Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-31

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-31
Russian Air Force MiG-31 inflight Pichugin.jpg
A MiG-31B "Foxhound", taken in 2011
Type: Interceptor
Design country:

Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union Soviet Union

Manufacturer:

Mikoyan-Gurevich

First flight:

16th September 1975

Commissioning:

1981

Number of pieces:

about 500

Cockpit of a MiG-31

The Mikoyan-Gurewitsch MiG-31 ( Russian Микоян-Гуревич МиГ-31 , NATO code name : Foxhound ) is an interceptor that was developed from the MiG-25 in the Soviet Union from 1967 . The first machine was put into service in 1981 and declared operational in 1983.

prehistory

MiG-31, 1989

The MiG-31 looks very similar to the MiG-25 , but is a largely new aircraft with a different structure, improved flight performance and newly defined tasks. In the 1970s, Soviet air defense was in poor shape. There were major gaps in the radar defense network. The only aircraft for early air warning, the Tu-126 (based on the Tu-114 ), was only available in small numbers and of limited capacity. There was little prospect of being able to intercept low-flying targets like the Rockwell B-1 of the US Air Force , which was built at the same time . The introduction of new interceptors did not improve the situation either.

The Soviet air defense used a large number of aircraft of various types for interception (e.g. Su-15 , Tu-128 ), all of which, however, insufficiently fulfilled this task, mainly because they are dependent on ground radar and control centers were. The MiG-25, the previous version of the MiG-31, was too limited in data processing by its analog systems.

The West first found out about the development of the MiG-31 when the Soviet Lieutenant Viktor Belenko left on September 6, 1976 with his MiG-25 for Hakodate in Japan. He reported on a "Super-MiG-25" that could fly supersonic even at low altitude. This should have powerful engines, more modern avionics and at least six long-range missiles. In 1977 NATO began to refer to this aircraft as the MiG-31 and in 1982 gave it the code name Foxhound . In 1985, MiG-31s ​​were intercepted and photographed by Norwegian fighters for the first time.

development

MiG-31, 790. IAP, Chotilowo

The MiG-31 was developed as an interceptor against strategic bombers, cruise missiles and stealth bombers. For this task, little emphasis was placed on maneuverability, so that she is not suitable for cornering . The project 518-22 from 1971 with its specifications was adopted as a prototype for the MiG-31: trapezoidal, non-adjustable wings, a two-seater cockpit and long-range missiles suspended half-sunk. As engine was D-30F-36 of the Perm Design offices Solowjow used.

The project planning of the interceptor to scale began in 1972 under the direction of the general designer R. A. Belyakov.

For camouflage, the aircraft was initially called the MiG-25MP. Outwardly it is similar to the MiG-25 series, but there have been numerous improvements, especially with regard to the aerodynamics, the engines and the structure of the on-board units. The fuselage is load-bearing and provides up to 25 percent of the lift in certain flight positions. Also, unlike the MiG-25, the wings have not two, but three spars. The aircraft got a reinforced structure, which was also designed for supersonic speeds at low altitude. The leading edge flaps are divided into four sections and have a maximum extension angle of 10 degrees. In addition to increasing lift, these are also used as maneuver flaps. As with the MiG-25, the rudders of the MiG-31 are kept relatively small, which results in poor maneuverability at high speeds. Airbrakes were installed on both sides under the engine inlets and the MiG-31 has two brake parachutes to reduce speed after touchdown .

The front wheels of the main landing gear are offset in each landing gear nacelle from the longitudinal axis of the landing gear leg inwards and the rear wheels outwards. Such a structure improves the taxiing behavior on field airfields and on icy runways.

The drive was developed in two stages. Initially, the R-15BF-2-300 engine with a thrust of 135  kN was used. This increased the service ceiling to 24,200 meters and the range to 1,920 kilometers or 2,510 kilometers with a 5,300 liter external tank. The D-30F-6 turbofan engine, developed under the direction of P. A. Solowjow in the second phase, increased these performance characteristics. The original versions of this engine are also used in the Tu-134 passenger aircraft. The version for the MiG-31 delivers 147  kN of thrust. In addition to lower fuel consumption, structural changes allowed larger tanks, so that the range was increased to 2,135 kilometers in the supersonic range and 3,310 kilometers in the subsonic range.

