Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15
| Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 | |
|---|---|
 Single seat MiG-15 of the Polish Air Force |
|
| Type: | Light fighter aircraft |
| Design country: | |
| Manufacturer: | |
| First flight: |
December 30, 1947 |
| Commissioning: |
1949 |
| Production time: |
1948 through the 1950s |
| Number of pieces: |
approx. 18,000 |
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The Mikoyan-Gurewitsch MiG-15 ( Russian Микоян-Гуревич МиГ-15 , NATO code name : "Fagot") was a Soviet fighter aircraft of the 1950s. It was increasingly used in the Korean War and represented the counterpart to the American F-86 Saber . With around 18,000 units, it is the world's largest jet fighter aircraft .
development
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In March 1946, the design offices Lavochkin , Jakowlew and Mikoyan-Gurewitsch , who already had experience in developing jet-powered fighters, were asked to develop a swept-wing fighter . In particular, it should be capable bomber intercept, as fighter-bombers to be usable and good air combat skills have. The maximum flight duration was a secondary development goal, since the fighter had a tactical orientation and should not take on any escort duties for long-range bombers .
The first flight of the machine, also known as the I-310, took place on December 30, 1947 under Viktor Nikolajewitsch Juganow. Like the following test, it went smoothly. The order for series production was given immediately, which began slowly in March 1948. On July 17, 1949, the MiG-15 was presented to the public at the air parade in Tuschino .
In October 1948 the troops received the first MiG-15. These were still simply equipped. Many on-board instruments came from the MiG-9, as well as the ejection seat . The radio could be handled via the RSI-6K system, while the radio compass RPKO-10M served as a navigation aid . The armament of the MiG-15 consisted of three cannons, which were mounted together on a lowerable base unit. Thus, maintenance and ammunition could be significantly simplified. Two Nudelman-Suranow NS-23 and one Nudelman N-37 were used . The ammunition supply included a total of 160 23-mm projectiles and 40 37-mm shells. The firepower resulted more from the caliber and the muzzle velocity than from the firing sequence of the weapons. The pilot could use the ASP-3N automatic target sight for aiming. While the first series machines were driven by the “ Nene ” replica Klimow RD-45 , the slightly improved RD-45F with 22.7 kN thrust was used in the later production batches .
In the meantime, the weaknesses of the MiG-15 also became apparent, as it tended to spin in tight turns and was difficult to keep under control in high-speed flight (also because of the reversing rudder effect ). Here the MiG-15UTI should help to train the pilots and to minimize the consequences of possible errors. It was developed by Mikoyan-Gurevich after a government order issued in April 1948 under the designation "ST" and had a double control. The flight instructor sat slightly higher behind the student pilot and therefore had a better view than later MiG trainers. However, the enlargement of the cockpit resulted in a reduction of the fuel load from 1,512 liters to 1,018 liters. This further reduced the flight time, which was hardly more than an hour for the fighter. Nonetheless, the MiG-15UTI was an important tool for pilot training and was used in some air forces until the late 1980s. A particularly exotic offshoot of the "ST" was the ST-7 with radio measuring sight . It had a limited all-weather and night operational capability, but was not mass-produced.
In September 1949 the first flight of the "SD" project took place. Later this type was called MiG-15bis. Driven by a Klimow WK-1 engine with 27 kN thrust, the performance of the fighter improved considerably. The rate of climb alone increased by four meters per second. The increased performance of the WK-1 was made possible by enlarging the combustion chambers and modifying the compressor blades of the RD-45. The obsolete NS-23 were replaced by the Nudelman judges NR-23 . The electronic equipment has been expanded. There was also the RW-2 radar altimeter and the SRO-1 friend-foe detection system. The compass was replaced by the ARK-5 radio compass , and the R-800 system with four preset channels was available for radio communication.
