Antje Grauhan

Antje Grauhan in her apartment in Travemünde in July 2009

Antje Grauhan (born April 26, 1930 in Berlin , † July 5, 2010 in Lübeck-Travemünde ) was a German nurse , teaching nurse , headmistress and nursing scientist . She dealt with the conception of a generalist nursing education as well as the conception of generalist nursing courses, with the beginning academization of the nursing professions in Germany and last but not least with professional policy issues.

Life

“Being able to see the sailing ships on the Trave in front of our house always gave me a feeling of freedom” ( Antje Grauhan during an interview in Travemünde in 2009. With this sentence, as she said, she formulated her very own attitude towards life, which she experienced the many and difficult years in care.)

From Senftenberg / Lausitz to Heidelberg

Antje Grauhan spent her childhood in Senftenberg in Lausitz . Her father, who in the First World War as a soldier, the ravages of typhus had experienced was chief physician at the local miners' skrankenhaus and also chief physician of Senftenberg Reserve hospital . After the end of the Second World War, Antje Grauhan was supposed to work in the hospital kitchen as a kitchen helper in the hospital kitchen, which the father prevented. Instead, he advocated training as a nurse. The father fell ill with typhus himself while treating his Senftenberg patients and died in June 1945. Subsequently, the superior of the Heidelberg Ludolf Krehl Clinic , Olga Freiin von Lersner , managed to bring Antje Grauhan to Heidelberg. At the University of Heidelberg a nurses' school was to open its doors in 1953, which, for the first time after the Leipzig Women's College founded by Henriette Goldschmidt in the Weimar Republic , again offered prospective nurses in Germany the opportunity of an academic training. After completing her nursing diploma, Antje Grauhan studied Maternal and Child Care in the USA with a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation and between 1962 and 1971 became the second head of the nursing school at Heidelberg University (USH). She was able to acquire certificates of achievement for her later master’s degree at the University of Konstanz at the University of Heidelberg, including from the educationalist Christian Theobald Caselmann , as well as from the deaconry scholars Herbert Krimm and Paul Philippi . With the acquisition of regular performance certificates, it was not only possible for the already privileged professor's daughters at the sister school of Heidelberg University to attend events at the university ("professorial daughter status"), but also for young women from the non-academic social classes and men to be admitted to the USH was made possible. Achieving this has always been an important concern for Antje Grauhan. Nevertheless, the path for men who had a family to support remained a difficult path at USH, which was due not least to the behavior of the medical faculty.

Hanns-Gotthard Lasch and the "Hollywood Sisters"

The new sister school of Heidelberg University (USH) was quickly nicknamed "Hollywood School". The pupils were nicknamed “Hollywood Sisters” at the nursing wards. The nickname was invented by Hanns Gotthard Lasch , then a school doctor for the USH and senior physician at the Medical Clinic ( Ludolf von Krehl Klinik). Inspired tab through the sandelholzfarbene costume of student nurses, the white-gray in color around seemed refreshing. However, even then, regardless of the refreshing color, there was still a comparatively strict dress code regarding the length of the uniforms or the width of the neckline, which was represented by Olga von Lersner in cooperation with the clinic management. The tailor-made uniforms were made by a renowned Heidelberg clothing store in Heidelberg's Hauptstrasse and often presented the parents of the student nurses with financial challenges. The term “ costume ” was abandoned in the first years of school operation and instead “uniform” was used. The celebrations at the Hollywood school were particularly popular, for which the daily butter rations had to be saved in the early years . "Big events throw their thin soups in advance," said Antje Grauhan's comment.

Heidelberg Anthropological School

During this time in Heidelberg, Grauhan, together with Heinrich Schipperges and Eduard Seidler at the Institute for the History of Medicine at Heidelberg University, combined the nursing theories of Faye Glenn Abdellah and Virginia Henderson with Viktor von Weizsäcker's circle of shapes and Heinrich Schipperges' control cycle model. The concept of the “Gestaltkreis” added new theoretical elements and problems to medicine in the 20th century. Seidler and Grauhan wrote two essays that related to each other. This was followed by the integration of the nursing theory of Nancy Roper , Winifred W. Logan and Alison Tierney . Together with the doctor Wolfgang Rapp in Paul Christian's department , Antje Grauhan developed the tripersonal approach “patient-doctor-nurse”. They were supported by Antje Hüter-Becker from the physiotherapy school and the physiotherapist Hannelore Göhring. Discussions with Herbert Plügge and his phenomenological-medical approach stimulated the considerations on "nursing phenomena", which should get a permanent place in the emerging nursing science in Germany. The Heidelberg anthropological school was made fruitful for care by Antje Grauhan. The medical supervision of her master’s thesis in the department of education at the University of Konstanz was therefore carried out by Thure von Uexküll at the Ulm University Hospital (1973–1974). Antje Grauhan was adopted on October 29, 1971 in an extraordinary board meeting of the nursing school of the University of Heidelberg chaired by Günter Quadbeck , the dean of the medical faculty. Gotthard Schettler gave the laudation , guests of honor included Karl Heinrich Bauer and Prorector Kristian Hungar.

