History of Chad and Trilateral Commission: Difference between pages

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'''Chad''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: ''تشاد ''; [[French language|French]]: ''Tchad''), officially the '''Republic of Chad''', is a [[landlocked]] country in [[central Africa]]. It borders [[Libya]] to the north, [[Sudan]] to the east, the [[Central African Republic]] to the south, [[Cameroon]] and [[Nigeria]] to the southwest, and [[Niger]] to the west. Due to its distance from the sea and its largely [[desert]] climate, the country is sometimes referred to as the [http://www.guernicamag.com/features/199/swarms_at_the_border/ "Dead Heart of Africa"].


[[Image:Tril.png|right|150px]]
{{History of Chad}}
The '''Trilateral Commission''' is a private organization, established to foster closer cooperation between America, Europe and Japan. It was founded in July 1973, at the initiative of [[David Rockefeller]]; who was Chairman of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] at that time. The Trilateral Commission is widely seen as a counterpart to the [[Council on Foreign Relations]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.antiwar.com/berkman/trilat.html |title=The Trilateral Commission and the New World Order |accessdate=2007-12-01 |last=Berkman |first=Gene|date=1993 |publisher=antiwar.com}}</ref> He pushed the idea of including Japan at the [[Bilderberg]] meetings he was attending but was rebuffed. Along with [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]] and a few other people, including individuals from the [[Brookings Institution]], [[Council on Foreign Relations]] and the [[Ford Foundation]], he convened initial meetings out of which grew the ''Trilateral'' organization.
==Prehistory==
[[Image:Sahelanthropus tchadensis - TM 266 location.jpg|thumb|Location of ''Sahelanthropus tchadensis'' find in 2002.]]The territory now known as [[Chad]] possesses some of the richest [[archaeological site]]s in [[Africa]]. A possibly [[hominid]] [[skull]] has been found in 2002 in [[Borkou]] that is more than 7 million years old; it has been given the name [[Sahelanthropus tchadensis]]. In 1996 a 3 million years old hominid [[jaw]] was found and given the scientific name [[Australopithecus bahrelghazali]] and unofficially dubbed [[Abel (hominid)|Abel]]. During the [[7th millennium]] [[Anno Domini|BC]], the northern half of Chad was part of a broad expanse of land, stretching from the [[Indus River]] in the east to the [[Atlantic Ocean]] in the west, in which [[ecology|ecological]] conditions favored early human settlement. [[Rock art]] of the "Round Head" style, found in the [[Ennedi]] region, has been dated to before the 7th millennium BC and, because of the tools with which the rocks were carved and the scenes they depict, may represent the oldest evidence in the [[Sahara]] of [[Neolithic]] industries. Many of the [[pottery]]-making and Neolithic activities in Ennedi date back further than any of those of the [[Nile]] Valley to the east.


Other founding members included [[Alan Greenspan]] and [[Paul Volcker]], both eventually heads of the [[Federal Reserve]] system.
In the [[prehistory|prehistoric]] period, Chad was much wetter than it is today, as evidenced by large game animals depicted in [[Cave painting|rock paintings]] in the [[Tibesti]] and Borkou regions.


==History==
Recent linguistic research suggests that all of [[Africa]]'s languages south of the Sahara Desert (except [[Khoisan languages|Khoisan]]) originated in prehistoric times in a narrow band between [[Lake Chad]] and the Nile Valley. The origins of Chad's peoples, however, remain unclear. Several of the proven archaeological sites have been only partially studied, and other sites of great potential have yet to be mapped.
Its first executive committee meeting was held in [[Tokyo]] in October 1973. In May 1976, the first plenary meeting of all of the Commission's regional groups took place in [[Kyoto]], attended by [[Jimmy Carter]].<ref>[http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Trilateralism/JimmyCarter_Trilat.html Trilateralism Jimmy Carter and the Trilateralists<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Today it consists of approximately 300–350 private citizens from [[Europe]], the [[Asia-Pacific]] region, and [[North America]], and exists to promote closer political and economic cooperation between these areas, which are the primary industrial regions in the world.<ref>[http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Trilateralism/JimmyCarter_Trilat.html Trilateralism Jimmy Carter and the Trilateralists<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Its official journal from its founding is a magazine called ''Trialogue''.


Membership is divided into numbers proportionate to each of its three regional areas. These members include corporate CEOs, politicians of all major parties, distinguished academics, university presidents, labor union leaders and not-for-profits involved in overseas philanthropy. Members who gain a position in their respective country's government must resign from the Commission.
==Era of Empires (AD 900&ndash;1900)==
Toward the end of the 1st millennium AD, the formation of states began across central Chad in the [[sahel]]ian zone between the [[desert]] and the [[savanna]]. For almost the next 1,000 years, these states, their relations with each other, and their effects on the peoples who lived in "stateless" societies along their peripheries dominated Chad's political history. Recent research suggests that indigenous [[History of Africa|Africans]] founded most of these states, not migrating [[Arabic language|Arabic-speaking]] groups, as was believed previously. Nonetheless, immigrants, [[Arab]]ic-speaking or otherwise, played a significant role, along with [[Islam]], in the formation and early evolution of these states. Most states began as [[monarchy|kingdoms]], in which the [[monarch|king]] was considered divine and endowed with temporal and spiritual powers. All states were [[militarism|militaristic]] (or they did not survive long), but none was able to expand far into southern Chad, where forests and the [[tsetse fly]] complicated the use of [[cavalry]]. Control over the [[trans-Saharan trade]] routes that passed through the region formed the economic basis of these kingdoms. Although many states rose and fell, the most important and durable of the empires were [[Kanem Empire|Kanem-Bornu]], [[Kingdom of Baguirmi|Baguirmi]], and [[Ouaddai Empire|Ouaddai]], according to most written sources (mainly [[Noble court|court]] [[chronicle]]s and writings of Arab [[merchant|traders]] and travelers).[http://countrystudies.us/chad/5.htm]


The organization has come under much scrutiny and criticism by political activists and academics working in the social and political sciences. The Commission has found its way into a number of [[conspiracy theories]], especially when it became known that President [[Jimmy Carter]] appointed 26 former Commission members to senior positions in his Administration. Later it was revealed that Carter himself was a former Trilateral member. In the 1980 election, it was revealed that Carter and his two major opponents, [[John B. Anderson]] and [[George H. W. Bush]], were also members, and the Commission became a campaign issue. [[Ronald Reagan]] supporters noted that he was not a Trilateral member, but after he was chosen as Republican nominee he chose Bush as his running mate; as president, he appointed a few Trilateral members to Cabinet positions and held a reception for the Commission in the White House in 1984. The [[John Birch Society]] believes that the Trilateral Commission is dedicated to the formation of one [[world government]].<ref>[http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_295.html The Straight Dope: Is the Trilateral Commission the secret organization that runs the world?<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In 1980, [[Holly Sklar]] released a book titled ''Trilateralism: the Trilateral Commission and Elite Planning for World Management.''
===Kanem-Bornu===
{{main|Kanem-Bornu Empire}}
The Kanem Empire originated in the 9th century AD to the northeast of [[Lake Chad]]. Historians agree that the leaders of the new state were ancestors of the [[Kanembu]] people. Toward the end of the 11th century the [[Sayfawa dynasty|Sayfawa]] king (or ''mai'', the title of the Sayfawa rulers) [[Hummay]], converted to Islam. In the following century the Sayfawa rulers expandeded southward into [[Kanem (region)|Kanem]], where was to rise their first capital, [[Njimi]]. Kanem's expansion peaked during the long and energetic reign of Mai [[Dunama Dabbalemi]] (c. 1221&ndash;1259).
[[Image:Group of Kanem-Bornu warriors.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Group of Kanem-Bu warriors]]
By the end of the fourteenth century, internal struggles and external attacks had torn Kanem apart. Finally, around 1396 the [[Bulala]] invaders forced ''Mai'' [[Umar Idrismi]] to abandon Njimi and move the Kanembu people to [[Borno State|Bornu]] on the western edge of Lake Chad. Over time, the intermarriage of the Kanembu and Bornu peoples created a new people and language, the [[Kanuri]], and founded a new capital, [[Ngazargamu]].


