Anti-ship missile

Anti-ship missile Exocet

An anti-ship missiles is a guided missile (English: Anti Ship Missile ; ASM / ASHM ) for controlling ships , or other marine locations. The term anti- ship missile or anti-ship missile refers to a missile- propelled missile that is used on most models.

Types

Anti-ship missiles can be distinguished on the basis of various characteristics. On the one hand, they are classified based on their flight profiles. There a distinction between Sea-skimmers , which serve the goal just above the water surface and can thus pinpointed late, and Divers , which fly to the attacked ship from a great height and then the final approach to the target plunge (Engl. Dive = diving, dive). There are also anti-ship ballistic missiles . These are ballistic missiles that have an end-phase guidance system. This steers the rocket independently on the final approach to the ship target.

Furthermore, a distinction is made between short-range, medium-range and long-range anti-ship missiles, although there are no precise range limits for these categories. The drive of the coming reaction engine ( rocket engine ) or jet engines ( Turbojet or ramjet ) are used.

Another classification is based on the launch platform. Anti-ship missiles can be deployed from airplanes, ships, submarines and from land. Land-based missiles as coastal missile or coastal missile called, English coastal missiles .

construction

Active radar seeker head of a Russian SS-N-25 Switchblade

An anti-ship missile essentially consists of the following components:

• Aerodynamically designed shell with control and stabilization surfaces , with some types also wings
• drive
• Seeker head and control
• Warhead in different versions
• Electronic jamming devices

Most anti-ship missiles have a rocket engine with solid fuel , sometimes a jet engine is also used, as a turbojet or ramjet engine , which enables higher fuel efficiency and thus greater range. Missiles that are not deployed from aircraft then usually have rocket boosters as a starting aid. Non-propelled anti-ship missiles are no longer common today.

Anti-ship missiles can be remotely guided by radio , wire or fiber optic cable. Usually, however, they have a seeker head that can steer the weapon independently into the target. Seeker heads of modern anti-ship missiles usually have active or passive radar or passive infrared sensors .

With active radar, the complete radar device (transmitter / receiver) is located in the missile. With passive radar devices , the missile has only one radar receiver , so the target must be illuminated or “illuminated” by a separate radar device during the approach. The advantages are the lower costs, the simplicity and the small size of the seeker head. In addition, the missile itself does not emit any radar beams, making it more difficult to locate the target. Purely passive radar-based search heads are rarely used against ships.

Infrared sensors detect the heat radiation emanating from a ship through exhaust gases , decks heated by the sun or hot weapon systems. More modern search heads capture the contours of the target, which they partially compare with a database. The electromagnetic radiation emitted by the ship itself can also be targeted. In the case of very interference-resistant seekers, this is used to locate the source of the interference by means of electronic countermeasures when the radar seeker head is actively disrupted. The use of image processing systems is also possible.

Long-range missiles like the US-American BGM-109 Tomahawk also have navigation systems such as inertial navigation or GPS , with the help of which the missile can navigate to the target area before the seeker detects the actual target.

The warheads are predominantly equipped with conventional explosives , but, as with the Russian SS-N-19 system, can also be equipped with nuclear warheads.

Electronic jamming devices of the missile may serve to interfere with the fire control systems of the attacked ship and thus make the missile's defense more difficult.

history

As early as 1918, attempts were made with the Zeppelin LZ 80 / L35 to steer torpedoes equipped with wings via cable control in the direction of ships and then steer them into the water in front of the ship (Siemens torpedo gliders or torpedo bombers ).

Ships are particularly difficult to hit as moving targets. Grenades fired from a great distance or bombs dropped from great heights give the ship time to evasive maneuvers. In the Second World War, anti-ship combat from the air was therefore mainly based on torpedo and dive-bomber aircraft . However, since the anti-aircraft defense on the ships was increasingly strengthened and also more effective, ways were sought to direct the weapons to the target, but to keep the vehicles and soldiers deploying them out of the range of the enemy flak .

One of the first successful anti-ship missiles was the German Fritz X . It was essentially a heavy, non- propelled explosive bomb equipped with short stub wings, a tail unit and a remote control . It was thus also one of the first forerunners of today's smart bombs . With this weapon, the Italian battleship RN Roma was sunk on September 9, 1943 and at least six other ships were sunk or damaged.

