Alfred de Zayas

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Alfred de Zayas in Potsdam , 2005

Alfred-Maurice de Zayas (born May 31, 1947 in Havana ) is an American international lawyer , historian , non-fiction author and former UN official. From May 2012 to April 2018 he was an Independent Expert for the United Nations Human Rights Council on the promotion of a democratic and just international order .

Life

Alfred-Maurice de Zayas was born in Cuba and grew up in Chicago . His parents were José Maria Enrique Víctor Zayas y Portela, a lawyer from Cuba, and Agustina Rozos y Arnaldo from Asturias . He is a great-grandson of the fourth President of the Cuban Republic, Alfredo Zayas Alfonso . After studying philosophy and history at Fordham University in New York City , he completed in 1970 at the Faculty of Law of Harvard University , Harvard Law School, his law degree from. In 1971 he went to Tübingen as a Fulbright scholar . There he became a member of the Corps Rhenania . In 1974 he enrolled at the philosophical faculty of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen . He studied medieval and modern history there and was awarded a Dr. phil. PhD.

Professional career

He has been a member of the New York and Florida Bar Associations since 1970. 1970/71 and 1972–1974 he worked as a lawyer in the New York law firm of the later US Secretary of State Cyrus Vance (Simpson Thacher). Until 1979 he worked as a research assistant at the Institute for International Law and European Law (Göttingen) , where, among other things, he headed a working group for international law . From 1980 he was a research assistant at the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law in Heidelberg and on the staff of the Encyclopedia of Public International Law . In 1981 he worked at the United Nations Center for Human Rights in Geneva, and later until 2003 in the office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . I.a. as Secretary of the UN Human Rights Commission and Head of the Complaints Department in the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. He also worked on the UN Human Rights Council , the UN Committee against Torture and the UN Committee for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination .

In 2003, he took early retirement to return to universities. In 2003 Zayas was visiting professor for international law at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver , 2004 visiting professor at the Geneva University Institute for International Studies . Zayas has been Professor of International Law at the Geneva School of Diplomacy and International Relations since 2005 . Since 2003 he has held lectures and lectures as a lecturer. a. at DePaul University in Chicago, at Schiller International University in Leysin , at Universidad de Alcalá de Henares in Madrid, the Académie internationale de droit constitutionnel in Tunis , the National University of Ireland , at the Raoul Wallenberg Institute at Lund University and at the University of Trier . He worked as an expert and advisor on human rights issues at Santa Clara University and at the Institut des droits de l'homme in Strasbourg .

Volunteering

He has been a member of the PEN-Club International since 1989 and campaigns regularly for imprisoned writers. From 2006 to 2009 and again from 2013 to 2017 he was chairman of the PEN section for French-speaking Switzerland. De Zayas is also a founding member of the United Nations Society of Writers, a private association of UN staff in Geneva who work as writers and organize literary events at the UN. He has been the editor of the annual Ex Tempore magazine since 1990, which has been published more than 30 times. In addition to his own poems and short stories, de Zayas worked as a translator and published the first English translation by Rainer Maria Rilke's Larenopfer . 2nd edition 2008 with a foreword by Ralph Freedman, as well as translations of other poems by Rilke, Hermann Hesse and Joseph von Eichendorff into English, French and Spanish. He also wrote anti-war political poems.

Alfred de Zayas, April 2003

De Zayas is a member of Amnesty International , Points Coeur and Millennium Solidarity and sits on the board of trustees of the International Society for Human Rights and the International Human Rights Association of American Minorities. In 2005 he was one of the signatories of the Appel de Blois , which generally rejects any state intervention in historical research, but is particularly directed against the French Loi Gayssot , which makes denial of the Holocaust a criminal offense.

He is a member of the Spanish human rights organization Asociación Española para el Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos (AEDIDH) and a signatory of their declarations from Luarca of October 30, 2006 and Bilbao of February 24, 2010 on the human right to peace. He is also a member of the advisory board of the Center against Expulsions of the Association of Expellees (BdV) in Berlin. In 2009 he advocated that the expellees official and member of the Bundestag Erika Steinbach should get a seat on the foundation advisory board.