testing

The first prototype of the MiG-31 (code number 831) flew on September 16, 1975 under the name Je-155MP with Mikoyan chief test pilot Alexander Fedotov at the wheel. The second machine followed on April 22, 1976 and was already equipped with the Saslon radar with passive electronic beam swiveling. In 1977 pre-series production began in the Sokol aircraft factory in Gorki . A total of eleven pre-series machines were built, which showed some differences. The machine with the number 831 was used as an aerodynamic test sample for the series , the 012 was equipped with the on-board devices, while the 305 was equipped with all systems as a sample for series production. The general flight in of the MiG-31 was completed in December 1978. The flight parameters were determined and the radar station tested. The operation of the navigation system was checked during flights at high latitudes. First, a MiG-25PU was equipped with the new complex and launched on polar airfields. The first flights of the MiG-31 with the built-in phase-controlled antenna took place in 1976. On February 15, 1978, ten targets were recorded simultaneously during the flight for the first time. In October 1978 the US American NSA determined the successful interception of a low-flying target by a Soviet aircraft.

The flight in of the MiG-31 was uneventful, but there were some problems during further testing. A machine crashed on September 20, 1979 near Vladimirovka because of an engine fire. The crew, Pyotr Maximowitsch Ostapenko and Leonid Stepanowitsch Popow , were able to save themselves with the ejection seat. In another incident, a test pilot succeeded in landing the interceptor with only one engine. A pilot landed the plane while gliding because 25 kilometers before landing the fuel ran out due to incorrect calculations. The plane landed very hard, the landing gear broke and the plane slid almost 500 meters on its fuselage. On April 4, 1984, the probably most serious accident occurred during the test, in which the chief test pilot of the design office, Alexander Fedotow and the flight engineer Valery Saizew were killed. Immediately after the aircraft took off, an incorrect signal was sent about fuel consumption. The pilot decided to land again immediately, but the fully fueled and heavy MiG-31 went into a tailspin at a low altitude and hit the ground. The occupants could no longer catapult themselves out of the machine and died.

In order to complete long-term patrol flights, some pilots carried out test flights of up to 5 hours. For example, Anatoly Kwotschur flew this time at maximum altitude in a pressure suit. Toqtar Aubäkirov flew several times near the Arctic Circle to check the navigation system, and Roman Taskayev flew over the North Pole with his machine.

The state test program was completed in the fall of 1980 and the MiG-31 was added to the armament of the air defense forces in 1981.

Avionics

View of the Saslon radar of the MiG-31 and its missile armament

In contrast to the MiG-25, the MiG-31 has a 2-man cockpit. The core of target acquisition is the SBI-16 Saslon radar and weapons control complex (NATO designation: Flash Dance ) and later Saslon-A , the world's first radar system with a passive phase-guided radar antenna ( PESA ), which was used in a standard combat aircraft. The radar can track ten targets at the same time and attack four of them in rapid succession with missiles, with the four most threatening targets being automatically selected by the Argon-15 on-board computer . The diameter of the 300 kg antenna system is 1.1 meters and the entire complex weighs one ton. The radar works in the frequency range from 9 to 9.5 GHz and has an average radiation power of 2.5 kW. With a target RCS of 19 m², the detection range is a maximum of 200 km, target tracking can be guaranteed from 150 km. The smallest radar cross-section that can be recorded is 0.3 m² and, under favorable conditions, can be perceived up to 65 km. The pivot angle of the antenna is ± 70 degrees with respect to the azimuth and + 70 / - 60 degrees in the elevation , wherein the orientation by the ferrite - phase shifter about 1.28 ms takes to complete. The radar system has an MTBF of only 55 hours and is therefore classified as error-prone and maintenance-intensive by today's standards.

With the help of the digital data transmission systems RK-RLDN and APD-518, it is possible to exchange information about the targets discovered by Saslon in real time with ground control centers and other aircraft, whereby the on-board computer enables targets that have not yet been detected from individual small particles reproduce by piecing together information obtained from the radar. The MiGs often fly in groups of four or eight in order to be able to control a strip 900 km wide.

For passive target acquisition, an infrared search and tracking system based on the 8TP thermal direction finder was used on the interceptor. The thermal direction finder is installed under the bow section of the fuselage and is stored in a special fuselage section in the passive state. During combat operations, the heat direction finder is accompanied by radar, with the help of which the target assignments are passed on to the R-40TD, R-60 or R-73 missiles (in the modernized versions). Under favorable conditions, the range of 8TP is up to 50 kilometers.