The German Henschel Hs 293 was also a remote-controlled bomb. In contrast to the X-1, however, it had full wings , which made it practically a glider . The Hs 293 also had a small rocket motor , which, however, only served to bring the bomb in front of the carrier aircraft and thus into the field of vision of the bombardier after it was dropped. A version with a television camera in the tip was in the works, but was no longer used due to technical problems. They were responsible for at least 31 sunk or damaged ships.

Also noteworthy is the use of the US BAT glider bomb (ASM-N2, SWOD Mk.9) in the spring of 1945, which, guided by radar, hit a Japanese destroyer at a distance of 32 kilometers.

Launch of an SS-N-2 “Styx” from a Polish Komar class speedboat

After the Second World War, the priority in the development of sea-based missiles was initially attacks on land targets. An example of this is the American SSM-N-8A Regulus . With increasing accuracy, these could then also be used against ships. For example, there was initially a version of the Soviet P-5 Pitjorka for attacking land targets and later as a variant for use against sea targets. Typically, most of these early anti-ship missiles were designed as cruise missiles and thus more similar to aircraft than missiles in construction. An extreme case here was the Soviet KS-1 , which was derived from the MiG-15 fighter aircraft .

From the 1960s onwards, the Soviet Union was a leader in the development of anti-ship missiles, which also went hand in hand with the doctrine of the Red Fleet based on the Jeune École . The development of reliable models such as the P-15 Termit made it possible to build a large fleet of small missile speedboats and tactically deployable missile submarines ( SSG or SSGN ), which the Soviet naval leadership regarded as a tried and tested antidote to what was then considered "capitalist" Capital ships (especially aircraft carriers) of the US Navy considered. In addition to the sea-based missiles, powerful missiles for the use of long-range bombers such as the Tupolev Tu-16 were developed; A prime example of this is the Ch-22 Burja, introduced in 1964, with a range of 500 km and a top speed of Mach 3.4. When changing the aforementioned doctrine towards building a deep-sea fleet, the Soviet Union took advantage of the technological advantage to build large missile cruisers.

In the western countries, the development of anti-ship missiles was neglected during the same period. Priority in missile development had tactical air-to-surface missiles, and so types such as the French AS.12 or the Swedish RB 04 were relatively light weapons with a short range and some steering based on manual radio remote control. Missiles comparable to the Soviet types were only introduced in the 1970s with the American AGM-84 Harpoon and the French Exocet .

The first successful attack with an anti-ship missile in today's sense took place on October 21, 1967. The Israeli destroyer Eilat (ex-HMS Zealous ) was hit by Egyptian Komar speedboats from a great distance with four SS-N-2 rockets ( NATO code name : "Styx") attacked and sunk. Thereafter, the development efforts of anti-ship missiles were intensified worldwide. Another use anti-ship missiles found in the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, when Osa -Schnellboote the Indian Navy with Styx missiles the Pakistani port of Karachi attacked. Several anchored ships and facilities on land were destroyed, and the destroyer PNS Khaibar (ex-HMS Cadiz ) and the cargo ship Venus Challenger were also sunk at sea.

The first direct encounter between ships armed with anti-ship missiles occurred on October 7, 1973 during the Yom Kippur War at the Battle of Latakia . Here five Israeli missile speedboats and five Syrian ones , including three missile speedboats of Soviet design, met. The Israeli speedboats were able to evade the Syrian attack by SS-N-2 missiles of greater range with radar decoys and active measures of electronic warfare , then unlocked themselves and in turn sank all enemy boats with rockets of the type Gabriel .

USS Stark listed after being hit by an Exocet

In the Falklands War , two British units , including the HMS Sheffield, were sunk by French Exocet missiles from the Argentine Air Force .

