Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi

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Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, 2004

Ibrahim Awad Ibrahim al-Badri ( Arabic إبراهيم عواد إبراهيم البدري, DMG Ibrāhīm ʿAwād Ibrāhīm al-Badrī ; Kunya Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi ,أبو بكر البغدادي / Abū Bakr al-Baġdādī ; * July 1, 1971 in Samarra , Iraq ; † October 26 or 27, 2019 in Barisha , Syria ) was an Iraqi terrorist and from May 2010 until his death the leader of the jihadist - Salafist terrorist organization Islamic State (IS).

In June 2014 al-Baghdadi called in an-Nuri mosque in Mosul one over large parts of Iraq and Syria reaching Caliphate and called since then as the " Caliph Ibrahim" and " commander of the faithful " (Amīr al-Mu'minīn) and with this declaration saw himself in the footsteps of the Prophet Mohammed .

As the leader of ISIS, al-Baghdadi has been held responsible for crimes against humanity , ethnic cleansing and punishments such as beheadings , crucifixions , drownings and live burns . For information on the whereabouts and thus the capture of al-Baghdadi, a reward of 25 million US dollars was offered by the government of the United States .

Baghdadi died in the course of Operation Kayla Mueller on the night of October 26-27, 2019 . On October 31, the terrorist organization Islamic State confirmed Baghdadi's death.

Life

origin

Ibrahim Awad Ibrahim al-Badri came from a peasant family and was the third oldest of four sons. There is no evidence for the descent from the Quraish tribe of the Prophet Mohammed , claimed by IS . One of his brothers died as a soldier in Saddam Hussein's army . In 1991 al-Baghdadi passed the Iraqi high school diploma with 481 out of a possible 600 points. Because of his short-sightedness , he was not called up for military service.

education

Al-Baghdadi went to the capital Baghdad to study . He had originally applied to study law , but his school leaving certificate was not good enough for it. He initially studied at the "University of Islamic Law" in the Department of Islamic Jurisprudence and later switched to Koran studies . In 1999 he completed his master's degree, after which he is said to have worked as a mosque administrator.

After the US invasion of Iraq in 2003, al-Baghdadi joined the militant Sunni Islamist group Ansar al-Sunna . He was arrested in February 2004 and interned at Camp Bucca of the US Forces in Iraq until December 2004 . Previously, al-Baghdadi was in Abu Graib prison with prisoner number US9IZ-157911CI.

In March 2007 he submitted his Arabic dissertation with the title “The unique pearls in the explanation of the Shatibi poem ”. On March 14, 2007, he defended his job. It received the grade “very good” with 82 out of 100 points. The university claimed to reporters for the Süddeutsche Zeitung and ARD that his doctoral thesis could not be found and that all three copies in the library had been stolen. The university director described al-Baghdadi in 2015 as a quiet student with moderate grades, who was not qualified for the managerial position he was claiming at the time. His Koran studies were primarily about memorization , not analyzes or interpretations. Al-Baghdadi, on the other hand, justified the terror of his "Islamic State" with his theological expertise - and saw his actions as willed by God.

Rise to leader of IS

Camp Bucca became a turning point in his life. In the American prison camp, old Saddam companions, generals and secret service agents were interned together with Islamists. At the time of his release he was not considered dangerous by the US authorities.

In May 2010, however, al-Baghdadi succeeded ISIS leader Abu Abdullah ar-Rashid al-Baghdadi after he was killed at Tikrit together with the al-Qaeda leader of Iraq, Abu Ayyub al-Masri . Al-Baghdadi became the emir of the Islamic State terrorist organization . and was on October 4, 2011 on the list of the most wanted terrorists, designated by the United States Department of State as Specially Designated Global Terrorist . For information leading to his arrest or conviction, the ministry offered an initial reward of $ 10 million. This put him in second place after Aiman ​​az-Zawahiri , for whose capture 25 million US dollars were suspended. On December 16, 2016, the reward was increased to $ 25 million.