Alfred de Zayas is involved in the International Bill of Rights Association , an international initiative of international lawyers who collect signatures from around the world for an updated international human rights declaration, which in particular provides for the establishment of an international human court.

Even in retirement, de Zayas still speaks to UN bodies on human rights issues. In December 2009 de Zayas was appointed to a UN working group on the human right to peace. His remarks are contained in the report of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. The Human Rights Council of the United Nations appointed him in March 2012 on the recommendation of his President, Ambassador Laura Dupuy (Uruguay), in accordance with its resolution 18/6, for an initial period of three years from May 2012 as an independent expert on the promotion of a democratic and just world order. The mandate was extended for three more years in September 2014 and September 2017. In his last report on behalf of the Human Rights Council, he dealt with the situation in Venezuela and the neighboring country of Ecuador . In it he commented on the effect of the economic sanctions , which he described as economic war , compared with medieval sieges and made it responsible for massive deaths from malnutrition, a lack of medication and medical equipment. In early May 2018, de Zayas handed over the office to Livingstone Sewanyana. In March 2018, the AfD- affiliated Desiderius Erasmus Foundation announced that it had appointed Alfred de Zayas to the foundation's board of trustees.

Works

His main field of activity as a scientist is the expulsions in Europe from the beginning of the 20th century to the present, which affected the following population groups: Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Russians, Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Ukrainians, Jews, Roma, Armenians , Greeks, Cypriots, Germans and Austrians.

He published scientific studies on the ethnic cleansing in the former Yugoslavia , the US naval base at Guantánamo Bay , CIA prisons, the genocide of the Armenians and the Turkish invasion of Cyprus .

Flight and displacement

De Zayas began his academic career with a key article on International Law and Mass Population Transfers , which soon appeared in German translation in the 1975 AWR Festschrift. In the article de Zayas postulated a right to a home for all peoples.

1977 followed the publication of his doctoral thesis Nemesis at Potsdam , which appeared in the same year in an extended German version under the title The Anglo-Americans and the expulsion of the Germans . Despite numerous positive reviews, the book also met with criticism in the professional world. The historian Lothar Kettenacker (until 2004 Deputy Director of the German Historical Institute in London ) complained that de Zayas had adopted the arguments of the expellee officials too much and at the same time neglected the perspective of Eastern European scholars. In addition, de Zayas would have considered the Eastern Treaties in a purely legalistic manner . An expanded German version appeared in October 1977 under the title Die Anglo-Amerikaer und die Vertrieb der Deutschen (CH Beck, Munich), which u. a. by Andreas Hillgruber in the HZ 1978 and by the former US prosecutor Benjamin Ferencz (American Journal of International Law, 1978).

In 1981, de Zayas worked on the BR film "Escape and Expulsion" as a historical advisor to Chronos Film. From this, de Zayas developed his popular science book Notes on Expulsion . The then incumbent Federal Minister for Internal German Relations Heinrich Windelen wrote in the foreword:

“It is thanks to Mr de Zayas that we have reopened the debate on displacement, a topic that had largely been forgotten or was avoided because it was not considered socially acceptable or opportune. In the period that followed, a number of authors did indeed fall back on the work of de Zayas. In this way he made a significant contribution to the fact that the discussion of displacement is no longer regarded as a taboo today. "

In the appendix to his comments on evictions , de Zayas put together 23 key phrases that oppose evictions. He expanded this appendix and reissued it in 2008 in the form of a separate publication under the title 50 Theses on Expulsion . In 2019, the book 80 Theses on Expulsion was published together with Konrad Badenheuer .

