Alpine healing bells

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Alpine healing bells
Alpine healing bell (Primula matthioli), illustration

Alpine healing bell ( Primula matthioli ), illustration

Systematics
Order : Heather-like (Ericales)
Family : Primrose Family (Primulaceae)
Subfamily : Primuloideae
Genre : Primroses ( primula )
Subgenus : Auganthus
Type : Alpine healing bells
Scientific name
Primula matthioli
( L. ) VARicht.

The alpine healing bell ( Primula matthioli ), also known as Matthioli primrose or healing bell , is a species of plant in the genus Primula within the primrose family (Primulaceae). The generic name Primula corresponds to the diminutive of the Latin prima , which means the first and refers to the early flowering of many species. The specific epithet honors the Italian doctor and botanist Pietro Andrea Mattioli (1501–1577). The common name "Heilglöckel" refers to the leaves smelling of honey, which were previously thought to have a healing effect on wounds and nervousness. The alpine healing bell is widespread in the mountains of Eurasia . It inhabits the upper montane to subalpine altitude range .

description

Illustration from Atlas of Alpine Flora
Habit, leaves and inflorescences
Inflorescence with long-stalked flowers in detail

Appearance

The alpine healing bell grows as a deciduous , perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 20 to 50 centimeters. The renewal buds are in the immediate vicinity of the earth's surface, so the alpine healing bell is counted among the hemicryptophytes in terms of its life form . A rhizome serves as a storage organ , from which numerous fiber roots extend. The multicellular, shaggy and glandular hair on the stems and leaves ( indument ) is typical of the alpine healing bell .

leaves

The three to four long-stalked leaves are arranged in a basal rosette and divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The length of the rust-colored and finely hairy, relatively long petiole is roughly two to three times the length of the leaf blade. The leaf blade becomes about 3.5 to 8 centimeters long, the width varies between 4 and 8 centimeters. In outline it shows an almost round shape, the base is heart-shaped. The leaf blade is radially divided into 7 to 13 irregular, pointedly serrated lobes that are not very deep. There is shaggy and glandular hair on the leaf margin and on the lower veins . Stem leaves are not developed.

Inflorescence and flower

At the tip of the approximately 35 centimeters long, finely hairy inflorescence stem, a multi-flowered, umbellate inflorescence develops . In the inflorescence there are 5 to 12 (20) nodding flowers of unequal length. The glandular hairy, lanceolate bracts are usually toothed at the tip and shorter than the umbel. The flower stalks are hairy glandular.

The radial symmetry flower is five-fold and has a double flower envelope . The length ratio of the calyx to the crown is roughly 1: 1.5 to 1: 2. The green, often purple-tinted, permanent calyx is about 4.5 to 5 millimeters long. He has a glandular hair. The five sepals are fused bell-shaped a little less than half their length. The five calyx teeth are lanceolate and pointed. The five light to carmine red petals are 8 to 12 millimeters long and about half of their length fused bell-shaped to funnel-shaped. Their short, spread-out corolla tube goes over the open throat into five whole-edged corolla lobes. The oval to elongated corolla lobes are rounded to blunt and slightly bent back at their tip. The inside of the corolla tube is greenish-yellow in color. The hem, too, has a greenish-yellow tint on its inside almost to the crown tips. Five stamens are inserted at the end of the short corolla tube in opposite positions to the corolla lobes. The very short, green stamens are thickened at the base and fused together in a ring through a membrane. They carry elongated, pointed, pale yellow, up to 3.5 millimeters long anthers, these are colored purple on the back and at the tip. The spherical, upper ovary has a central placenta. The up to 1 centimeter long, filamentous, purple-red stylus towers above the corolla. The heady scar is green. The flowering period extends from May to August.

Fruit and seeds

The egg-shaped capsule fruit is longer than the calyx. It opens up to the middle with five flaps and releases numerous seeds.

Chromosome number

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 24.

ecology

Life form

Since the renewal buds are in the immediate vicinity of the earth's surface and there are no other stem leaves besides the base rosette, the alpine healing bell is counted among the rosette hemicryptophytes in terms of its life form .

Flower ecology

Inflorescence with pendulous, bell-shaped flowers

In the hermaphroditic bloom of the alpine healing bell, the female sexual organs - stylus and stigma - mature before the male reproductive organs, the anthers. This mechanism, called proterogyny , promotes cross- pollination compared to self-pollination. A possible temporal overlap between the female and male flower stages is under discussion and has not yet been clarified.

The flowers of the alpine healing bell are bluebells with sticky pollen . The pollination is done by insects . Bees and hover flies act as typical pollinators . As a reward, nectar is offered partially hidden.

The alpine healing bell is considered self-incompatible. The syngamy is prevented by the pollen germination is blocked on the upper side of scars when an allele of the pollen grain coincides with one of the pollinated plant.

