Friedrich Weinbrenner

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Friedrich Weinbrenner

Johann Jakob Friedrich Weinbrenner (born November 24, 1766 in Karlsruhe ; † March 1, 1826 there ) was a German architect , urban planner and master builder of classicism .

life and work

Margravial Palace in Karlsruhe
Karlsruhe City Hall
The portico of the Protestant city church in Karlsruhe
Karlsruhe market square with pyramid, Protestant town church and town hall
The catholic town church Sankt Stephan, Karlsruhe
Karlsruhe Mint
Gothic tower, lithograph around 1840
Former promenade house, Karlsruhe
Villa Hamilton, Baden-Baden
Kurhaus Baden-Baden
Renchens Weinbrenner Church
Church in Kleinsteinbach
Church in Scherzheim
Bad Rotenfels Castle

Friedrich Weinbrenner was the son of the court carpenter Johann Ludwig Weinbrenner in Karlsruhe and the grandson of the regionally known Hohenloh carpenter Johann Friedrich Weinbrenner. From 1780 he completed an apprenticeship as a carpenter in his father's carpentry business. At the same time he attended the Karlsruhe Lyceum and took lessons in technical and artistic drawing as well as playing various musical instruments. From 1788 Weinbrenner worked as a site manager in Zurich and Lausanne . In 1790 he came to Vienna and decided to study architecture, which he completed largely self-taught. In 1790/91 he studied at the academies in Vienna and Dresden , in 1791/92 he spent several months studying in Berlin , which drew Weinbrenner's attention to ancient architecture and English Palladianism . The acquaintance with architects such as Carl Gotthard Langhans (1732–1808), David Gilly (1748–1808) and Hans Christian Genelli (1763–1823) were formative. At the academy he attended the lectures by Karl Philipp Moritz (1756–1793) in aesthetics and by Friedrich Christian Becherer (1747–1823) in building construction.

A trip to Italy devoted to intensive studies between 1792 and 1797 was the highlight of the years of training. In Rome, Weinbrenner made contact with the circle of artists around Carl Ludwig Fernow (1763–1808), who later dedicated his “Roman Studies” to him. ( Roman Studies , 3 volumes, Zurich 1806–1808) He conducted archaeological studies in Rome , Pompeii and Herculaneum , traveled to Paestum and drew views and details of ancient buildings as well as vedutas of the Italian cultural landscape. He made numerous friends and acquaintances here, including Friedrich Bury (1763–1823), Asmus Jakob Carstens (1754–1798), Johann Erdmann Hummel (1769–1852), Jacob Philipp Hackert (1737–1807), Aloys Hirt (1759 –1837), Angelika Kauffmann (1741–1807), Christoph Heinrich Kniep (1755–1825), Joseph Anton Koch (1768–1839), Heinrich Meyer (1760–1832), Johann Christian Reinhart (1761–1847), Bertel Thorvaldsen ( 1770–1844), Nikolaus Friedrich von Thouret (1767–1845) and Alexander Trippel (1744–1793) belonged. Above all, his reconstructions of buildings from ancient text sources made him known in the Roman artistic community and beyond. As in Berlin, Weinbrenner also worked in Rome on designs for the expansion of his hometown, the ideal baroque city of Karlsruhe.

After returning from Italy, he worked first in Karlsruhe , then in Strasbourg and Hanover , where he was entrusted with the management of the building industry. Weinbrenner married 23-year-old Margaretha Salome Arnold (born September 28, 1774 in Strasbourg, daughter of the Strasbourg city architect Philipp Jacob Paul Arnold and Margaretha Salome Zimmer ) on July 29, 1798 (11th Thermidor, year 6 of the Republic) in Strasbourg became a French citizen. In the summer of 1800 Weinbrenner finally returned to Karlsruhe, where he quickly made a career. From 1801, as Baden's construction director, he managed the entire state construction industry, and his designs served public and private clients. In 1800 he became head of a state-funded private construction school, which in 1825 merged with the newly founded Polytechnic School in Karlsruhe, the predecessor of the University of Karlsruhe and today's Karlsruhe Institute of Technology . He trained more than a hundred students, more than any other architect of his time. His teaching activity shaped several generations of architects and spread the school-building "Weinbrenner Style" to numerous other countries, supported by the publication of his basic architectural ideas and his own designs. In addition, he wrote and published widely acclaimed articles on various, not only architectural and archaeological topics, for example on the "formation of planets and the formation of the earth" and the "transparency of glass". The close contact with his publisher Johann Friedrich Cotta (1764–1832) was helpful to him .