On April 9, 2013, al-Baghdadi proclaimed the "Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant " (ISIL) and declared the Al-Nusra Front to be an offshoot of ISIS. This meant that IS was in open competition with al-Qaeda and its leader Aiman ​​az-Zawahiri. On July 21, 2013, al-Baghdadi planned and prepared one of the largest prison breakouts in Iraq. In Abu-Graib prison , 500 prisoners were freed who had previously fought for al-Qaida and who have now strengthened ISIS militarily.

Leader of the IS

With the proclamation of his self-proclaimed caliphate on June 29, 2014 on Syrian and Iraqi territory, his supporters believed that he was now the commander of the Muslims and supreme leader of the Islamic State as "Caliph Ibrahim" . In July 2014 he preached in the Great Mosque of an-Nuri in Mosul , his first and only public appearance, after which he only spoke by audio message. The self-chosen name "Abu Bakr" can be seen as a reference to the caliph Abu Bakr , the first of the four so-called rightly guided caliphs in the history of Islam. According to tradition, this Abu Bakr restored the unity of Muslims during the Ridda Wars after the death of the Prophet Mohammed and ruthlessly persecuted deviants.

On October 10, 2015, the Iraqi air force bombed a convoy of IS commanders. The IS commanders, without al-Baghdadi, were in the Iraqi governorate al-Anbar near the Syrian border and wanted to take part in a meeting of IS commanders. The attack took place in consultation between the Iraqi secret service and the joint operations center of Syria , Russia , Iran and Iraq in Baghdad, which also included employees of the US-led anti-IS coalition .

According to a report by the Jerusalem Post , al-Baghdadi is said to have married a German in the Iraqi province of Ninawa in October 2015 ; she headed the women's department of IS and a training camp for women in Kirkuk and fled the IS-controlled part of Iraq in early 2016. Al-Baghdadi dispatched an emergency force to arrest and bring back his wife, who had fled before him, and her two escape helpers.

On December 9, 2015, the Iranian news agency Fars reported that al-Baghdadi had fled Syria. He had fled to Libya via Turkey, where he had undergone medical treatment for serious injuries , and stayed in the city of Sirte .

On November 3, 2016, an audio message from al-Baghdadi was published for the first time since December 2015. Although the name Mosul was never mentioned, the media classified the message as a reaction to the battle for Mosul , in which ISIS suffered increasing losses of terrain. Al-Baghdadi, on the other hand, spoke of divine harbingers of final victory and expressed slogans such as "When heaven falls to earth, God still leaves room for his soldiers". He demanded bitter resistance and warned his men not to flee the battlefield, but rather to obey the orders of their commanders. He mentioned the ISIS provinces in Libya, Sinai, Nigeria and Yemen. He explicitly called on supporters outside the IS area to go to Libya and carry out terrorist attacks in Saudi Arabia and Turkey. Russian media reported that Al-Baghdadi had fled in the direction of the city of ar-Raqqa in eastern Syria in 2016, before Mosul was enclosed, while others speculated that he was only attacked by an emergency force in February 2017 when the attack on the city began IS was liberated, which had managed to hit a hole in the siege ring with 300 terrorists and 17 suicide bombers with car bombs for a short time. As part of the offensive on Mosul by the Iraqi armed forces, al-Baghdadi fled the city. The intelligence service of the United States Army suspected the whereabouts of al-Baghdadi at the time in the valley of the Euphrates , since the IS stronghold ar-Raqqa itself had been contested since June 2017 .

When SDF associations attacked the last IS enclave in Syria in February 2019 , their commanders announced beforehand that they did not assume that Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi was still in Syria.

Reports of wounding and death

On November 11, 2014, it was reported, citing the Iraqi Interior Ministry, that al-Baghdadi may have been injured or even killed during an air strike four days earlier.

The British daily The Guardian reported that al-Baghdadi was seriously injured in an air strike on March 18, 2015 in the al-Baʿāj district of Nineveh .

