Tragacanth

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Tragacanth
Glacier tragacanth (Astragalus frigidus)

Glacier tragacanth ( Astragalus frigidus )

Systematics
Eurosiden I
Order : Fabales (Fabales)
Family : Legumes (Fabaceae)
Subfamily : Butterflies (Faboideae)
Tribe : Galegeae
Genre : Tragacanth
Scientific name
Astragalus
L.

Tragacanth ( Astragalus ), also known as wolfberry , is a genus of plants in the subfamily of the butterflies (Faboideae) within the legume family (Fabaceae). With about 1600 to 3000 species it is the largest genus within the vascular plants . It is distributed over most of the northern hemisphere ( Holarctic ). The thickening agent tragacanth is obtained from some species .

description

Illustration: left: sand tragacanth ( Astragalus arenarius ) and
right: bear pod ( Astragalus glycyphyllos ).

Vegetative characteristics

Astragalus species are annual to perennial herbaceous plants , or half bushes to bushes . In Central Europe, all species are perennial, herbaceous plants with a woody rhizome . Some species are thorny . The aerial parts of the plant are hairy or bare; the white or black hairs ( trichomes ) are basifix and simple or symmetrical or asymmetrical and two-branched (like a compass needle).

The alternately arranged leaves are pinnate in pairs or unpaired, the Central European always unpaired. The leaflets are rarely lively on the petiole. The leaflets are entire. The green or membranous stipules can be free, fused with the petiole or fused with each other; they often have tiny, almost sessile glands on the edge.

Inflorescences and flowers

A few to many flowers in cape, racemose or spike-like inflorescences are densely or loosely arranged on the side of the inflorescence shafts or sitting . The relatively large bracts often have tiny, almost sessile glands. There are sometimes cover sheets . Flower stalks are clearly present or almost absent.

The hermaphrodite, zygomorphic flowers are five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five bald or rarely hairy sepals are tubular or bell-shaped fused with five equal to unequal calyx teeth, which are mostly hairy on the inside. The corolla has the typical shape of the butterfly flower . The five free petals are white, yellow, purple or purple and long, rarely nailed short. The mostly more or less clearly nailed flag has a mostly sanded, rarely rounded upper end. The mostly narrow wings are eyed. The shuttle is blunt. The top of the ten stamens is usually free. The dust bags are all the same. The seated or stalked, single ovary usually contains many ovules . The styles are rarely hairy below or on the scar. The scars are mostly bald.

Fruits and seeds

Astragalus hamosus , fruits and seeds

The legumes, which are very different depending on the species, are glabrous or hairy, puffy, usually keeled on the underside and grooved on the upper side, single-fan or partly or completely two-sided due to a false partition; they contain several seeds. The pericarp is membranous, leathery or sometimes hard, then the fruit appears nutty. The durable sepals are sometimes inflated at fruit time.

The usually relatively small seeds are hard and spherical, lens-shaped, kidney-shaped or rectangular-kidney-shaped and have appendages (estrophiolate) in some species.

Flower and dispersal ecology

The flowers are butterfly flowers and have a simple folding mechanism. The wings and shuttle are articulated. Bumblebees and other long-nosed apoids are the most common pollinators, as are butterflies in the mountains . In Astragalus frigidus self-pollination can occur.

In some species the inflated legumes can be spread out by the wind. In other species, animals are attracted to spread ( endozoochory ). The exact mechanism of propagation is not known for many species.

Systematics and distribution

The genus Astragalus was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum . Astragalus christianus L. was established as a lectotype species in 1905 by Per Axel Rydberg . Synonyms for Astragalus L. are: Acanthophaca Nevski , Aragallus Neck. ex Greene , Astenolobium Nevski , Astracantha Podlech , Atelophragma Rydb. , Barnebyella Podlech , Batidophaca Rydb. , Brachyphragma Rydb. , Cnemidophacos Rydb. , Contortuplicata Medik. , Cryptorrhynchus Nevski , Ctenophyllum Rydb. , Cystium Steven , Didymopelta Regel & Schmalh. , Diholcos Rydb. , Diplotheca Hochst. , Geoprumnon Rydb. , Gynophoraria Rydb. , Hamosa Medik. , Hedyphylla Steven , Hesperastragalus A. Heller , Hesperonix Rydb. , Holcophacos Rydb. , Homalobus Nutt. , Jonesiella Rydb. , Kentrophyta Nutt. , Kiapasia Voronow ex Grossh. , Lonchophaca Rydb. , Microphacos Rydb. , Mystirophora Nevski , Neodielsia Harms , Oedicephalus Nevski , Onix Medik. , Ophiocarpus (Bunge) Ikonn. , Orophaca (Torr. & A. Gray) Britton , Oxyglottis (Bunge) Nevski , Phaca L. , Phacomene Rydb. , Phacopsis Rydb. , Pisophaca Rydb. , Poecilocarpus Nevski , Pterophacos Rydb. , Sewerzowia Regel & Schmalh. , Thium Steud. , Tragacantha Mill. And Xylophacos Rydb.