When the MiG-15 lost its superiority over time and was withdrawn from the first line, some series machines were converted to fighter reconnaissance and target tractors . In these roles the hunter could still render valuable services. As a reconnaissance aircraft, the MiG-15R had camera equipment in a floor pan, which consisted of the types AFA-21 and AFA-39. The target tractor MiG-15T was created exclusively from the conversion of serial machines MiG-15, MiG-15bis and MiG-15UTI. For this purpose, a winch was installed under the fuselage bow, on which the target was towed.
Another design by OKB Mikoyan competed with Ilyushin's Il-40 . Due to its robust structure and solid surfaces, the MiG-15 was suitable for carrying larger loads. This ability is particularly useful with fighter-bombers and attack aircraft . This is how the MiG-15ISch (istrebitjel-sturmowik = fighter and attack aircraft) was born. It was characterized by large underwing stations , at which anything from unguided rockets to four free-fall bombs could be carried. The cannon armament was retained.
In view of the fact that the production of the MiG-15 was already running in large series, the series production of the Il-40 was stopped. The MiG should take on their role. However, extensive production of the battle version was never realized.
A version called the MiG-15LL (letajuschtschaja laboratorija = flying laboratory) was used in particular for high-speed tests. Attempts to break the sound barrier with the MiG-15 in orbit flight often ended with the loss of the machine and the pilots. It turned out that supersonic flight could not be achieved with the structure of the MiG-15 and that the rudder forces in the transonic range were difficult to overcome by the pilot. For this reason, a new hydraulic system has been developed to operate the individual rudders. After a successful test, it was taken into series production.
The MiG-15 was a very good fighter aircraft for the Soviet Union and also became a commercial success. The versions of the MiG-15 were in service in around 20 countries around the world. She became the standard fighter of the Eastern Bloc and later the Warsaw Pact . Many air forces of the Third World continued until the 1980s in active service, a 15 MiG-.
construction
Engine
Knowing that it did not have a suitable engine, the USSR sent some well-known aircraft designers, including Artyom Ivanovich Mikoyan , and the engine specialist Vladimir Yakovlevich Klimov in July 1946 to the still friendly Great Britain . In an act of confidence, Clement Attlee's government approved the export of 25 Rolls-Royce Nene IIs to the Soviet Union. A copy of the engine was constructed using reverse engineering , the production of which was transferred to the aircraft engine plant No. 45.
Mikojan had originally expected a 30 kN axial drive. What was now available was a radial engine with a thrust of 22 kN and a considerable diameter. This made the original plan to integrate the Nene engine into the MiG-9 impossible. Eventually the project, called the MiG-9 FN , was abandoned in 1947.
Wing
The Experimental Design Office Mikojan (OKB Mikojan) , forced by this situation to take a step forward, based the new aircraft on the now usable knowledge of the German aerodynamicist Adolf Busemann and on the knowledge with the wing A from Messerschmitt. This radical redesign, the (. S = strelowidnost, dt 'in OKB Mikoyan as project "S" sweep ) was designated, secured Mikoyan's success over its competitors. The concept of the middle decker with surfaces swept by 35 ° in a negative V-position of 2 ° impressed with functionality and performance. Two steel tubes as spars in each wing and two boundary layer fences on each of the surfaces ensured the mechanical and aerodynamic stability of the aircraft. This wing had recently been tested in practice with the La-160 and then incorporated into the MiG-15 development program.
hull
The fuselage of the MiG-15 with the typical central air inlet for the engine was made in half-shell construction and consisted entirely of duralumin . The OKB placed particular emphasis on suitability for troop service, especially on maintenance under field conditions. Therefore the machine had a fuselage that could be removed for engine maintenance and large flaps for the on-board cannons that could be lowered for maintenance .
radar
Another important step in the development of the Soviet fighter aircraft was taken with the attempt to permanently install a radar device in the aircraft. In the Korean War, the advantages of the F-86 with radar became clear. OKB Mikojan received the order to equip the MiG-15, which is very good in air combat, with radar. Thus, on the basis of the “SD” project, the “SP” aircraft was created, in whose first prototype SP-1 the “Korschun” (Geier) radio measuring device was used. However, the tests showed that the Korschun device was too big and too heavy. Its large parabolic antenna reduced the area of the air intake by 20 percent, which had a negative effect on flight performance.