On May 28, 2017, according to Russian media, al-Baghdadi was said to have been killed in a Russian air strike on the IS stronghold of ar-Raqqa. He had previously attended a meeting of IS terrorists to discuss the withdrawal of the terrorist militia from the city. In addition, 30 commanders and 300 IS terrorists are said to have been killed in the attack.

The state Iranian news agency IRNA also reported in June 2017, citing a representative of religious leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei : "The terrorist Baghdadi is definitely dead," IRNA quoted the representative of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard, Ali Shirazi. The US Department of Defense has not yet been able to confirm this information.

In 2018, the director of the Iraqi intelligence service announced that al-Baghdadi was seriously wounded and was being held in a clinic in Syria. He is said to have mental health problems.

In August 2018, he gave a speech that was circulated worldwide and called for continued armed struggle by all means. Interspersed comments on current events give the impression that he is alive. Voice analysts believe that the voice is similar to his earlier documents.

At the end of April 2019, an IS propaganda video was released with a visibly aged, but physically intact al-Baghdadi, who is sitting cross-legged next to a Kalashnikov AK-74 machine carbine . In it, he addresses current events such as the capture of the last IS bastion in eastern Syria at the end of March and the re-election of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in mid-April, as well as the terrorist attack in Sri Lanka on Easter Sunday 2019 . In the part of the address that deals with Sri Lanka, however, al-Baghdadi cannot be seen, only his voice can be heard.

death

At the end of October 2019 there were again reports of his passing. US President Trump finally confirmed the death of al-Baghdadi, who killed himself as part of a US military operation.

On October 31, the Islamic State confirmed Baghdadi's death and appointed Abi Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Kurashi as his successor.

family

Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi is said to have had one Syrian and two Iraqi wives and at least two children. After completing his master's degree in Islamic Studies, around the year 2000, he married; the couple had a son who was eleven years old in 2014. In November 2014, an Iraqi woman named Sadscha al-Dulaimi, a former wife of al-Baghdadi, was arrested by Lebanese security officers while trying to enter Lebanon from Syria with forged travel documents with two children . Later DNA analyzes showed that she was in the company of a young daughter of al-Baghdadi, which means that he is also verifiably the father of a daughter. In July 2018, his son Hudayfah al-Badri was killed in fighting in Homs.

Criticism from Islamic Scholars

In September 2014, more than 120 Islamic scholars worldwide published an open letter in the form of an Islamic legal opinion (fatwā) to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi and his terrorists and supporters. They condemned the crimes of al-Baghdadi and his terrorists and at the same time clearly questioned the fundamental legitimacy of al-Baghdadi as a “self-appointed caliph” and his established caliphate, since a consensus with “all Muslims” must exist for the assertion Fall of IS did not happen. In addition, the actions of the so-called "Islamic State" are not compatible with the principles of Islam. The arbitrary interpretations of the Qur'an and the hadiths by IS are also clearly criticized. The scholars also criticize that al-Baghdadi does not master the Arabic language and therefore has no right to speak the law. They also question his necessary education and knowledge.

Media reception

In 2015, al-Baghdadi appeared in the influence rankings of two United States magazines. In November 2015, business magazine Forbes ranked him 57th on the annual list The World's Most Powerful People . In December 2015, Time ranked him second behind Angela Merkel for Person of the Year .

