Franz Anton May

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Franz Anton May

Franz Anton Mai , Latinized Franciscus Antonius May (born December 16, 1742 in Heidelberg ; † April 20, 1814 ibid), was a German doctor , medical advisor, professor of medicinal science, medicine and obstetrics, and rector of Heidelberg University , social reformer and pioneer of the Occupational medicine .

biography

"Just sit at the bedside, think, choose the true healing method"

School and study in Heidelberg

Franz Anton was born as the son of the electoral chimney sweep Maggio from Italy, who had his name changed to “May”. His younger brother was Johannes Wilhelm Mai , who later became a pharmacist in Ladenburg and Professor of Pharmacy and Experimental Chemistry in Heidelberg . After completing the lower grades, Franz Anton Mai attended grammar school in Heidelberg and, in 1760, studied philosophy at the university in his hometown. He dealt with the ideas of the Enlightenment and was awarded his doctorate in philosophy on September 7, 1762. He then devoted himself to the study of medicinal science and received his medical license in 1765. The medical doctorate was awarded to him together with Johann Peter Frank , Franz Karl Zuccarini (1727-1809) and others by his teacher Georg Matthäus Gattenhoff (1722-1788). With an exam held in Latin on Jean Jacques Rousseau , May was awarded the honor of a Doctor of Medicinal Science on August 7, 1769.

Brownianism

Franz Anton Mai and Franz Karl Zuccarini later joined, with certain reservations, the medical disease concept of the Scottish doctor John Brown (1735–1788), ie Brownianism . Mai spoke of John Brown as the " Master Brown ", he spoke of him as the " great medical church light " or the " reformer of practical medicine ."

Services to the common good in Mannheim and Heidelberg

Mai was appointed répétiteur at the midwifery school in Mannheim on October 23, 1766, where he reformed the training of acchoucheur , midwife and field scissors . Here he followed a request from Johann Peter Frank, who had described the miserable state of midwifery and designed a plan for the obstetric classes of midwives and surgeons in order to improve these grievances. The Mannheim maternity hospital offered unmarried pregnant women the opportunity to give birth without punishment. They have also been examined clinically. However, the spatial conditions in the Mannheim maternity hospital were very cramped and inhospitable. Mai found that many of the unmarried pregnant women suffered from the "lust epidemic", that is, from syphilis . He looked for ways to prevent further spread. For example, these women should be housed in a separate department in the birthing center and should not be allowed to work as wet nurses after the birth. At the same time, however, Mai also called for more protection for abused women. Young and unmarried pregnant women were not uncommon at the time, as the possibilities of contraception were not fully developed. In view of the single young mothers, Mai vehemently advocated adherence to moral standards in married life.

Mai was committed to the social hardship of his time. In various lectures and publications, he denounced the poor standard of health and working conditions in Mannheim. In 1768 he became Physicus at the Mannheim Breeding and Orphanage, 1769 Medical Councilor with a seat and vote in the Electoral Collegium Medicum, 1770 Physicist in Oggersheim. He founded the poor, a catering facility for the poor, and proved to be helpful to poor craftsmen and school children alike. In Mannheim he was also a theater doctor and occasionally advised Friedrich Schiller on medical problems.

Stolpertus, midwifery and nursing training

In “Stolpertus”, a much-read book written by Mai, Mai slipped into the role of a young doctor who was not immediately able to work at the hospital bed. Nine difficulties must be mastered before the “stumbling block” can become an “expert”, that is, an experienced doctor. A young doctor, for example, must first learn, according to Mai, to ask questions with the smell at the bedside, whereas the nose of a trained nurse is able to tell with certainty that the sick child is peeling. On June 30, 1781, Mai founded a "school for the education of well-trained nurses" in Mannheim, which was later moved to Heidelberg. Similar efforts had been made a hundred years earlier by Georg Detharding in Stralsund and by Johann Storch in Gotha (1746), albeit with a different tenor. The enlightening physician Franz Anton Mai spoke out in favor of academically trained health and nursing staff, for "good Hippocratic observers at the bedside" in order to improve the health care of the population. With this view he was ahead of his time. It was not until the years 1832 and 1837 that the Berlin doctors Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach and Carl Emil Gedike , followed by the Saxon doctor Ewald Christian Victorin Dietrich (1785–1832), should deal again with the question of patient care. The Dresden social medicine specialist Friedrich August Röber (1766–1827) based his demands for nursing and midwifery training on the ideas of Franz Anton Mai.

As early as 1782 Mai wrote a special textbook for the maintenance of the sick, as he was concerned with the fate of many sick people who had been sacrificed due to negligence in the maintenance of the sick. In May it was also a matter of redefining the doctor-nurse relationship. In this textbook, Mai also dealt with questions of basic care, such as the question of bedsores and its nursing consequences. The training he offered lasted three months. The students from Mai were recruited from the nursing staff of the hospitals, the widows and nannies, the midwifery students and the city and company surgeons. These "pupils of health and nursing" were taught natural sciences by the chemist Georg Adolph Succow . It was probably one of the first structured academic training courses for health and nursing. The award ceremony after passing the exam took place in the auditorium of the university. However, Franz Anton Mai had previously been advised to hold the exams in the nearby church, since an "unacademic subject like nursing the sick" was not worthy of the auditorium. This would have given Franz Anton Mai's speeches a homiletic character. The first prize, which was awarded, was an honorable medal with the image of the Highness Mrs. Margravine, the second prize consisted of a medical tool such as a bellows for resuscitation measures or an enema syringe, the third prize of moral and teaching books. At each of these awards ceremonies, Mai gave a speech in which he described the budding nurse as a friend to her counterpart. The idea of ​​the nurse as a friend was reflected in nursing theories of the 20th and 21st centuries. At the award ceremonies, Mai also pleaded for “health = maintenance = teaching”, especially among the more mature youth, in order to educate people early on to a healthy lifestyle. He saw the neglect of the evangelical soul and body diet and the lack of anthropological knowledge as the main cause of the disdain for health. Or else he referred the new “health and nurses” to their future duties, to which he, with reference to the apostle Paul, also included love of God and neighbor. Mai had the budding health workers, as they were called in the early years, also swear an oath that he had written especially for them. Then he released her into home and hospital care with an encouraging and humorous poem. Mai called for the establishment of a "civil practice" in which patients could be cared for on both an outpatient and inpatient basis. For this reason, the prospective health and nursing staff were tested for knowledge of both inpatient and domestic care. Mai did not hesitate to use enema syringes, bellows or bed pans in his self-made poems, which not all people found funny. However, these handcrafted tools were quite valuable at the time. For example, a poem written by Mai could read (1803):

“Whoever wants to taste bliss seems to wake dead people; Blow steadfastly into the lungs, clean air with a bellows. He irritated the smell with fragrance From ammonia: the eye, the tongue With pepper dust; make an enema of tobacco smoke, and rub the back and stomach with a brush; If the flame of life comes back, then we wish the savior luck ”.