The genus name Astragalus was already used as a plant name in ancient times. It belongs to the Greek word astragalos for "cervical vertebra, talus and cubes made from them". The name may refer to the shape of the seeds.

The German generic name tragacanth comes from the Greek-Latin tragacantha ('buckthorn').

The center of distribution is in Eurasia . The genus is also found in North and South America and in tropical Africa.

External system

The genus Astragalus belongs to the Untertribus Astragalinae from the tribe Galegeae in the subfamily of the butterflies (Faboideae) within the family of the legumes (Fabaceae).

Internal system

It is one of the most species-rich genera of flowering plants and includes 1600 to 3000 species. Around 2500 species are found in the Old World and around 500 species in the New World . There are around 400 species in 59 sections in China , of which around 221 occur only there. They thrive in almost all areas of the northern hemisphere .

In 1965 Gontcharov divided the genus into nine sub-genres with 103 sections that occur in the ancient world:

  • Subgenus Phaca with 19 sections (also in North America)
  • Subgenus Caprinus with 17 sections
  • Subgenus Hypoglottis with three sections (also in North America)
  • Subgenus Trimeniaeus with 13 sections (also in North America)
  • Subgenus Tragacantha with three sections
  • Subgenus Calycophysa with nine sections
  • Subgenus Cercidothrix with 31 sections (also in North America)
  • Subgenus Epiglottis with a section
  • Subgenus Calycocystis with seven sections

In addition to the four sub-genera mentioned above, the following groups occur in North America, which Barneby (1964) referred to as "phalanxes":

  • Subgenus Homalobi with 46 sections and 194 species
  • Subgenus Piptolobi with 35 sections and 192 species
  • Subgenus Orophaca with two sections and seven species

There are over 100 species in South America that are not included in the above classifications.

Today the genus Astragalus is divided into 13 sub-genera with about 220 sections:

  • Subgenus Phaca with about 24 to 26 sections
  • Subgenus Caprinus with about 17 sections
  • Subgenus Hypoglottis with about 4 to 5 sections
  • Subgenus Trimeniaeus with about 17 to 18 sections
  • Subgenus Tragacantha with about 8 sections
  • Subgenus Cercidothrix with about 32 to 34 sections
  • Subgenus Calycophysa with about 10 sections
  • Subgenus Calycocystis with 8 sections
  • Subgenus Epiglottis with 4 sections
  • Subgenus Pogonophace with 3 sections
  • Subgenus Homalobi with 46 sections
  • Subgenus Piptolobi with 35 sections
  • Subgenus Orophaca with 2 sections

species

European species

There are 127 species in Europe, of which the following occur in Central Europe:

Occurring in Germany and Austria :

Also found in Austria and South Tyrol :

Other European species:

Non-European Old World species

In the Old World there may also be a. the following types:

Newworldly species

history

use

The wolfberry bush, like its roots, was used for the manufacture of medicines in ancient times. In particular, the sarcolla resin (Latin sarcocolla ), the resinous excretion of Astragalus sarcocolla (or Sarcocolla fuscata or Sarcocolla squamosa ), also called Persian gum , was used. The practice of tragacanth use reached the Latin Middle Ages via Arabic sources and can be traced back to northern Europe until the end of the 19th century.

Already in the oldest Chinese herbal book, the Shennong ben cao jing , the roots of Astragalus mongholicus (= Astragalus membranaceus var. Mongholicus) were prominently treated under the name Huáng qí (黃芪) and they were ascribed a general tonic effect. The currently valid Chinese pharmacopoeias also recommend taking the drug if you are generally weak. According to studies, extracts from the roots of this type of plant can be used successfully against allergies .