Franco-German project: Regional Open Health University

After the OECD had established in preliminary work that “modern society creates new forms of mortality and morality and therefore requires new forms of integrated medical care with special consideration of psychological and sociological factors: The Regional Open Health University”, Antje Grauhan took part in the international project of Regional Health University . The clinical cooperation between like-minded three people: doctor - patient - nurse (triad) had already been tested in the Ludolf von Krehl Clinic in Heidelberg on the occasion of the development of psychosomatic medicine on the Siebeck and Friedreich wards with nurses and students from the nursing school of Heidelberg University. This included new forms of designing patient rounds, documentation, handovers, and overall communication structures. At the first worldwide international meeting of the OECD in Paris from 15. – 18. December 1975 the Heidelberg physician Wolfgang Rapp was the only German expert to report on the psychosomatic triad. Together with representatives of the OECD, Cornilliaut, Paris, as well as Paul Christian , Thure von Uexküll and representatives of the DKFZ , Antje Grauan took part in a German-French project. Several conferences followed in Heidelberg, as well as a joint presentation by Grauhan-Rapp in Saarbrücken in 1982. The international closing event took place in the Friedrich Ebert Memorial in Heidelberg.

Move to Ulm; Ilse Schulz, Karl Köhle and Thure von Uexküll

This move to Konstanz and Ulm became necessary because the University of Heidelberg was not offering any master’s degree at the time. The doctors Thure von Uexküll and Karl Köhle worked with the nursing scientist Antje Grauhan in Ulm to develop a further training course in “Psychosomatic Nursing”. This concept of patient-oriented psychosomatic care, the so-called “Ulm Model”, also met with particular interest in the continuing education course “Teachers in Health Care” at the Center for Continuing Education at the University of Osnabrück, which was established in 1979 and by the nursing scientist Christa Winter- von Lersner and Gerda Kaufmann was looked after. Both came, like Antje Grauhan, from the nursing school at Heidelberg University . During her time in the Ulm pilot project (1973–1976), Antje Grauhan was a member of a working group in the Science Council on the subject of "Degree programs for non-medical professions in the health sector". Her generalist approach, which she also laid down in her master's thesis, referred not only to the nursing professions, but to all non-medical health professions and is to be regarded as her actual scientific achievement. In Ulm there was close cooperation between Antje Grauhan and the nursing expert and women researcher Ilse Schulz . Antje Grauhan also received support with her master's thesis from her younger brother, the political scientist Rolf-Richard Grauhan , who had completed his doctorate under Dolf Sternberger at the University of Heidelberg and who had also dealt with questions of hospital management.

Study course in Berlin, teaching assignments in Osnabrück

Between 1976 and 1982 Antje Grauhan was jointly responsible research assistant for the model course "Teachers for medical professions" at the Free University of Berlin . Similar to the Ulm model course, this Berlin model did not have a long survival time. In addition, Antje Grauhan's wish for the new course to be linked to the Medical Faculty of the Free University of Berlin, unlike in Ulm, was not fulfilled to her greatest regret. The resistance in Berlin came mainly from the union. An important role was played by the fact that at the university's nurses' school the collective agreement of the trade unions was not adhered to, but instead school fees were paid to enable the school to enjoy the special status. After her time in Berlin, Antje Grauhan worked as a lecturer for nursing science at the University of Osnabrück together with Ruth Schröck , the first female professor of this subject in Germany.

Elke Müller

Elke Müller (married Müller-Simians), one of the graduates of the Berlin model course and later teacher for nursing professions at the USH, received the Golden Badge of Honor from the German Professional Association for Nursing Professions (DBfK) in Stuttgart in April 2016 . Antje Grauhan had always felt very close to the DBfK. She also referred to Elke Müller as her most important student. Elke Müller-Simianer, whose main concern, as described in her diploma thesis as well as her dissertation, is the development of nursing as an independent profession with "main subject nursing", without the tutelage of neighboring professional groups, withdrew from all public groups in October 2017 Offices back.