Mai dedicated a separate paragraph in the oath he wrote to the problem of apparent death. In an interdisciplinary way, Mai also demanded in 1802 that the prospective pastors should also attend medical lectures: “ We repeat our advice several times, ... that the pupils of the so important pastoral care class at high schools, in addition to their theological studies, also the lectures of dietetics, medical police, and nursing training should attend diligently and diligently; in order to become ... good shepherds of their entrusted sheep . ”The theologian Johann Ludwig Ewald (1748–1822), who was called to Heidelberg in 1805 and who succinctly explained some of the bible's resurrection miracles, also dealt with the problem of“ apparent death ” People were only apparently dead and the resurrection was at best a successful reanimation.

When selecting the pupils, Mai wanted the female to be preferred to the male "rougher" sex. This assessment may have been inspired by class-specific considerations from his time of the rising middle class.

"High school" for midwifery and nursing

The rising bourgeoisie wanted employment for the women of this very bourgeoisie. Mai promoted this and must therefore be seen as a motor for female employment in Germany, which can be understood from his time, and thus also as a motor for bourgeois-female emancipation and for women’s studies. Male medical students may also have had little interest in obstetrics at the time. The idea of ​​integrating midwifery and nursing of the “high school” of Heidelberg University as a women's degree, resulting from both factors, came from Franz Anton Mai. The implementation was initially quite successful. Allegations that Mai only asked women to have empirical knowledge in the examinations was rejected by Mai and emphasized the scientific character of both his lectures and his exams. Students of the Jewish faith were also admitted to the lectures. The Jewish "Jungfer Glückge Hallin" passed the examination of the first course with particularly skillful and unexpected answers.

Self-irony

Mai seemed to have been a self-deprecating and original person, as is evident again and again in the “Stolpertus” and in the poems at award ceremonies for nurses. He announced his lectures in the course catalog, which has also appeared in German since 1786, as follows: “ Go. Council and Prof. Mai will give Monita medico-practica twice a week, frankly admitting his own medical mistakes made at the bedside in adolescence, in order to warn young beginners about them and to teach them a deeper practical view, a more correct observation spirit. "

Draft health legislation, social-hygienic and preventive medical activity

As the quintessence of his social and health reform observations and activities, Franz Anton Mai wrote comprehensive health legislation that covered almost all areas of life, all activities of daily life . Basic human needs, work safety, school and education, prevention and health care as well as moral and religious life were defined by him in 1800 in a comprehensive "draft of legislation on the most important items of the medical police as a contribution to a new land law in the Palatinate", a kind Health catechism, which he submitted to university and university administration. Mai published this draft law again under the pseudonym "Stolpertus", but spoke here of "Stolpertus, the police doctor." "(Part 4 of the Stolpertus series). The draft law was divided into fifteen individual laws and concluded with five oaths for doctors (1) , Surgeons (2), obstetricians and, with their own subsection, male obstetricians (3), pharmacists (4) and nurses (5). In the eleventh law, Mai spoke about the prevention of epidemic contagious diseases and dealt with the plague , childhood blur and the plague Syphilis . Mai already represented hygiene in the beginning of the 19th century, and here in particular the social-hygienic area at the University of Heidelberg, although the establishment of hygiene as a subject cannot yet be spoken of. Mai was bothered by this that the sick were left in their soiled beds and, moreover, were not even washed, because this would cause possible damage righted. He advocated rethinking these folk traditions from the past and encouraged the nursing staff to use fresh, cleaned and dry " white items " for the beds and medical clothing . There is also no harm in ventilating the room.

According to Johann Peter Frank and Franz Anton Mai, hygiene lessons were mostly in the hands of private lecturers. In 1874 Franz Moritz Knauff (1835–1920) received such a teaching position for public health care and forensic medicine .

Mai's proposals in this bill were written with a very fine understanding of the human psyche and deeply humane feeling. Unfortunately, however, the fate of the May bill was ultimately tragic. After both the Heidelberg Medical Faculty and the Mannheim Medical College had initially assessed the draft positively, the plan was no longer implemented, as the Palatinate on the right bank of the Rhine fell to Baden in 1803 and this political restructuring tied the forces elsewhere. In the end, the year 1803 marked a dividing line for the history of the development of the Ruprecht Karls University, as it was no longer a high school in the Palatinate, but a Baden state school. A hundred years later, in 1903, the doctor and cancer researcher Vinzenz Czerny emphasized the development of the free science of this Baden high state school since 1803 at the centenary celebration of Ruperto Carola. Following the tradition of Franz Anton Mai became the founder of the International Red Cross awarded Henri Dunant an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Medicine in 1903 for his services to nursing and especially to war nursing. For health reasons it was not possible for Dunant to attend the Zentenar celebration. He limited himself to written greetings.

Professor of Obstetrics at the Ruprecht Karls University in Heidelberg

In 1773 Franz Anton Mai became associate professor, in 1785 full professor for obstetrics at the University of Heidelberg, whose rector he became in 1797. He held the office of dean of the Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University several times, specializing in "Medical Institutions and Midwifery". As personal physician to the Electress Elisabeth Auguste , wife of the enlightened Elector Karl Theodor , Mai initially stayed in Mannheim. He also criticized the rigid university structures, which he found out of date. “ The high school in Heidelberg has the ailments of old age: dullness and inaction ,” summarized Mai in his capacity as rector of the university in 1798. For example, there were still hereditary professorships from grandfather to son and grandson. The dominant monastic orders were not able to set up scientific structures that were adequate for the times, and there was no interdisciplinary scientific cooperation. On March 7, 1805, the Mannheim Accouchement Institute was relocated to Heidelberg in the premises of the Dominican monastery. With the relocation of the institute to Heidelberg, the later renowned Heidelberg surgeon Maximilian Joseph von Chelius (1794–1876) came to Heidelberg at a young age as the son of the Mannheim surgeon and obstetrician Christoph Ernst Chelius (1754–1808). The buildings of the Dominican monastery were not really suitable for teaching purposes and so the Karlsruhe architect Friedrich Weinbrenner and from 1805 Mai and Zuccarini were commissioned with the adaptation work. For example, the anatomical institute was set up in the monastery chapel. However, there was also the suggestion that a lecture hall for Franz Anton Mai and his lectures in midwifery and nursing should be set up in the chapel. This proposal did not prevail. Due to such discrepancies regarding the use and the underestimated costs for the renovation work of the Dominican monastery, there were overall delays in the completion of the new premises for the medical faculty. Not far from the building complex, the Baden Elector Friedrich Gymnasium was built from 1808 . The students of this humanistic grammar school were able to study at the university immediately after graduation without attending preliminary courses, which increased the attractiveness of this school. As early as 1807, as part of the reorganization of the university from 1803 by Friedrich Heinrich Christian Schwarz and Georg Friedrich Creuzer, the " Philological-Pedagogical Seminar " of the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg was founded. Similar to Franz Anton Mai, Schwarz and Creuzer also dealt with the “catechism art”.