Since many of the members were businesspeople or bankers, actions that they took or encouraged that helped the banking industry have been noted. Jeremiah Novak, writing in the July 1977 issue of ''Atlantic,'' said that after international oil prices rose when Nixon set price controls on American domestic oil, many developing countries were required to borrow from banks to buy oil: "The Trilaterists' emphasis on international economics is not entirely disinterested, for the oil crisis forced many developing nations, with doubtful repayment abilities, to borrow excessively. All told, private multinational banks, particularly Rockefeller's Chase Manhattan, have loaned nearly $52&nbsp;billion to developing countries. An overhauled [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) would provide another source of credit for these nations, and would take the big private banks off the hook. This proposal is the cornerstone of the Trilateral plan."<ref>[http://www.antiwar.com/berkman/trilat.html The Trilateral Commission And The New World Order<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Kanem-Bornu peaked during the reign of the outstanding statesman ''Mai'' [[Idris Aluma]] (c. 1571&ndash;1603). Aluma is remembered for his military skills, administrative reforms, and Islamic piety. The administrative reforms and military brilliance of Aluma sustained the empire until the mid-1600s, when its power began to fade. By the early 19th century, Kanem-Bornu was clearly an empire in decline, and in 1808 [[Fulani Empire|Fulani]] warriors conquered Ngazargamu. Bornu survived, but the Sayfawa dynasty ended in 1846 and the Empire itself fell in 1893.


The North American continent is represented by 107 members (15 Canadian, seven Mexican and 85 U.S. citizens). The European group has reached its limit of 150 members, including citizens from [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[Cyprus]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Denmark]], [[Estonia]], [[Finland]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Greece]], [[Hungary]], [[Ireland]], [[Italy]], [[the Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Poland]], [[Portugal]], [[Romania]], [[Russia]], [[Slovenia]], [[Spain]], [[Sweden]], [[Turkey]] and the [[United Kingdom]].
===Baguirmi and Ouaddai===
{{main articles|kingdom of Baguirmi|Ouaddai Kingdom}}
In addition to Kanem-Bornu, two other states in the region, [[Kingdom of Baguirmi|Baguirmi]] and [[Ouaddai Kingdom|Ouaddai]], achieved historical prominence. Baguirmi emerged to the southeast of Kanem-Bornu in the sixteenth century. [[Islam]] was adopted, and the state became a [[sultan]]ate. Absorbed into Kanem-Bornu, Baguirmi broke free later in the 1600s, only to be returned to [[tribute|tributary]] status in the mid-1700s. Early in the nineteenth century, Baguirmi fell into decay and was threatened militarily by the nearby kingdom of Ouaddai. Although Baguirmi resisted, it accepted tributary status in order to obtain help from Ouaddai in putting down internal dissension. When the capital was burned in 1893, the sultan sought and received [[protectorate]] status from the [[French colonial empires|French]].


At first, Asia and Oceania were represented only by Japan. However, in 2000 the Japanese group of 85 members expanded itself, becoming the Pacific Asia group, composed of 117 members: 75 [[Japan]]ese, 11 [[South Korea]]ns, seven [[Australia]]n and [[New Zealand]] citizens, and 15 members from the [[ASEAN]] nations ([[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Philippines]], [[Singapore]] and [[Thailand]]). The Pacific Asia group also includes nine members from [[China]], [[Hong Kong]] and [[Taiwan]].
Located northeast of Baguirmi, Ouaddai was a non-Muslim kingdom that emerged in the 16th century as an offshoot of the state of [[Darfur]] (in present-day [[Sudan]]). Early in the 17th century, groups in the region rallied to [[Abd al-Karim of Ouaddai|Abd al-Karim]], who overthrew the ruling [[Tunjur]] group, transforming Ouaddai in an Islamic [[sultan]]ate. During much of the 18th century, Ouaddai resisted reincorporation into Darfur. In about 1800, under the rule of [[Sabun]], the sultanate began to expand its power. A new trade route north was discovered, and Sabun outfitted royal caravans to take advantage of it. He began minting his own coinage and imported [[chain mail]], [[firearm]]s, and military advisers from [[North Africa]]. Sabun's successors were less able than he, and Darfur took advantage of a disputed political succession in 1838 to put its own candidate in power. This tactic backfired when Darfur's choice, [[Muhammad Sharif of Ouaddai|Muhammad Sharif]], rejected Darfur and asserted his own authority. In doing so, he gained acceptance from Ouaddai's various factions and went on to become Ouaddai's ablest ruler. Sharif eventually established Ouaddai's hegemony over Baguirmi and kingdoms as far away as the [[Chari River]]. The Ouaddai opposed French domination until well into the 20th century.


==Membership==
==Colonialism (1900&ndash;40)==
The three current chairmen are:
{{main|Colonial Chad}}
*[[Joseph Nye]]: North America (University Distinguished Service Professor and former Dean, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; former Chair, National Intelligence Council and former U.S. Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs);
[[Image:Mort du Commandant Lamy.jpg|thumb|200px|Death of Commander Lamy of France, 1900]]The [[France|French]] first penetrated Chad in 1891, establishing their authority through military expeditions primarily against the Muslim kingdoms. The decisive colonial battle for Chad was fought on April 22, 1900 at [[Battle of Kousséri]] between forces of French [[Major]] [[Amédée-François Lamy]] and forces of the [[Sudan]]ese warlord [[Rabih az-Zubayr]]. Both leaders were killed in the battle.
*[[Peter Sutherland]]: Europe (Irish businessman and former politician associated with the [[Fine Gael]] party; former Attorney General of Ireland and European Commissioner in the first [[Delors Commission]]; former Director General of the [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]], the precursor to the [[World Trade Organization]]; Chairman of [[BP]] and [[Goldman Sachs International]]);
*[[Yotaro Kobayashi]]: Pacific Asia (Chairman of [[Fuji Xerox]]).


