ Shatner, 161-162.
  15. ^ Rioux, 240-241.
  16. ^ Shatner, 99.
  17. ^ a b c Rioux, 240-242.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Robinson.
  19. ^ Rouix, 245.
  20. ^ a b Rioux, 249.
  21. ^ Nichols, 251.
  22. ^ Rioux, 248.
  23. ^ a b Pegoraro, Rob (2008-06-29). "Incredibles, Inc; The story of how computer programmers transformed the art of movie animation". The Washington Post. p. BW8.
  24. ^ a b Harrington, Richard (1982-07-25). "Sounds Of the Summer Screen". The Washington Post. p. L1.
  25. ^ Sterritt, David (1982-08-17). "Films: zing go the strings of a polymoog". Christian Science Monitor. p. 1.
  26. ^ Kraemer, Ross; Cassidy, William; Schwartz, Susan (2003). Religions of Star Trek. Perseus Books Group. ISBN 0-813-34115-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ^ Shakespeare, William. "Hamlet: Act III, Scene I". Bartleby.com. Retrieved 2008-10-03.—"Hamlet: But that the dread of something after death/The undiscovered country from whose bourn/No traveller returns, puzzles the will/And makes us rather bear those ills we have/Than fly to others that we know not of?"
  28. ^ Hinds, Jane. "The Wrath of Ahab; or, Herman Melville Meets Gene Roddenberry". The Journal of American Culture. 20 (1): 43–46. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
  29. ^ Barrett, Michele; Barrett, Duncan (2001). Star Trek: The Human Frontier. Routledge. pp. 20–26. ISBN 0-415-92982-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ "Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
  31. ^ a b Harmetz, Aljean (1982-06-08). "'Star Trek II' Sets Mark for Sales at Opening". The New York Times. p. C11.
  32. ^ Staff (1982-07-25). "Paperback Best Sellers: Mass Market". The New York Times. p. 24, section 7.
  33. ^ "Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (1982)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2008-09-15.
  34. ^ "Star Trek on RT". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
  35. ^ Jenkins, 250.
  36. ^ Bernardin, Mark (2002-08-13). "Review; Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan -- The Director's Edition". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2008-08-05.
  37. ^ a b Maslin, Janet (1982-06-04). "New 'Star Trek' full of gadgets and fun". The New York Times. p. C12.
  38. ^ a b c d Arnold, Gary (1982-06-04). "Cashing in on the Spock market; 'Star Trek II' shows little enterprise". The Washington Post. p. D1.
  39. ^ Staff (1982-01-01). "Star Trek II - The Wrath of Khan". Variety. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  40. ^ Cramp, Nick (2001-09-03). "Star Trek II: The Wrath Of Kahn (1982)". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  41. ^ a b c Ebert, Roger (1982-01-01). "Review: Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2008-09-13.
  42. ^ Adams, Derek. "Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (1982)". Time Out. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  43. ^ Staff. "Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan Review". TV Guide. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
  44. ^ Kehr, David (1982-01-01). "Star Trek: The Wrath of Khan Capsule review". Chicago Reader. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
  45. ^ Pascale, Anthony (2007-05-12). "Interview: Bryan Singer On Trek". TrekMovie. Retrieved 2008-10-03.
  46. ^ Staff (July 2006). "Can J.J. Abrams save Star Trek?". Empire: 56.
  47. ^ Pascale, Anthony (2007-10-04). "Interview - Roberto Orci On Why He Is A Trekkie & Making Trek Big Again". TrekMovie. Retrieved 2008-10-03.
  48. ^ Pascale, Anthony (2008-02-28). "Exclusive: Lindelof Talks Trek Essentials + Lost/Trek Connections". TrekMovie. Retrieved 2008-10-03.
  49. ^ Sharkey, Betsy (1984-12-17). "Billion-Dollar VCR Boom Stuffs Agency Stockings". Adweek. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  50. ^ Kirkland, Bruce (2000-07-01). "Trekking to DVD". The Toronto Sun. {{cite news}}: Text "page36" ignored (help)
  51. ^ Staff; Stone, Sandy (photos) (2000-07-12). "Dispatch: The Autograph of Khan". StarTrek.com. Viacom. Retrieved 2008-10-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  52. ^ McKay, John (2001-12-07). "DVDs soaring in popularity". The Gazette. p. F4.
  53. ^ Conrad, Jeremy (2002-07-26). "Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan - The Director's Edition". IGN. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  54. ^ a b Conrad, Jeremy (2002-07-26). "Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan - The Director's Edition (page 2)". IGN. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  55. ^ Staff (2002-08-01). "Meyer, Montalban Unveil "Khan" Director's Cut". StarTrek.com. Viacom. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  56. ^ Staff (2002-05-17). "Trek II out on DVD". The Toronto Sun. p. 86.

References

  • Cartmell, Deborah; Whelehan, Imelda (1999). Adaptations: From Text to Screen, Screen to Text. Routledge. ISBN 0-4151-6738-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Jenkins, Henry (1992). Textual Poachers: Television Fans & Participatory Culture. Routledge. ISBN 0-4159-0572-9.
  • Meyer, Nicholas. Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, The Directors Edition: Audio commentary (DVD; Disc 1/2). Paramount Pictures. {{cite AV media}}: Unknown parameter |date2= ignored (help)

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan.

Template:Star Trek Vulcan stories

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Freemasons&oldid=244367784"