Hopes and realizations

Antje Grauhan had always had the academic tradition of nursing in Heidelberg in mind since Franz Anton Mai . Her goal was to take up and promote the tradition of academization of nursing in the nursing school of Heidelberg University that he had begun. Her wish, shared with the first post-war rector of Heidelberg University Karl Heinrich Bauer , that access to academic structures would be made possible for all health professions, was not to be fulfilled in Heidelberg until 2011 with the start of the Interprofessional Health Care course. The course coordinator was Cornelia Mahler from the sister school at Heidelberg University. With the implementation of this course in 2011, Heidelberg University had a 231-year-old academic tradition in nursing, which, however, had been interrupted several times by wars and other unrest. The first female nursing graduates had already passed their academic examinations under Franz Anton Mai in 1785 and the Mannheim midwifery school was founded in 1766. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the nursing professions were differentiated by the Nurse Pia Bauer and the doctor and cancer researcher Vincenz Czerny , who also took into account technical changes such as X-ray machines. Vincenz Czerny, however, also advocated the introduction of massage courses and physiotherapy practices, which had already been taught at a high level in the Roman Empire, and thus fell back on very old knowledge traditions. The implementation of this concern of Czerny in the care was carried out by Mathilde von Horn , a companion of Pia Bauer.

On the way to the Magnet Hospital

A few years after Antje Grauhan's death, Heidelberg University Hospital set out to become a magnet hospital. In 2016, three nurses from Heidelberg University Hospital were the first German participants to take part in the Magnet Congress in the USA. This hopefully intensified the efforts of the past to place the patient at the center of interprofessional therapeutic events. A project on interprofessional communication was carried out from 2013 to 2014. The Heidelberg University Hospital also decided in 2016, six years after the death of Antje Grauhan, to establish a professorship for nursing and therapeutic science in research and teaching. Was appointed Martina Hasseler (* 1968). With this appointment, Antje Grauhan's wish came true.

On September 24, 2016, a celebratory event took place for the 250th anniversary of the midwifery school with school management Cordula Fischer and the Lübeck midwifery historian Christine Loytved, at which reminds of the time when Franz Anton Mai was founded and the current study opportunities for midwives in the bachelor's degree "Interprofessionelle Health Care ”for midwives at Heidelberg University Hospital . Last but not least, in 2015 at the Institute for Gerontology at the University of Heidelberg, an admission thesis was carried out in which a historical-critical examination of the BA Nurse was undertaken and its new perspectives were considered. Wolfgang Rapp also recalled, in the spirit of Karl-Heinrich Bauer , the cooperation between all professional groups that can or should gather around a patient. He illustrated this with the example of the collaboration between the medical profession, nursing staff and physiotherapy, with Antje Hüter-Becker representing physiotherapy. The biographical approach of the Heidelberg anthropological school (Siebeck, VvWeizsäcker, Mitscherlich) was gradually incorporated into nursing science. After the Siebeck and Friedreich wards of the Ludolf von Krehl Clinic had already had a school station to try out the triad “patient-doctor-care” in the 1960s, an integrated HIPSTA training station was set up in 2016 at the Heidelberg University Surgical Clinic, sponsored by the Robert Bosch Foundation. Antje Grauhan's hopes were thus gradually realized. Antje Grauhan was spared the experience of extending nursing working hours to up to 12 hours a day, which slowly found its way back in the years after her death, at least in the area of ​​home care.

Public offices

Since 1952 Antje Grauhan was a member of the Agnes-Karll-Verband , later the German Professional Association for Nursing, DBfK . She was also a member of the “Care Needs Elites” working group of the Robert Bosch Foundation in Stuttgart. From 1983 to 1990 she was editor of the German Nursing Journal in Stuttgart. Antje Grauhan encouraged Sabine Bartholomeyczik , a graduate of the nursing school from the early decade, to publish her project on women's health in the German Nursing Journal. During this time, there was also a closer collaboration with Frankfurt nursing scientist Hilde Steppe . Antje Grauhan was delighted with the first professorships from USH graduates such as those of Monika Habermann or Olivia Dibelius.

In 1995 she retired from all public office. She remained friendly to Eduard Seidler throughout her life. On her 80th birthday, she received congratulations from doctoral students at the University of Witten-Herdecke ("Doctoral Day", which was originally introduced by Ruth Schröck) and from many companions. Her successor as headmistress of the USH was Erika von Amann. Antje Grauhan died shortly after her 80th birthday in her parents' house in Lübeck-Travemünde.