In 1994 his book A Terrible Revenge - The Ethnic Cleansing of the East European Germans was published ("A terrible revenge - The ethnic cleansing of the East European Germans"). It received some positive reviews from journalists and others. a. in the Times (London), New York Review of Books, and Ottawa Citizen. The historian and migration researcher Rainer Ohliger criticized the book by saying that "the story of flight and expulsion is detached from its contemporary historical context, its prehistory and its causal network, with the focus on the victim's perspective" of the Germans. This can be allowed to legitimizing or apologetic extra-scientific historiography, but is not justifiable when measured against the “standard of the established profession”.

De Zayas is an expert on minorities and refugee law. He wrote 18 articles for the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law (1993-2003, including the articles "Civilian Population Protection", "Forced Resettlement", "Marshall Plan", "Population Expulsion"), four articles for the Macmillan Encyclopedia , published in 2005 of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity (Aggression, Ismael Enver, Nelson Mandela, Raoul Wallenberg) , the article "Displaced persons" in Werner Weidenfeld's Lexicon of German Unity ( Federal Agency for Political Education , Campus Verlag 1992, pp. 732-741) and the article "United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights" in Helmut Volger: Concise Encyclopedia of the United Nations (Kluwer, 2002). For the catalog of the federal exhibition “Flight, Expulsion, Integration” (2005–2006), de Zayas wrote the chapter “Expulsion and international law” (pp. 180–188). The new Encyclopedia of Public International Law (Oxford) published his contribution "Forced Population Transfer" (online since September 2008). In an article from 2010, Eva Hahn and Hans Henning Hahn de Zayas still accuse him of lacking historical knowledge: “Alfred de Zayas has not written an empirically researched book.” They put forward the thesis that in the Federal Republic “The myth of expulsion” emerged, which continues to enjoy popularity. De Zayas' success lies in the fact that he uses this myth. The nemesis of Potsdam contains a vision of the future of the author, "so that one should perhaps read his remarks only as a justification of his future-related wishes".

De Zayas postulates a right to a home for all peoples - in numerous articles and in his book Heimatrecht ist Menschenrecht. Together with Franz W. Seidler , he edited the anthology War Crimes in Europe and the Middle East in the 20th Century . The selection and weighting of the articles were criticized as "not balanced". Due to its thematic compilation and the elaboration of the content, the anthology is "not free from clear political tendencies". The book also received positive reviews and a. in the new magazine for military law.

The book about the Wehrmacht investigation center

In numerous publications, de Zayas criticized the actions of the Allies in World War II as contrary to international law. He accuses the Soviet side in particular (see: Crimes of the Red Army in World War II ), but also the US armed forces and those of the United Kingdom, war crimes . His book about the Wehrmacht investigation center is the first analysis of the 226 volumes of files of the Wehrmacht investigation center for violations of international law, an authority in the legal department of the Wehrmacht . The research project, funded by the German Research Foundation, deals with the investigations of alleged Allied violations of international law carried out during the time of National Socialism .

In 1979 the evaluation of the project was published as the book Die Wehrmachts -untersuchstelle - German investigations into allied violations of international law in the Second World War at Universitas . This investigation center of the Wehrmacht was supposed to investigate alleged crimes of the Allies and was an institution, the results of which were to be used for propaganda against the Allies.

Initially, the book received positive reviews. Was the verdict Harald Steffahn in the weekly newspaper The time that the book was carefully supported in the proof gear, it formulated and carefully values.

Later there was mostly criticism of this study. De Zayas was accused of relying uncritically on Nazi sources. De Zaya's claim that "the armed forces judges could uphold an independent and fair judiciary under the conditions of a total dictatorship" has been refuted by a number of historians.

According to an assessment by Andreas Toppe in 2008, de Zayas' remarks would be subject to a highly dubious methodology. De Zayas, according to Toppe, had created a set of instruments by means of which “he sought to put into perspective the knowledge about the Wehrmacht that was ultimately gained in the Nuremberg trials”.