The Iraq-Iran war (1980–1988) is the military conflict in which most anti-ship missiles have so far been used. On the Iraqi side, French Exocet missiles were used, and on the Iranian side, Soviet SS-N-2s and their Chinese replicas, CSS-N-2 “Silkworms” were used. The main targets were the oil rigs of the enemy and international tankers (tanker war). Because of the dangers of the shelling, the passage between the Iranian oil terminal on the island of Charg and the Strait of Hormuz was nicknamed "Exocet Alley" by seafarers . According to current estimates, anti-ship missiles were used in at least half of the 546 attacks on civilian ships that claimed the lives of 430 crew members. In addition to numerous tankers also was posted on May 17, 1987 US - frigate USS Stark (FFG-31) of an Iraqi Mirage fired two Exocet. 37 crew members died in the attack and the ship was badly damaged, but the crew was able to save it. The repair cost approximately $ 142 million.

The British HMS Richmond (F-239) taking off an RGM-84 Harpoon (2002)

The attack on the Stark resulted in an increased presence of US ships in the Gulf, which came to battle with the Iranian Navy in 1988 in Operation Praying Mantis . Both sides used AGM-84 Harpoon and the Americans also used the standard missile (SM-1) actually designed for air defense . The Iranian missiles could be deflected with decoys. Conversely, the American attacks led to the sinking of a total of five Iranian ships, two of them directly through the use of anti-ship missiles.

In addition to this theater of war, the United States had already used Harpoon missiles in the 1985 conflict with Libya mentioned in Operation Attain Document . A corvette of the French Combattante class was sunk and another damaged and later sunk with Rockeye cluster bombs. In addition to the Harpoon, the AGM-88 HARM anti-radar missile was also used against the ships.

During the Second Gulf War , Iraq fired two land-based SS-N-2s at the American battleship USS Missouri (BB-63) , but they could be shot down.

During the 2006 Lebanon War , Hezbollah fired an anti-ship missile, presumably a Noor , the Iranian replica of a C-802 (NATO: CSS-N-8 "Saccade") of Chinese origin, at the Israeli corvette INS Hanit ( Sa'ar -5 class ), with four seamen killed.

The development of anti-ship missiles is historically significant in that the first generation (SS-N-2 / P-15) already exceeded traditional tube weapons in terms of range and accuracy. This led to the fact that on newer generations of ships only relatively light gun armament in the form of one, at most two gun turrets up to a caliber of 130 mm ( AK-130 gun ) is installed. In the meantime, the US Navy even had a cruiser armed exclusively with missiles, the USS Long Beach (CGN-9), in service. However, the need for defensive measures against missiles and light units at shorter distances have meanwhile led to the described minimal gun armament.

Defense against anti-ship missiles

The air defense of a ship takes up various weapons systems back

The Japanese destroyer Yamayuki (DD-129) ( Hatsuyuki class ) after ejecting flares

Anti-ship missiles pose an enormous threat to all military and civilian ships. Due to the high speed of modern missiles, there is little time left for defense. Even if the warhead should fail on impact, the fuel carried can still put the struck ship out of action or even sink it (this is how the British HMS Sheffield was lost in the Falklands War ). Missile defense is therefore one of the most important and technically demanding tasks in modern maritime warfare.

Anti- aircraft missiles of various ranges as well as guns (anti-aircraft guns) are used to actively combat anti-ship missiles . The anti-aircraft missiles include, for example, the Sea Sparrow and the RAM system , which are used over medium and long distances. The gun is a so-called close-in weapon system (ger .: close-in weapon system , CIWS) for shorter distances (up to a few kilometers), mainly medium-caliber rapid-fire cannons used. For fire control, radar devices are used that work on frequencies in the high GHz - up to the THz range and can detect approaching missiles with the centimeter or millimeter waves used in this way.

The most important representative is the American Phalanx CIWS , which is equipped with a Gatling cannon . However, these weapons only work at a very short distance, which means that even if the missile explodes prematurely, a ship can still be seriously damaged by the large kinetic energy of the numerous fragments and debris. More recent CIWS developments are aimed at the use of bundled lasers , which, in addition to missiles, are also supposed to repel artillery shells. One example of this is the further development of the Phalanx technology into the Laser Area Defense System .