The time when the Heidelberg Academic Women's Clinic was founded is closely linked to the name Franz Anton Mai. Mai supervised gynecological dissertations, such as that of Franz Joseph Vanderlinde, who later became senior medical officer in Alzey. He spoke out, at the same time but independently of the Copenhagen obstetrician Paul Scheel, in favor of artificially initiating a premature birth if indicated. Mai allowed his doctoral students to hold the disputation in German instead of in Latin, as was customary until then. This change was not easily enforceable and Mai received a warning from the Senate. Mai then partially withdrew from teaching.

As a professor of obstetrics, Franz Anton Mai was almost inevitably concerned with the needs of newborns. To deal with newborns and children as independent personalities was not a novelty of this time (biblical: "Let the children come to me"), but it was valid for medicine as a science. Mai's essay "Mistakes in treating teething troubles shortly after birth" is considered the first pediatric treatise. Mai dealt with resuscitation measures for newborns and pointed out that newborns can already be sick and therefore need to be examined. It is improper for doctors to rush off with their instrument sacks immediately after delivery. He paid particular attention to neonator icterus and the incorrect diagnosis of “inguinal hernia” in newborn boys. Franz Anton Mai also dealt with nutritional issues for infants and resisted the prevalent pre-chewing of baby food by adults or older siblings.

Mai repeatedly complained about the lack of compliance of patients who refused to take prescribed medication in the meantime. He also complained with reference to Bernardino Ramazzini in a program “ De fatis archiatri munus aggravantibus ” on the occasion of Johann Baptist Jonas' doctorate about envy and resentment of colleagues, which sometimes amounted to bullying . Some valets and students also acted without having been authorized by him.

Beginnings of occupational medicine

Possibly inspired by his childhood in a craftsman's household, Franz Anton Mai in Mannheim also dealt with questions of occupational safety for the working population. He wanted the craftsmen's health to be protected from the dangers of their craft. His little work " The art of protecting the health of the craftsmen against the dangers of their craft " was in the tradition of the Italian doctor Bernardino Ramazzini (1633–1714). In May, the main aim was to improve the situation of the growing youth. At the time, apprentices were at the bottom of the professional hierarchy and were often poorly fed. At that time, however, there was no chair for occupational medicine. Mai already described disease patterns specific to occupational groups, such as the inguinal hernia in brewers , which was caused by rolling heavy barrels. Among the hatters, Mai discovered that the smallest remnants of hat feathers could collect in the bronchi. In his spare time, Mai played on his house organ to relax and recommended playing an instrument, singing and music as a way of relaxing from stressful work.

Development of a respirator

Mai had technical talent. He developed a respirator for the gilders and hatters to encourage breathing in fresh air during the work process. "A mask on which the mouth opening would be provided with an average 2-inch-wide leather tube that would have to reach the floor, and the eye incisions would be armed with pocket watch glasses," was his programmatic work on occupational health and safety in mind (p. 167 ) and he hoped that the use of this device would enable the workers to breathe the “cleaner layer of air” from the vicinity of the water-moistened soil and thus be somewhat more protected.

Fourth Botanical Garden, Physics-Naturwiss. Collection, Theatrum Anatomicum

Mai also laid out the fourth botanical garden in the history of Heidelberg and planned the construction of a Theatrum Anatomicum in order to have better opportunities for scientific and anatomical work. As early as 1779, Mai had complained about the lack of corpses and the associated lack of teaching activities. Since he did not shy away from clear words in his criticism of the university structures, he described the Heidelberg anatomy as a »stage of lack and poverty«. The fourth botanical garden was built in 1805 behind the Dominican monastery and, in a very progressive way, had already been a greenhouse for sensitive and warmth-loving plants that had previously been housed in the Dominican monastery for winter. The garden was designed together with the Schwetzingen garden inspector Johann Michael Zeyher. Zuccarini was also involved. The greenhouse was designed by the Baden building director Friedrich Weinbrenner . The fourth botanical garden was only 29 years old and covered 7000 m².

In addition to his commitment to the fourth botanical garden, Mai also campaigned for the physical and natural science collection to be relocated from Mannheim to Heidelberg. He planned to expand it. From 1807, the first lectures on the history of medicine were given by the pathologist and pharmacologist Johann Jakob Loos (born 1777–1838). Loos read the "History of Medicine and its Literature." However, medical historiography subsequently concentrated too much on the development of medical subjects at universities and neglected specialization among established doctors such as that of the initially independent gynecologist and later rectors of Heidelberg University Daniel Wilhelm Nebel , a teacher of Franz Anton Mais.

Family relationships

Franz Anton Mai was married to Seraphina Sylvia von Verschaffelt, daughter of the Palatinate court sculptor Peter Anton von Verschaffelt (1710–1793). In a letter to Friedrich Schiller on April 3, 1785, Mai speaks of his children, but according to the family chronicle, the marriage only had one daughter named Johanna Maria Anna Mai (1784–1857). His son-in-law, the Heidelberg gynecologist Franz Karl Naegele , continued his medical work. Claude de Saint Martin (1729–1799), Imperial Count, Privy Councilor and Lottery Director of Mannheim, was married to the sister of Mai's wife. A brother of Franz Anton Mai was Johannes Wilhelm Mai , pharmacist and professor of pharmacy in Heidelberg. The family chronicle mentions that the great-grandson of another brother of Franz Anton Mai, who died in 1912 for the well-being of Heidelberg, was an honorary member of the gymnastics club, an opponent of vaccinations and a supporter of naturopathy .