Some others who are or have been members:
In 1905, administrative responsibility for Chad was placed under a [[governor-general]] stationed at [[Brazzaville]], capital of [[French Equatorial Africa]] (AEF). Chad did not have a separate colonial status until 1920, when it was placed under a [[lieutenant-governor]] stationed in [[Fort-Lamy]] (today N'Djamena).
* [[Krister Ahlström]]: Chairman, Ahlström Corp.; Vice Chairman, Stora Enso & Fortum; former Chairman, Finnish Employers Confederation
* [[Rona Ambrose]]: Member of Parliament, Canada
* [[John B. Anderson]]: former [[US Congressman]]
* [[Bruce Babbitt]]: Interior Secretary under Clinton<ref>[http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard66.html Wall Street, Banks, and American Foreign Policy by Murray N. Rothbard<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Francisco Pinto Balsemão]]
* [[Jim Balsillie]]: Chairman and Co-CEO of [[Research In Motion]].
* [[Raymond Barre]]: former French Prime Minister
* [[Lloyd Bentsen]]: former [[US Senator]] and Secretary of the Treasury under Clinton<ref>[http://www.antiwar.com/berkman/trilat.html The Trilateral Commission And The New World Order<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Georges Berthoin]]: International Chairman of the [[European Movement]] from 1978–1981.
* [[Catherine Ann Bertini]]: Former United Nations Under Secretary General in Management, former Director of World Food Program.
* [[Maurizio Bevilacqua]]: Member of Parliament, Canada
* [[Ritt Bjerregaard]]: Mayor of [[Copenhagen]], Danish Social Democrat MP, former Secretary of Education, member of various cabinets; European Commissioner for Environment, Nuclear Safety and Civil Protection in the [[Santer Commission]] from 1995 to 1999.
* [[Tom Bradley (politician)]]: former Mayor of Los Angeles
* [[John H. Bryan]]: former CEO of [[Sara Lee (corporation)|Sara Lee]] bakeries, affiliated with the [[World Economic Forum]] and a director on the Boards of [[Sara Lee (corporation)|Sara Lee]], [[Goldman Sachs]], [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]], [[British Petroleum]] and [[Bank One]].
* [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]]: [[United States National Security Advisor|U.S. National Security Advisor]] to U.S. President [[Jimmy Carter]] from 1977 to 1981.
* [[James E. Burke]]: CEO of [[Johnson & Johnson]] from 1976 to 1989.
* [[George H.W. Bush]]: Former President of the U.S.
* [[Guido Carli]]: former Governor of the [[Banca d'Italia]] from 1960-1975
* [[Frank Carlucci]]: President of [[Carlyle Group]], U.S. Secretary of Defense from 1987 to 1989.
* [[Hervé de Carmoy]]
* [[Jimmy Carter]]: Former President of the U.S.
* [[Gerhard Casper]]: Constitutional scholar, faculty member and former President at [[Stanford University]]; successor trustee of [[Yale University]] and part of the Board of Trustees of the [[Central European University]] in Hungary.
* [[Dick Cheney]]: current Vice President of the U.S.
* [[Warren Christopher]]: former Secretary of State under Clinton and Deputy Secretary of State under Carter<ref>[http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard66.html Wall Street, Banks, and American Foreign Policy by Murray N. Rothbard<!-- bot-generated title -->] at www.lewrockwell.com</ref>
* [[Henry Cisneros]]: HUD Secretary under Clinton<ref>[http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard66.html Wall Street, Banks, and American Foreign Policy by Murray N. Rothbard<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Joe Clark]]: former Canadian Prime Minister
* [[Bill Clinton]]: Former President of the U.S.
* [[William Cohen]]: former Republican Congressman and [[US Senator]], U.S. Secretary of Defense under President Clinton.
* [[Tim Collins (financier)|Tim Collins]]: CEO of [[Ripplewood Holdings LLC]] investment company; also part of the [[Yale Divinity School]] and [[Yale School of Management]] board of advisors and U.S.-Japan non-profit organizations.
* [[John Danforth]]: former [[US Senator]]
* [[André Desmarais]]: President and Co-Chief Executive Officer, Power Corporation of Canada, Montréal, QC; Deputy Chairman, Power Financial Corporation<ref>[http://www.powerfinancial.com/index.php?lang=eng&comp=powerfinancial&page=directors Power Financial Corporation - Board of Directors<!-- bot-generated title -->] at www.powerfinancial.com</ref>
* [[Hedley Donovan]]: former editor-in-chief of ''Time'' magazine, White House Advisor on Domestic and Foreign Policy under Carter, Trilateral Commission founding member<ref>[http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard66.html Wall Street, Banks, and American Foreign Policy by Murray N. Rothbard<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Lawrence Eagleburger]]: former Secretary of State under [[George H. W. Bush]]
* [[Bill Emmott]]: Former editor of ''[[The Economist]]'' magazine.
* [[Aatos Erkko]]: Chairman, SanomaWSOY
* [[Daniel J. Evans]]: former [[Governor of Washington]]
* [[Gaston Eyskens]]: former [[Prime Minister of Belgium]]
* [[Dianne Feinstein]]: Democratic U.S. Senator, former Mayor of San Francisco, member of the Council on Foreign Relations; chairwoman of the [[U.S. Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Homeland Security]].
* [[Martin Feldstein]]: Professor of economics at Harvard University; president and CEO of the [[National Bureau of Economic Research]] (NBER); chairman of the [[Council of Economic Advisers]] from 1982 to 1984; former director of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]]; member of the [[Bilderberg Group]] and of the [[World Economic Forum]].
* [[Hugh Fletcher]]: Chancellor of [[Auckland University]] and CEO of [[Fletcher Challenge]].
* [[Ross Garnaut]]: Head, Department of Economics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, Canberra.
*[[David Gergen]]: Political consultant and presidential advisor during the Republican administrations of Nixon, Ford and Reagan; also served as advisor to Bill Clinton.
* [[John Glenn]]: former astronaut, former [[US Senator]] and U.S. Presidential candidate<ref>[http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard66.html Wall Street, Banks, and American Foreign Policy by Murray N. Rothbard<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Maldonado Gonelha]]
* [[Allan Gotlieb]]: Canadian Ambassador to Washington from 1981 to 1989, chairman of the [[Canada Council]] from 1989 to 1994.
* [[Bill Graham (politician)|Bill Graham]]: former Canadian Minister of National Defence and Minister of Foreign Affairs under [[Paul Martin]]; for most of 2006, interim parliamentary leader of the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Party]].
* [[Maurice R. Greenberg|Hank Greenberg]]: Former chairman and CEO of [[American International Group]] (AIG), the world's largest insurance and financial services corporation.
* [[Alan Greenspan]]: Former Chairman of the [[U.S. Federal Reserve]]
* [[Alexander Haig]]: former Secretary of State under Reagan
* [[Sirkka Hämäläinen]]: Member of the Executive Board, European Central Bank, Frankfurt-am-Main; former Governor, Bank of Finland
* [[Edward Heath]]: former British Prime Minister
* [[Mugur Isarescu]]: Governor of the National Bank of [[Romania]] since 1990 and Prime Minister from December 1999 to November 2000; he worked for the Minister of Foreign Affairs then for the Romanian Embassy in the U.S. after the 1989 Romanian revolution.
* [[Max Jakobson]]: former Finnish ambassador to the United States
* [[Sergei Karaganov]]: Presidential Advisor to [[Boris Yeltsin]] and [[Vladimir Putin]]; member of the International Advisory Board of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] from 1995 to 2005.