The devices necessary for piloting the interceptor aircraft include the SAU-155MP automatic control system and the KN-25 navigation complex. The complex comprises two IS-1-72A inertial systems, a maneuver digital computer , a radio system for short-range navigation A-312 Radikal-MP , a radio system for long- range navigation A-723 Kwitok-2 and the apparatus for global radio navigation Tropik .

There are also radar warning receivers, an infrared sensor and a laser warning against attacks. EloKA containers can be placed under the hull for electronic warfare .

Versions

MiG-31 at an aviation exhibition in Moscow in 1999

MiG-31DS

The first experiences with the use of the MiG-31 showed that the range of the machine was insufficient. To enable refueling in the air, an extendable refueling nozzle was installed in front of the cockpit cover.

MiG-31B / MiG-31BS

The appearance of the MiG-31B, like the appearance of the MiG-25PD, is linked to an espionage affair. In 1985 Adolf Tolkachev was arrested by the KGB, who through his work had access to classified information that he sold to the USA. By the time he was arrested, he had given the Americans information about the guidance systems of the MiG-29 and MiG-31 and the R-33 missile . The MiG-31 therefore received accelerated the improved guided missile system, which was intended for the broad modification of the MiG-31M, such as the modernized missile R-33S. The radio electronic defensive device has also been improved. Series production of the MiG-31B began in 1991. In the course of scheduled repairs, all previously built MiG-31s ​​were upgraded to the MiG-31B's. The converted aircraft was given the designation MiG-31BS, where S stands for Strojewoi , i.e. present in the troop units .

MiG-31M

The MiG-31M was an improved version, of which only seven copies were built. Compared to the MiG-31, it has larger area extensions. The back of the fuselage has a larger volume, which increases the capacity of the internal fuel tanks by 300 liters. The cockpit canopy windows for the weapons systems officer's seat have been made smaller to create the effect of a darkened cabin and to improve working with the screens. The pilot's cockpit was given a larger glazed area by installing a one-piece cockpit hood. The radome was tilted seven degrees downwards from the longitudinal axis of the aircraft. This improved the view down and forward from the pilot's cabin. The cover device has a larger diameter and on the lower fuselage surface there are no longer four, but six suspensions for accommodating the air-to-air missiles. In addition, the MiG-31M has four underwing girders. The cannon was completely dispensed with; the refueling nozzle was placed on the right-hand side. The engines were arranged as far away as possible from the longitudinal axis of the aircraft and the area of ​​the rudder was increased. On the seventh pre-production machine, a cigar-shaped container with electronic self-protection equipment was attached to the wing tips, and the rear section of the container was given vertical triangular tail units to increase flight stability. The MiG-31M did not have dual controls.

The improved radar and weapons control complex Saslon-M (with a larger antenna) was installed on the MiG-31M, which should be able to locate other combat aircraft up to a distance of 360 km. The equipment of the two cockpits includes multifunctional display devices. Instead of the retractable infrared direction finder, a visual aiming system and a laser range finder were built into the weapon control. The armament includes long-range air-to-air missiles R-33S and air-to-air missiles R-37 (300 km range). R-77s are used as medium-range missiles and R-73s can be carried for close-range defense. The increase in the take-off mass of the interceptor was partially offset by the installation of more powerful D-30F-6M engines (each with 161.8 kN thrust).

All seven MiG-31M were built at the Sokol aircraft factory in Nizhny Novgorod . The first aircraft was intended for static tests. The second machine 051 took to the air for the first time on December 21, 1985. The aircraft 052 crashed during testing. The state tests of the MiG-31M were concluded in April 1994 with the destruction of a training air target at a distance of 300 kilometers. The first flight of the MiG-31M took place in March 1992 at the Matschulistsche airfield not far from Minsk in front of the heads of government of the CIS countries. Journalists were also admitted to the demonstration and the MiG-31M was no longer secret. The serial production of the MiG-31M was never started due to lack of money.

MiG-31E

A demonstration variant, the export modification of the interceptor, was built on the basis of a serial MiG-31. The aircraft received simplified electronic equipment , which made it less maintenance-intensive and could be armed with R-33E missiles . The performance was deliberately reduced, also to reduce the price. The MiG-31E was first presented at the ILA 1992 in Berlin. In the mid-1990s, the Russian Federation bought the aircraft a. a. viewed as an export opportunity for Algeria, Iraq and Libya. Some user states of the MiG-25 would therefore have the option of replacing the old with the new model. However, the MiG-31 is generally more expensive both to purchase and to maintain compared to the MiG-25. The MiG-31E was ultimately not exported.