At Mikoyan-Gurevich further experiments were carried out and a compromise between the performance of the aircraft and the performance of the radar was found with the use of Isumrud radar (Smaragd). This radar had a much smaller antenna and could therefore be arranged in a kind of "lip" above the air inlet without affecting the flow conditions. The search antenna was integrated in the air intake duct. The radar had a search range of twelve kilometers. This version prevailed and the SP-5 became the prototype of the MiG-15P, which now achieved a limited all-weather capability. Little changed in terms of armament, only the 37 mm cannon was omitted without replacement.
War effort
Until the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950, 1200 MiG-15s were in service in the USSR. In the course of this conflict the first air battles between jet aircraft took place . Initially, the MiG-15 encountered piston-engine aircraft and older jet-powered models such as the Gloster Meteor , P-80 and F-84 , which it was superior to both in terms of flight performance and firepower. Nevertheless, a MiG-15 also fell victim to a more agile and faster accelerating propeller aircraft of the Hawker Sea Fury type of the Royal Navy . When the Soviet Union relocated its first fighter pilot units to Korea at the end of October 1950, most of which consisted of combat-experienced pilots from the Second World War, the superiority of the MiG-15 became apparent. The two Soviet pilots Tschisch and Khomitsch from the 72nd GwIAP scored the first kills on November 1, 1950 against an F-51D and an F-80C . Four-engine B-29 bombers also fell victim to the MiG-15 despite their high altitude. For example, MiG-15s of the 303rd IAD destroyed eleven B-29As between October 22 and 27, 1951. On October 30, even twelve B-29s and four F-84E fell victim to the MiG-15, so that the American side ordered that strategic bombings only be carried out at night. As early as September 28, 1950, Chinese MiG-15 pilots were also deployed, of which Li Han achieved an aerial victory against an F-84E for the first time on January 29, 1951. The most successful MiG-15 pilots in the Korean War were Evgeni Pepeljajew with 14, Nikolai Sutjagin with 13, Lev Shchukin with 11 and Sergei Kramarenko with 8 confirmed kills.
With the arrival of the F-86 , the MiG-15's limits became apparent. The first dogfight between these two types took place on December 17, 1950, in which a MiG-15bis was shot down by US pilot Bruce H. Hinton. Four days later, according to Soviet information, the first aerial victory of a MiG-15 over an F-86A by the pilot Jurkewitsch from the 29th GwIAP took place. From January 1952 the experienced Soviet units of the air force (WWS) were withdrawn from Korea and replaced by less well trained air defense units (PWO). This fact, as well as the poor level of training of the Korean and Chinese pilots, ruined the slight technical superiority of the MiG-15. In addition, from April 1952, the American pilots attacked the MiG-15 increasingly during the critical take-off and landing phases at their bases in Manchuria as part of the secret operation "Maple Special". Therefore, from April to August 1952, for example, 50 to 80% of the MiG-15 kills were achieved over Chinese territory. The F-86 with radar partially regained air supremacy , although it was inferior in vertical attack maneuvers.
Events
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During the Berlin Airlift 1948–1949, individual MiG-15s accompanied American and French aircraft on the edge of the flight corridors.
The largest air battle of the Korean War took place on October 23, 1951. Almost 100 US-controlled aircraft, mostly F-84 fighters and F-86 fighter protection for nine B-29 bombers , stood about as many MiGs -15 fighter planes opposite. The dogfight lasted about 15 to 20 minutes. In the end, only one of the nine B-29s returned to the base on Okinawa on the American side. The other B-29s were shot down or had to make an emergency landing in Japan or Korea. This day went down in American military history as so-called "Black Tuesday".