* [[Henry Kissinger]]: U.S. diplomat, National Security Advisor and Secretary of State in the Nixon and Ford administrations; former Chairman of the International Advisory Committee of [[JP Morgan Chase]].
* [[Horst Kohler]]: President of [[Germany]]
* [[Max Kohnstamm]]: Diplomat and historian, son of Philip Kohnstamm.
* [[Joseph Kraft]]: syndicated columnist<ref>[http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard66.html Wall Street, Banks, and American Foreign Policy by Murray N. Rothbard<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Otto Graf Lambsdorff]]: Chairman of the German [[Free Democratic Party]] from 1993 to 1998; Minister for Economic Affairs for West Germany from 1977 to 1984.
* [[Liam Lawlor]]: Irish politician who resigned from the [[Fianna Fáil]] party; died in a car-crash in Moscow in 2005.
* [[Pierre Lellouche]]: French MP of the conservative [[Union for a Popular Movement]] party led by [[Nicolas Sarkozy]].
* [[Gerald M. Levin]]: Former CEO of [[Time Warner]], a member of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]].
* [[Mario Vargas Llosa]]
* [[Peter Lougheed]]: former Premier of [[Alberta]]
* [[Allan MacEachen]]: former [[Leader of the Government in the Senate (Canada)]]
* [[Whitney MacMillan]]: Chairman Emeritus of [[Cargill]]
* [[Jorge Braga de Macedo]]
* [[Francis Maude]]: MP for Horsham, the only British MP currently a member of the Trilateral Commission, former Conservative Party Chairman, son of the late Sir Angus Maude MP
* [[Kiichi Miyazawa]]: Japanese Prime Minister in 1991–1993; Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1974 to 1976, Chief Cabinet Secretary from 1984 to 1986, Minister of Finance in 1987 and again from 1999 to 2002.
* [[Walter Mondale]]: former Vice President of the U.S. under Carter<ref>[http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard66.html Wall Street, Banks, and American Foreign Policy by Murray N. Rothbard<!-- bot-generated title -->] at www.lewrockwell.com</ref>
* [[Akio Morita]]: Co-founder of Sony Corporation; vice chairman of the [[Keidanren]] ([[Japan Federation of Economic Organizations]]) and member of the [[Japan-U.S. Economic Relations Group]].
* [[Brian Mulroney]]: former Canadian Prime Minister
* [[Lowell Murray]]: Canadian Senator
* [[Indra Nooyi]]: CEO of [[PepsiCo]]
* [[Shijuro Ogata]]: Former Deputy Governor, [[Bank of Japan]]
* [[Andrzej Olechowski]]: Polish director of [[Euronet]], USA; on the supervisory boards of [[Citibank Handlowy]] and ''[[Europejski Fundusz Hipoteczny]]''; president of the [[Central European Forum]]; Deputy Governor of the National Bank of Poland from 1989 to 1991; Minister of Foreign Economic Relations from 1991 to 1992; Minister of Finance in 1992 and of Foreign Affairs from 1993 to 1995; economic advisor to President [[Lech Wałęsa]] from 1992 to 1993 and in 1995, etc.
* [[Paul H. O'Neill]]: former Secretary of the Treasury under [[George W. Bush]] and former chairman of Alcoa
* [[Henry D. Owen]]: former [[Brookings Institution]] Director and [[Ambassador at Large]] for Economic Summit Affairs.
* [[Lucas Papademos]]: [[European Central Bank]] Vice President.
* [[Martha Piper]]: Former Chancellor of [[UBC]]
* [[Lee Raymond]]: Former CEO and Chairman, [[ExxonMobil]], vice chairman of the Board of Trustees of the [[American Enterprise Institute]], director of [[J.P. Morgan Chase & Co.]], director and member of the Executive Committee and Policy Committee of the [[American Petroleum Institute]].
* [[Paul Révay]]
* [[Susan Rice]]: former United States Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, former member, [[National Security Council]], member, [[Brookings Institution]], advisor of Democratic Presidential Candidate [[Barack Obama]]
* [[Charles Robb]]: former [[US Senator]]
* [[Mary Robinson]]: President of Ireland from 1990 to 1997 as a candidate for the [[Labour Party (Ireland)|Labour Party]]; United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights from 1997 to 2002.
* [[Dufferin Roblin]]: former Premier of [[Manitoba]]
* [[David Rockefeller]]: Founder of the Trilateral Commission; Chairman of the [[Chase Manhattan Bank]] board from 1969 to 1981; Chairman of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] from 1970 to 1985, now honorary Chairman; a life member of the [[Bilderberg Group]].
* [[Carl Rowan]]: syndicated columnist<ref>[http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard66.html Wall Street, Banks, and American Foreign Policy by Murray N. Rothbard<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Robert Rubin]]: Treasury Secretary under Clinton<ref>[http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard66.html Wall Street, Banks, and American Foreign Policy by Murray N. Rothbard<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Brent Scowcroft]]: former National Security Advisor under Ford and [[George H. W. Bush]]
* [[William Scranton]]: former [[Governor of Pennsylvania]]
* [[Tøger Seidenfaden]]: Editor-in-Chief, [[Politiken]],Denmark . Also a [[Bilderberg]] attendee since 1995
* [[Donna Shalala]]: Secretary of Health and Human Services under Clinton<ref>[http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard66.html Wall Street, Banks, and American Foreign Policy by Murray N. Rothbard<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Gerard C. Smith]]: First U.S. Chairman of the Trilateral Commission; chief U.S. delegate to the [[Strategic Arms Limitation Talks]] of 1969.
* [[Anthony M. Solomon]]: former President, [[Federal Reserve Bank of New York]]
* [[Miguel Sousa Soares]]: Management Consultant, EMPORDEF, MDN (Portugal) from 2005.
* [[Ted Sorensen]]: former special adviser to President Kennedy<ref>[http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Trilateralism/JimmyCarter_Trilat.html Trilateralism Jimmy Carter and the Trilateralists<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa]]: Leader of the [[Social Democratic Party (Portugal)]] from 1996 to 1999.
* [[Ron Southern]]: Chairman of the Board and majority shareholder of ATCO
* [[Jessica Stern]]: Former [[NSC]] staff member, author, and lecturer at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government.
* [[Thorvald Stoltenberg]]: [[Norway|Norwegian]] politician, holds a seat on the Trilateral Commission's Executive Committee.
* [[Han Sung-Joo]]
* [[Robert Taft Jr.]]: former [[US Senator]]
* [[James R. Thompson]]: former [[Governor of Illinois]]
* [[George Vasiliou]]: President of the [[Republic of Cyprus]] from 1988 to 1993, founder and leader of the Cypriot United Democrats party.
* [[Paul Volcker]]: Chairman of the [[U.S. Federal Reserve]] from 1979 to 1987, Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the [[Group of Thirty]].
* [[Takeshi Watanabe]]
* [[Caspar Weinberger]]: Secretary of Defense under Reagan<ref>[http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard66.html Wall Street, Banks, and American Foreign Policy by Murray N. Rothbard<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Paul Wolfowitz]]: Former President of the [[World Bank]], former U.S. [[Deputy Secretary of Defense]] and a prominent member of the [[neo-conservatives]] in Washington.
* [[Tadashi Yamamoto]]
* [[Isamu Yamashita]]
* [[Andrew Young]]: former United States Ambassador to the United Nations
* [[Lorenzo Zambrano]]: Chairman and CEO of [[Cemex SAB de CV]] since 1985, the third largest cement company of the world; member of the board of [[IBM]] and [[Citigroup]].
* [[Robert Zoellick]]: President of the [[World Bank]], former U.S. Deputy Secretary of State, former [[U.S. Trade Representative]].