In 1999 Bogdan Musial discovered during his investigation of the Wehrmacht exhibition in connection with the specific case of a massacre by the Soviet secret police NKVD of 700 Ukrainians, Poles and Jews in Zloczów in 1941 that Zayas' information on a photo about the uncovering of this massacre was also in his book are only partially correct. He mentioned the Ukrainian victims and “ ethnic Germans ” among the body finds . Volksdeutsche were not among the victims. The statements “Ukrainians and ethnic Germans” were statements from Nazi propaganda . In addition to the Ukrainians, it was actually the corpses of "Poles and Jews". It was part of Nazi propaganda not to portray Poles and especially Jews as victims. The latter were usually portrayed as chiefly responsible for the Stalinist crimes and the war between Germany and the Soviet Union.

The historian Daniel Marc Segesser judged in 2010 in the book version of his habilitation thesis from the year 2006 on the punishment of war crimes between 1872 and 1945 that Zayas also gave some references to crimes of the SS and the Wehrmacht, but also “tried to make the effort to put the Wehrmacht in a favorable light with regard to the prosecution of war crimes and to relativize the knowledge of the National Socialist crimes within the Wehrmacht justice system. "

Other publications

De Zayas wrote a review of Daniel Goldhagen's book Hitler's Willige Vollstrecker in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung in 1996 . In it he accused Goldhagen of "nonsense and ignorance" and thus intervened in the debate about Germany's responsibility for the Holocaust . De Zayas claims, among other things, that the Germans were not die - hard anti-Semites , because z. B. Bismarck had surrounded himself with many Jews and because numerous Jews served and died in the First World War. In 1998, the Berlin historian Wolfgang Wippermann described de Zayas' contribution in an anthology on the Goldhagen debate as "scandalous" because De Zayas himself had "understood nothing and hardly read anything". Wippermann also accused de Zayas of using revisionist arguments.

In 2011, Zayas published the book Genocide as a State Secret. In this book, contrary to the current state of research in academic history, Zayas argues that the extermination of the Jews was a more or less open secret, the view that little was known about the Holocaust in Nazi Germany because Hitler had already published all reports in 1940, before the genocide started banned about it. Zayas takes this intention of secrecy against the empirical findings of other historians to be achieved. This is why his book has been harshly criticized by some historians.

By the time he retired as a UN official in 2003, de Zayas had largely stayed out of political discussions about current international law disputes. It was only as a professor of international law that he made his opposition to the Iraq war public. As a guest at the university, he gave the Douglas McKay Brown lecture at the Law Faculty of the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada, on the Guantánamo dispute in 2003. In it he took the position that the Guantánamo Bay naval base must be returned to Cuba by the USA and that the prisoners detained there either released or at least treated according to the rule of law. The Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung published an article by him on the same topic in the same year. In 2005 he gave a further developed version of the lecture at the Institute for Legal Policy at the University of Trier .