MiG-31F

The multi-role fighter MiG-31F was presented at the Paris Aviation Salon in 1995. It should be able to combat ground targets with precision weapons that are radio or radar-controlled and work with laser or TV guidance. Air-to-air missiles R-37M and R-33S , air-to-air missiles R-77 and R-40TD and R-73M2 can be carried. Air-to-surface missiles Ch-59M , Ch-38 , Ch-29 T, anti-radar missiles Ch-58 USchKB, Ch-31 P, Ch-25M and Ch-25MPU as well as anti-ship missiles are available for attacks on ground targets. Missile Ch-31AD available. Steerable bombs KAB-1500 and KAB-500 can also be used. It was planned to equip the aircraft with western avionics. To date, none of the machines intended for export have been built.

MiG-31FE

The variant MiG-31FE is intended for export. The machine was shown in Paris in 1999. The MiG-31FE differs from the MiG-31F in that it is not the MiG-31 that is the basis for the modernization, but the MiG-31M. The machine can be used in the same armament options as the MiG-31BM, but western avionics and weapons can also be installed. Algeria, Libya, India and China were seen as possible customers.

MiG-31BM

MiG-31BM of the Russian Air Force

Work on the MiG-31BM began in 1997 and the first machine was presented on January 11, 1999. The first flight took place in September 2005 in Nizhny Novgorod. Since 2007, the MiG-31B in service have been gradually converted to the MiG-31BM. The Saslon-A on- board radar is getting a new computer complex, called the Baget , with the entire antenna system remaining unchanged. The radar is now called Saslon-AM . Further modifications are LCD - MFDs in both cockpits as well as the air-to-air missile R-37M with a range of more than 280 kilometers (304). Instead of four, there are now six lower hull stations for weapons, which are supplemented by four wing stations. At the same time, the life of the cell is to be increased to 3500 flight hours.

Air-to-air missiles R-37M and R-33S , medium-range air-to-air missiles R-77 and R-40TD and R-73M2 can be carried. Air-to-surface missiles Ch-59M , Ch-38, Ch-29 T, anti-radar missiles Ch-58 USchKB, Ch-31 P, Ch-25M and Ch-25MPU as well as anti-ship missiles are available for attacks on ground targets. Missile Ch-31AD available. Steerable bombs KAB-1500 and KAB-500 can also be used. After tests with two aircraft, a third MiG-31 was converted in 2007, which should take into account the experience of the tests.

MiG-31K

The MiG-31K are equipped for the hypersonic guided missile Ch-47M2 Kinschal . At the beginning of May 2018, 10 of these interceptors were in service or in testing. The aircraft model was chosen as a weapon carrier because it achieves the speed and altitude required for the acceleration of the hypersonic guided missile.

MiG-31D

In 1987 two MiG-31s ​​were built as carriers for the 79M6 Kontakt and later for the 95M6 anti-satellite missiles . The aircraft were built on the basis of the MiG-31M, but the radar complex was installed without inclination and the tunnel was dimensioned smaller. The aircraft were built for the launch of a single missile, which is why there were no suspensions for air-to-air missiles and no weapons control system for them. The trajectory used to launch an anti-satellite weapon is similar to the trajectory flown to reach record heights. The principle is to launch a rocket into orbit from the dynamic service ceiling. At the apex of the flight path, the interceptor has very low acceleration and minimal flight stability. With the aim of improving course stability, vertical triangular surfaces, also called swim fins, were attached to the wing tips of the MiG-31D. The project was canceled due to lack of funds and uncertainty about the introduction of the appropriate missiles. The two machines are now mothballed in Kazakhstan and may be reactivated and used for satellite launches.

MiG-31I / MiG-31S

The MiG-31I ( Ishim ) is a project for an airborne satellite - carrier system on the basis of the MiG-31D to the start of the solid rocket Ishim ; Besides Russia , Kazakhstan and the German company EADS are also involved ; the first use was planned for 2008. The MiG-31S was a project to launch small satellites with the Micron rocket from Fakel.