End of life

Mai died of pneumonia in April 1814 within just three days. Twelve nurses held the shroud during the funeral procession. They wore the medals that they had received in recognition. Among other things, the medical faculty followed, suffering. The bourgeois artillery company formed the end of the funeral procession. The funeral was carried out according to the rite of the Catholic Church. After the clergy, the Privy Councilor and Professor of Medicine Jacob Fidelis Ackermann paid tribute to Franz Anton Mai for the well-being of academically educated youth and the well-being of his fellow citizens. The impressive length of the funeral procession showed the popularity of Franz Anton Mai in his hometown.

Posthumous appreciation

  • Namesake: Franz-Anton-Mai School for the Mannheim ambulance service of the Arbeiter-Samariter-Bund Germany (two-year paramedic training until December 31, 2014, three-year paramedic training since January 1, 2014), FAMS
  • In the Heidelberg University Women's Clinic in the Altklinikum Heidelberg (until 2013), a patient ward was named after Franz Anton Mai.
  • In the new building of the Heidelberg University Women's Clinic (since 2013), pictures and memorial plaques commemorate Franz Anton Mai on the ground floor and third floor.
  • Exhibition on Franz Anton Mai and his services to midwifery and nursing studies in Heidelberg, Heidelberg Alumni International anniversary days, July 2016, Heidelberg University Archives.
  • Ceremonial event “ 250 Years of Heidelberg Midwifery School ” on September 24, 2016, at which the founding days with Franz Anton Mai were remembered and the current academic opportunity for midwives in the bachelor's degree “ Interprofessional Health Care ” at the Heidelberg University Hospital was pointed out.

Other receptions, further reading, continuation of Mai's work

  • Franz Anton Mai and new technical possibilities through shipping: The director of the Mannheim birth house Franz Anton Mai had the inventory of his institution loaded onto a barge and shipped it up the Neckar (locks?) To Heidelberg. In: KlinikTicker Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Sept./Oct. 2011, here: Philipp Osten : From kitchen Latin to bedside teaching. Milestones from 200 years of medical teaching in Heidelberg (the influences of the Paris clinical school on Franz Anton Mai), pp. 36–37.
  • Because of his commitment to nursing, Franz Anton Mai was particularly well received in German nursing science and midwifery science (Compleat midwifes practice - Thomas Chamberlaine, Nicholas Culpeper ), which has been on the way to bachelor's degree, BA nurse, since the introduction of the Bologna guidelines (Daniela Wittmann: BA Nurse - a system for Germany ?!, University thesis Institute for Gerontology University of Heidelberg Sept. 21, 2015, - among other things, on the importance of Franz Anton Mais for the implementation of the Bologna guidelines in nursing science p. 5, p. 47 ). In Gdansk, the later doctor, Alexander von Frantzius , completed a midwifery training as a man in the first half of the 19th century , which at the beginning of the 21st century, despite the demand for gender equality, is more of an exception.
  • When the nurses' school at Heidelberg University was founded in 1953, Franz Anton Mai's concern about the academization of midwifery, nursing and health professions at the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg was taken up again. The dean of the medical faculty, Horst Habs , held the opening speech . Throughout this speech he referred to Franz Anton Mai.

Publications (selection)

  • Franz Anton Mai: Stolpertus, a young doctor at the sickbed , Part 1,2,3, several editions, 1778–1802 Schwan Verlag Mannheim.
  • Franz Mai: Instruction for nurses on the use of public lectures , 1st edition 1782 Schwan Verlag Mannheim (further editions followed).
  • Franz Anton Mai: Aulica humorum cacochymia foecunda morborum genitrix , 1794.
  • Franz Anton May: Quaenam est genuina, decora, nec non homine digna DD academiae civium libertas, aequalitas, ac fraternitatis? quam quaestionem… in aula academica resolvet , February 9th Anni MDCCXCVIII, Typis Joannis Wiesen, Univers. Typographical 1798.
  • Franz Anton May: Stolpertus, a young doctor at the sickbed. From a patriotic Palatinate , Neue Aufl. 1800 Schwan & Götz Mannheim, 1 title vignette (doctor in the cemetery in front of a church).
  • Franz Anton Mai: Stumbling block of the police = doctor in the court of medical police legislation. From a patriotic Palatinate , Part 4 of the Stolpertus series, 1802 Schwan & Götz, Mannheim 1802, 1 title vignette (child who is pursued by a snake and takes refuge in the arms of a doctor.)
  • Franz Anton May: Draft legislation on the most important items of the medical police , as a contribution to a new land law in the Palatinate, Mannheim Schwan & Götz 1802.
  • Franz Anton May et al .: Presentation of the academic solemnity and the usual graduation ceremonies, whereby in the presence of our ... Elector ... Karl Friedrichs of Baden ... the doctorate was granted to ... Messrs. Schwarz and Martin by the promoter Franz Mai ... , Heidelberg, June 28, 1803, printed in the Mannheim Citizens' Hospital.
  • Franz Anton Mai: Religious, cosmopolitan and literary creed, of the public teacher of medicine at the high school in Heidelberg, printed to beseech the poor of the polyclinic institute, ill . by Anton Karcher , edited by his grateful student JD, together with the portrait of the author 1805.
  • Franz Anton Mai: Stolpertus, a young obstetrician. From a patriotic Palatinate , Part 5 of the Stolpertus series, first edition 1807 Schwan & Götz Mannheim.