Impact history

Eduard Seidler's book “History of Medicine and Nursing”, which was published from 1966 to its fifth edition under the title “History of Nursing for Sick People” in the Kohlhammer Verlag in Stuttgart, was standard reading in nursing education in the Federal Republic of Germany until into the 1990s. In the respective chapter on "Dietetics and Nursing", the process of assigning the various health professions to the basic human needs, which Antje Grauhan had undertaken, was described. The history of the impact of the process begun in Heidelberg of having written a common history of medicine and nursing or of medicine and the non-medical health and nursing professions can therefore not be overestimated.

Correspondence, estate

• Publications and lectures by Antje Grauhan were pre-sorted by Signe Brunner-Orawsky in the late 1990s. They are located in the University Archives of Heidelberg University in the estate of the Heidelberg University's sister school.
• After the death of Antje Grauhan, the Travemünder estate was brought to the Hilde Steppe documentation center of the Frankfurt / Main University of Applied Sciences at her express request. This estate also includes the numerous 80th birthday congratulations. (Congratulations cards from the Doctoral Day of the students of the nursing science University of Witten-Herdecke, Eduard Seidler; Tabula Congratulations).
• Another part of the estate is in private hands.

Honors

• On the occasion of Antje Grauhan's retirement from active professional life, the nursing school at Heidelberg University organized a training conference in April 1990.
• At the 2nd general meeting of the German Association for Nursing Science (later: German Society for Nursing Science ) in November 1990, Antje Grauhan was made an honorary member.
• Antje Grauhan became the first recipient of the German Nursing Council's Nursing Award in 2000 - on the occasion of the 2nd International Conference on Nursing Theories in Nuremberg.
• Renate Schwarz-Govaers (training nurse school at the University of Heidelberg, as well as later head of further training to become a “teaching nurse” there) dedicated her dissertation to Antje Grauhan in 2003 (submitted by Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen ).
• Celebration for the 80th birthday: Christine R. Auer: A free-thinking nurse, Antje Grauhan MA is 80 years old, with a contribution by Monika Thiemann-Brenning, funded by the Robert Bosch Foundation , self-published Heidelberg 2010. ISBN 978-3-00 -030494-1 . Antje Grauhan 80 years old .

Publications (excerpt)

• Considerations on the current structure of the nursing profession. In: German sister magazine. 1964, pp. 2–3, and in: International Journal of Nursing Studies. 1965, Volume 2, Issue 2, pp. 189-191.
• Contribution to the planning of three-year practice-related courses in nursing , master's thesis University of Konstanz 1973.
• with Petra ambassador, Udo Schagen : pilot project development and testing of a 3-year course for teachers at educational institutions for medical professions. Interim report, Free University of Berlin 1977.
• Critical analysis of nursing services. In: Orders. Special series on the RENOVATIO magazine for interdisciplinary discussion, Ed. Stanis-Edmund Szydzik, Verlag Friedrich Pustet Regensburg, 1978.
• with Karl Köhle, Claudia Simons et.al. (Ed.): Applied Psychosomatics. The internal-psychosomatic infirmary - a workshop report. With a preface by Thure von Uexküll. Verlag Rocom (Editiones Roche), Basel 1980.
• Foreword (on the critical examination of the approach of Roper , Logan, Tierney ) , in: Maria Mischo-Kelling and Henning Zeidler: Innere Medizin und Krankenpflege , Urban & Schwarzenberg Munich 1989.
• The image of man in nursing. In: Hilde Schädle-Deininger, Ulrike Villinger (sister school of the University of Heidelberg, ed.): Care, care-emergency, care-emergency status. Developments in psychiatric care, workshop publications on social psychiatry. Psychiatrie Verlag, Bonn 1990.