In addition, he campaigned effectively for the preservation of historical monuments. In 1802 he successfully intervened against the laying down of the late Gothic town church in Emmendingen and in 1808 the early classical monastery church in Sankt Blasien . On the occasion of the planned demolition of medieval gate towers in Durlach , Kuppenheim and Baden-Baden , he wrote the first German monument protection ordinance for the state of Baden in March 1812, which was issued in April. He designed some of the earliest restoration projects, such as B. 1803 the reconstruction of Eberstein Castle in the Murgtal and the conversion of the Göttingen Paulinerkirche to the university library , 1804 the securing of the monastery ruins of All Saints near Oppenau in the Black Forest.

His field of activity as an architect was diverse. He was able to prove himself most extensively in the two Baden cities of Karlsruhe and Baden-Baden, where he developed the major features of urban planning, expanded the road network and even participated in the design of the green spaces and watercourses. There he designed public and private buildings, but also gave orders to employees of his building administration or local builders. Based on a general building plan submitted in 1797, Weinbrenner worked in Karlsruhe for decades on expanding the baroque city complex. The market with the Protestant town church (1807–15) and town hall (1821–25) on the north-south central axis, which has been expanded to form the Via Triumphalis , is one of the most distinctive classical squares in Europe. It was partially reconstructed from 1950 after being destroyed in the war. There were further development and expansion plans as well as model house designs for the Baden residence; the early idea of ​​a garden town-like settlement south of the Ettlinger Tor did not materialize.

He is equally important for Baden-Baden, where he not only designed the world-famous landmark of the city with the Konversationshaus , but also numerous other public and private buildings. In addition, he developed the spring and bath district as well as important new paths and road connections, including the promenade, which he wanted to create a ring around the old town, which was successful except for a short distance below the castle.

Works

Buildings in Karlsruhe

Friedrich Weinbrenner's main task was to transform the small margravial residence of Karlsruhe into the capital of the state of Baden - from 1806 a grand duchy and a German middle state - which required, in addition to regular urban planning, a large number of new, public and private buildings. Many of his buildings were destroyed during the Second World War, some of them were reconstructed - at least in their external form - in the post-war years.

Important individual buildings:

Other buildings:

  • Amalienschlösschen (1801–03, destroyed in World War II)
  • House of the Council of State Residential (1799–1800, destroyed in World War II)
  • Gothic tower and bath cabinet for Amalie von Hessen-Darmstadt (1802, demolished in the 19th century)
  • Old Chancellery (1805–16, major modification of Weinbrenner's draft)
  • Marktplatz (from 1809 - northern half, destroyed in World War II, partially modified reconstruction of the facades)
  • House of the pharmacist Sommerschuh (1814, destroyed in World War II)
  • House of Säckler Schnabel (1815-16, destroyed in World War II)
  • Old promenade house (1815, later changed, today bowling alley)
  • House of the taker Bodmer (1815, destroyed in World War II)
  • Margravine Friedrich's palace with orangery (demolished at the end of the 19th century)
  • City palace at the Inner Circle (1816, attributed to Weinbrenner)
  • Weltzien House (1822–23, attributed to Weinbrenner)
  • Well house in Karlsruhe-Durlach (1822–24)

Buildings in Baden-Baden

Baden-Baden experienced a renewed boom as a health resort at the beginning of the 19th century. The new buildings required as a result meant that the city became the second center of Weinbrenner's activity - next to Karlsruhe. As a result of renovations and additions in the second half of the 19th century, none of the buildings he built is still in its original state. Only the front of the central building of the Kurhaus and parts of the Villa Hamilton are in their original condition.

Other structures

With the exception of the theater designs for Leipzig (realized but destroyed) and Düsseldorf (not realized), Friedrich Weinbrenner's work as Baden's senior building director was limited to the Baden capital of Karlsruhe and its surroundings. Its northernmost plant can be found in Heidelberg, its southernmost in Badenweiler. This relatively small area of ​​activity is explained by the fact that Weinbrenner gave the two most important districts after Karlsruhe, Mannheim and Freiburg im Breisgau, into the hands of students who had trained by him. Friedrich Weinbrenner himself only worked in Karlsruhe and the surrounding area, the Weinbrenner style spread beyond the Grand Duchy of Baden. Further buildings and plans by him and his students:

effect

The construction of the Karlsruhe court theater and the publication of his plans established Weinbrenner's reputation as an expert in this field. He received follow-up orders from outside the country's borders, including a. from Leipzig and Düsseldorf. Weinbrenner's architectural language, whose canon of forms he had mainly developed during the Roman years, found practical form in the course of his almost 30-year active career in the Baden state service in a variety of construction tasks. Almost all of Weinbrenner's projects were carried out under the pressure of thrift dictated by external circumstances, the economy of construction was a defining factor in his architecture. His heavy vocabulary, which is mostly reduced in the internal forms, is attached to a sometimes brittle-looking lack of variants, which Weinbrenner's buildings exposed to criticism from the following architects who were already historically oriented while he was still alive. A first reassessment of his work took place with the book "Friedrich Weinbrenner: His Life and His Buildings" published in 1926 by Arthur Valdenaire .