MiG-15 attacked an Air France scheduled flight on April 29, 1952, approaching Berlin-Tegel , injuring three passengers. The DC-4 aircraft was able to make an emergency landing at Tempelhof Airfield with two remaining engines.
On June 13, 1952, a Boeing RB-29 of the US Air Force's 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron was shot down by two Soviet MiG-15s pilots Fedotov and Proskurin over the Sea of Japan during a PHOTINT mission . The twelve US crew members are still missing today.
On June 13, 1952, a Swedish machine of the type Tp 79 (Swedish name for the Douglas DC-3 Skytrain ) was shot down by a MiG-15 ( Catalina affair ) with the mission to intercept radio signals over the Baltic Sea . The eight crew members were killed. Of the two Catalina flying boats that went up to search for the missing machine, one was also shot down by Soviet fighters.
On March 10, 1953, two American F-84G Thunderjet fighter planes penetrated the airspace of Czechoslovakia . They were caught and pursued by two Czechoslovak MiG-15s south of Plzeň . The pilot Jaroslav Šrámek shot down one of the machines that crashed near Falkenstein (Bavaria) . The US pilot was able to save himself with the ejection seat and was unharmed.
On March 12, 1953, two Soviet MiG-15s shot down a British military aircraft of the Avro Lincoln type on the Elbe near Lauenburg near the Berlin air corridor . Its seven crew members were killed.
On April 27, 1953, under the code name "Operation Moolah" , the USA offered a reward of 100,000 US dollars (then about 420,000 DM) for the first pilot from another country who overran to the US troops in a MiG-15 . The offer was advertised through leaflets that were dropped on North Korea. On September 21, 1953, the North Korean Air Force pilot No Kum-sok fled with his machine to South Korea, although he did not know about the premium that was being paid. The reward was given to him anyway. In 1953, US test pilot Tom Collins undertook the first test flights with the MiG-15 at Kadena Air Base on the Japanese island of Okinawa.
On July 29, 1953, an RB-50G of the 343rd Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron, which had penetrated Soviet airspace as part of a COMINT mission near Vladivostok , was shot down by pilots Rybakow and Jablonski in two MiG-15s near Askold . Of the fourteen-man crew, only one survived the downing.
On November 7, 1954, an RB-29A of the 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron near Tanfilew was attacked by two MiG-15s with pilots Kostin and Seberjakow and crashed into the sea. Ten crew members were rescued, one drowned because he could not get off his parachute.
On April 17, 1955, near the Kamchatka Peninsula, pilots Korotkow and Sashin in two MiG-15s took a Boeing RB-47E reconnaissance aircraft of the 4th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron of the US Air Force, which during an ELINT mission disguised as a weather flight to the Soviet Airspace had penetrated, shot down. The three crew members are still missing today.
On June 22, 1955, a P2V-5 of the VP-9, which was on a SIGINT mission, was attacked by two MiG-15s over the Bering Strait , with three crew members being wounded by fire. Although the crew still managed to reach St. Lawrence Island , the aircraft was destroyed during the subsequent emergency landing, injuring four more people on board.
On June 20, 1963, two MiG-15s of the Czechoslovak Air Force , which had penetrated German airspace on a training flight over the border ridge of the Bohemian Forest , flew against a wooded mountain at the Plattenhausenriegel and were destroyed. The two pilots were killed.
The famous cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin had a fatal accident on March 27, 1968 together with his instructor Vladimir Serjogin during a training flight on a MiG-15 UTI.
On April 7, 1970, a Hungarian air force officer flew low below the Hungarian radar network and landed in Italy with a MiG-15 .