Awards

Publications

  • with Konrad Badenheuer: 80 theses on expulsion. Verlag Inspiration, London / Munich 2019, ISBN 978-3-945127-292 .
  • The CRC in Litigation under the ICCPR and CEDAW. In: Ton Liefaart, Litigating the Rights of the Child. Springer-Verlag, Dordrecht / NL 2015, ISBN 978-94-017-9444-2 , pp. 177–191.
  • The Wehrmacht Investigation Center - German investigations into Allied violations of international law in the Second World War. With the collaboration of Walter Rabus, Universitas Langen-Müller, Munich 1979, ISBN 3-8004-0880-5 . Numerous other editions, most recently as: The Wehrmacht Investigation Center for Violations of International Law: Documentation of Allied War Crimes in the Second World War . With the collaboration of Walter Rabus, Lindenbaum Verlag, Beltheim-Schnellbach 2012, ISBN 978-3-938176-39-9 .
  • Genocide as a State Secret: Knowledge of the “Final Solution to the Jewish Question” in the Third Reich. Olzog Verlag , Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-95768-083-9 .
  • United Nations Human Rights Committee Case Law 1977–2008. NPEngel Publishers, Kehl / Strasbourg 2009, ISBN 978-3-88357-144-7 , together with the Icelandic judge Jakob Th. Möller.
  • 50 theses on displacement. Verlag Inspiration, London / Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-9812110-0-9 .
  • Normes morales et normes juridiques. concurrence or conciliation. In: Religions et Droit International Humanitaire. Editions A. Penode, Paris 2008, ISBN 978-2-233-00535-9 , pp. 81-87.
  • Lara sacrifice. Bilingual annotated edition, first world translation of Rainer Maria Rilke's cycle of poems “Larenopfer”, 2nd extended edition with a foreword by Ralph Freedman. Red Hen Press, Los Angeles 2008, ISBN 978-1-59709-080-3 .
  • The Illegal Implantation of Turkish Settlers in Occupied Northern Cyprus. In: Gilbert Gornig et al. (Ed.): Iustitia et Pax. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-428-12745-0 .
  • Prohibition of violence, human right to peace and the Luarca Declaration of October 30, 2006. In: Humanitarian International Law. Vol. 21 (2008), ISSN  0937-5414 , pp. 214-220.
  • The Istanbul Pogrom of 6-7 September 1955 in the Light of International Law. In: Genocide Studies and Prevention. (Vol. 2, No. 2, 2007), ISSN  1911-9933 . University of Toronto, September 2007.
  • The Germans displaced. Not perpetrators, but victims. Background, facts, consequences. Leopold Stocker Verlag (Ares), Graz 2006, ISBN 3-902475-15-3 . - English: A Terrible Revenge: The Ethnic Cleansing of the East European Germans, 1944–1950 . St. Martin's Press, 1994, ISBN 0-312-12159-8 . New amended, revised edition, Palgrave / Macmillan, New York, April 2006.
  • Human Rights and Indefinite Detention. In: International Review of the Red Cross. Volume 87, 2005, ISSN  1560-7755 , pp. 15-39.
  • The American occupation of Guantánamo . Institute for Legal Policy at the University of Trier, Legal Policy Forum No. 28, 2005, ISSN  1616-8828
  • Separate opinions in decisions of the Human Rights Committee under the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. In: Renato Ribeiro Leão (ed.), Liber amicorum for Antonio Cançado Trindade, Brasilia 2003.
  • Human Rights and Refugees. In: UN Treaty Based Mechanisms and Refugee Issues. UNHCR Seminar Series, 3rd Volume, Chisinau 2002, pp. 106-124.
  • War Crimes in Europe and the Middle East in the 20th Century. As a co-author and co-editor. Mittler & Sohn, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-8132-0702-1 .
  • Home law is human right. Universitas, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-8004-1416-3 .
  • International human rights monitoring mechanisms. As co-author and co-editor with Bertrand Ramcharan and Gudmundur Alfredsson. Nijhoff, The Hague 2001, ISBN 90-411-1445-9 .
  • The United Nations Center for Human Rights / Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. In: Helmut Volger (Ed.): Lexicon of the United Nations . Oldenbourg, Munich 2000, ISBN 3-486-24795-6 , pp. 337-343.