MiG-31LL

The MiG-31LL is being used by the Aviation Research Institute to test new ejection seats. On the front of the aircraft's wings, cigarette-shaped containers with recording photo and video cameras are built and there is no glazing between the movable segments of the hood cover of the front and rear cockpits. Catapulting takes place from the rear cockpit. The abbreviation therefore stands for Letajuschtschaja Laboratorija ( Flying Laboratory ). The MiG-31LL was shown at the Moscow Airshow in 1992.

commitment

The fighter pilot regiments of the air defense forces received the first MiG-31s ​​for training and troop trials in 1980. The 786th IAP in Prawdinsk and the 148th GLITs in Sawasleika near Murom were the first units to be equipped with the MiG-31.

The second task force with MiG-31 was the 174th Guards IAP Boris Safonow in Montschegorsk . From September 1983 a MiG-31 regiment was stationed on Sakhalin . Finally, a MiG-31 regiment was stationed on the Kuril Islands and from spring 1984 JSDF and US Air Force aircraft regularly encountered MiG-31s.

In 1987 MiG-31s ​​of the 174th IAP escorted 203 foreign aircraft flying along the border of the USSR, including 69 SR-71 reconnaissance aircraft. In 1988 there were 825 flights against SR-71, P-3 and RC-135 .

After the collapse of the Soviet Union , the number of planes was reduced and the number of flying hours of pilots decreased rapidly, so that there were accidents. In 2000 alone there were 35 accidents with twelve total losses and ten deaths. In 19 cases the cause was due to pilot errors due to insufficient training. Meanwhile, interceptor pilots fly 80 to 120 hours a year again and the number of accidents with total losses went back to an accident in 2004 in which there were no fatalities.

The chief designer of the aircraft manufacturer MiG stated that the MiG-31 interceptor, including the BM / BSM variants, would be in service with the Air Force by 2028. A successor is to be developed by the manufacturer MiG by 2020.

User states

Current users

MiG-31, 790. IAP, Chotilowo
  • KazakhstanKazakhstan Kazakhstan - As of January 2018, 32 MiG-31 / BM are in service with the Kazakh Air Force .
  • RussiaRussia Russia - As of February 22, 2019, 116 modernized MiG-31BM / BSM and 5 MiG-31B / S are in service. (10 MiG-31B / S or MiG-31BM / BSM have been modernized into the MiG-31K version).

Some flight associations are u. a. dislocated as follows;

  • St. Petersburg Military District: (458th IAP in Savvatija near Kotlas with MiG-31B / M and 174th OIAP in Montschegorsk with MiG-31BS)
  • Military District Moscow: (790th Guards IAP in Chotilowo near Bologoje with MiG-31B / M)
  • Military District Volga-Ural-Siberia: (764th IAP in Bolshoye Savino with MiG-31B / M and 712th IAP in Kansk with MiG-31B / M)
  • Far East military district: around (530th IAP in Chugujewka with MiG-31B / M and 865th OIAP with MiG-31B / M)

Former prospects

  • China People's RepublicPeople's Republic of China People's Republic of China - In 1995 the Chinese government submitted an offer to buy 24 MiG-31s ​​that were to be reproduced under license. A license production has not taken place in the meantime. More recent information also confirms that China has otherwise not obtained any MiG-31 from the Russian Federation.
  • IranIran Iran - as early as 1992, Iran is supposed to be ruled by Russia a. Have ordered 24 MiG-31S. Intervention by the United States ended Russia's sales negotiations. A second attempt to sell the car in 2001 did not materialize due to the influence of the USA.
  • SyriaSyria Syria - Talks between Rosoboronexport and the Syrian government about the delivery of 8 MiG-31 aircraft began in 2007 at the latest . The conversations should u. a. According to Russian media information, which the Syrian official authorities confirmed and put the total price in the range of US $ 400 to 500 million. In October 2010, however, these reports were finally denied, again by the then managing director of Rosoboronexport. According to Turkish reports, 6 aircraft would have landed in Damascus in August 2015, but no MiG-31s ​​have been in service with the Syrian Air Force since January 2018 at the latest.