Documentaries

Web links

Commons : Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Volkmar Kabisch, Amir Musawy, Georg Mascolo and Christian Baars: On the trail of the IS leader. In: tagesschau.de , February 18, 2015.
  2. ↑ tagesschau.de: Trump: IS leader al-Baghdadi is dead. Accessed October 27, 2019 .
  3. ↑ Godehard Uhlemann: IS leader Baghdadi sees himself as the successor of the prophet. In: Rheinische Post , June 29, 2015.
  4. ↑ Organization Chart of Terror. In: Spiegel Online , September 24, 2014.
  5. ↑ Niels Kruse: butcher boss with predicate doctorate. In: Stern , February 19, 2015.
  6. ↑ Head of the Caliphate. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , February 18, 2015.
  7. ↑ Amnesty: IS carries out "systematic cleansing". In: Focus , September 2, 2014, accessed December 5, 2015.
  8. ↑ Burning of the Jordanian pilot: The IS in need of explanation. In: Spiegel Online , February 4, 2015, accessed December 5, 2015.
  9. ↑ rewardsforjustice.net Abu Du'a (accessed on 13 December 2015).
  10. ↑ Reward doubled: USA increases bounty on IS leader al-Baghdadi ( Memento from December 22, 2016 in the Internet Archive ). In: Deutschlandfunk , December 16, 2016. accessed on December 16, 2016.
  11. ↑ Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi: USA increases bounty on IS leader . In: Spiegel Online , December 16, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
  12. ↑ a b US military operation: Terrorist militia "Islamic State" confirms the death of Baghdadi and appoints successors . In: Spiegel Online . October 31, 2019 ( spiegel.de [accessed October 31, 2019]).
  13. ^ Wilfried Buchta: Terror before Europe's gates. Islamic State, Iraq's Decay and America's Impotence. Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 2015, ISBN 978-3-593-50290-8 , p. 316.
  14. ↑ Joshua Eaton 2016-08-25T17: 56: 08 + 00: 00: US Military Now Says ISIS Leader Was Held in Notorious Abu Ghraib Prison. In: The Intercept. Retrieved August 27, 2016 . (English)
  15. ↑ The Myopic Caliph. In: Spiegel Online , February 19, 2015.
  16. ↑ This is how the head of the “Islamic State” ticks In: Focus , February 19, 2015.
  17. ↑ Martin Chulov: Isis: the inside story. In: The Guardian , December 11, 2014.
  18. ↑ Abu Du'a. In: rewardsforjustice.net (English).
  19. ↑ Ken Dilanian: IRAQ: US offers $ 10-million reward for Al Qaeda in Iraq leader. In: Los Angeles Times , October 7, 2011 (English).
  20. ↑ Bounty on Al-Baghdadi: USA increases reward for seizing the IS leader . In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung . December 16, 2016, ISSN  0376-6829 ( nzz.ch [accessed December 16, 2016]).
  21. ↑ Charles Lister: Profling the Islamic State . Brookings Doha Center, 2014, p. 13. [1]
  22. ↑ faz.net An Afghanistan on the Mediterranean (accessed December 14, 2015).
  23. ^ ISIS extremists proclaim "Islamic Caliphate". In: Spiegel Online , June 29, 2014.
  24. ^ Hugh Kennedy: The Caliphate. History of an Idea . Basic Books, New York 2016, pp. 274 .
  25. ↑ Abroad: Attack on IS chief in Iraq? In: badische-zeitung.de. October 11, 2015, accessed October 11, 2015 .
  26. ↑ Maayan Groisman: ISIS leader's German wife ecapes the organization's territory in Iraq. In: The Jerusalem Post , February 29, 2016.
  27. ↑ ISIS leader 'flees to Libya after narrowly Avoiding air strike in Iraq' . December 9, 2015.
  28. ↑ Farsnews .
  29. ↑ Speech by IS leader Baghdadi - Everything is going according to plan, and by the way, we lose Spiegel Online from November 3, 2016, accessed on November 4, 2016.
  30. ^ Revolt in Mosul: IS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi fled . In: RT Deutsch , October 17, 2016. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
  31. ↑ Patrick Coburn: Isis used 17 suicide car bombs "to help leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi flee Mosul" . In: The Independent , April 3, 2017, accessed February 18, 2019.