Sources, literature, CDs, heiBOOKS, Campus Report, podcasts

  • Alfons Fischer: Contributions to cultural hygiene in the 18th and early 19th centuries in the German Empire, studies on the history of medicine , edited by Karl Sudhoff and Henry E. Sigerist , published by Johann Ambrosius Barth Leipzig 1928, pp. 57–115.
  • Anna Sticker : The Origin of Modern Nursing. German sources from the first half of the 19th century, Stuttgart 1960.
  • German AG for NESTLE products (ed.): Eduard Seidler : Pediatrics in Heidelberg, on the 100th anniversary of the University Children's Hospital (Luisenheilanstalt) 1860–1960 , with a foreword by Philipp Bamberger , Lindau-Bodensee 1960, to Franz Anton Mai Pp. 8-17.
  • Renate-Marianne Friedrich: Franz Anton Mai (1742–1814) - a contribution to the medical history of the Enlightenment , dissertation University of Heidelberg 1968.
  • Konrad Buttron: The development of the Heidelberg University Women's Clinic from Franz Anton Mai to Josef Zander (PDF) Medical dissertation University of Heidelberg 1981.
  • Eduard Seidler : Life plan and health management, Franz Anton Mai and the medical education in Mannheim , 2nd edition 1979 Boehringer Mannheim.
  • Christa Olbrich: The beginnings of nursing training, presented at the nursing school Franz Anton Mais and the first textbooks from the 16th to 19th centuries , in: Pflege. The scientific journal for care professions, 3rd year issue 1, March 1990, Hans Huber Verlag Bern.
  • Birgit Panke-Kochinke: The history of nursing (1679-2000) . A source book, here: FA Mai p. 50 u. 51, Mabuse Frankfurt / Main 2001.
  • Jörg Tröger (compiler) and Iris Hartmann, Petra Meunier-Götz: Franz Anton Mai and the medicine of the Enlightenment , first broadcast SWR2 Studio Baden-Baden on Nov. 26, 2005 a. a. with the medical historians Axel W. Bauer , Wolfgang U. Eckart and Eduard Seidler , 1 CD. Jörg Tröger: CD FA May and Medicine Education .
  • Sylvelyn Hähner-Rombach with the assistance of Christoph Schweikardt: Sources for the history of nursing . With introductions and comments, Mabuse Frankfurt a. Main 2008, pp. 191-199.
  • Heinrich Schipperges : Academic teacher - life coach - social politician. Reminiscences of Franz Anton Mai , in: Dominik Groß , Monika Reininger: Medicine in History, Philology and Ethnology, Festschrift for Gundolf Keil, Verlag Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2003, ISBN 3-8260-2176-2 , pp. 107–116.
  • Jörg Tröger: "Drunkenness is the mother of the blackest assassination" , the Heidelberg medicine professor Franz Anton Mai, in: Heidelberg. Yearbook on the history of the city, published by Heidelberger Geschichtsverein 13, 2009. pp. 21–44.
  • Heidelberg History Association V. Entry on Franz Anton Mai ( Heidelberger Geschichtsverein e.V. )
  • August Hirsch :  May, Franz Anton . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 21, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1885, p. 83 f.
  • Dagmar Drüll: Heidelberger Gelehrtenlexikon 1803-1932 , Springer Verlag 2013, p. 188, Drüll: Franz Anton Mai
  • Christine R. Auer: Antje Grauhan and Wolfgang Rapp (Dept. Paul Christian ): The expansion of the bipersonal to a tripersonal situation presented us with new challenges. For Sabine Bartholomeyczik on the Federal Cross of Merit 2015 , here: pp. 119–121, Speech Horst Habs (Dean Med. Fac. Uni HD) on the occasion of the opening of the nursing school of Heidelberg University in 1953 in which Horst Habs referred to the academic tradition of nursing in Heidelberg since Franz Anton Mai refers, self-published Heidelberg 2015. ISBN 978-3-00-050734-2 .
  • Susanne Ude-Koeller: A hospital needs care - on the history of nursing in Erlangen , in: Karl-Heinz Leven and Andreas Plöger (eds.): 200 years of Erlangen University Hospital 1815–2015 , Böhlau Cologne, Weimar, Wein 2016, p. 409 –438, especially on Franz Anton Mai p. 410 a. 411, ISBN 978-3-412-22543-8
  • Karin Buselmeier, Jens Dannehl, Susanne Himmelheber, Wolfgang U. Eckart et al .: University Museum Heidelberg - Catalogs Vol. 2, booklet accompanying the exhibition , Heidelberger E-Books, heiBOOKS 2006 , p. 39 Franz Anton Mai, painting by Johann Peter Hoffmeister , published on February 19, 2016.
  • Campus report University of Heidelberg April 6, 2016: Midwifery training first training in a health profession in Heidelberg
  • Prezi.com: Nadine Walter: Franz Anton Mai, May 25, 2016 digitized
  • : Clinic Ticker, the online employee magazine of the University Hospital Heidelberg "One room, 21 1/2 feet long and 18 feet wide." A journey through the 250-year history of midwifery school in Heidelberg , December 16, 2016 expedition 250 years midwifery school retrieved on December 28, 2016.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Rhein-Neckar-WIKI: Georg Matthäus Gattenhoff
  2. ↑ a b Todten-Feyer at the funeral of Mr. Franz Anton Mai: Grand Ducal Badischer Privy Council, ordentl. public Teacher of medicine science and senior of the medical faculty and the University of Heidelberg on April 21, 1814.
  3. ↑ Properties and effects of the Zaißenhausen bath together with two useful questions II. Whether the common being can expect some benefit from the child-rearing of the famous Rousseau, or rather has to fear harm? answered in Latin by Franz Anton Mai, since he was decorated with the highest medal of honor of a doctor of medicine science at the high and oldest university in Heidelberg on the seventh day of the month of August in 1769, now translated into German for the sake of the common being, Heidelberg in 1770 , with writings by Johann Jakob Häners, Hof = and Universitäts = Buchdruckers. Properties and effects of the Zaißenhäuser bath, online resource
  4. ↑ Dr. med. Eberhard Stübler: History of the medical faculty of the University of Heidelberg, 1386-1925 , Carl Winters Universitätsbuchhandlung Heidelberg 1926, S. 227. Eberhard Stübler: Geschichte Med. Fac. Uni HD.
  5. ↑ in: Stolpertus , 2nd ed. 1802, Theil 3, p. 21; P. 129 + 136, with title vignette: Doctor feels the pulse at the bedside.
  6. ↑ Peter Schneck: History of Medicine: Johann Peter Frank (1745-1821) and midwifery in the 18th century , in: Heilberufe - das Pflegemagazin, advanced training for care and assistance professions in the inpatient and outpatient sector, volume 3, 1973, 25. Volume, Springer Medicine, pp. 85–88.