Incidents

  • On April 4, 1984, a MiG-31 crashed during a test flight. Mikoyan chief test pilot and hero of the Soviet Union, Alexander Fedotov and his navigator Valeri S. Saizew died.
  • A non-fatal accident occurred on November 19, 2010. The entire fleet was grounded pending an investigation.
  • On September 6, 2011 a MiG-31 had an accident near Bolgary near Perm . The plane crashed shortly after take-off, both pilots died.
  • On the night of April 23, 2013, a Kazakh Air Force MiG-31 crashed due to a technical failure during a training flight near the village of Prostornoje in the Karaganda region in Kazakhstan, the pilot was killed and the navigator was injured. The aircraft was given a general overhaul in December 2012 at a plant in Rzhev in northwestern Russia.
  • On September 4, 2014, a MiG-31 crashed 25 kilometers from Armavir while approaching. Both pilots survived and problems with extending the right main landing gear were reported.
  • On January 25, 2016, a MiG-31 crashed in the Krasnoyarsk region of Russia. The pilots saved themselves with the ejection seat and were unharmed.
  • On April 26, 2017, a MiG-31 crashed in Buryatia . Both pilots saved themselves with the ejection seat.
  • On September 19, 2018, a MiG-31K crashed shortly after take-off from the Sawassleika military airfield in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast during a planned training flight. The cause of the crash is said to be a mechanical failure. Both pilots saved themselves with the ejection seat.

Technical specifications

Three-sided view of the MiG-31
Parameter Data
crew 2
length 22.69 m
span 13.46 m
height 6.15 m
Wing area 61.60 m²
Wing extension 2.94
Wing loading
  • minimum (empty weight): 354 kg / m²
  • maximum (max. take-off weight): 750 kg / m²
Empty mass 21,825 kg
Max. Takeoff mass 46,200 kg
Fuel capacity
  • internal: 20,250 l
  • external: 2 × 2,500 l
g limits: + 5 g
Take-off run 1200 m
Landing runway 800 m
Top speed
  • Mach 2.83 (at high altitudes)
  • Mach 1.2 (at sea level)
Marching speed
  • Mach 2.35 (at high altitudes)
  • Mach 0.85 (at sea level)
Landing speed 280 km / h
Rate of climb 208 m / s
Service ceiling 20,600 m
Max. Altitude 24,400 m
Use radius
  • at Mach 2.35: 720 km
  • at Mach 0.85: approx. 1400 km
Transfer range up to 3300 km
Engines two turbofan engines Solovyov D-30 -F6
Thrust
  • with afterburner: 2 × 152.06 kN
  • without afterburner: 2 × 93.19 kN
Thrust-to-weight ratio
  • maximum (empty weight): 1.4
  • minimum (max.starting mass): 0.72

Armament

R-33 missiles half retracted in the fuselage
R-40TD missile on a MiG-31
MiG-31BM with a Kinschal

The MiG-31 was supposed to fight targets at long range. The Wympel design office was commissioned to develop a long-range rocket . The R-33 air-to-air missile developed from this as the main armament . Four of these missiles are half retracted and attached to the pylons under the fuselage, which are lowered by means of hydraulic trapezoids for firing. The rocket has a range of 120 kilometers and has a semi-active radar seeker. After launch, the missile is first guided through the weapons control system of the MiG-31 and switches to semi-active radar for final target acquisition, which continues to rely on target lighting from the Saslon radar. It was also the first Soviet air-to-air missile to be able to attack low-flying targets such as cruise missiles , drones or F-111 or B-1B bombers . However, the rocket can only be used against slowly maneuvering targets, as it is sluggish to maneuver due to its size. The target acquisition speed is more than Mach 3.5.

Fixed armament in the bow

The six-barrel on-board cannon is mounted on the right outer side of the air intake behind the main landing gear, whereby shooting is made possible through a special loophole in a normal position with the flap closed.

Gun loading of 4000 kg at seven external load stations

Air-to-air guided missile

  • 4 × Wympel R-33 (AA-9 Amos) - radar-guided for long distances
  • 4 × Wympel R-37 (AA-13 Arrow) - radar-guided for long distances
  • 2 × APU-84-46 suspension points for 1 × Wympel R-40TD (K-40 or AA-6 "Acryd") each - infrared-guided for medium-haul routes
  • 2 × starting rails for one Nowator KS-172 each (GRAU index K-100) - radar-guided for long distances
  • 4 × AKU-170 starting rails for 1 × Wympel R-77 (AA-12 adder) each - infrared controlled for short distances
  • 4 × P-12-1-D starting rails for 1 × GosMKB Wympel R-73E (AA-11 "Archer") each - infrared controlled for short distances
  • 2 × APU-60-2 double start rails for 2 × Wympel R-60 MK (K-60 or AA-8 "Aphid") each - infrared-controlled, self-targeting for short distances