  • The international legal foundations of the Second World War and the partisan war. In: Stefan Karner (ed.): The war against the Soviet Union 1941–1945. Leykam, Graz 1998, ISBN 3-7011-7387-7 , pp. 147-160.
  • The right to the homeland, ethnic cleansing and the international war crimes tribunal for the former Yugoslavia . In: Archives of International Law. Vol. 35/1, 1997, pp. 29-72.
  • Collective Expulsions: Norms, Jurisprudence, Remedies. In: Refugee Survey Quarterly, Volume 16, Number 3, 1997, ISSN  0253-1445 .
  • The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. In: The European Convention on Human Rights…. UNHCR Liaison Office, Prague 1997, pp. 48-54.
  • Eva Krutein, preface by Adela Amador, introduction by Alfred-Maurice de Zayas: Eva's War: A True Story of Survival . Amador Publishers, Albuquerque / NM 1990, ISBN 0-938513-08-7 . (Story of a German refugee from Danzig at the end of World War II.)
  • The Nuremberg Trial. In: Alexander Demandt (Ed.): Power and Law. Beck'sche Reihe, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-406-39282-2 , pp. 311-341.
  • Nobody appointed Bush as a world policeman, University of Kassel, AG Friedensforschung,
  • The Wehrmacht and the Nuremberg Trials. In: Hans Poeppel , Wilhelm-Karl Prince of Prussia , Karl-Günther von Hase : The soldiers of the Wehrmacht. 6th edition. Herbig, Munich 2000, ISBN 3-7766-2057-9 .
  • The Anglo-Americans and the expulsion of the Germans. Translation from English Ulla Leippe, Beck, Munich 1977, ISBN 978-3-406-06994-9 . Many more issues. From 2005 with the upper title Die Nemesis von Potsdam . In English Nemesis at Potsdam. Routledge & Paul Kegan, London 1977.
  • International Law and Mass Population Transfers. In: Harvard International Law Journal. vol. 16, 1975, ISSN  0017-8063 , pp. 207-258.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Independent Expert on the promotion of a democratic and equitable international order , UNHCHR
  2. ^ Pen Center Swiss Romand [1]
  3. ↑ Rafael Nieto y Cortadellas, Genealogías Habaneras, Vol. 2, p. 254.
  4. ↑ Los Expertos Internacionales en la Jurisprudencia de los Derechos Humanos. In: SIGLO XXI magazine from the Cuban Committee for Human Rights (CCPDH), March 30, 2000 ( available online )
  5. ^ "A Fulbrighter joins a German fencing fraternity", Chapter 5, in: Arthur Dudden (ed.), The Fulbright Experience 1946–1986 , Transaction Books, Oxford, 1987, pp. 69–75.
  6. ↑ Kösener Corpslisten 1996, 133 , 1350.
  7. ^ Lecture by Alfred de Zayas: The American occupation of Guantánamo
  8. ↑ s. UNSW website under Weblinks
  9. ^ Reference to the staff organization UN Society of Writers, in the UN staff newspaper Unspecial from 2008 ( Memento from February 20, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  10. ↑ Red Hen Press, Los Angeles 2005, 90 poems about Rilke's homeland Bohemia and Prague with historical commentary
  11. ↑ “Beatitudes” in Sam Hamill (ed.) Poets Against the War, Nation Books, New York, 2003, pp. 57–58.
  12. ↑ Poets Against The War: BEATITUDES ( Memento June 6, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  13. ↑ LewRockwell.com: BEATITUDES
  14. ↑ Millennium Solidarity: Committee - Comité ( Memento of April 1, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  15. ^ "Liberté pour l'histoire" ( Memento from March 1, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  16. ↑ Other signatories are Elie Barnavi (Tel-Aviv), Etienne François (Berlin), Timothy Garton Ash (Oxford), Carlo Ginzburg (Bologna), José Gotovitch (Brussels), Eric Hobsbawm (London), Jacques Le Goff (Paris), Karol Modzelewski (Warsaw), Sergio Romano (Milan), Henri Wesseling (The Hague), Heinrich August Winkler (Berlin), Guy Zelis (Leuven); HSOZKULT: Appeal de Blois , October 15, 2008.
  17. ↑ Erika Steinbach left the CDU at the beginning of 2017.
  18. ^ Center against displacement: people by our side
  19. ↑ Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , February 28, 2009, p. 10 "Anything else would be pointless"