Propagation ecology

The diaspores of the alpine healing bell, the seeds, are scattered from the capsule fruit, which is opened when ripe, by animals passing by or gusts of wind; this strategy is called shock propagation or semachory . Via its rhizome, the alpine healing bell is also able to reproduce vegetatively , a form of autochory in the broader sense.

Distribution and location

Fockenstein, Neuhüttenalm, seen from the Hirschberg

The alpine healing bell is widespread in Eurasia . It populates the Alps , the Carpathians , the Urals and the Asian mountains to East Asia.

The alpine healing bell is native to Central Europe in Austria , the Czech Republic , Germany , Poland and Switzerland . In Eastern Europe, stocks from Belarus , the European part of the Russian Federation and the Ukraine are documented. In Southeastern Europe, it is native to Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Croatia , Italy , Romania , Serbia, and Slovenia . In south-western Europe it is represented in France . In Germany the alpine healing bell occurs only with rare stocks in southern Bavaria, namely in the Allgäu and on the Fockenstein . In Austria the alpine healing bell is represented in all federal states except for Burgenland and Vienna . In Switzerland it only grows in the Lower Engadine near Scuol.

It inhabits the upper montane to subalpine altitude range . The alpine healing bell prefers moist green alder bushes , nutrient-rich, subalpine tall herbaceous meadows , shady gorges and spring meadows on soils that are rather chalky as locations . It is a character species of the association of subalpine green alder bushes and tall herbaceous vegetation ( adenostylion ) and occurs in this association in particular in the associations green alder bush ( Alnetum viridis ) and alpine milk lettuce-tall herbaceous ( Cicerbitetum alpinae ). In the Allgäu Alps it rises in Bavaria on narrow transhipment sites when Rappenköpfle up to an altitude of 2100 meters.

Systematics

According to Yan 2010, molecular phylogenetic studies showed that the genus Cortusa does not form an independent unit, but must be placed in the subgenus Auganthus of the genus Primula . The alpine healing bell then bears the scientific name Primula matthioli (L.) VARicht. The Basionym Cortusa matthioli was first published by Carl von Linné in 1753 . The new combination Primula matthioli (L.) VARicht. was set up in 1894 by Vincenz Aladár Richter . The generic name Primula corresponds to the diminutive of the Latin prima , which means the first and refers to the early flowering of many species. The specific epithet matthioli honors the Italian doctor and botanist Pietro Andrea Mattioli (1501–1577).

The cortusa matthioli divided into its wide, on the high mountains limited area in many subspecies. In 2013, Kovtonyuk lists the following subspecies:

Primula matthioli subsp. pekinensis
  • Primula matthioli subsp. altaica (Losinsk.) Kovt. (Syn .: Cortusa matthioli subsp. Altaica (Losinsk.) Korobkov )
  • Primula matthioli subsp. brotheri (Pax ex R.Knuth) Kovt.
  • Primula matthioli subsp. discolor (Vorosch. & Gorovoj) Kovt.
  • Primula matthioli subsp. himalaica (Losinsk.) Kovt.
  • Primula matthioli (L.) VARicht. subsp. matthioli (Syn .: Cortusa matthioli L. subsp. matthioli )
  • Primula matthioli subsp. Mongolica (Losinsk.) Kovt.
  • Primula matthioli subsp. pekinensis (VARicht.) Kovt. (Syn .: Cortusa matthioli subsp. Pekinensis (VARicht.) Kitag. )
  • Primula matthioli subsp. pubens (Schott, Nyman & Kotschy) Kovt.
  • Primula matthioli subsp. sachalinensis (Losinsk.) Kovt.
  • Primula matthioli subsp. sibirica (Andrz. ex Besser) Kovt. (Syn .: Cortusa matthioli subsp. Sibirica (Andrz. Ex Besser) Nyár. )
  • Primula matthioli subsp. turkestanica (Losinsk.) Kovt. (Syn .: Cortusa matthioli subsp. Turkestanica (Losinsk.) Iranshahr & Wendelbo )

Furthermore, the following additional subspecies are listed under Cortusa in Tropicos :

  • Cortusa matthioli subsp. hazarica Y.J.Nasir
  • Cortusa matthioli subsp. iranica Iranshahr & Wendelbo

use

The alpine healing bell is often used as an ornamental plant in the shady rock garden or as an underplanting of trees.