swell

Historical illustrations

supporting documents

  • Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
  • Xu Langran, Dietrich Podlech: Astragalus . In Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 10: Fabaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2010, ISBN 978-1-930723-91-7 , pp. 328–329 (English, online - PDF file ).
  • Dietrich Podlech: Thesaurus Astragalorum. Index of all taxa described within the genus Astragalus L. and other genera but belonging to the genus Astragalus. Taxa of the Old World and related taxa of the New World . Munich 2011, PDF file, accessed January 5, 2013.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Xu Langran, Dietrich Podlech: Astragalus . In Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 10: Fabaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2010, ISBN 978-1-930723-91-7 , pp. 328–329 (English, PDF file URL = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=102978 ).
  2. ↑ Stengelloser Astragalus - Astragalus exscapus at https: //www.pflanzen-deutschland.de,/ accessed on 24 May 2018th
  3. ↑ Spices of the Bible: Tragant / Tragakant (-Harz) at flusenkram.de, S. 2002, accessed on May 24, 2018.
  4. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 755, digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fopenurl%3Fpid%3Dtitle%3A669%26volume%3D2%26issue%3D%26spage%3D755%26date%3D1753~GB%3D~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D .
  5. ↑ Carl von Linné: Genera Plantarum. Eorumque characteres naturales secundum numerum, figuram, situm, et proportionem omnium fructificationis partium. 5th edition. Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1754, p. 335, digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fopenurl%3Fpid%3Dtitle%3A746%26volume%3D%26issue%3D%26spage%3D335%26date%3D1754~GB%3D~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D .
  6. ^ Per Axel Rydberg: Astragalus and its segregates as represented in Colorado. In: Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. Volume 32, No. 12, 1905, pp. 657–668 (here: p. 658) (PDF file).  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.biodiversitylibrary.org  
  7. ^ Astragalus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 3, 2013.
  8. ^ A b Astragalus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 3, 2013
  9. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. Birkhäuser, Basel / Stuttgart 1976, ISBN 3-7643-0755-2 , p. 367.
  10. ^ NF Goncharov, AG Borisova, SG Gorshkova, MG Popov, IT Vasilchenko: Astragalus. in VL Komarov, BK Shishkin (Ed.): Flora of the USSR Vol. XII. Leguminosae: Astragalus. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation, Washington, DC 1965, pp. 1–918 (translated by N. Landau; Russian original: Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow, Leningrad 1946).
  11. ^ Subgeneric and sectional classification of Old World Astragalus. ( Memento of February 7, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  12. ^ Rupert Barneby: Atlas of North American Astragalus. In: Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden. Volume 13, 1964, pp. 1-188.
  13. ^ Classification of North American Astragalus Species by Phalanx and Sections. ( Memento of February 7, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  14. ^ List of South American species of Astragalus. ( Memento of February 7, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  15. ↑ Subgeneric classifications of Astragalus since 1868. ( Memento of February 7, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  16. ^ A b c Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
  17. ^ Rudolf Schubert , Klaus Werner, Hermann Meusel (eds.): Exkursionsflora for the areas of the GDR and the FRG . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 13th edition. tape  2 : vascular plants . People and knowledge, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-06-012539-2 .
  18. ↑ Cf. for example Wouter S. van den Berg (ed.): Eene Middelnederlandsche vertaling van het Antidotarium Nicolaï (Ms. 15624–15641, Kon. Bibl. Te Brussel) with the Latin text der first printed uitgave van het Antidotarium Nicolaï. Edited by Sophie J. van den Berg, EJ Brill, Leiden 1917, p. 208.
  19. ↑ Jürgen Martin: The 'Ulmer Wundarznei'. Introduction - Text - Glossary on a monument to German specialist prose from the 15th century. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1991 (= Würzburg medical-historical research. Volume 52), ISBN 3-88479-801-4 (also medical dissertation Würzburg 1990), p. 168.