Literature, heiBOOKS

• Renate von Monteton: Democracy as a principle of training. Antje Grauhan at the nurses' school at Heidelberg University from 1953–1971. In: German nursing journal . 43 (No. 5), pp. 322-328, Stuttgart 1990.
• Signe Brunner-Orawsky: Antje Grauhan-a deeply democratic life, seminar paper on the history of nursing with Horst-Peter Wolff, Humboldt University Berlin 1999.
• Birgit Trockel et al. (Ed.): Who's Who in Nursing. Germany - Switzerland - Austria. Pp. 177–179, Verlag Hans Huber Care Program, Bern, Göttingen, Toronto, Seattle 1999, with a preface by Ruth Schröck .
• Christine R. Auer: History of the nursing professions as a subject. The curricular development in nursing education and training. Diss. Institute History of Medicine (now: History and Ethics) of the University of Heidelberg, academic supervisors Wolfgang U. Eckart and Rolf Verres , clinical examiner Günter H. Seidler , self-published 2008. History of nursing professions as a subject.
• Christine R. Auer: The Heidelberg School of Anthropological Medicine and Nursing. Posthumously for Antje Grauhan. Lecture on the occasion of the Florence Nightingale Congress at Royal Holloway College London, self-published Heidelberg 2010.
• Christa Winter von Lersner: Farewell to Antje Grauhan (1930-2010) , in: Pflege & Gesellschaft, Juventa Weinheim 15th year, issue 4, 2010, pp. 383–384.
• Margot Sieger: Transformations in Nursing after 1945: Between Professionalization and Deprofessionalization , in: Jochen-Christoph Kaiser and Rajah Scheepers (eds.): Servants of the Lord, contributions to female diaconia in the 19th and 20th centuries , historical-theological gender research, Evang. Verlagsanstalt Leipzig 2010, p. 178. JC Kaiser, Rajah Scheepers: Servants of the Lord .
• Hubert Kolling (Ed.): Biographical lexicon on nursing history “Who was who in nursing history” , Volume 6, pp. 107-109, publisher hpsmedia Hungen, 2012.
• Christine R. Auer: Antje Grauhan and Wolfgang Rapp (Dept. Paul Christian): The expansion of the bipersonal to a tripersonal situation “patient-doctor-nurse” presented us with new challenges. Sabine Bartholomeyczik was awarded the Federal Cross of Merit in May 2015. Self-published Heidelberg 2015, ISBN 978-3-00-050734-2 . Grauhan-Rapp: Tripersonal Approach.
• Karin Buselmeier, Jens Dannehl, Susanne Himmelheber, Wolfgang U. Eckart et.al .: University Museum Heidelberg - Catalogs Vol. 2, booklet accompanying the exhibition , Heidelberger E-Books, heiBOOKS 2006 , The Heidelberg School of Anthropological Medicine p. 62, published on 19th February 2016.