  32. Jump up ↑ Assault on Mosul: The fight for the IS power center begins . In: n-tv , June 2, 2017. Retrieved June 4, 2017.
  33. ↑ US military suspects IS chief Baghdadi with new chemical weapons cell . In: Focus , May 19, 2017, accessed June 10, 2017.
  34. ↑ Maya Gebeily: "Heavy clashes" as US-backed forces make final push against IS . timesofisrael.com, February 10, 2019.
  35. ↑ Paul-Anton Krüger: Chance hit against terror. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , November 11, 2014.
  36. ↑ theguardian.com Isis leader incapacitated with suspected spinal injuries after air strike. (accessed December 22, 2015).
  37. ↑ Russia: IS leader al-Baghdadi possibly dead . In: Stern , June 16, 2017. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
  38. ↑ Russia is examining reports of alleged deaths of al-Baghdadi . In: Spiegel Online , June 16, 2017. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
  39. ↑ IS chief Al-Baghdadi is said to be "definitely dead". Retrieved June 30, 2017 .
  40. ↑ IS chief allegedly killed: Observatory reports the death of al-Baghdadi . In: Tagesschau.de , July 11, 2017. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  41. ↑ They thought he was dead - but IS chief Al-Baghdadi is still alive. In: Münchner Merkur . February 12, 2018, accessed April 30, 2019 .
  42. ↑ BBC , August 23, 2018
  43. ↑ IS chief Baghdadi reports back with video. In: Spiegel Online . April 29, 2019, accessed April 30, 2019 .
  44. ↑ Steffen Schwarzkopf : IS chief threatens the West with a "war of attrition". In: The world . April 30, 2019, accessed April 30, 2019 .
  45. ↑ Ryan Browne and Phil Mattingly CNN: ISIS leader al-Baghdadi believed to have been killed in a US military raid, sources say. Retrieved October 27, 2019 .
  46. ^ Marc Pitzke, New York: US action against IS leader Baghdadi: Triumph despite Trump . In: Spiegel Online . October 28, 2019 ( spiegel.de [accessed October 28, 2019]).
  47. ↑ reuters.com Lebanon detains wife of Islamic State leader. (accessed December 22, 2015).
  48. ↑ Ruth Sherlock: How a talented footballer became world's most wanted man, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. in: The Daily Telegraph , July 5, 2014.
  49. ↑ Martin Chulov: Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi emerges from shadows to rally Islamist followers. In: The Guardian , July 7, 2014.
  50. ↑ Aerial photos from Syria: USA publishes video of operation against IS leader Baghdadi . In: Spiegel Online . October 31, 2019 ( spiegel.de [accessed October 31, 2019]).
  51. ↑ Lebanon holding IS leader's daughter and ex-wife In: BBC News , December 4, 2014 (English).
  52. ↑ Terrorist militia: "IS" reports the death of Baghdadi's son. In: Spiegel Online . July 4, 2018, accessed October 7, 2018 .
  53. ↑ Open letter to Dr. Ibrāhīm ʿAwwād al-Badrī alias "Abū Bakr al-Baġdādī" and to the fighters and supporters of the self-proclaimed "Islamic State" . In: Madrasah , September 27, 2014. Retrieved June 4, 2017. (German translation from Arabic.)
  54. ^ Muslim Scholars Release Open Letter To Islamic State Meticulously Blasting Its Ideology . In: The Huffington Post , September 25, 2014. Retrieved June 4, 2017. (English)
  55. ↑ Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. In: Forbes , accessed November 8, 2015.
  56. ↑ Time Person of the Year 2015: Runner Up Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi. In: Time , accessed December 10, 2015.
  57. ↑ On the trail of the IS leader al-Baghdadi . In NDR , February 18, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
personal data
SURNAME Baghdadi, Abu Bakr al-
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Badri al-Samarrai, Ibrahim 'Awwad Ibrahim' Ali al-; Baghdadi al-Husseini al-Qurashi, Abu Bakr al-; Abu Du'a
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Iraqi terrorist
DATE OF BIRTH July 1, 1971
PLACE OF BIRTH Samarra , Iraq
DATE OF DEATH October 26, 2019 or October 27, 2019
Place of death Idlib Governorate , Syria