  20. ^ Theodor Husemann : Handbook of the entire drug theory. 2nd Edition. Springer, Berlin 1883, pp. 329-330: Tragacantha (digitized) .
  21. ↑ Quoted from Bencao Gangmu , Book 12 (Commented Reprint, PR China 1975, Volume II, p. 696).
  22. ↑ George Arthur Stuart: Chinese Materia Medica. Vegetable Kindom. Shanghai 1911, p. 57: Astragalus - Hoang tchy (digitized)
  23. ↑ Quoted and translated from: Pharmakopoe der PR China 1985. Volume 1, p. 272: Radix Astragali.
  24. ^ Govi-Verlag Pharmazeutischer Verlag GmbH: Pharmaceutical newspaper online: Astragalus membranaceus: TCM plant against allergy. In: www.pharmazeutische-zeitung.de. Retrieved June 18, 2016 .
  25. ↑ Theophrastus of Eresus . Natural history of plants . 4th century BC Chr. Edition. Kurt Sprengel . Friedrich Hammerich, Altona 1822, Volume I, p. 308 (Book 9, Chapter 1) Translation (digitized) , Volume II, p. 336 Explanations (digitized)
  26. ↑ Pedanios Dioscurides . 1st century De Medicinali Materia libri quinque. Translation: Julius Berendes : Des Pedanius Dioscurides pharmacology in 5 books. Enke, Stuttgart 1902, p. 274 (Book III, Chapter 20): Tragakantha (digitized version )
  27. ↑ Pliny the Elder , 1st century. Naturalis historia Book XIII, Chapter 36 (§115): Tragacantha (digitized version ) ; Translation Külb 1855 (digitized version )
  28. ↑ Galen , 2nd century De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus , Book VIII, Chapter XIX / 8 (based on the Kühn 1826 edition, Volume XII, p. 143: Tragacantha (digitized version )
  29. ↑ Avicenna , 11th century, Canon of Medicine . Translation and adaptation by Gerhard von Cremona , Arnaldus de Villanova and Andrea Alpago (1450–1521). Basel 1556, Volume II, Chapter 224: Dragantum (digitized version )
  30. ↑ Constantine the African , 11th century Liber de gradibus simplicium . Pressure. Opera . Basel 1536, p. 383: Dragagantum (digitized version )
  31. ↑ Circa instans 12th century print. Venice 1497, sheet 196r – v: Dragagantum (digitized version )
  32. ^ Pseudo-Serapion 13th century, print. Venice 1497, sheet 128v (No 232): Dragagantum (digitized)
  33. ↑ Konrad von Megenberg , 14th century book of nature. Output. Franz Pfeiffer . Aue, Stuttgart 1861, pp. 366–377: Diadragant (digitized version )
  34. ↑ Herbarius Moguntinus , (Mainz 1484) Edition Passau 1485, Part II, Chapter 52: Dragantum (digitized version )
  35. ↑ Gart der Gesundheit . Mainz 1485, Chapter 150: Dragantum (digitized version )
  36. ↑ Hortus sanitatis 1491, Mainz 1491, Part I, Chapter 156: Dragantum vel Dragagantum (digitized version )
  37. ^ Pietro Andrea Mattioli : Commentarii, in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei, de medica materia. Translation by Georg Handsch, edited by Joachim Camerarius the Younger , Johan Feyerabend, Frankfurt am Main 1586, sheet 227v: Dragant, Bocksdorn (digitized)
  38. ↑ Nicolas Lémery : Dictionnaire universel des drogues simples. P. 75: Astragalus (digitized version) ; Translation. Complete material lexicon. Initially designed in French, but now after the third edition, enlarged by a large one [...] translated into High German / by Christoph Friedrich Richtern, [...]. Johann Friedrich Braun, Leipzig 1721, Sp. 120–121: Astragalus (digitized version)
  39. ^ Albrecht von Haller (editor). Onomatologia medica completa or Medicinisches Lexicon. Gaumische Handlung, Ulm / Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1755, Sp. 728–729: Gummi Tragacantha (digitized)
  40. ↑ Christoph Girtanner . Treatise on venereal disease . Johann Christian Dietrich, Göttingen, Volume I 1788, pp. 402–414: Astragalus exscapus (digitized version )
  41. ^ Jean-Louis Alibert : Nouveaux éléments de thérapeutique et de matière médicale. Crapart, Paris, Volume II 1804/05 (XIII), pp. 244–246: Astragalus exscapus (digitized version )
  42. ↑ August Friedrich Hecker 's practical medicine theory. Camesius, Vienna 1814, Volume I, pp. 48–49: Gummi Tragacanthae (digitized version )
  43. ↑ Jonathan Pereira’s Handbook of Medicines Doctrine. From the point of view of the German Medicin edited by Rudolf Buchheim . Leopold Voß, Leipzig, Volume II (1848), pp. 605–608: Traganth (digitized version )
  44. ^ Robert Bentley , Henry Trimen : Medicinal plants. J. & A. Churchill, London 1880, Volume 2, No 73: Astragalus gummiferus (digitized version)
  45. ^ Theodor Husemann : Handbook of the entire drug theory. 2nd Edition. Springer, Berlin 1883, pp. 329-330: Tragacantha (digitized) .
  46. ↑ Köhler's medicinal plants 1887, No 119 (digitized version)

Web links

Commons : Tragant ( Astragalus )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files