Versions
| designation | features |
|---|---|
| I-310 | Prototype designation, first flight of the first S-01 machine on December 30, 1947 |
| MiG-15 | First series version developed from the prototype I-310, production from 1948 to 1949, built under license in Poland as LIM-1. |
| MiG-15F | Production version of a fighter recon with aerial camera in the bow from 1949 |
| MiG-15S | Escort fighter from 1948 with a maximum range of 1960 kilometers. Equipped with a drop-off 250, 300 or 400 liter additional tank per wing. |
| MiG-15SW | Companion fighter for high altitudes with modified armament (two 23 mm MK NR-23) from 1949. |
| MiG-15SB | Fighter-bomber version with a take-off weight increased by around 1000 kilograms compared to the conventional fighter versions. As a result, the SB was 145 km / h slower. |
| MiG-15LL | Experimental execution for tests with hydraulically reinforced control system and enlarged tail unit. Anatoly Tjuterew made the first flight on September 21, 1949. During a dive from a height of 12,000 meters, he reached a speed of Mach 0.97. As a result of the test series, the MiG-15 produced from 1950 onwards were equipped with hydraulic amplifiers as standard. |
| SP-1 | Prototype of an all-weather version with "Korschun" radio measuring device from 1949. Not built in series in favor of the MiG-15bis. |
| MiG-15P | First series production as an interceptor from 1949. Equipped with a radio measuring device. |
| MiG-15U | Ground attack aircraft from 1949 with a pivoting weapon mount. |
| MiG-15UTI (ST, I-312) |
Two-seat jet trainer. The rollout of the prototype (ST-1) was in April 1949. Testing began on May 23, 1949 and ended in August 1950. A second prototype ST-2 with reduced armament and enlarged tank served as the starting model for series production, which began in late 1950. |
| MiG-15bis (SD) |
Improved variant of the original version with stronger propulsion and greater firepower. First flight of the SD-01 prototype in 1949, serial production started one year later. Built under license in Poland as LIM-2. |
| MiG-15Pbis (SP-5) |
All-weather hunting version of the MiG-15bis from 1950. Equipped with an "Isumrud" radar. |
| MiG-15Rbis | Hunting reconnaissance aircraft equipped with AFA-21 and AFA-39 cameras. Built in Poland as LIM-2R. |
| MiG-15Sbis | Escort fighter with two 600-liter additional tanks and a range of 2,520 kilometers. |
| MiG-15SBbis | Fighter-bomber with reinforced armament and increased take-off mass (6,241 kilograms). |
| I | Attack aircraft with up to four unguided air-to-surface missiles or 200-kilogram bombs based on the MiG-15bis. |
| MiG-15 to 45 ° | Test sample for tests with the MiG-17 wing. |
| J-2 | Chinese name (Jian = fighter) of the Russian MiG-15 single-seater versions acquired for the Chinese Air Force . |
| YY-2 | License production of the MiG-15UTI trainer at Shenyang Aircraft Corporation . |
| LIM-1A | Polish two-seater reconnaissance, developed from the MiG-15UTI. LIM stands for Licencyjny Myśliwiec, license hunter. |
| LIM-1.5 | LIM-1 with improved radio equipment. |
| LIM-2A SBLIM-1 and SBLIM-1A |
Polish versions of the MiG-15UTI, some of which were published as combat versions. |
| SBLIM-2 | Two-seat jet trainer, developed by Poland from components of the LIM-1 and LIM-2. |
| S-102 S-103 CS-102 |
Name for the Czechoslovak license builds of MiG-15, MiG-15bis and the school two-seater MiG-15UTI. S stands for Stíhač, hunter, CS for Cvičný Stíhač, school hunter. Production of the CS-102 ran from July 1954 to January 1961 and, with 2013 units, comprised the majority of all MiG-15UTI built. |
Military users
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Technical specifications
