AMD Opteron (K8)
| << AMD Opteron >> | |
|---|---|
| Production: | 2003 to 2006 |
| Producer: | AMD |
| Processor clock: | 1.4 GHz to 3.0 GHz |
| HT cycle: | 800 MHz to 1000 MHz |
| L2 cache size: | 1 MiB |
| Instruction set : | x86 / AMD64 |
| Microarchitecture : | AMD K8 / AMD64 |
| Base: | |
Names of the processor cores:
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The AMD Opteron series based on the AMD K8 architecture is a family of 64-bit microprocessors for servers and workstations . It was the series with which AMD was able to achieve great successes in the server market for the first time, which was partly due to the introduced AMD64 extension. It was replaced by the AMD K9 based Opteron processors.
Technical
Unlike Intel's competing products, the Intel Itanium (in IA-64 architecture), the new Opteron processors were still able to run not only 64-bit programs, but also 32-bit x86 programs in hardware without a slowing emulation layer , since the AMD64 architecture is only a 64-bit add-on to an x86 processor. Old software can continue to be used, within certain limits even mixed with 64-bit software.
In addition to the 64-bit capability, the first Opteron generation offered a further innovation, an integrated dual-channel memory controller, which requires the use of "Registered DDR-SDRAM " in almost all models . ECC memory is also supported, which is almost a matter of course for a server processor.
Unlike its desktop counterpart, the Athlon 64 , the Opteron processor was only supplied in the Socket 940 for a long time . The additional 186 contacts compared to the 754 socket are required, among other things, for a second memory channel and additional HyperTransport interfaces with which the integrated memory controller for DDR-SDRAM can communicate with the memory controllers of the other processors that may be present in the multiprocessor system in order to access their memory . In contrast to many other multiprocessor solutions, the Opteron no longer has a shared memory that all processors access, but each chip has its own memory area, which can be accessed by other processors ( see also: NUMA ). In theory, this means that the northbridge chip on the motherboard is superfluous, since its only remaining task would be to connect an AGP graphics card, which is rarely found in pure server systems.
Product history
Sledgehammer
The microprocessor developed under the code name Sledgehammer was presented as the first Opteron on April 21, 2003 . With these processors, AMD attracted attention for the first time and was able to achieve success in the very profitable server segment. The 32-bit predecessor, AMD Athlon MP , was never very successful there. Sledgehammer was suitable for systems with one, two or eight processors (1xx, 2xx and 8xx series).
On February 17, 2004, AMD presented two types specially optimized for low power consumption: the Opteron EE and the Opteron HE. The EE only consumed a maximum of 30 watts and the HE only consumed a maximum of 55 W, instead of a maximum of 89 W with the standard Opterons. These versions cost considerably more because of the special selection and were used particularly in blade servers and HPC clusters .
Troy & Athens
On February 14, 2005, AMD presented the Troy (2xx series) and Athens (8xx series) cores, a new generation of Opteron processors in E-stepping (90 nm production) that replaced the old models (130 nm production ) replace. In addition, the x52 Opterons with a clock rate of 2,600 MHz were presented. E-stepping brings further improvements to the memory controller, lower power consumption, an increase in the clock rate of the HyperTransport links to 1,000 MHz and adds some additional instruction sets such as B. SSE3 added. In addition, with the Optimized Power Management ( OPM ) power saving technology , the Cool'n'Quiet, already known in the Athlon 64, is introduced in the Opteron, albeit slightly modified so that it also works with registered memory .
Venus
In parallel with the dual-core processors for Socket 939 of the K9 generation , AMD introduced the Venus core for Socket 939 on August 2, 2005 in order to be able to offer cheaper single-processor systems in contrast to the versions for Socket 940 with the Sledgehammer core .
Model numbers
The Opteron of the K8 generation use a model numbering consisting of a three-digit number:
- The first digit indicates how many other processors the processor can be used with on the motherboard (scalability: 1, 2 or up to 8)
- The last two digits encode the processor clock. In general, a larger number here indicates a higher speed. This generation of Opteron processors has the model numbers x40 (1,400 MHz), x42 (1,600 MHz) to x56 (3,000 MHz).
Examples
- Opteron 240: Single core processor for systems with two processors, 1st generation, 1,400 MHz clock frequency
- Opteron 844: Single core processor for systems with four to eight processors, 1st generation, 1,800 MHz clock frequency
Model data socket 940
All processors for Socket 940 have a memory controller with two channels (144 bit, dual-channel operation ) for Registered DDR-SDRAM .
Sledgehammer
- Revision B3, C0, CG
- L1 cache: 64 + 64 KiB (data + instructions)
- L2 cache: 1,024 KiB with processor clock
- MMX , Extended 3DNow! , SSE , SSE2 , AMD64 , SMP
- Socket 940 , HyperTransport with 800 MHz (HT1600)
- Manufacturing technology: 130 nm ( SOI )
- Die size : 193 mm² with 105.9 million transistors
- Clock rates: 1,400–2,400 MHz
- Models: Opteron 140/240/840 to 150/250/850
Venus (1xx)
- Revision D4, E4
- L1 cache: 64 + 64 KiB (data + instructions)
- L2 cache: 1,024 KiB with processor clock
- MMX , Extended 3DNow! , SSE , SSE2 , SSE3 (from revision E4), AMD64 , OPM , NX-Bit
- Socket 940 , HyperTransport with 1000 MHz (HT2000), Revision D4 with 800 MHz (HT1600)
- The size: 115 mm² with 114 million transistors
- Manufacturing technology: 90 nm ( SOI )
- Clock rates: 2,000-2,800 MHz
- Models: Opteron 146 to 154
Troy (2xx) / Athens (8xx)
- Revision D4, E4
- L1 cache: 64 + 64 KiB (data + instructions)
- L2 cache: 1,024 KiB with processor clock
- MMX , Extended 3DNow! , SSE , SSE2 , SSE3 (from revision E4), AMD64 , OPM , NX-Bit , SMP
- Socket 940 , HyperTransport with 1,000 MHz (HT2000), Revision D4 with 800 MHz (HT1600)
- Manufacturing technology: 90 nm ( SOI )
- The size: 115 mm² with 114 million transistors
- Clock rates: 1,600–3,000 MHz
- Models: Opteron 242/842 to 256/856
Model data socket 939
All processors for Socket 939 have a memory controller with two channels (144 bits, dual-channel operation ) for DDR-SDRAM .
Venus
- Revision E4, E6
- L1 cache: 64 + 64 KiB (data + instructions)
- L2 cache: 1,024 KiB with processor clock
- MMX , Extended 3DNow! , SSE , SSE2 , SSE3 , AMD64 , OPM , NX-Bit
- Socket 939 , HyperTransport with 1,000 MHz (HT2000)
- Manufacturing technology: 90 nm ( SOI )
- The size E4: 115 mm² with 114 million transistors
- Die size E6: 199 mm² with 233.2 million transistors (dual core processor with only one active core)
- Clock rates: 1,800–3,000 MHz
- Models: Opteron 144 to 156