  7. ↑ Patrizia Nava: Midwives, Accoucheure and Man-midwives. A German-American comparison (1750–1850). Modern history of medicine and science, Ed. Wolfgang U. Eckart, Centaurus Herbolzheim 2003, p. 48 u. 50.
  8. ^ Mannheim midwifery school and maternity hospital in the 18th century
  9. ^ Robert Jütte : Lust without burden. History of contraception , CH Beck Munich, pp. 89–90. ISBN 3-406-49430-7 .
  10. ^ Wolfgang U. Eckart and Christoph Gradmann : Ärztelexikon. From antiquity to the 20th century. Beck, Munich 1995; here: Entry FA May , p. 242; 2nd edition ibid 2001, p. 210, ISBN 978-3-540-67529-7 , 3rd edition ibid 2006 (UB HD available online ), biography FA Mai , written by Eberhard Wolff , Institute for the History of Medicine at Robert Bosch Foundation .
  11. ^ Heinrich Schipperges : Doctors in Heidelberg. A chronicle from "Homo Heidelbergensis" to "Medicine in Motion" , Edition Braus Heidelberg 1995, here in detail on Franz Anton Mai in Chapter 2: Franz Anton Mai and the Heidelberg Medical Association, pp. 108-120, with an insert by Wolfgang U Eckart 2006, ISBN 3-89466-125-9 .
  12. ↑ Franz Anton May Stolpertus, a young doctor at the bedside. From a patriotic Palatine. Second part Mannheim with Schwan and Götz 1800. Ehrenvesten colleague, reverently dedicated to the well-born, fundamentally learned gentleman of the Hallische learned newspaper, p. 23.
  13. ^ Pagel, German biography: Johann Storch
  14. ↑ Eduard Seidler: History of the care of sick people. 3rd edition 1966 Kohlhammer Verlag Stuttgart, pp. 114–116.
  15. ^ Karin Wittneben and Maria Mischo-Kelling: Nursing education and care theories , Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich, Vienna, Baltimore, 1st edition 1995, with a foreword by Hildegard Peplau , p. 217 a .
  16. ↑ Christoph Schweikardt: The development of nursing for a state-recognized activity in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Martin Meidenbauer Munich 2008, p. 50. Online resource (PDF).
  17. ↑ Christine R. Auer: History of the nursing professions as a subject: the curriculum development in nursing education and training. Diss. Institute History and Ethics of Medicine (formerly: History of Medicine) University HD with Wolfgang U. Eckart , self-published 2008, Franz Anton Mai, p. 73.
  18. ↑ Volker Klimpel : Ewald Christian Victorin Dietrich . In: Hubert Kolling (Ed.): Biographical Lexicon for Nursing History - Who was Who in Nursing History , Volume nine, Hpsmedia GmbH Nidda, 2020, p. 39 f.
  19. ^ Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach : Instructions for the maintenance of the sick. Hirschwald Berlin 1832.
  20. ^ Carl Emil Gedike : Handbook of the sick maintenance. 1st edition Berlin 1837.
  21. ↑ Volker Klimpel : Friedrich August Röber . In: Hubert Kolling (ed.): Biographical lexicon on nursing history “Who was who in nursing history” , volume seven, hpsmedia Hungen 2015, p. 226 f.
  22. ↑ Jutta Schmidt: Profession: Sister. Motherhouse diakonia in the 19th century , dissertation Diakoniewwissenschaftliches Institut Universität Heidelberg , academic supervisor Theodor Strohm, Campus Verlag Frankfurt / New York 1998, pp. 23, 25; according to Schmidt cf. on this, Axel Hinrich Murken : Article hospital in " Theologische Realenzyklopädie (TRE) " 1990, 655.
  23. ^ Franz Anton Mai: Instruction for nurses on the use of public lectures. 1782 swan Mannheim.
  24. ^ Eduard Seidler: History of medicine and nursing. 6th revised and expanded edition of the 'history of sick people', 1993 Kohlhammer Verlag Stuttgart, p. 163.
  25. ^ Daniela Wittmann: BA Nurse - A System for Germany ?! A historical-critical examination of Germany and its new perspectives , dissertation Institute for Gerontology, University of Heidelberg, September 21, 2015, on Franz Anton Mai and its importance for the implementation of the Bologna Directive in Europe, p. 5, p. 47. BA Nurse - a system for Germany ?!
  26. ^ Maria Mischo-Kelling and Karin Wittneben ( sister school of the University of Heidelberg ): Nursing education and nursing theories , Urban & Schwarzenberg Munich, Vienna, Baltimore 1995, p. 217 b .
  27. ^ Antje Grauhan , Nurse School of the University of Heidelberg : The situation of modern nursing. Lecture given on July 9, 1965 at the Institute for the History of Medicine at Heidelberg University. In: Christine R. Auer: And then suddenly it was said: "No longer use the Schipperges control loop, but instead use the care theory of Roper, Logan, Tierney ...". Antje Grauhans writings for Reinald Schmidt-Richter, self-published Heidelberg 2014, ISBN 978-3-00-047828-4 .
  28. ↑ Franz Anton Mai: A word in the right place, or an answer to the question : Is it sensible and useful when noble princes encourage the doctrinal zeal of the national youth with real and lasting rewards instead of quickly vanishing praise? On the occasion of the award celebrated on the 13th wine month 1803 = distribution to the pupils of the health and nursing apprenticeship. Presented by FA Mai, Pfalzbairischem Geh. Rath, and public teacher of medicine at the high school in Heidelberg.
  29. ↑ Franz Anton May: Question: What can and should German housemothers contribute to the upbringing of their daughters in order to raise and establish marital status and family peace as a basis for eternal peace in their future care? A salutation to German housemothers, on the occasion of the ceremonial distribution of prizes to the pupils of the health and nursing apprenticeship, given by Professor May on the 20th autumn moon 1804.
  30. ↑ so z. B. in nursing theory Eva von Gadow; In the history of medicine we encounter the idea of ​​friendship and the like. a. with Pedro Lain Entralgo (in: Lain Entralgo: Doctor and patient. Interpersonal relationships in the history of medicine, 1969).
  31. ↑ Address to the pupils of health care and nursing = teaching about the inestimable but so often misunderstood value of health. At the solemn distribution of the honors medals given by Her Imperial Highness Our Madame Grand Duchess of Baden to the most distinguished pupils of this teaching institute. Presented by Professor Mai the Elder, Heidelberg in the autumn month of 1812, p. 11, p. 19, p. 20, p. 23.