The use of decoys such as chaff (Radartäuschkörpern) or flares (Infrarottäuschkörpern) is to persuade the missile to the vessel instead of a dummy target attack. The use of means of electronic warfare (EloKa) is common to disrupt the electronics of the weapon. Infrared sensors can also be blinded by lasers . Smaller units such as the Osa-class high-speed rocket boats are also intended to be used to tow radar baits to which the fire is to be directed.

In recent years, stealth technology has also become more and more important in warship construction, where it is difficult for potential attackers to locate ships (radar) ( stealth ship ).

Experience with the use of anti-ship missiles has also led to the expansion of fire-fighting and fire-fighting systems on board ships. For example, the propellant of the missile poses a hazard on impact; the Exocet fired at HMS Sheffield in the Falklands War was a dud because the warhead did not detonate. However, the remaining fuel caused a fire that got out of control and eventually led to the ship's abandonment. Something similar happened in 1987 when the Musson sank, when an SS-N-2 without a warhead hit a corvette during an exercise and it finally sank. Modern fire fighting systems are based on flooding the affected rooms with inert gases or halons . Furthermore, more and more flame-retardant materials have recently been used on ships.

Important types

NATO

The most important representatives among anti-ship missiles are in the area of NATO :

AGM-84 Harpoon missile

• Exocet (France)
• AGM-84 Harpoon (USA)
• AS.34 Kormoran (Germany)
• AS.15TT (France)
• BGM-109 Tomahawk (USA)
• AGM-119 Penguin (Norway)
• Sea Skua (UK)
• Sea Eagle (UK)
• Marte (Italy)
• Naval Strike Missile (Norway)
• Otomat (Italy)
• MILAS

Soviet Union / Russia

The following types are known (sorted by NATO code name ; the original name is placed in brackets after it):

SS-N-2 Styx on trolley

• AS-1 Kennel ( KS-1 )
• AS-2 tipper ( K-10S )
• AS-4 Kitchen ( Ch-22 )
• AS-5 Kelt ( KSR-2 )
• AS-6 Kingfish ( Ch-26 )
• SS-N-1 Scrubber (P-1)
• SS-N-2 Styx (4K40 / 4K51)
• SS-N-3 Shaddock (R-35 / 4K44 / 3M44 and 4K95)
• SS-N-7 Starbright (4M66)
• SS-N-9 Siren (4K85)
• SS-N-12 sandbox (4K77 / 4K80)
• SS-N-19 Shipwreck (3M45)
• SS-N-22 Sunburn (3M80)
• SS-N-25 Switchblade (3M24)
• SS-N-26 Strobile (3M55 Yachont)
• SS-N-27 Sizzler (3M54)

China

HY-2, SS-N-2 replica

The People's Republic of China has developed its own anti-ship missiles and exported them to a number of countries.

What is known above all, based on the SS-N-2 :

• HY-1
• HY-2
• HY-3
• HY-4
• YJ-6
• YJ-62
• YJ-7
• YJ-8
• YJ-91
• DF-21 D mod 4 (ballistic missile)
• C-701
• C-704

Iran

• Nasr
• Noor
• Qader

• Ghadir
• Khalidsch-e Fars (ballistic missile)
• Hormoz-2 (ballistic missile)

Japan

• Type-80 ASM-1
• Type-88 SSM-1
• Type-90 SSM-1B
• Type-91 ASM-1C
• Type-93 ASM-2

Taiwan

• Hsiung Feng I
• Hsiung Feng II
• Hsiung Feng III

Other countries

• Gabriel (Israel)
• BrahMos ( India / Russia )
• RB 04 ( Sweden )
• Robot 08 ( Sweden )
• RBS15 ( Sweden , Finland , Croatia , Poland , Germany )