== See also ==
Two fundamental themes dominated Chad's colonial experience with the French: an absence of policies designed to unify the territory and an exceptionally slow pace of [[modernization]]. In the French scale of priorities, the [[colony]] of Chad ranked near the bottom, and the French came to perceive Chad primarily as a source of raw [[cotton]] and [[manual labour|untrained labour]] to be used in the more productive colonies to the south.
* [[Council for Excellence in Government]]
* [[Rand Corporation]]
* [[Bilderberg Group]]
* [[Bohemian Grove]]
* [[New world order]]
* [[Internationalism]]


== References ==
Throughout the colonial period, large areas of Chad were never governed effectively: in the huge [[BET Prefecture]], the handful of French military administrators usually left the people alone, and in central Chad, French rule was only slightly more substantive. Truly speaking, France managed to govern effectively only the south.
{{citation style}}
{{reflist|2}}


== Further reading ==
==Decolonization (1940&ndash;60)==
* ''Memoirs'' by David Rockefeller, New York: Random House, 2002. Contains a brief history of the Commission's founding, composition of members and overall influence.
{{main|Decolonization in Chad}}
* ''Trilateralism: The Trilateral Commission and Elite Planning for World Management'' by Holly Sklar, South End Press (November 1, 1980), 616 pages, ISBN 0-89608-103-6.
[[Image:Eboue wwII prop 03-0118a.jpg|thumb|200px|Félix Éboué in a contemporary World War II cartoon]]During [[World War II]], Chad was the first French [[colony]] to rejoin the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] (August 26, 1940), after the [[Battle of France|defeat of France by Germany]]. Under the administration of [[Félix Éboué]], France's first black colonial governor, a military column, commanded by Colonel [[Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque]], and including two battalions of [[Sara people|Sara]] troops, moved north from [[N'Djamena]] (then Fort Lamy) to engage [[Axis powers of World War II|Axis]] forces in [[Libya]], where, in partnership with the British Army's [[Long Range Desert Group]], they captured [[Kufra]].
*''Trilaterals Over Washington, Vol. I and II'' by Antony C. Sutton and Patrick M. Wood, The August Corporation (1979/81), ISBN 0-933482-01-9.
* ''American Hegemony and the Trilateral Commission (Cambridge Studies in International Relations)'' (collective), Cambridge University Press (November 7, 1991), 318 pages, ISBN 0-521-42433-X.
* ''The Rockefeller triangle: A country editor's documented report on the Trilateral Commission plan for world government'' by Bill Wilkerson, Idalou Beacon (1980), 44 pages, ASIN B0006E2ZE4.
* ''Who's who of the elite: members of the Bilderbergs, Council on Foreign Relations, Trilateral Commission, and Skull & Bones Society'' by [[Robert Gaylon Ross]]. - 2nd revision. - San Marcos, Tex : RIE, 2000, ISBN 0-9649888-0-1.
*''Tous pouvoirs confondus : État, capital et médias à l'ère de la mondialisation'' by [[Geoffrey Geuens]], EPO (15 March 2003), 470 pages, ISBN 2-87262-193-8.
*"America and Europe" by Zbigniew Brzezinski, Foreign Affairs, 49:1 (October 1970), p.11-30; [Includes Brzezinski's proposal for the establishment of a body like the Trilateral Commission.]


==External links==
After the war ended local parties started to develop in Chad. The first to be born was the conservative [[Chadian Democratic Union]] (UDT), which represented French commercial interests and a bloc of traditional leaders composed primarily of Muslim and [[Ouaddai Kingdom|Ouaddaïan]] nobility. Shortly after a more radical formation was created, the [[Chadian Progressive Party]] (PPT), eventually headed by [[François Tombalbaye]], which was to win the pre-independence elections. The confrontation between the PPT and UDT was more than simply ideological; it represented different regional identities, with the PPT representing the Christian and [[Animism|animist]] south and the UDT the Islamic north.
* [http://www.trilateral.org/ Official website]
*[http://www.augustreview.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6&Itemid=4 The Global Elite: Who are they?]
*[http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/third_section/The_Proud_Internationalist_2006.pdf The "Proud Internationalist": The Globalist Vision of David Rockefeller], a research paper by Will Banyan (pdf, 88 pages, 2006) with a detailed analysis of the Trilateral Commission
* [[Noam Chomsky]]: [http://www.chomsky.info/books/priorities01.htm The Carter Administration: Myth and Reality] (commentary on ''The Crisis of Democracy'', a 1975 Trilateral Commission report)
* [http://politicalgraveyard.com/group/trilateral-commission.html The Political Graveyard's (incomplete) list of Trilateral Commission members]
* [http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_295.html Is the Trilateral Commission the secret organization that runs the world?] (from ''[[The Straight Dope]]'', 1987)
*[http://bilderberggroup.tripod.com/save-to-do/juin1984.html ''Tentations de la croisade, attraits de la coexistence'']
*[http://bilderberggroup.tripod.com/save-to-do/novembre2003.html ''Pouvoirs opaques de la Trilatérale'']
*{{cite news | title=Le Monde vu de la Trilatérale | publisher=L'Expansion | date=June 4, 1992 | url=http://www.lexpansion.com/art/6.0.113743.0.html}}
*[http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/elite/CECIA.htm Hong Kong SAR: Chief Executive's Council of International Advisors] Brief biographical profiles of Peter Sutherland, Maurice Greenberg and Gerald M. Levin, mentioning Commission membership.


{{Geolinks-US-buildingscale|38.904887|-77.03521}}
After a referendum on territorial autonomy (September 28, 1958), French Equatorial Africa was dissolved, and its four constituent states &ndash; [[Gabon]], [[Republic of the Congo|Congo (Brazzaville)]], the [[Central African Republic]], and Chad became autonomous members of the [[French Community]] (November 28, 1958). On August 11, 1960, Chad became an independent nation under its first president, François Tombalbaye.

==The Tombalbaye era (1960&ndash;75)==
{{main|The Tombalbaye Regime}}
One of the most prominent aspects of Tombalbaye's rule to prove itself was his authoritarianism and distrust of democracy. Already in January 1962 he banned all political parties except his own PPT, and started immediately concentrating all power in his own hands. His treatment of opponents, real or imagined, was extremely harsh, filling the prisons with thousands of political prisoners.

What was even worse was his constant discrimination against the central and northern regions of Chad, where the southern Chadian administrators came to be perceived as arrogant and incompetent. This resentment at last exploded in a tax revolt on November 1, 1965, in the [[Guéra Prefecture|Guéra]] [[Prefectures of Chad|Prefecture]], causing 500 deaths. The year after saw the birth in [[Sudan]] of the [[FROLINAT|National Liberation Front of Chad]] (FROLINAT), created to militarily oust Tombalbaye and the Southern dominance. It was the start of a bloody civil war.

Tombalbaye resorted to calling in French troops; while moderately successful, they were not fully able to quell the insurgency. Proving more fortunate was his choice to break with the French and seek friendly ties with [[Libya]]n president [[Muammar al-Gaddafi|Qaddafi]], taking away the rebels' principal source of supplies.

But while he had reported some success against the rebels, Tombalbaye started behaving more and more irrationally and brutally, continuously eroding his consensus among the southern elites, which dominated all key positions in the army, the civil service and the ruling party. As a consequence on April 13, 1975, several units of N'Djamena's [[gendarmerie]] [[Chadian coup of 1975|killed Tombalbaye during a coup]].