Air-to-surface guided missile

  • 4 × AKU-58 launch rails for 1 × Raduga Ch-58E / U (AS-11 "Kilter") each - anti-radar guided missile
  • 4 × AKU-58M launch rails for 1 × Zvezda Ch-31P (AS-17 "Krypton-B") each - anti-radar guided missile
  • Hypersonic guided missile Ch-47M2 Kinschal ("dagger"; approx. Mach 10 maximum speed) with a range of more than 2000 km. The missile can maneuver unpredictably to evade countermeasures. It is suitable for combating ground and sea targets.

External container

Others

The name "MiG 31" for a new Soviet aircraft with the fictional NATO code name "Firefox" appears in the film Firefox with Clint Eastwood , exactly at the time of the troop trials of the real MiG-31 . Here, however, the aircraft or the dummy used is a strongly alienated mixture of SR-71 and F-117 .

literature

  • Mikhail Nikolskij: MiG-31 - Fighter of the 21st Century . Structure, experience, commitment. Ed .: Rudi Meier. Elbe-Dnjepr-Verlag, Klitzschen 2004, ISBN 978-3-933395-53-5 .

Web links

Commons : MiG-31  - Collection of Images

Individual evidence

  1. a b c d FlugRevue 2/2008, MiG-31 Foxhound, pp. 49-52
  2. Russian Virtual Computer Museum - Argon-15 Specifications
  3. a b c d e Overscan’s guide to Russian Military Avionics ( Memento of the original from July 7, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / aerospace.boopidoo.com
  4. Jane's Radar to Electronic Warfare Systems 2003
  5. a b Aerospace Systems - export catalog , Rosoboronexport 2005, p. 16
  6. Tikhomirov Scientific-Research Institute of Instrument Design ( Memento of the original from December 17, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.niip.info
  7. Dr. Carlo Kopp: Foxbat and Foxhound Russia's Cold War Warriors. uasairpower.net, January 27, 2017, accessed February 13, 2019 .
  8. http://www.airwar.ru/enc/fighter/mig31bm.html
  9. Archived copy ( Memento from January 21, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
  10. Десять истребителей Миг-31 с "Кинжалами" заступили на боевое дежурство. iz.ru, May 5, 2018, accessed May 11, 2018 (Russian).
  11. Janes.com: New Russian missile likely to be part of the antisatellite system
  12. (translated) Russia will retire the MiG-31 from 2028. . lenta.ru. March 31, 2016. Retrieved April 2, 2016.
  13. a b c d The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS): The Military Balance 2018 . 1st edition. Routledge, London 2018, ISBN 978-1-85743-955-7 (English, January 2018).
  14. ^ The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS): The Military Balance 2018 . 1st edition. Routledge, London 2018, ISBN 978-1-85743-955-7 , pp. 197, 199 (English, as of January 2018, 100 MiG-31BM / BSM).
  15. В ЦВО поступят четыре модернизированных перехватчика МиГ-31БМ. военное.рф, May 16, 2018, accessed on January 5, 2019 (Russian, including 4 existing MiG-31Bs were modernized to the BM version).
  16. Два модернизированных истребителя МиГ-31БМ пополнили Тихоокеанский флот. In: ИЗВЕСТИЯ. iz.ru, February 20, 2019, accessed on February 22, 2019 (Russian).
  17. Авиация Северного флота пополнилась истребителями-перехватчиками МиГ-31БМ. In: Министерство обороны Российской Федерации. structure.mil.ru, February 22, 2019, accessed on February 22, 2019 (in Russian, among other things, a total of 10 MiG-31BMs were delivered to the northern fleet's flight squadron between December 2018 and February 22, 2019).
  18. ^ The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS): The Military Balance 2017 . 1st edition. Routledge, London 2017, ISBN 978-1-85743-900-7 , pp. 215, 217 (English, January 2017, 32 MiG-31B / S).
  19. В Бурятии разбился истребитель-перехватчик МиГ-31 . ria.ru. April 26, 2017. Retrieved April 28, 2017.
  20. Истребительная авиация Центрального военного округа пополнилась новыми МиГ-31БСМ . function.mil.ru. April 3, 2017. Retrieved June 23, 2017.