comparison

Surname	year	Weight	Warhead	Range	speed	Drive type	Launch platform	steering	country	Comments
3M54 / T Alpha (SS-N-27 Sizzler)	2001	1,780 kg	200 kg	220-530 km	735-3,675 km / h	Turbojet & solid rocket engine	Air, ship, submarine, land	INS & active radar target search	Soviet Union / Russia
4K32 KSShch (SS-N-1 Scrubber)	1958	2,958 kg	625 kg	40-100 km	1,008 km / h	Turbojet	ship	INS & radio command	Soviet Union
AGM-65F Maverick	1989	287 kg	136 kg	16-27 km	1,150 km / h	Solid rocket engine	air	IIR	United States	Used in the Second Gulf War
AGM-158C LRASM	2018	1,050 kg	450 kg	900 km	1101 km / h	Turbojet	Air, ship	INS / GPS & active radar target search & IIR	United States
AS / SS.12	1960	76 kg	28 kg	7 km	370 km / h	Solid rocket engine	Air, ship	MCLOS via wire	France
AS.15TT	1981	96 kg	30 kg	15 km	1,080 km / h	Solid rocket engine	air	SARH	France	Use in various conflicts
AS.34 Cormorant 2	1984	630 kg	235 kg	32 km	1,100 km / h	Solid rocket engine	air	INS & active radar target search	Germany
ASM-N-2 Bat	1942	850 kg	454 kg	32-37 km	260-480 km / h	Glide bomb	air	SARH	United States	Use in World War II
Blohm & Voss BV 246	1943	730 kg	435 kg	210 km	450 km / h	Glide bomb	air	manually via radio command	German Empire	only prototype
BrahMos	2006	3,000 kg	300 kg	290 km	3,675 km / h	Ramjet	Air, ship, land	INS & active radar target search	Russia & India
Ch-22 Burja (AS-4 Kitchen)	1962	5,635 kg	950 kg	400-500 km	4,075 km / h	Liquid rocket engine	air	INS & active radar target search	Soviet Union	Use in the First Gulf War
Ch-26 (AS-6 Kingfish)	1973	3,950 kg	900 kg	400-700 km	3,595 km / h	Liquid rocket engine	air	INS & active radar target search	Soviet Union
Ch-31A / AM (AS-17 Krypton)	1988	715 kg	110 kg	160 km	3,235-5,395 km / h	Ramjet	air	INS & active radar target search	Soviet Union / Russia
Ch-35 (AS-20 Kayak)	1995	630 kg	145 kg	130 km	1,050 km / h	Turbojet	Ship, air, land	INS & active radar target search	Soviet Union / Russia
Ch-59MA / MK (AS-18 Kazzo)	1994	960 kg	315 kg	150-200 km	865–1,045 km / h	Turbojet	air	INS & active radar target search	Soviet Union / Russia
Exocet block 1	1979	670 kg	165 kg	70 km	1,120 km / h	Solid rocket engine	Air, ship, submarine, land	INS & active radar target search	France	Use in various conflicts
Exocet block 3	2008	780 kg	165 kg	200 km	840–1,080 km / h	Turbojet	Air, ship	INS / GPS & active radar target search	France
Fritz X	1943	1570 kg	320 kg	5 km	1,235 km / h	Glide bomb	air	manually via radio command	German Empire	Use in World War II
Gabriel Mk.II	1962	522 kg	150 kg	36 km	780-840 km / h	Solid rocket engine	Air, ship	INS & active radar target search	Israel	Used in the Yom Kippur War
Gabriel Mk.IV	1999	960 kg	240 kg	200 km	1,050 km / h	Turbojet	Air, ship	INS & active radar target search	Israel
Haeseong-I (SSM-700K)	2004	718 kg	250 kg	150 km	1,015 km / h	Turbojet	Ship, land	INS & active radar target search	South Korea
Henschel Hs 293	1943	1,045 kg	295 kg	18 km	950 km / h	Liquid rocket engine	air	manually via radio command	German Empire	Use in World War II
Hsiung Feng I	1978	538 kg	150 kg	40 km	1,000 km / h	Solid rocket engine	Air, ship	INS & SARH	Taiwan
Hsiung Feng II	1992	685 kg	180 kg	80 km	850 km / h	Turbojet	Air, ship	INS / GPS & active radar target search & IR	Taiwan
Hsiung Feng III	2005	1,496 kg	225 kg	150-200 km	3,000-3,500 km / h	Ramjet	Air, ship	INS / GPS & active radar target search	Taiwan
HY-1 (CSS-C-2 Silkworm)	1987	2,300 kg	513 kg	85 km	960 km / h	Liquid rocket engine	Air, ship, land	INS & active radar target search	People's Republic of China	advanced P-15 termite
HY-2	1988	2,998 kg	513 kg	200 km	960 km / h	Liquid rocket engine	Air, ship, land	INS & active radar target search	People's Republic of China	advanced P-15 termite
HY-3 / C-301 (CSS-C-6 Sawhorse)	1989	3,400 kg	300-500 kg	180 km	3,000 km / h	Liquid rocket engine	Air, ship, land	INS & active radar target search	People's Republic of China
HY-4 / C-201 (CSS-C-3 Seersucker)	1989	1,740 kg	300-500 kg	135-200 km	960-1,000 km / h	Turbojet	Air, ship, land	INS & active radar target search	People's Republic of China
I-go Type 1	1945	1,400 kg	800 kg	10 km	950 km / h	Liquid rocket engine	air	manually via radio command	Japan	prototype