Common names

The other German-language trivial names Alpsanikel, Bergsanikel, Dreifaltigkeitsglöcklein (in the Vehschen Mountains ) and Wundglöcklein also exist or existed for the alpine healing bell.

swell

  • Stefan Eggenberg, Adrian Möhl: Flora Vegetativa: An identification book for plants in Switzerland in the flowerless state. Haupt, Bern / Stuttgart / Vienna 2007, ISBN 978-3-258-07472-6 .
  • Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald, Raimund Fischer: Excursion flora of Austria . Ed .: Manfred A. Fischer. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart / Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3461-6 .
  • Xaver Finkenzeller, Jürke Grau: Alpine flowers (=  Steinbach's natural guide . Volume 16 ). Mosaik, Munich 1985, ISBN 3-570-01349-9 .

Single references

  1. ↑ a b c d e Primula matthioli (L.) VA Richt., Matthioli-Primel. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ↑ Manuel Werner: Which alpine flower is that? Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-440-12576-2 , pp. 14, 21.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald, Raimund Fischer: Exkursionsflora von Österreich . Ed .: Manfred A. Fischer. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart / Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3461-6 , p. 256-257 .
  4. ↑ http://www.ufz.de/biolflor/taxonomie/taxonomie.jsp?ID_Taxonomie=857 (link not available)
  5. ^ A b Stefan Eggenberg, Adrian Moehl: Flora Vegetativa. P. 394.
  6. ^ A b c d e f g Johann Christoph Röhling, Franz Carl Mertens, Wilhelm Daniel Joseph Koch: Germany's flora. Second volume. Wilmans, Frankfurt am Main 1826, pp. 119-121 (online) .
  7. ↑ a b c d Hippolyte Coste: Flore descriptive et illustrée de la France, de la Corse et des Contrées limitrophes. Vol. 2, Librairie des Sciences et des Arts, Paris 1903 (reprinted 1937), p. 531 Primula matthioli (L.) JARicht. ( Memento from April 23, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  8. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  740 .
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g Alpine healing bell . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
  10. ↑ Eckehart J. Jäger (Ed.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Vascular plants: baseline . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 20th, revised and expanded edition. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2011, ISBN 978-3-8274-1606-3 , p. 27, 617 .
  11. ↑ Eckehart J. Jäger, Klaus Werner (Ed.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 18th, edited edition. Volume 2. Vascular plants: Grundband, Spektrum, Heidelberg et al. 2002, ISBN 3-8274-1359-1 , p. 36.
  12. ↑ Xaver Finkenzeller, Jürke Grau: Alpenblumen (=  Steinbach's natural guide . Volume 16 ). Mosaik, Munich 1985, ISBN 3-570-01349-9 , p. 184 .
  13. ↑ a b Qiming Hu, Sylvia Kelso: Cortusa. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 15: Myrsinaceae through Loganiaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1996, ISBN 0-915279-37-1 , pp. 79-80 (English, online ).
  14. ↑ Eckehart J. Jäger, Klaus Werner (Ed.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 18th, edited edition. Volume 2. Vascular plants: Grundband, Spektrum, Heidelberg et al. 2002, ISBN 3-8274-1359-1 , p. 258.
  15. ↑ Flora Helvetica, Konrad Lauber / Gerhart Wagner / Andreas Gygax, 2012 Haupt Bern.
  16. ↑ a b Entry Betulo-Adenostyletea in Lexikon der Biologie, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg.
  17. ↑ entry Mulgedio-Aconitetea , Gastein in the image.
  18. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 320.
  19. ↑ Hai-Fei Yan, Chong-Hua He, Ching-I Peng, Chi-Ming Hu & Gang Hao: Circumscription of Primula subgenus Auganthus (Primulaceae) based on chloroplast DNA sequences. In: Journal of Systematics and Evolution. Volume 48, No. 2, 2010, pp. 123-132, DOI: 10.1111 / j.1759-6831.2010.00068.x .
  20. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 144 (online).
  21. ↑ a b (Vincenz) Aladár Richter: A Párisi És Kew-i Herbarium Cortusáiról, Valamint A Cortusa Pékinensis. A. Dir. pro var. In: Természetrajzi Füzetek kiadja a Magyar nemzeti Muzeum Volume 17, 1894, pp. 130-136, (recombination on p. 134).
  22. ↑ a b Cortusa matthioli at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 19, 2016.
  23. ↑ Nataliya Karimullovna Kovtonyuk: Заметки о подсекции Cortusa (L.) Kovt. секции Cortusoides Balf. f. рода Primula L. (Primulaceae). Notes on the Genus Primula L. Section Cortusoides Balf.f. Subsection Cortusa (L.) Kovt. (Primulaceae). In: Новости систематики высших растений. Novitates systematicae plantarum vascularium. Volume 44, 2013, pp. 152–166, (DJVU file; 3.9 MB) , [1] .
  24. ↑ The alpine healing bell in the garden ( Memento from June 1, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  25. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, p. 114. ( online ).

Web links

Commons : Alpine Healing Bell ( Primula matthioli )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files