| Parameter | MiG-15 (S) | MiG-15SB bis (SD) | MiG-15UTI (ST) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conception | Fighter plane | Bomb fighter plane | Training fighter |
| crew | 1 pilot | 2 (student / teacher) | |
| length | 10.04 m (hull 8.02 m) | 10.10 m | |
| span | 10.08 m | ||
| height | 3.70 m | ||
| Wing area | 20.60 m² | ||
| medium chord | 2.12 m | 2.04 m | |
| Wing extension | 4.85 | 4.94 | |
| Wing leading edge sweep |
35 ° | ||
| V-position wing |
-2 ° | ||
| Empty mass | 3,382 kg without additional tanks 3,416 kg with additional tanks |
3,948 kg | 3,404 kg |
| Payload | normal 1,424 kg maximum 1,878 kg |
normal 1,686 kg maximum 2,293 kg |
normal 1,350 kg maximum 1,804 kg |
| Takeoff mass | normal 4,806 kg maximum 5,260 kg |
normal 5,634 kg maximum 6,241 kg |
normal 4,850 kg |
| Wing loading | 233.300 kg / m² with normal take-off weight 255.339 kg / m² with maximum take-off weight |
273.495 kg / m² with normal take-off weight 302.961 kg / m² with maximum take-off weight |
182.330 kg / m² with normal take-off weight 199.398 kg / m² with maximum take-off weight |
| Power load at start |
215.893 kg / kN with normal take-off mass 236.288 kg / kN with maximum take-off mass |
212.780 kg / kN with normal take-off mass 235.705 kg / kN with maximum take-off mass |
217.880 kg / kN with normal take-off mass 238.275 kg / kN with maximum take-off mass |
| drive | an RD-45F with 22,261 kN takeoff thrust | a WK-1A with 26.478 kN takeoff thrust | an RD-45F or RD-45FA with 22.261 kN takeoff thrust, later a WK-1 |
| Top speed | 1,050 km / h near the ground, 1,031 km / h at an altitude of 5,000 m |
900 km / h at a height of 300 m | 1,015 km / h near the ground |
| Marching speed | 850 km / h at an altitude of 5,000 m | 820 km / h | |
| Rate of climb | initially 42 m / s | 38.5 m / s near the ground | |
| Rise time | 2.3-2.6 min at 5,000 m | 3.2 min at 5,000 m | |
| Summit height | practically 15,200 m | practically 15,500 m | practically 14,825 m |
| Range | normal 1,420–1,600 km maximum 1,920–1,960 km |
1,330 km | normal 950 km maximum 1,340 km |
Armament
Fixed guns
In a lowerable cannon hull in the bow there were up to three machine guns, mostly a 37 mm cannon in combination with two 23 mm cannons. In the school versions mostly 12.7 mm machine guns were used.
- 1 × 12.7 mm machine gun Afanasyev A-12.7 with 150 rounds of ammunition (MiG-15UTI)
- 1 × 12.7 mm TOS / Beresin UBK-E machine gun with 150 rounds of ammunition (MiG-15UTI)
- 2 × 23 mm machine cannon Nudelman-Suranow NS-23 with 80 rounds of ammunition each (MiG-15S)
- 2 × 23 mm Nudelman-Richter NR-23 automatic cannon with 80 rounds of ammunition each (MiG-15bis)
- 1 × 23 mm automatic cannon Nudelman-Richter NR-23 with 80 rounds of ammunition each (MiG-15UTI)
- 1 × 37-mm automatic cannon Nudelman N-37 with 40 rounds of ammunition (all single-seaters)
Drop weapons
- Gun loading of 200 kg at two underwing external load stations
- Unguided free-fall bombs
- 2 × FAB-100 (100 kg free fall bomb )
- 2 × FAB-50 (50 kg free fall bomb)
See also
literature
- Rainer Göpfert: Shock for the West: The MiG-15 fighter plane . Part 1. In: FLiEGERREVUE X . No. 51 . PPVMedien, 2015, ISSN 2195-1233 , p. 60-85 .
- Rainer Göpfert: Shock for the West: The MiG-15 fighter plane . Part 2. In: FLiEGERREVUE X . No. 52 . PPVMedien, 2015, ISSN 2195-1233 , p. 58-74 ( excerpt ).
- Rainer Göpfert: 20 years in combat: the MiG-15 fighter aircraft . Part 3. In: FLiEGERREVUE X . No. 53 . PPVMedien, 2015, ISSN 2195-1233 , p. 62-79 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Karl-Heinz Eyermann : MiG aircraft . transpress Verlag for Transport, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-344-00193-0 , p. 19 .