==Military rule (1975&ndash;78)==
{{main|Malloum's military government}}
The [[coup d'état]] that terminated Tombalbaye's government received an enthusiastic response in [[N'Djamena]]. The southerner [[General]] [[Félix Malloum]] emerged early as the chairman of the new ''[[Military dictatorship|junta]]''.

The new military leaders were unable to retain for long the popularity that they had gained through their overthrow of Tombalbaye. Malloum proved himself unable to cope with the [[FROLINAT]] and at the end decided his only chance was in coopting some of the rebels: in 1978 he allied himself with the insurgent leader [[Hissène Habré]], who entered the government as prime minister.

==Civil war (1979-82)==
{{main|Transitional Government of National Unity}}
Internal dissent within the government led Prime Minister Habré to send his forces against Malloum's national army in the capital in February 1979. Malloum was ousted from the presidency, but the resulting civil war amongst the 11 emergent factions was so widespread that it rendered the central government largely irrelevant. At that point, other African governments decided to intervene.

A series of four international conferences held first under Nigerian and then [[Organization of African Unity]] (OAU) sponsorship attempted to bring the Chadian factions together. At the fourth conference, held in [[Lagos]], [[Nigeria]], in August 1979, the Lagos Accord was signed. This accord established a transitional government pending national elections. In November 1979, the [[Transitional Government of National Unity]] (GUNT) was created with a mandate to govern for 18 months. [[Goukouni Oueddei]], a northerner, was named President; Colonel [[Wadel Abdelkader Kamougué|Kamougué]], a southerner, Vice President; and Habré, Minister of Defense. This coalition proved fragile; in January 1980, fighting broke out again between Goukouni's and Habré's forces. With assistance from [[Libya]], Goukouni regained control of the capital and other urban centers by year’s end. However, Goukouni’s January 1981 statement that Chad and [[Libya]] had agreed to work for the realization of complete unity between the two countries generated intense international pressure and Goukouni's subsequent call for the complete withdrawal of external forces.

==The Habré era (1982&ndash;90)==
:''see: [[Chadian-Libyan conflict]]''
Libya's partial withdrawal to the [[Aozou Strip]] in northern Chad cleared the way for Habré's forces to enter N’Djamena in June. French troops and an OAU peacekeeping force of 3,500 Nigerian, [[Senegal]]ese, and [[Zaire|Zairian]] troops (partially funded by the [[United States]]) remained neutral during the conflict.
[[Image:Map of Aouzou stip chad.PNG|thumb|The [[Aozou Strip]] (blue), claimed and occupied by Libya between 1976 and 1987.]]

Habré continued to face armed opposition on various fronts, and was brutal in his repression of suspected opponents, massacring and torturing many during his rule. In the summer of 1983, GUNT forces launched an offensive against government positions in northern and eastern Chad with heavy Libyan support. In response to Libya's direct intervention, French and Zairian forces intervened to defend Habré, pushing Libyan and rebel forces north of the [[16th parallel north|16th parallel]]. In September 1984, the French and the Libyan governments announced an agreement for the mutual withdrawal of their forces from Chad. By the end of the year, all French and Zairian troops were withdrawn. Libya did not honor the withdrawal accord, and its forces continued to occupy the northern third of Chad.

Rebel commando groups ([[Codos]]) in southern Chad were broken up by government massacres in 1984. In 1985 Habré briefly reconciled with some of his opponents, including the [[Democratic Front of Chad]] (FDT) and the [[Coordinating Action Committee of the Democratic Revolutionary Council]]. Goukouni also began to rally toward Habré, and with his support Habré successfully expelled Libyan forces from most of Chadian territory. A cease-fire between Chad and Libya held from 1987 to 1988, and negotiations over the next several years led to the 1994 International Court of Justice decision granting Chad sovereignty over the Aouzou strip, effectively ending Libyan occupation.

==The Déby era==
===Rise to power===
However, rivalry between [[Hadjerai]], [[Zaghawa]] and [[Gorane]] groups within the government grew in the late 1980s. In April 1989, [[Idriss Déby]], one of Habré's leading generals and a Zaghawa, defected and fled to [[Darfur]] in Sudan, from which he mounted a Zaghawa-supported series of attacks on Habré (a Gorane). In December 1990, with Libyan assistance and no opposition from French troops stationed in Chad, Déby’s forces successfully marched on N’Djamena. After 3 months of provisional government, Déby’s [[Patriotic Salvation Movement]] (MPS) approved a national charter on February 28, 1991, with Déby as president.

During the next two years, Déby faced at least two coup attempts. Government forces clashed violently with rebel forces, including the Movement for Democracy and Development, MDD, National Revival Committee for Peace and Democracy (CSNPD), Chadian National Front (FNT) and the Western Armed Forces (FAO), near [[Lake Chad]] and in southern regions of the country. Earlier French demands for the country to hold a National Conference resulted in the gathering of 750 delegates representing political parties (which were legalized in 1992), the government, trade unions and the army to discuss the creation of a pluralist democratic regime.

However, unrest continued, sparked in part by large-scale killings of civilians in southern Chad. The CSNPD, led by [[Kette Moise]] and other southern groups entered into a peace agreement with government forces in 1994, which later broke down. Two new groups, the Armed Forces for a Federal Republic (FARF) led by former Kette ally [[Laokein Barde]] and the Democratic Front for Renewal (FDR), and a reformulated MDD clashed with government forces from 1994 to 1995.

===Multiparty elections===
Talks with political opponents in early 1996 did not go well, but Déby announced his intent to hold presidential elections in June. Déby won the country’s first multi-party presidential elections with support in the second round from opposition leader Kebzabo, defeating General Kamougue (leader of the 1975 coup against Tombalbaye). Déby’s MPS party won 63 of 125 seats in the January 1997 legislative elections. International observers noted numerous serious irregularities in presidential and legislative election proceedings.

By mid-1997 the government signed peace deals with FARF and the MDD leadership and succeeded in cutting off the groups from their rear bases in the Central African Republic and Cameroon. Agreements also were struck with rebels from the National Front of Chad (FNT) and Movement for Social Justice and Democracy in October 1997. However, peace was short-lived, as FARF rebels clashed with government soldiers, finally surrendering to government forces in May 1998. Barde was killed in the fighting, as were hundreds of other southerners, most civilians.

Since October 1998, Chadian Movement for Justice and Democracy (MDJT) rebels, led by [[Youssuf Togoimi]] until his death in September 2002, have skirmished with government troops in the Tibesti region, resulting in hundreds of civilian, government, and rebel casualties, but little ground won or lost. No active armed opposition has emerged in other parts of Chad, although Kette Moise, following senior postings at the Ministry of Interior, mounted a smallscale local operation near [[Moundou]] which was quickly and violently suppressed by government forces in late 2000.