  21. В Красноярск направили два модернизированных перехватчика МиГ-31БМ. военное.рф, October 19, 2017, accessed on October 20, 2017 (in Russian, including 2 existing MiG-31Bs were modernized to the BM version).
  22. Истребитель МиГ-31 загорелся на аэродроме под Пермью. lenta.ru, May 18, 2018, accessed July 6, 2018 (Russian).
  23. В Нижегородской области упал МиГ-31. ТАСС - tass.ru, September 19, 2018, accessed September 21, 2018 (Russian).
  24. В ЦВО поступят четыре модернизированных перехватчика МиГ-31БМ. военное.рф, May 16, 2018, accessed on January 5, 2019 (Russian, including 4 existing MiG-31Bs were modernized to the BM version).
  25. Два модернизированных истребителя МиГ-31БМ пополнили Тихоокеанский флот. In: ИЗВЕСТИЯ. iz.ru, February 20, 2019, accessed on February 22, 2019 (in Russian, among other things, 2 existing MiG-31B were modernized to the BM version).
  26. Авиация Северного флота пополнилась истребителями-перехватчиками МиГ-31БМ. In: Министерство обороны Российской Федерации. structure.mil.ru, February 22, 2019, accessed on February 22, 2019 (in Russian, among other things, a total of 10 existing MiG-31B were modernized into the BM version for the northern fleet's flight squadron between December 2018 and February 22, 2019) .
  27. Десять истребителей Миг-31 с "Кинжалами" заступили на боевое дежурство. iz.ru, May 5, 2018, accessed May 11, 2018 (Russian).
  28. Авиацию Северного флота усилили два модернизированных перехватчика МиГ-31БМ. In: Mil.Press FLOT. flot.com, February 13, 2019, accessed on February 15, 2019 (Russian, including 2 existing MiG-31Bs were modernized to the BM version).
  29. Stephen J. Blank: THE DYNAMICS OF RUSSIAN WEAPON SALES TO CHINA. ssi.armywarcollege.edu, March 4, 1997, accessed February 13, 2019 .
  30. ^ The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS): The Military Balance 2000–2001 . 1st edition. Oxford University Press, London 2000, ISBN 978-0-19-929003-1 , pp. 196 ff . (English).
  31. Iran Is Too Much of a Mess to Acquire Russian Weaponry. In: War Is Boring. warisboring.com, October 20, 2017, accessed on February 13, 2019 .
  32. ^ Syrian Arab Air Force (SAAF) - Modernization. In: GlobalSecurity. globalsecurity.org, accessed February 13, 2019 .
  33. Syria reportedly receives MiG-31 interceptors from Russia ( Memento from August 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Jane's August 16, 2015
  34. Russian MiG-31 fighter crashes in Urals, pilots eject. In: sputniknews.com. November 19, 2010, accessed September 21, 2018 .
  35. Investigators seizing crashed MiG-31 fighter documentation. In: tass.com. September 6, 2011, accessed September 21, 2018 .
  36. Sergei Petrov: Flight recorder found at MiG-31 crash site. In: sputniknews.com. September 7, 2011, accessed on September 21, 2018 .
  37. Pilot Killed in Kazakh MiG-31 Crash. In: sputniknews.com. April 24, 2013, accessed September 21, 2018 .
  38. Russian Defense Ministry: Russian MiG-31 Supersonic Interceptor Crashes, Pilots Survive. In: sputniknews.com. September 4, 2014, accessed September 21, 2018 .
  39. MiG-31 fighter jet crashes in Siberia, pilots eject safely. In: rt.com. January 25, 2016, accessed September 21, 2018 .
  40. MiG-31 interceptor crashes in Siberia, both pilots ejected - Russian MoD. In: rt.com. April 26, 2017, accessed September 21, 2018 .
  41. The MiG-31, which crashed in the Nizhny Novgorod region, was a carrier aircraft for the Kinshal rockets from Putin's embassy to the State Duma , Novaya Gazeta, September 20, 2018
  42. MiG-31 Interceptor Jet Crashes in Central Russia - Russian Defense Ministry. In: sputniknews.com. September 19, 2018, accessed on September 21, 2018 .
  43. ↑ The “Kinschal” hypersonic rocket proves its worth at the start of the exercise - VIDEO
  44. [1]