Web links

• Successor institution of the sister school of Heidelberg University: Academy for Health Professions: History. ( Memento from July 27, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
• Heidelberg impulses on the history of nursing (PDF) Lecture by Christine Auer and Reinald Schmidt-Richter on the history of the nursing school of the University of Heidelberg and on the history of the "beneficial Heidelberg doctor and nurse training" (quote from Philipp Lenard , Heidelberg Nobel Prize winner , who was unfortunately a National Socialist in the Third Reich was.), May 2013.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ so z. B. Reinald Schmidt-Richter, Herbert Weisbrod-Frey, Jürgen Krauth, who moved to the Robert Bosch Foundation in Stuttgart as project manager ; Jürgen Krauth Project Manager Robert Bosch , accessed on December 17, 2016; Ingo Stelzer as a fundraiser in the Heidelberg Foundation for Surgery, Ingo Stelzer KlinikTicker January 14, 2016 , accessed on December 23, 2016.
2. ↑ Susanne Kreutzer: “Hollywood Nurses” in West Germany: Biographies, Self-Images, and Experiences of Academically Trained Nurses after 1945 , in: Nursing History Review 21 (2013): 33-54, A Publication of the American Association for the History of nursing; Copyright 2013 Springer Publishing Company.
3. ↑ Christine R. Auer: A free-thinking nurse, Antje Grauhan MA is 80 years old, with a contribution by Monika Thiemann-Brenning, funded by the Robert Bosch Foundation , self-published Heidelberg 2010, p. 15. ISBN 978-3-00- 030494-1 . Antje Grauhan 80 years old .
4. ↑ Wolfgang U. Eckart : Milestones in circulatory, vascular and blood research , in: Peter Nawroth and Hanns Gotthard Lasch (eds.): Vascular medicine systematically , Uni-Med Verlag Bremen 1999, on HG Lasch, the "latent coagulation" and the pathomechanism of consumption coagulopathy , p. 33. ISBN 3-89599-143-0 .
5. ↑ Wolfgang U. Eckart : History, Theory and Ethics of Medicine , Springer Textbook, 8th revised edition, Springer Germany 2017, p. 316. ISBN 978-3-662-54659-8 . E – book: ISBN 978-3-662-54660-4 . doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-662-54660-4 , Eckart points out that the Gestalt cycle theory shows certain parallels to Jakob von Uexküll's functional cycle of environment and organism. The Gestalt circle theory encompasses the interplay between the "inner and outer world of the organism as a whole". In the therapeutic situation, a circular process of giving and taking, of recognizing and changing through recognition, of mutual influencing arises: the gestalt circle; dto. p. 316. The functional circle of Jakob von Uexküll was further developed by his son Thure von Uexküll into the " situation circle ."
6. ↑ The relationship between the Gestalt cycle and the control cycle has so far hardly been explored (information provided by Peter Achilles, Viktor von Weizsäcker Gesellschaft.) The “Gestalt cycle” has so far been translated into Spanish, French (Foucault) and Japanese and is received in these countries, whereas it is received in the Anglo-Saxon countries Due to the lack of a translation, little so far (see Udo Benzenhöfer : Arztphilosoph VvW , Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Göttingen 2007, pp. 210 + 211.)
7. ↑ The Heidelberg educational scientist Felix von Cube made the control cycle productive, not least for nursing education. So z. B. in: Ralf Mattes and Roland Brühe: The cybernetic-information-theoretical didactic model according to Helmar Frank and Felix von Cube. Creation of a teaching program "care models". Thesis management and teaching at nursing schools, F + U Heidelberg 1997, pp. 5–9. Digitized
8. ^ Antje Grauhan: considerations on the current structure of the nursing profession , as well as Eduard Seidler: dietetics and nursing ; each published in: Deutsche Schwesternzeitung , Stuttgart Kohlhammer 1964; and in: International Journal of Nursing Studies, Elsevier 2.2 1965.
9. ↑ Antje Hüter-Becker: New thinking model in physiotherapy
10. ↑ ^{a b} Christine R. Auer: Antje Grauhan and Wolfgang Rapp (Dept. Paul Christian): The expansion of the bipersonal to a tripersonal situation “patient-doctor-nurse” presented us with new challenges. Announcement for Sabine Bartholomeyczik for the Federal Cross of Merit 2015, self-published Heidelberg 2015, ISBN 978-3-00-050734-2 .
11. ↑ Wolfgang Rapp: Heritage, transition and paradigm. Paul Christian and Heidelberg Medicine on the move. In: Wolfgang Eich (Ed.): Bipersonalität. Psychophysiology and anthropological medicine. Paul Christian on his 100th birthday. Königshausen & Neumann Würzburg 2014, pp. 89–107, specifically on Antje Grauhan and Antje Hüter from the Physiotherapy School, p. 100, processing of subjective information that went beyond clinical data, introduction of new documentation and communication folders, etc.
12. ^ Wolfgang U. Eckart and Robert Jütte : Medical History. An introduction , Böhlau Cologne, Weimar, Vienna 2007, on Antje Hüter-Becker and the so far hardly explored history of physiotherapy / physiotherapy pp. 199 + 201. ISBN 978-3-412-12406-9 . 2nd edition 2014, pp. 216 + 219, ISBN 978-3-8252-3927-5 .