Déby, in the mid-1990s, gradually restored basic functions of government and entered into agreements with the [[World Bank]] and [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] to carry out substantial economic reforms. Oil exploitation in the southern Doba region began in June 2000, with World Bank Board approval to finance a small portion of a project, the [[Chad-Cameroon Petroleum Development Project]], aimed at transport of Chadian crude through a 1000-km. buried pipeline through Cameroon to the [[Gulf of Guinea]]. The project established unique mechanisms for World Bank, private sector, government, and civil society collaboration to guarantee that future oil revenues benefit local populations and result in poverty alleviation. Success of the project depended on [http://go.worldbank.org/5MGHQ1ZQ01 multiple monitoring efforts]<ref>International Advisory Group, External Compliance Monitoring Group, Collège de Contrôle et de Surveillance des Revenues Pétroliers (CCSRP), World Bank Inspection Panel, Comité Technique National de Suivi et de Contrôle (CTNSC).</ref> to ensure that all parties keep their commitments. These "unique" mechanisms for monitoring and revenue management have faced intense criticism from the beginning.<ref>[http://crs.org/publications/showpdf.cfm?pdf_id=187 Gary, Ian (Catholic Relief Services) and Nikki Reisch (Bank Information Center). Chad's Oil: Miracle or Mirage?]</ref> Debt relief was accorded to Chad in May 2001.

Déby won a flawed 63% first-round victory in May 2001 presidential elections after legislative elections were postponed until spring 2002. Having accused the government of fraud, six opposition leaders were arrested (twice) and one opposition party activist was killed following the announcement of election results. However, despite claims of government corruption, favoritism of Zaghawas, and abuses by the security forces, opposition party and labor union calls for general strikes and more active demonstrations against the government have been unsuccessful. Despite movement toward democratic reform, power remains in the hands of a northern ethnic oligarchy.

In 2003, Chad began receiving refugees from the [[Darfur]] region of western Sudan. More than 200,000 refugees fled the fighting between two rebel groups and government-supported militias known as [[Janjaweed]]. A number of border incidents led to the [[Chadian-Sudanese War]].

===War in the East===
{{main|War in Chad (2005–present)}}
[[Image:Civil war in Chad.png|thumb|200px|Hot spots in the present civil war.]]The war started on December 23, 2005, when the [[Politics of Chad|government of Chad]] declared a [[state of war]] with [[Sudan]] and called for the citizens of [[Chad]] to mobilize themselves against the "common enemy,"<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4556576.stm Chad in 'state of war' with Sudan] by Stephanie Hancock, [[BBC News]].</ref> which the Chadian government sees as the [[Rally for Democracy and Liberty]] (RDL) militants, Chadian rebels, backed by the [[Sudanese]] government, and Sudanese militiamen. Militants have attacked villages and towns in eastern Chad, stealing cattle, murdering citizens, and burning houses. Over 200,000 refugees from the [[Darfur]] region of northwestern Sudan currently claim asylum in eastern Chad. Chadian president [[Idriss Déby]] accuses Sudanese President [[Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir]] of trying to "destabilize our country, to drive our people into misery, to create disorder and export the war from Darfur to Chad."

An attack on the Chadian town of [[Adre, Chad|Adre]] near the Sudanese border led to the deaths of either one hundred rebels, as every news source other than [[CNN]] has reported, or three hundred rebels. The Sudanese government was blamed for the attack, which was the second in the region in three days,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4544352.stm Chad fightback 'kills 300 rebels'], [[BBC News]].</ref> but Sudanese foreign ministry spokesman [[Jamal Mohammed Ibrahim]] denies any Sudanese involvement, "We are not for any escalation with Chad. We technically deny involvement in Chadian internal affairs." This attack was the final straw that led to the declaration of war by Chad and the alleged deployment of the Chadian airforce into Sudanese airspace, which the Chadian government denies.<ref>Al Jazeera</ref>

An attack on N'Djamena was defeated on April 13, 2006 in the [[Battle of N'Djamena (2006)|Battle of N'Djamena]]. The President on national radio stated that the situation was under control, but residents, diplomats and journalists reportedly heard shots of weapons fire.

On November 25, 2006, rebels captured the eastern town of [[Abeche]], capital of the [[Ouaddaï Region]] and center for humanitarian aid to the [[Darfur]] region in [[Sudan]]. On the same day, a separate rebel group [[Rally of Democratic Forces]] had captured [[Biltine, Chad|Biltine]]. On November 26, 2006, the Chadian government claimed to have recaptured both towns, although rebels still claimed control of [[Biltine, Chad|Biltine]]. Government buildings and humanitarian aid offices in Abeche were said to have been looted. The Chadian government denied a warning issued by the French Embassy in [[N'Djamena]] that a group of rebels were making its way through [[Batha]] prefecture in central Chad. Chad insists that both rebel groups are supported by the Sudanese government.<ref>{{cite news | title= Chad denies rebel move on capital| date=November 26, 2006 | publisher=[[BBC]] | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6185074.stm }}</ref>

=== Rebel Attack on Ndjamena ===
{{Main|Battle of N'Djamena (2008)}}
On Friday, February 1, 2008, rebels, an opposition alliance of leaders [[Mahamat Nouri]], a former defense minister, and [[Timane Erdimi]], a nephew of [[Idriss Déby]] who was his chief of staff, attacked the Chadian capital of [[Ndjamena]] - even surrounding the Presidential Palace. But Idris Deby with government troops fought back. French forces flew in ammunition for Chadian government troops but took no active part in the fighting. UN has said that up to 20,000 people left the region, taking refuge in nearby [[Cameroon]] and [[Nigeria]]. Hundreds of people were killed, mostly civilians. The rebels accuse Deby of corruption and embezzling millions in oil revenue. While many Chadians may share that assessment, the uprising appears to be a power struggle within the elite that has long controlled [[Chad]]. The French government believes that the opposition has regrouped east of the capital. [[Idris Deby]] has blamed [[Sudan]] for the current unrest in Chad.<ref>{{cite news | title= Chad's leader asserts he is control| date=February 6, 2008 | publisher=[[Associated Press|AP]] | url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080206/ap_on_re_af/chad }}</ref>

=== International orphanage scandal ===
Nearly 100 children at the center of an international scandal that left them stranded at an orphanage in remote eastern Chad returned home after nearly five months March 14, 2008. The 97 children were taken from their homes in October 2007 by a then-obscure French charity, [[Zoé's Ark]], which claimed they were orphans from [[Sudan]]'s [[War in Darfur|war-torn Darfur region]].<ref>{{cite news | title= Kidnapped Chadian kids reunited with their families| date=March 14, 2008 | publisher=[[CNN]] | url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/03/14/chad.children/index.html }}</ref>
{{History of Africa}}
{{Former French colonies}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/tdtoc.html The Library of Congress - A Country Study: Chad]


[[Category:History of Chad| ]]
[[Category:Commissions]]
[[Category:Conspiracy theories]]
[[Category:Institutions founded by the Rockefeller family]]
[[Category:Foreign policy and strategy think tanks in the United States]]


[[ar:تاريخ تشاد]]
[[ca:Comissió Trilateral]]
[[da:Tchads historie]]
[[da:Den Trilaterale Kommission]]
[[de:Geschichte Tschads]]
[[de:Trilaterale Kommission]]
[[es:Historia de Chad]]
[[et:Trilateraalne komisjon]]
[[fr:Histoire du Tchad]]
[[es:Comisión Trilateral]]
[[fr:Commission Trilatérale]]
[[it:Storia del Ciad]]
[[it:Commissione Trilaterale]]
[[he:היסטוריה של צ'אד]]
[[nl:Trilaterale commissie]]
[[hu:Csád történelme]]
[[ja:日米欧三極委員会]]
[[nl:Geschiedenis van Tsjaad]]
[[no:Den trilaterale kommisjon]]
[[ja:チャドの歴史]]
[[no:Tsjads historie]]
[[pl:Komisja Trójstronna]]
[[pt:História do Chade]]
[[pt:Comissão trilateral]]
[[ru:Трёхсторонняя комиссия]]
[[ro:Istoria Ciadului]]
[[sl:Trilateralna Komisija]]
[[ru:История Чада]]
[[sr:Трилатерална комисија]]
[[sv:Tchads historia]]
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[[sv:Trilateral Commission]]
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Revision as of 21:14, 10 October 2008

File:Tril.png

The Trilateral Commission is a private organization, established to foster closer cooperation between America, Europe and Japan. It was founded in July 1973, at the initiative of David Rockefeller; who was Chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations at that time. The Trilateral Commission is widely seen as a counterpart to the Council on Foreign Relations.[1] He pushed the idea of including Japan at the Bilderberg meetings he was attending but was rebuffed. Along with Zbigniew Brzezinski and a few other people, including individuals from the Brookings Institution, Council on Foreign Relations and the Ford Foundation, he convened initial meetings out of which grew the Trilateral organization.