  20. ↑ Sign the International Bill of Rights (PDF; 784 kB), brochure on the homepage of Alfred de Zayas, accessed on July 20, 2012 (English)
  21. ↑ International Bill of Rights Association , homepage, accessed on July 20, 2012 (English)
  22. ↑ Report of the Office of the High Commissioner on the outcome of the expert workshop on the right of peoples to peace (PDF; 102 kB)
  23. ↑ HRC Resolution 18/6
  24. ^ UN Human Rights Council: Report of the Independent Expert on the promotion of a democratic and equitable international order on his mission to the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and Ecuador , August 2018
  25. ↑ Independent Expert on the promotion of a democratic and equitable international order on the website of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, accessed on August 15, 2018.
  26. ↑ Desiderius Erasmus Foundation names first members of the Board of Trustees - Erasmus Foundation. Retrieved on March 21, 2018 (German).
  27. ^ Alfred de Zayas: 50 theses on expulsion, Verlag Inspiration Un Limited, Munich and London 2008, ISBN 978-3-9812110-0-9 , p. 7.
  28. ^ A b Alfredo de Zayas: The American occupation of Guantánamo (PDF; 384 kB), lecture from January 27, 2005, published as volume 28 of the legal policy forum series of the Institute for Legal Policy at the University of Trier.
  29. ↑ Ultimate Crime, Ultimate Challenge ( Memento from February 5, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), April 2005.
  30. ^ A Constitutional Convention for Cyprus: Alfred de Zayas ( Memento of October 20, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  31. ↑ Harvard International Law Journal 1975.
  32. ^ Mass resettlements and international law. In: Treatises on refugee issues. Volume X, Wilhelm Braumüller, Vienna, pp. 55-96.
  33. ↑ Manfred Kittel : Expulsion of the Expellees? Oldenbourg, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-486-58087-7 , p. 164.
  34. ↑ Historical Journal (1978), 222-4.
  35. ^ Alfred de Zayas: 50 theses on expulsion. Verlag Inspiration Un Limited, Munich / London 2008, ISBN 978-3-9812110-0-9 .
  36. ^ Alfred de Zayas and Konrad Badenheuer: 80 theses on expulsion. Verlag Inspiration Un Limited, Munich / London 2019, ISBN 978-3-945127-292 .
  37. ↑ See Rainer Ohliger's review of A Terrible Revenge: The Ethnic Cleansing of the East European Germans Von Vpfern und Other Germans? in the historical specialist forum H-Soz-u-Kult
  38. ^ Eva Hahn, Hans Henning Hahn: The expulsion in German memory. Legends, myths, history. Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn / Munich / Vienna / Zurich 2010, ISBN 978-3-506-77044-8 , pp. 610–620.
  39. ↑ z. B. The right to a homeland, ethnic cleansing and the International War Crimes Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia , Archiv des Völkerrechts 1997, pp. 29–72; The war in the former Yugoslavia from an international law perspective. In: Luchterhand Flugschrift 5, 1993; Ethnic cleansing - genocide. P. 27ff .; The Kalshoven Commission. In: Leiden Journal of International Law. Vol. 6, 1993, pp. 131ff.
  40. ^ Christian Hartmann : Trampled underfoot. Poorly balanced collection of articles on war crimes. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, February 25, 2003, p. 7.
  41. ↑ Andreas Toppe: Military and international law. Legal norms, specialist discourse and war practice in Germany 1899–1940 . Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-486-58206-2 , p. 23.
  42. ↑ Der Spiegel No. 4/1980, pp. 77–81.
  43. ↑ Christopher Greenwood, Cambridge Law Journal 1990, pp. 148-150; LFE Goldie, American Journal of International Law, vol. 85, p. 748 f.
  44. ↑ Harald Steffahn: The crimes of others. No redistribution of the burden of the German genocide. In: The time. No. 5, 1980, pp. 13-14.