An important influence of Weinbrenner can be determined in Philadelphia , where in 1859 the collection of drawings by Weinbrenner and some of his students from the possession of Wilhelm Thierry, building director in Rudolstadt, ended up. Theodore Thierry († 1870), a son of the Weinbrenner pupil Ferdinand Thierry, worked since 1833 in the Philadelphia office of John Haviland .

Weinbrenner's pupil

In 1800 Weinbrenner became the head of a state-sponsored private construction school, and in 1825 it merged with the newly founded Polytechnic School in Karlsruhe, the predecessor of the University of Karlsruhe and today's Karlsruhe Institute of Technology . Numerous students emerged from the Weinbrenner School of Architecture. Above all, they ensured that the Weinbrenner style was spread nationwide in the Grand Duchy of Baden.

Publications (selection)

  • On theater in architectural terms , Tübingen 1809
  • Architectural textbook part 1 Geometric drawing, light and shadow theory , Tübingen 1810 [–1811]; Part 2 Perspective Drawing Theory Tübingen 1817 [-1824] Part 1 and 2 (PDF; 27.1 MB) ; Part 3: About higher architecture. Karlsruhe 1819 [–1825], digital copy Heidelberg , (PDF; 22.3 MB) , tables, volumes 1–3, incomplete (PDF; 33.4 MB)
  • Executed and projected buildings . Carlsruhe [u. a.]: Marx, 4 issues appeared in Karlsruhe 1822–35. Digitized edition of the University and State Library Düsseldorf
    • (Reprint with a comment by Wulf Schirmer , CF Müller, Heidelberg 1978)
  • Brief history of my artistic education , in: Zeitgenossen 3rd series, 1st volume, no. 4, Leipzig 1829, pp. 65–74
  • Memories from his life, written by himself , ed. v. Aloys Schreiber , Heidelberg 1829. ( full text in the Google book search)
  • Architectural textbook , edited by Ulrich Maximilian Schumann (= Friedrich Weinbrenner and the Weinbrenner School , Volume 7). Bad Saulgau: Triglyph-Verlag, 2015. ISBN 978-3-944258-03-4
  • Words and works , edited by Ulrich Maximilian Schumann (= Friedrich Weinbrenner and the Weinbrenner School , Volume 8). Bad Saulgau: Triglyph-Verlag, 2017. ISBN 978-3-944258-05-8