Other founding members included Alan Greenspan and Paul Volcker, both eventually heads of the Federal Reserve system.

History

Its first executive committee meeting was held in Tokyo in October 1973. In May 1976, the first plenary meeting of all of the Commission's regional groups took place in Kyoto, attended by Jimmy Carter.[2] Today it consists of approximately 300–350 private citizens from Europe, the Asia-Pacific region, and North America, and exists to promote closer political and economic cooperation between these areas, which are the primary industrial regions in the world.[3] Its official journal from its founding is a magazine called Trialogue.

Membership is divided into numbers proportionate to each of its three regional areas. These members include corporate CEOs, politicians of all major parties, distinguished academics, university presidents, labor union leaders and not-for-profits involved in overseas philanthropy. Members who gain a position in their respective country's government must resign from the Commission.

The organization has come under much scrutiny and criticism by political activists and academics working in the social and political sciences. The Commission has found its way into a number of conspiracy theories, especially when it became known that President Jimmy Carter appointed 26 former Commission members to senior positions in his Administration. Later it was revealed that Carter himself was a former Trilateral member. In the 1980 election, it was revealed that Carter and his two major opponents, John B. Anderson and George H. W. Bush, were also members, and the Commission became a campaign issue. Ronald Reagan supporters noted that he was not a Trilateral member, but after he was chosen as Republican nominee he chose Bush as his running mate; as president, he appointed a few Trilateral members to Cabinet positions and held a reception for the Commission in the White House in 1984. The John Birch Society believes that the Trilateral Commission is dedicated to the formation of one world government.[4] In 1980, Holly Sklar released a book titled Trilateralism: the Trilateral Commission and Elite Planning for World Management.

Since many of the members were businesspeople or bankers, actions that they took or encouraged that helped the banking industry have been noted. Jeremiah Novak, writing in the July 1977 issue of Atlantic, said that after international oil prices rose when Nixon set price controls on American domestic oil, many developing countries were required to borrow from banks to buy oil: "The Trilaterists' emphasis on international economics is not entirely disinterested, for the oil crisis forced many developing nations, with doubtful repayment abilities, to borrow excessively. All told, private multinational banks, particularly Rockefeller's Chase Manhattan, have loaned nearly $52 billion to developing countries. An overhauled International Monetary Fund (IMF) would provide another source of credit for these nations, and would take the big private banks off the hook. This proposal is the cornerstone of the Trilateral plan."[5]

The North American continent is represented by 107 members (15 Canadian, seven Mexican and 85 U.S. citizens). The European group has reached its limit of 150 members, including citizens from Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey and the United Kingdom.

At first, Asia and Oceania were represented only by Japan. However, in 2000 the Japanese group of 85 members expanded itself, becoming the Pacific Asia group, composed of 117 members: 75 Japanese, 11 South Koreans, seven Australian and New Zealand citizens, and 15 members from the ASEAN nations (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand). The Pacific Asia group also includes nine members from China, Hong Kong and Taiwan.

Membership

The three current chairmen are:

Some others who are or have been members:

See also

References

  1. ^ Berkman, Gene (1993). "The Trilateral Commission and the New World Order". antiwar.com. Retrieved 2007-12-01.
  2. ^ Trilateralism Jimmy Carter and the Trilateralists
  3. ^ Trilateralism Jimmy Carter and the Trilateralists
  4. ^ The Straight Dope: Is the Trilateral Commission the secret organization that runs the world?
  5. ^ The Trilateral Commission And The New World Order
  6. ^ Wall Street, Banks, and American Foreign Policy by Murray N. Rothbard
  7. ^ The Trilateral Commission And The New World Order
  8. ^ Wall Street, Banks, and American Foreign Policy by Murray N. Rothbard at www.lewrockwell.com
  9. ^ Wall Street, Banks, and American Foreign Policy by Murray N. Rothbard
  10. ^ Power Financial Corporation - Board of Directors at www.powerfinancial.com
  11. ^ Wall Street, Banks, and American Foreign Policy by Murray N. Rothbard
  12. ^ Wall Street, Banks, and American Foreign Policy by Murray N. Rothbard
  13. ^ Wall Street, Banks, and American Foreign Policy by Murray N. Rothbard
  14. ^ Wall Street, Banks, and American Foreign Policy by Murray N. Rothbard at www.lewrockwell.com
  15. ^ Wall Street, Banks, and American Foreign Policy by Murray N. Rothbard
  16. ^ Wall Street, Banks, and American Foreign Policy by Murray N. Rothbard
  17. ^ Wall Street, Banks, and American Foreign Policy by Murray N. Rothbard
  18. ^ Trilateralism Jimmy Carter and the Trilateralists
  19. ^ Wall Street, Banks, and American Foreign Policy by Murray N. Rothbard

Further reading

  • Memoirs by David Rockefeller, New York: Random House, 2002. Contains a brief history of the Commission's founding, composition of members and overall influence.
  • Trilateralism: The Trilateral Commission and Elite Planning for World Management by Holly Sklar, South End Press (November 1, 1980), 616 pages, ISBN 0-89608-103-6.
  • Trilaterals Over Washington, Vol. I and II by Antony C. Sutton and Patrick M. Wood, The August Corporation (1979/81), ISBN 0-933482-01-9.
  • American Hegemony and the Trilateral Commission (Cambridge Studies in International Relations) (collective), Cambridge University Press (November 7, 1991), 318 pages, ISBN 0-521-42433-X.
  • The Rockefeller triangle: A country editor's documented report on the Trilateral Commission plan for world government by Bill Wilkerson, Idalou Beacon (1980), 44 pages, ASIN B0006E2ZE4.
  • Who's who of the elite: members of the Bilderbergs, Council on Foreign Relations, Trilateral Commission, and Skull & Bones Society by Robert Gaylon Ross. - 2nd revision. - San Marcos, Tex : RIE, 2000, ISBN 0-9649888-0-1.
  • Tous pouvoirs confondus : État, capital et médias à l'ère de la mondialisation by Geoffrey Geuens, EPO (15 March 2003), 470 pages, ISBN 2-87262-193-8.
  • "America and Europe" by Zbigniew Brzezinski, Foreign Affairs, 49:1 (October 1970), p.11-30; [Includes Brzezinski's proposal for the establishment of a body like the Trilateral Commission.]

External links

Template:Geolinks-US-buildingscale

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