I-go Type 2	1945	650 kg	300 kg	12 km	950 km / h	Liquid rocket engine	air	manually via radio command	Japan	prototype
I-go Type 3	1945	?	600 kg	10-15 km	950-1,000 km / h	Glide bomb	air	IR	Japan	prototype
K-10S (AS-2 tipper)	1961	4,200 kg	1,000 kg	260 km	1,440 km / h	Turbojet	air	INS & active radar target search	Soviet Union	Used in the Yom Kippur War
KS-1 "Komet" (AS-1 Kennel)	1953	2,735 kg	600 kg	95-180 km	1,080 km / h	Turbofan	air	INS & SARH	Soviet Union
KSR-2 (AS-5 Kelt)	1962	4,077 kg	850 kg	250 km	1,250 km / h	Liquid rocket engine	air	INS & active radar target search	Soviet Union	Use in various conflicts
Marte Mk. 2	1987	300 kg	70 kg	25 km	900 km / h	Solid rocket engine	Air, ship	INS & active radar target search	Italy	Use in various conflicts
Naval Strike Missile	2012	345-407 kg	125 kg	185 km	1,100 km / h	Turbojet	Air, ship	INS / GPS & active IIR	Norway
Otomat	1977	770 kg	210 kg	180 km	1,116 km / h	Turbojet	Ship, land	INS & active radar target search	Italy
P-5/6 Pyatjorka (SS-N-3 Shaddock)	1959	4,500 kg	630-800 kg	300-650 km	1,435-1,780 km / h	Turbojet	Ship, submarine, land	INS & active radar target search	Soviet Union
P-15 Termite (SS-N-2 Styx)	1958	2,500 kg	513 kg	40-85 km	1,080 km / h	Liquid rocket engine	Ship, land	INS & active radar target search / IR	Soviet Union	Use in various conflicts
P-70 Ametist (SS-N-7 Starbright)	1968	3,375 kg	840 kg	65 km	1,050 km / h	Solid rocket engine	Submarine	INS & active radar target search	Soviet Union
P-120 Malachite (SS-N-9 Siren)	1972	3,000 kg	530 kg	110 km	1,100 km / h	Solid rocket engine	Ship, submarine	INS & active radar target search / IR	Soviet Union
P-270 Moskit (SS-N-22 Sunburn)	1981	4,150 kg	320 kg	120-160 km	3,600 km / h	Ramjet	Ship, air, land	INS & active radar target search	Soviet Union
P-500 Basalt (SS-N-12 Sandbox)	1975	4,800 kg	1,000 kg	550 km	3,000 km / h	Turbojet	Ship, submarine	INS & active radar target search	Soviet Union
P-700 Granite (SS-N-19 Shipwreck)	1983	7,360 kg	750 kg	700 km	2,700 km / h	Ramjet	Ship, submarine	INS & active radar target search	Soviet Union
P-800 Oniks (SS-N-26 Strobile)	1998	3,000 kg	200 kg	300 km	3,600 km / h	Ramjet	Air, ship, land	INS & active radar target search	Soviet Union / Russia	Used in the civil war in Syria
Penguin Mk. 3	1987	370 kg	120 kg	+55 km	1,100 km / h	Solid rocket engine	Air, ship, land	INS & IIR	Norway
R / U / AGM-84 Harpoon	1977	520-725 kg	221 kg	93-315 km	1,020 km / h	Turbojet	Air, ship, submarine, land	INS & active radar target search	United States	Used in the Second Gulf War
R / UGM-109B Tomahawk TASM	1983	1,120-1,450 kg	454 kg	460 km	880 km / h	Turbofan	Ship, submarine	INS & active radar target search	United States
RB-04	1962	600 kg	300 kg	32 km	1,050 km / h	Solid rocket engine	air	active radar target search	Sweden
RB-08	1966	900 kg	300 kg	70 km	900 km / h	Turbojet	Ship, land	INS & active radar target search	Sweden
RBS-15	1985	630-805 kg	200 kg	+200 km	1,100 km / h	Turbojet	Air, ship, land	INS & active radar target search	Sweden
Sea Eagle	1981	600 kg	230 kg	110 km	1,000 km / h	Turbojet	air	INS & active radar target search	United Kingdom
Sea Skua	1981	147 kg	28 kg	25 km	950–1,050 km / h	Solid rocket engine	Air, ship	SARH	United Kingdom	Use in various conflicts
SY-1 / YJ-6 (CAS-1 Kraken)	1985	2,095 kg	513 kg	150 km	960 km / h	Liquid rocket engine	Air, ship, land	INS & active radar target search	People's Republic of China	advanced P-15 termite
Type 80	1982	600 kg	150 kg	50 km	1,020 km / h	Solid rocket engine	air	INS & IR	Japan
Type 91 ASM-C	1991	510 kg	260 kg	150 km	840 km / h	Turbojet	air	INS & active radar target search	Japan
Type-93 ASM-2	1993	530 kg	250 kg	170 km	840 km / h	Turbojet	air	INS & IIR	Japan
YJ-1 / C-801 (CSS-N-4 sardine)	1987	655 kg	165 kg	40-50 km	1,080 km / h	Solid rocket engine	Air, ship, submarine, land	INS & active radar target search	People's Republic of China	Use in various conflicts
YJ-2 / C-802 (CSS-N-8 Saccade)	1995	555 kg	165 kg	120-130 km	840 km / h	Turbojet	Air, ship, submarine, land	INS & active radar target search	People's Republic of China
YJ-83	1998	600 kg	190 kg	180-200 km	1,050 km / h	Turbojet	Air, ship, land	INS & active radar target search	People's Republic of China
XASM-3	2018	900 kg	?	150-200 km	3,000 km / h	Ramjet	air	INS / GPS & active radar target search	Japan