  32. ^ Franz Anton May: Address to the female pupils of health and nursing about the duties and characteristics of a righteous nurse. at the solemn distribution of the honors = medals given by Her Imperial Highness Our Madame Grand Duchess of Baden, the most excellent pupils, presented by Prof. May the Elder, Heidelberg in the wine month of 1813.
  33. ↑ Horst-Peter Wolff and Jutta Wolff: Nursing: Introduction to the study of their history. Mabuse Verlag Ffm 2008, p. 100. ISBN 978-3-940529-01-5 .
  34. ↑ Marianne Arndt today, Sr. Maria Benedicta Arndt: Thinking Ethics - Standards for Action in Nursing. 2nd edition Thieme Verlag Stuttgart 2007, p. 141.
  35. ↑ Kerstin Prückner: "... from the field of the entire healing arts," The "Heidelberger Klinischen Analen" and the "Medicinische Annalen". A medical journal between natural philosophy and natural science, inaugural dissertation Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, academic advisor Wolfgang U. Eckart , 2002, p. 7.
  36. ↑ May: Stolpertus Polizey doctor 4th part 1802, p. 164.
  37. ^ Johann Anselm Steiger : Johann Ludwig Ewald (1748–1822). Rescue of a theological contemporary , research on church and dogma history 62, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Göttingen, 1996, p. 433 u. 434. ISBN 978-3-525-55171-4 . Steiger: Johann Ludwig Ewald
  38. ^ JD (anonymous, grateful pupil of Franz Anton Mai): Religious cosmopolitan and literary creed of the public teacher of medicine at the high school in Heidelberg Franz Anton Mai. printed for the bones of the poor Heidelberg 1805, p. 21.
  39. ↑ Mannheimer Zeitung No. LVIII, Saturday, 14th merry month (May) 1785: Jüdin Glückge Hallin
  40. ↑ http://www.juedische-pflegegeschichte.de ; Israelite Hospital and Beneficiary Mannheim, Israelite Sisters' House Mannheim, Edgar Bönisch edited by Mannheim.
  41. ↑ Dr. med. Eberhard Stübler: History of the medical faculty of the University of Heidelberg, 1386-1925, Carl Winters Universitätsbuchhandlung Heidelberg 1926, p. 145. Stübler: History of Med. Fac. Uni HD.
  42. ^ Eike Wolgast : Contributions to the history of the church in Baden and the Palatinate , Volume 7 of the publications on the history of churches and religions in Baden, edited by Johannes Ehmann, W. Kohlhammer Stuttgart 2016, on Franz Anton Mai and his pioneering activities in preventive medicine and hygiene, p. 326. ISBN 978-3-17-030301-0 .
  43. ^ Alfons Labisch : Homo Hygienicus. Health and Medicine in Modern Times. Campus Verlag Frankfurt / New York 1992, p. 90, ISBN 3-593-34528-5 .
  44. ^ Hans-Günther Sonntag : Hygiene Institute , in: Gotthard Schettler (Ed.): The Heidelberg University Hospital and its Institutes , Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg 1986, pp. 41–47.
  45. ↑ Alexandra Kreß: Routine actions in nursing from a nursing science perspective, using the example of "making beds" , diploma thesis Ev. Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences summer semester 2000, supervisor Ulrike Höhmann , p. 27.
  46. ↑ Axel W. Bauer and Hans-Günther Sonntag (eds.): 100 years of the Hygiene Institute at the University of Heidelberg 1892–1992 , Heidelberger Verlagsanstalt HD 1992, p. 10. Online resource 100 years of the Hygiene Institute
  47. ^ Paul Diepgen : History of Medicine. The historical development of medicine and medical life , Volume II: Half of it: From Enlightenment Medicine to the Founding of Cellular Pathology (approx. 1740-185) , Walter de Gruyter & Co Berlin 1951, p. 64.
  48. ^ Eberhard Stübler: History of the Medical Faculty of the University of Heidelberg 1386–1925, Privy Councilor Prof. Dr. Dedicated to Paul Ernst , Carl Winter'sche Universitätsbuchhandlung Heidelberg 1926, p. 176 u. 328
  49. ^ Frank Engehausen: Brief history of the Grand Duchy of Baden 1806–1918 , Braun Karlsruhe, DRW-Verl. Weinbrenner Leinfelden-Echterdingen 2005.
  50. ↑ Vice-Rector Excellence Privy Councilor Professor Dr. Czerny : Ceremonial address , in: Senate of Ruperto Carola : Acta Saecularia. To commemorate the centenary celebration at Heidelberg University, 1803–1903 , published by Otto Petters Heidelberg 1904, pp. 59–61.
  51. ^ Semper apertus. Six hundred years of Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg 1386–1986. Volume I Middle Ages and Early Modern Times, edited by Wilhelm Doerr in collaboration with Otto Haxel , Karlheinz Misera , Hans Querner , Heinrich Schipperges , Gottfried Seebaß , Eike Wolgast , Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg 1985, p. 363.
  52. ^ A b c Heinrich Krebs and Heinrich Schipperges : Heidelberger Chirurgie 1818–1968. A memorial to the 150th anniversary of the Surgical University Clinic , Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1968, pp. 25, 29 + 30.
  53. ^ Eike Wolgast : Contributions to the history of the church in Baden and the Palatinate , Volume 7 of the publications on the history of churches and religions in Baden, edited by Johannes Ehmann, W. Kohlhammer Stuttgart 2016, p. 258 u. 324. ISBN 978-3-17-030301-0 .
  54. ^ D. Kuno Fischer, Grand Duke. Bath. Secret advice I. Classe,: Speech for the 500th anniversary celebration of the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität zu Heidelberg held in the Heiliggeistkirche on August 4, 1886 , Universitäts-Buchdruckerei by J. Hörning, Heidelberg 1886, p. 55. Festive address for the 500th anniversary celebration
  55. ↑ Kerstin Prückner: "... from the area of ​​the entire healing arts". The "Heidelberger Klinische Annalen" and the "Medizinischen Annalen", a medical journal between natural philosophy and natural science, dissertation history of medicine, academic advisor Wolfgang U. Eckart , Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg 2002, pp. 47–52.
  56. ↑ Dieter Jetter: History of the hospital. West Germany from the Beginnings to 1850 , Volume 1, Sudhoffs Archive, Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden 1966.
  57. ↑ Volker Lenhart , FHC Schwarz and the establishment of the Philological-Pedagogical Seminar. Anniversary lecture, Heidelberg 2007, p. 12. (digitized version)