literature

  • Collection of basic plans, designed by Friedrich Weinbrenner . Edited by several of his students, Frankfurt am Main 1847 (new edition 1858).
  • Louis Katzenstein:  Weinbrenner, Friedrich . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 41, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1896, pp. 500-502.
  • Leopold Oelenheinz : Alt-Karlsruhe and Friedrich Weinbrenner . In: Zeitschrift für Bauwesen , Vol. 63, 1913, Sp. 567–602 ( digitized version of the Central and State Library Berlin ).
  • Arthur Valdenaire : Friedrich Weinbrenner. His life and his buildings . Braun, Karlsruhe 1926.
  • Arthur Valdenaire (ed.): Friedrich Weinbrenner. Letters and essays . Braun, Karlsruhe 1926.
  • Arthur von Schneider (Ed.): Memories . Braun, Karlsruhe 1958.
  • Dieter Dolgner : The architecture of classicism in Germany . Verlag der Kunst, Dresden 1971, pp. 48–53.
  • Stefan Sinos: Design principles in Friedrich Weinbrenner's work . In: Yearbook of the State Art Collections Baden-Württemberg 8 (1971), pp. 195–216.
  • Klaus Lankheit : Friedrich Weinbrenner and the monument cult around 1800 . Basel / Stuttgart 1979.
  • David B. Brownlee (Ed.): Friedrich Weinbrenner, Architect of Karlsruhe. A Catalog of the Drawings in the Architectural Archives of the University of Pennsylvania . University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  • Friedrich Weinbrenner and his school . Exhibition catalog, Karlsruhe 1987.
  • Claudia Elbert: Friedrich Weinbrenner's theaters - buildings and designs (= Friedrich Weinbrenner and the Weinbrenner School , Volume 1). Karlsruhe 1988.
  • Gottfried Leiber : Friedrich Weinbrenner's urban development work for Karlsruhe (= Friedrich Weinbrenner and the Weinbrenner School , Volume 2)
    • Part 1: Baroque town planning and Weinbrenner's first classicist designs. Braun, Karlsruhe 1996, ISBN 3-7650-9041-7 .
    • Part 2: The city development and city expansion plans 1801–1826. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2002, ISBN 3-8053-2903-2 .
  • Ulrich Coenen: Classicism in northern Ortenau - Friedrich Weinbrenner as the architect of the Bades Hub and the parish church in Scherzheim . In: Heimatbuch Landkreis Rastatt , 41st year (2002), pp. 221–228.
  • Hea-Jee Im: Karlsruhe town houses at the time of Friedrich Weinbrenner (= Friedrich Weinbrenner and the Weinbrenner School , Volume 4). Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2004, ISBN 3-8053-3332-3 .
  • Friedemann Schäfer: City walks in Karlsruhe - Classicism . Karlsruhe 2008.
  • Ulrich Maximilian Schumann : Friedrich Weinbrenner: Classicism and "practical aesthetics" . Deutscher Kunstverlag, Berlin / Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-42206969-5 .
  • Ulrich Maximilian Schumann: Buildings by Friedrich Weinbrenner and his school in the Karlsruhe TechnologyRegion. Karlsruhe 2016 ( PDF; 1.1 MB ).
  • Ulrich Maximilian Schumann: Friedrich Weinbrenner's way to Rome. Buildings, pictures and encounters . Lindemanns Bibliothek, Karlsruhe 2008, ISBN 978-3-88190-503-9 .
  • Classical promenade. Friedrich Weinbrenner in Baden-Baden . Triglyph-Verlag, Bad Saulgau 2015, ISBN 978-3-944258-04-1 .
  • Friedrich Weinbrenner (1766–1826). Architecture and urban planning of classicism . Imhof-Verlag, Petersberg, 2015, ISBN 978-3-731902-24-9 .
  • Marion Hilliges, Christian Scholl (ed.): Gilly - Weinbrenner - Schinkel. Architecture on paper between Gothic and Classicism. Universitätsverlag Göttingen 2016, ISBN 978-3-86395-264-8 . ( PDF; 7.8 MB ).
  • Ulrich Feldhahn: “A splendid hall in the castle in Donaueschingen” - comments on the previously unknown last work by the architect Friedrich Weinbrenner. In: Journal for the History of the Upper Rhine, 164th Volume, ed. by the Commission for Historical Regional Studies in Baden-Württemberg, 2016, pp. 423–432.

Web links

Commons : Friedrich Weinbrenner  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Friedrich Weinbrenner  - Sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Luigi Monzo: Builder of a New Era. Classicist architect: Friedrich Weinbrenner had roots in Hohenlohe. In: Haller Tagblatt, October 1, 2015.
  2. ↑ Words and Works , pp. 87–92
  3. ↑ Words and Works , pp. 14/15
  4. ↑ Promenade der Klassik , p. 89
  5. ↑ Promenade der Klassik , p. 9
  6. ↑ Werner Sandhaus, architect of the renovation 2004/06, names the Weinbrenner student Frommel as the builder and 1830 as the year of construction, see Evangelical Foundation Care Schönau: The Church of Peace in Altenheim, interior renovation 2004-2006
  7. ↑ David. B. Brownlee (Ed.): Friedrich Weinbrenner, Architect of Karlsruhe. A Catalog of the Drawings in the Architectural Archives of the University of Pennsylvania . University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986, pp. 9f.
  8. ^ Hans Caspary: Handbook of German Art Monuments: Rhineland-Palatinate, Saarland , Deutscher Kunstverlag, 1984, p. 284; (Detail scan)
  9. ↑ Regine Dölling: On the repair work on the Herrnsheimer Schloß. The work of the Mainz architect Ignaz Opfermann . In the preservation of monuments in Rhineland-Palatinate 1979–1981 . Werner Verlag Worms 1982, pp. 63-67 (64).
personal data
SURNAME Weinbrenner, Friedrich
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Weinbrenner, Johann Jacob Friedrich (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German architect, urban planner and builder of classicism
DATE OF BIRTH November 24, 1766
PLACE OF BIRTH Karlsruhe
DATE OF DEATH March 1, 1826
Place of death Karlsruhe