  45. ↑ Manfred Messerschmidt, Fritz Wüllner : The Wehrmacht Justice in the Service of National Socialism. Destroying a legend. Nomos, Baden-Baden 1987, ISBN 3-7890-1466-4 . Fritz Wüllner: The Nazi military justice and the misery of historiography. A basic research report. Nomos, Baden-Baden 1991; Eduard Rabofsky , Gerhard Oberkofler : Hidden Roots of the Nazi Justice. Criminal armaments for two world wars. Europaverlag, Vienna 1985, ISBN 3-203-50906-7 . Quoted from Günther Wieland : Judicial punishment of occupation crimes. In: Bundesarchiv (Hrsg.): Europe under the swastika. The occupation policy of German fascism (1938–1945). Eight-volume document edition. Vol. 8, Analyzes, Sources, Register, Heidelberg 1996, ISBN 3-7785-2338-4 , p. 349.
  46. ^ A b Andreas Toppe: Military and international law of war. Legal norms, specialist discourse and war practice in Germany 1899–1940 . Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-486-58206-2 , p. 20.
  47. ^ Bogdan Musial: Pictures at an Exhibition. Critical comments on the traveling exhibition “War of Extermination. Crimes of the Wehrmacht 1941 to 1944 ”. Quarterly issues for contemporary history, issue 4 1999, p. 572.
  48. ↑ Daniel-Marc Segesser: Law or Vengeance through Law? The Punishment of War Crimes in the International Scientific Debate 1872-1945 . Schöningh Verlag, Paderborn 2010, ISBN 978-3-506-76399-0 , p. 312
  49. ↑ “No material for arguments. Goldhagen's nonsense, Goldhagen's ignorance. ”In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. dated June 12, 1996.
  50. ↑ The good man has really understood nothing and hardly read anything, and that alone makes it a scandal for him to accuse Goldhagen of "ignorance." Wolfgang Wippermann: The Jewish Hanging Judge? Goldhagen and the "Self-Confident Nation", in: Robert R. Shandley (Ed.): Unwilling Germans ?: the Goldhagen debate. University of Minnesota Press, 1998, ISBN 0-8166-3101-8 , pp. 229-254 (239).
  51. ^ Wolfgang Wippermann: The Jewish Hanging Judge? Goldhagen and the "Self-Confident Nation". In: Robert R. Shandley (Ed.): Unwilling Germans ?: The Goldhagen Debate. University of Minnesota Press, 1998, ISBN 0-8166-3101-8 , pp. 229-254 (239).
  52. ↑ z. B. Peter Longerich : “We didn't know anything about it!” The Germans and the persecution of the Jews 1933–1945. Siedler, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-88680-843-2 .
  53. ↑ or Frank Bajohr , Dieter Pohl: The Holocaust as an open secret: the Germans, the Nazi leadership and the Allies. Beck, Munich 2006, ISBN
  54. ↑ So z. B. Martin Moll in the journal of the Savigny Foundation for Legal History , German Department, 2012: Review of Alfred de Zayas: Genocide as a state secret. From the knowledge of the final solution to the Jewish question in the Third Reich. Olzog, Munich 2011.
  55. ↑ or Bernward Dörner in the FAZ of November 14, 2011: Announced extermination. The perception of the Holocaust in World War II .
  56. ^ Alfred de Zayas: This war is contrary to international law , in: Die Welt from March 19, 2003, accessed on July 20, 2012.
  57. ^ Alfredo de Zayas: The Status of Guantánamo Bay and the Status of the Detainees ( Memento of October 23, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 529 kB), lecture at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, on November 19, 2003, accessed on July 4, 2012
  58. ↑ Alfredo de Zayas: Who Owns Guantánamo? in: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung of December 29, 2003, accessed on the author's website on July 4, 2012.
  59. ↑ Lorenz Jäger in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , December 4, 2001.
  60. ↑ Stuttgarter Zeitung, December 11, 2007. Laudation by Professor Dr. Thomas Oppermann (Tübingen)
  61. ↑ South Moravian Culture Prize goes to former UN employees in: Geislinger Zeitung from July 28, 2008, accessed on July 4, 2012.
  62. ↑ Genocide Memorial Week Commemorations - Award to Prof. Dr. Dr. Alfred de Zaya's website of the free press distribution service PRLog., Accessed on July 27, 2011.
personal data
SURNAME De Zayas, Alfred
ALTERNATIVE NAMES De Zayas, Alfred-Maurice (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION American international lawyer and historian
DATE OF BIRTH May 31, 1947
PLACE OF BIRTH Havana