13. ^ Rhein-Neckar-Wiki: Herbert Plügge
14. ↑ Mechthilde Kütemeyer: Anthropological medicine or the emergence of a new science. Dissertation Institute for the History of Medicine Uni HD, with Heinrich Schipperges, 1973.
15. ^ Minutes and attachments of the extraordinary meeting of the Board of Trustees, Acc 43/08 Heidelberg University Archives.
16. ^ OECD, Center for Educational Research and Innovation: Health, Higher Education and the Community. Towards a Regional Health University , 1977.
17. ↑ Wolfgang Rapp (Heidelberg Alumni France): Memories of Antje Grauhan , online portal HAI specialist group Health / Therapy / Nursing Science, March 2017.
18. ^ Karl Köhle: Attempt to integrate the psychosomatic approach to internal health care at a university clinic. The development of a model station and a further training concept for the nursing staff - a workshop report , Univ. Ulm , Dept. Internal medicine and psychosomatics, Ulm 1976.
19. ↑ K. Köhle, C. Simons, D. Böck, A. Grauhan (Eds.) Applied Psychosomatics. The internal-psychosomatic infirmary - a workshop report , with a preface by Thure von Uexküll , 2nd edition ROCOM Basel 1980.
20. ↑ Christa Winter von Lersner: teaching nurses and teaching nurses in further education in Osnabrück , 1st part, in: Die Sister / Der Pfleger Melsungen 22nd year, 11/83, pp. 883-887.
21. ↑ Angelika Erath-Vogt, Dieter Böck and Karl Köhle: The first conversation of the sister with the patient , in: Deutsche Krankenpflegezeitschrift Kohlhammer Stuttgart, supplement 2/1980, pp. 3–9.
22. ↑ Dieter Böck, Karl Köhle et al .: Taking the patient seriously. The Ulm model of psychosomatic care , in: Psychologie heute , Beltz Weinheim, August 1978, pp. 65–72.
23. ^ Rolf-Richard Grauhan: University of Heidelberg / Research Group Professor Sternberger, Political Seminar of the Alfred Weber Institute , 1961.
24. ↑ Pioneers in the service of research: Interview with Christel Bienstein on July 12, 2016 , on Antje Grauhan and the Berlin degree program below the second photo, Bienstein interview , accessed on October 21, 2016.
25. ^ Ambassador, Petra (ÖTV) and Martin Moers (ed.): Nursing science and nursing emergency. Establishment of a "Nursing Teacher" course at the Free University of Berlin? In: Yearbook for Critical Medicine. Volume 15. Argument-Sonderband 190. Hamburg 1990. S. 123-139, S. 137.
26. ↑ Questionable information: Simone Moses: The academization of care in Germany. Study series by the Robert Bosch Stiftung, Huber Verlag Bern 2015, p. 68.
27. ^ Elke Müller: Development of the concept of independence in nursing. Main subject: Nursing, diploma thesis Free University Berlin 1981.
28. ↑ Elke Müller PhD: Guiding principles in nursing
29. ↑ Birgit Sommer: Because care is more than just a job. Elke Müller is one of the first nurses who also studied her trade: Now she has received the "Oscar" from her professional association , in: Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung , Heidelberg edition, 72nd year, no. 199, Sat./Sun. 27./28. August 2016, p. 5.
30. ↑ cf. C. Auer 2010: pp. 20 + 21.
31. ^ Antje Grauhan: The situation of modern nursing. Lecture given on July 9, 1965 at the Institute for the History of Medicine at the University of Heidelberg with Heinrich Schipperges , In: Christine R. Auer: And then suddenly it was said: “No longer the Schipperges control loop, but instead the nursing theory of Roper, Logan, Take Tierney ... ". Antje Grauhans writings for Reinald Schmidt-Richter, self-published Heidelberg 2014, ISBN 978-3-00-047828-4 .
32. ^ Gustav Wagner: Vincenz Czerny and Karl Heinrich Bauer - Zwei Heidelberger Krebsforscher , in: Wolfgang U. Eckart (Hrsg.): 100 years of organized cancer research , Thieme Verlag Stuttgart 2000, pp. 31-37. Eckart: 100 years of organized cancer research
33. ↑ Uni HD Interprofessional Health Care course , accessed on July 31, 2016.
34. ↑ Christine R. Auer: Antje Grauhan and Wolfgang Rapp (Dept. Paul Christian): The expansion of the bipersonal to a tripersonal situation “patient-doctor-nurse” presented us with new challenges, declaration for Sabine Bartholomeyczik to the Federal Cross of Merit May 2015. Self-published Heidelberg 2015, p. 19, ISBN 978-3-00-050734-2 . Grauhan-Rapp: Tripersonal Approach.
35. ↑ Alfons Fischer, doctor in Karlsruhe IB: Contributions to cultural hygiene of the 18th and early 19th centuries in the German Empire , in: Studies on the history of medicine , published by Karl Sudhoff and Henry E. Sigerist in Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth Verlag Leipzig 1928, p. 68.
36. ↑ Vincenz Czerny : On the development of surgery during the 19th century and its relationship to teaching, academic speech to celebrate the birth of the most blessed Grand Duke Karl Friedrich on Nov. 21, 1903 , Prorectoral speech Hörning Verlag Heidelberg 1904, p. 20.
37. ↑ Christine R. Auer: The magnetic hospital in historical perspective , HeilberufeSCIENCE-Symposium Dresden April 2016, abstract poster presentations online Springer HeilberufeSCIENCE (2016) (Suppl) 7: 12-19, P25, p. 26/27, PDF Heilberufe Symposium Dresden , accessed on August 21, 2016.