- ^ Karl-Heinz Eyermann, Wolfgang Sellenthin: The air parades of the USSR. Central Board of the Society for German-Soviet Friendship, 1967. p. 36.
- ↑ a b Kenneth P. Werrell: Sabers Over MiG Alley: The F-86 and the Battle for Air Superiority in Korea. Naval Institute Press, 2013, ISBN 978-1-61251-344-7 , p. 60.
- ↑ - Mikojan's big hit ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Klassikder-der-luftfahrt.de
- ↑ Jefim Gordon : Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15: The Soviet Union's Long-lived Korean War Fighter. Aerofax Verlag, 2001, ISBN 978-1-85780-105-7
- ^ John Landsdown: With the Carriers in Korea. Crecy Publishing Ltd; 1998 (English), ISBN 978-0-947554-64-4 , p. 273.
- ↑ Diego F.Zampini: Red aces over North Korea. Part 1. Flieger Revue Extra No. 22, Möller, Berlin 2008, pp. 6–29.
- ↑ Diego F.Zampini: Red aces over North Korea. Part 2. Flieger Revue Extra No. 23, Möller, Berlin 2008, pp. 64–77.
- ^ Report by Colonel Roger Degen , PDF, p. 81 Archive link ( Memento of June 17, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 6.3 MB)
- ↑ John Provan The Berlin Airlift - Vol 1 - The First Battle of the Cold War, Chapter III.U., LZC, Halle, 2011
- ↑ N24 documentation History Channel MiG 15 - Russia's secret weapon in the cold war.
- ↑ Aircraft accident data and report Criminal Occurrence description April 29, 1952 in the Aviation Safety Network (English)
- ↑ Coldwar Incidents ( Memento of February 14, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF)
- ↑ Ejections for 1953 ( Memento of May 27, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) on ejection-history.org.uk (English).
- ↑ Coilin O'Connor: Czech fighter pilot recalls Cold War dogfight. radio.cz of October 4, 2004 (English)
- ↑ Piloty nerozdělí ani politické ideje spojuje depending létání vášeň k. on ceskatelevize.cz from August 15, 2012 (Czech).
- ↑ 60 years ago: Shot down near Boizenburg. by Henning Strüber, NDR.de on March 12, 2013.
- ^ Operation Moolah: The plot to steal a MiG-15. (English)
- ^ Joachim Bashin, Ulrich Stulle: Hot Heaven in the Cold War. In: Flieger Revue Extra No. 4, p. 47.
- ↑ Bayerwald-Bote from June 14, 2013, page 20 ( Memento from September 16, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Hungarian news magazine 168 Óra , accessed June 6, 2015.
- ↑ Flieger Revue 4/77, p. 174.
- ↑ a b Michael Normann: Combat aircraft of the NVA. Motorbuch, Stuttgart 2019, ISBN 978-3-613-04168-4 , p. 134
- ^ Karl Heinz Eyermann: MiG aircraft . Transpress, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-344-00193-0 , p. 33 .
- ^ Afghanistan (AFG), World Air Forces - Historical Listings ( Memento from January 15, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Albania (ALB), World Air Forces - Historical Listings. " ( Memento January 15, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) worldairforces.com. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
- ↑ Detlef Billig, Manfred Meyer: Aircraft of the GDR - Volume I until 1962. TOM Modellbau, Friedland 2002, ISBN 3-613-02198-6 , pp. 56–61.
- ↑ Finland (FIN), World Air Forces - Historical Listings ( Memento from January 25, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Indonesia (IDN), World Air Forces - Historical Listings ( Memento from January 25, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Iraq (IRQ), World Air Forces - Historical Listings ( Memento from May 3, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Tom Cooper: Jet fighter over Nigeria. In: Flieger Revue Extra. No. 5/2004, p. 106.