Anti-ship missile with land attack capability

For numerous anti-ship missiles that were originally developed only to combat sea targets, versions have also been developed that are capable of fighting land targets. For example, the following missiles can attack land targets, especially near the coast:

• RBS15 from version Mk.3
• Exocet version MM40 block 3
• AGM-84 Harpoon Version AGM-84E Standoff Land Attack Missile (SLAM)
• Otomat Mk 3 / NGASM / ULISSE and Mk 2 Block IV
• Type-80 ASM-1
• SS-N-25 Switchblade types 3M-24E1 and Ch-37 Uranium

In reverse chronological order, however, the Soviet cruise missile P-5 (SS-N-3 Shaddock) from version P-5D was further developed into an anti-ship missile. The BGM-109 Tomahawk also occupies a special position , in which the universal usability against land and sea targets was taken into account from the beginning in the development.

Versions to combat land targets are currently being developed for the Naval Strike Missile , among others .

literature

• Jeremy Flack: NATO Air Forces guided and dropped weapons. Motorbuch-Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-613-02525-6 .

annotation

1. ↑ See also the article Henschel Hs 293

Individual evidence

1. ↑ The Coastal Missile Force of the People's Navy ; accessed on April 19, 2019
2. ^ Coastal Missile Forces at globalsecurity.org (English) ; accessed on April 19, 2019
3. ↑ It gets cold in your heart . In: Der Spiegel . No. 1 , 1976 ( online - Jan. 5, 1976 ).
4. ↑ Strauss Center: Tanker War ( Memento from April 20, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) (English)