38. ↑ Website Heidelberg University Hospital: 250 Years of Heidelberg Midwifery School , accessed on September 29, 2016.
39. ^ Daniela Wittmann: BA Nurse - hist.-krit. Contemplation and new perspectives , academic supervisor Eric Schmitt.
40. ↑ Wolfgang Rapp: Heritage, transition and paradigm. Paul Christian and Heidelberg Medicine in Motion , in: Wolfgang Eich (Ed.): Bipersonality, Psychophysiology and Anthropological Medicine. Paul Christian on his 100th birthday , contributions to medical anthropology vol. 8, on behalf of the Viktor von Weizsäcker Society, Königshausen & Neumann Würzburg 2014, on Antje Grauhan and Antje Hüter-Becker p. 100. ISBN 978-3-8260-4971- 2 .
41. ^ Wolfgang U. Eckart and Robert Jütte : Medical History. An introduction , Böhlau Cologne, Weimar, Vienna 2007, on Antje Hüter-Becker and the so far hardly explored history of physiotherapy / physiotherapy pp. 199 + 201. ISBN 978-3-412-12406-9 , 2nd edition 2014, pp. 216 + 219, ISBN 978-3-8252-3927-5 .
42. ↑ Charlotte Berendonk: "Seeing people as a whole". How employees in nursing homes experience and describe biography work , dissertation, Institute for Gerontology, University of Heidelberg, Tectum Marburg 2015. ISBN 978-3-8288-3492-7 . Charlotte Berendonk studied nursing science with Christa Winter von Lersner, a student and companion of Antje Grauhans, at the Fulda University of Applied Sciences. Berendonk also quotes the Austrian nursing scientist Erwin Böhm and his biographical approach.
43. ↑ Podcast: Campus Report, Interview with Birgit Trierweiler-Hauke ​​on HIPSTA , accessed on December 16, 2017.
44. ↑ Sabine Bartholomeyczik: From the perspective of an alumni. In: USH training conference on the occasion of Ms. Antje Grauhan's retirement from active professional life. Academy of Nursing, Friday, April 20, 1990, self-published by USH, available in the Heidelberg University Archives Acc 43/08 as well as Hilde-Steppe-Dokumentationsstelle Fachhochschule Ffm, p. 73 on the role of the DBfK and Monika Krohwinkel .
45. ↑ Rebecca Palm and Martin Dichter (eds.): Nursing Science in Germany, Festschrift for Sabine Bartholomeyczik , Verlag Hans Huber Care Program, Bern 2013, p. 351.
46. ^ Hilde Steppe estate, Hilde Steppe documentation center, Library of the University of Applied Sciences Frankfurt aM: Call number 0159 Correspondence between Hilde Steppe and Antje Grauhan for the German Nursing Journal 1984–1988 , O162 correspondence 1992, estate edited by Walburga Haas.
47. ^ Christine R. Auer: From Peppermint Freedom to the establishment of the German Association for Nursing Science (DVP). The professionalization ideas of Hilde Steppe , The Americans came to Heidelberg on Good Friday 1945 quietly , self-published 2009, ISBN 978-3-00-027207-3 .
48. ↑ Festschrift for the 50th anniversary on June 26th and 27th, 2003 - Nurse School of the University of Heidelberg. (PDF; 4.1 MB) In: klinikum.uni-heidelberg.de. 2003, p. 19 , accessed on November 14, 2018 . 
49. ^ Hilde Schädle-Deininger : A great woman of nursing. Obituary for Antje Grauhan , in: care - psychosocial, 4th quarter 2010, issue 3, p. 57.
50. ↑ Portraits Travemünder Homes No. 74. Retrieved on February 26, 2016 . 
51. ↑ so z. B. Eduard Seidler : History of medicine and nursing. 6th revised and expanded edition of 'Geschichte der kranken Menschen', 1993 Kohlhammer Verlag Stuttgart, pp. 56–59., From the 7th edition the book was continued by Karl-Heinz Leven .
52. ↑ see also: Martin Moers and Charlotte Uzarewicz: Leiblichkeit in Pflegetheorien - a re-reading , in: Pflege & Gesellschaft. Journal for Nursing Science, Beltz Juventa Weinheim, 17th year, no. 2 (2012); on Eduard Seidler , Heinrich Schipperges , Monika Krohwinkel and " den sex res non naturales " and their significance for nursing science, p. 138.
53. ↑ Nurse School of the University of Heidelberg [Ed.]: Academization of care. Further training conference on the occasion of Ms. Antje Grauhan's retirement from active professional life , Heidelberg self-published 1990.
54. ↑ Christine Auer: History of the nursing professions as a subject. The curricular development in nursing education and training , dissertation Institute for the history and ethics of medicine, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , doctoral supervisor Wolfgang U. Eckart , Heidelberg self-published 2008. Summary: History of nursing professions as a subject
55. ↑ Sabine Bartholomeyczik : About the beginnings of the DGP: The establishment of the German Association for the Promotion of Nursing Science and Research (DVP) 30 years ago, in: Pflege & Gesellschaft. Journal for Nursing Science, Volume 24, H1, 2019, special issue: Thirty Years of the German Society for Nursing Science (DGP) , Beltz Juventa, Weinheim, page 10.
56. ↑ Renate Schwarz-Govaers: Subjective theories as the basis of knowledge and action: Approaches to a nursing didactic model based on the theory of action. Huber Bern, 2006.