  58. ^ Franz Anton Mai, Franz Joseph Vanderlinde: Fata Ac Incommoda Ex Menstruis Naturae Lege Tandem Cessantibus Oriunda. Ex Officina Joannis Wiesen, Universitatis Typogr. Heidelberg 1789, dissertation.
  59. ↑ Adolph Carl Peter Callisen, Doctor of Medicine and Surgery ... at the Königl. Surgical Academy in Copenhagen: Medicinal writer's lexicon of the now living doctors, surgeons, obstetricians, pharmacists, and naturalists of all educated peoples. Eilth volume: Lall-Lur, entry 992, p. 366 van der Linde, printed in 1832 in the Königigl. Institutes for the deaf and mute in Schleswig.
  60. ^ Franz Anton Mai: Programma de necessitate partus quandoque praemature vel solo manuum vel instrumentorum adjutorio doctorate. 1799 Heidelberg.
  61. ↑ Memorial plaque for Franz Anton Mai, 3rd floor of the Heidelberg University Women's Clinic , 2013.
  62. ↑ Wolfgang U. Eckart : in: Jörg Tröger (compiler) and Iris Hartmann, Petra Meunier-Götz: Franz Anton Mai and the medicine of the Enlightenment , 1 CD. Jörg Tröger: CD FA May and Medicine Education .
  63. ↑ Angela Weirich and Georg F. Hoffmann: From the private, predominantly charitable children's sanatorium (1860) to the state university children's clinic in Heidelberg (1923). In: Wolfgang U. Eckart , Georg F. Hoffmann, Philipp Osten (Ed.): Developments and perspectives in child and adolescent medicine. 150 Years of Pediatrics in Heidelberg , Kirchheim Verlag Mainz 2010, p. 30, ISBN 978-3-87409-489-4 Online resource of the book (PDF)
  64. ↑ Annales NESTLE (ed.): Eduard Seidler : Pediatrics in Heidelberg. On the 100th anniversary of the University Children's Clinic (Luisenheilanstalt) 1860–1960 , with a foreword by Philipp Bamberger , Nestle Lindau-Bodensee 1960, p. 13
  65. ↑ Georg F. Hoffmann, Wolfgang U. Eckart , Philipp Osten: Developments and Perspectives in Child and Adolescent Medicine , in: Georg F. Hoffmann, Wolfgang U. Eckart, Developments and Perspectives in Pediatric Medicine, 150 Years of Pediatrics in Heidelberg , Kirchheim Verlag Mainz 2010, p. 22, dto. Available as an online resource (PDF).
  66. ^ Ralf Bröer: Court medicine. Structures of the medical care of an early modern princely court using the example of the Viennese imperial court (1650-1750) , habilitation thesis to obtain the Venia Legendi for the subject history of medicine of the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg 2007, p. 380 u. 381.
  67. ^ Franz Anton Mai: The art of denying the health of the craftsmen against the dangers of their craft , Loeffler Verlag Mannheim 1803.
  68. ^ Heinrich Buess : About the contribution of German doctors to occupational medicine of the 19th century, in: Walter Artelt and Walter Rüegg (eds.): The doctor and the sick in society of the 19th century, Ferdinand Enke Verlag Stuttgart 1967, p. 169 -170.
  69. ↑ Jonas Hänel: The exhibition “Body Worlds” - relevant to nursing science, Bachelor's thesis for teaching at vocational schools, TU Dresden Faculty of Education, Chair of Nursing and Health, 2011, on the Theatrum Anatomicum with reference to Liselotte Hermes da Fonseca pp. 14-21.
  70. ↑ Sara Doll: The first corpse openings on the anatomical theater , in: Sara Doll, Joachim Kirsch, Wolfgang U. Eckart (Ed.): When death serves life - The human being as teaching aid , Springer Germany 2017, p. 18. doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-662-52674-3
  71. ↑ Peter Leins : The Botanical Garden of the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg (1593–1993) , in: Heidelberger Jahrbücher 38: 47-75, 1994, p. 53.
  72. ↑ Walther Schönfeld : Lectures on the history of medicine in Heidelberg in the 19th and 20th centuries up to the establishment of the Scheduled Extraordinariat for the History of Medicine , in: Heidelberger Jahrbücher V 1961, Springer Verlag Berlin, Göttingen, Heidelberg, pp. 105-106. Schönfeld: lectures on medical history in Heidelberg
  73. ^ Francisca Loetz: From the sick to the patient. "Medicalization" and medical socialization using the example of Baden 1750–1850 , Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart 1993, yearbook of the Institute for the History of Medicine of the Robert Bosch Foundation (Ed. Robert Jütte ), p. 176– 178.
  74. ↑ Heidelberg University, the Rector, Communication and Marketing, Heidelberg Alumni International (Ed.): A Heidelberg dynasty spanning 200 years. Alumni families have taught at Ruperto Carola for several generations ; on Daniel Wilhelm Nebel p. 49, in: HAIlife, Heidelberg Alumni International, Magazin 2016, p. 48/49.
  75. ↑ Sneeze:  Verschaffelt, Peter von . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 39, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1895, pp. 632-634.
  76. ↑ a b Alfons Fischer 1928, p. 60.
  77. ↑ Laura Heyer: "Without the favor of women, the doctor gets nothing." The beginnings of the Heidelberg women's clinic were difficult, but with Franz Anton Mai and Franz Carl Naegele two energetic pioneers were at the top , in: Heidelberg University Hospital: KlinikTicker, employee magazine issue 2 / August 2013, p. 30 and 31. Without the favor of women ...
  78. ↑ Website Heidelberg University Hospital: 250 Years of Heidelberg Midwifery School , accessed on September 29, 2016.
  79. ^ Daniela Wittmann: BA Nurse - System for Germany

Web links

photos

  • Portrait Franz Anton Mai: German Digital Library Franz Anton Mai
  • Picture on the top right of this website: Franz Anton Mai, Universitätsmuseum Ruprecht Karls Universität Heidelberg, picture no. 14, loan from the Kurpfälzisches Museum Heidelberg (oil painting by Johann Peter Hoffmeister ).
  • Painting in the Kurpfälzisches Museum Heidelberg : Franz Anton Mai at his medical fasting sermons (held in 1793 on the "Saturdays free from carnival amusements") in the concert hall of the Mannheim National Theater, shown in: Heinrich Schipperges : Doctors in Heidelberg. A chronicle from "Homo Heidelbergensis" to "Medicine on the move". Edition Braus Heidelberg 1995, with insert by Wolfgang U. Eckart 2006.
personal data
SURNAME May, Franz Anton
ALTERNATIVE NAMES May, Franz Anton; Maius, Franciscus Antonius
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German physician, rector of Heidelberg University
DATE OF BIRTH December 16, 1742
PLACE OF BIRTH Heidelberg
DATE OF DEATH April 20, 1814
Place of death Heidelberg