Grafing – Wasserburg railway line

Grafing Bahnhof – Wasserburg (Inn) train station
Route number :	5710
Course book section (DB) :	948
Route length:	29.1 km
Gauge :	1435 mm ( standard gauge )
Route class :	CE
Power system :	Grafing – Ebersberg: 15 kV 16.7 Hz  ~
Minimum radius :	190 m
Top speed:	80 km / h
Legend from Munich Hbf 0.000 Grafing train station 542 m to Glonn to Rosenheim 2.053 Grafing city 522 m 3.570 Wiesham (until 1972) 5,958 Ebersberg (Oberbay) 563 m 9.080 Oberndorf (b Ebersberg) 10.270 Neuhausen (b Ebersberg) 12.044 Steinhöring 510 m 14,182 Tulling 16.691 Forsting ( Hp and Awanst ) 503 m 19.530 Brandstätt (until 2014) 495 m 22.629 Edling Ebrach from Rosenheim from Wasserburg (Inn) city 24.710 Wasserburg (Inn) train station 481 m to Mühldorf (Oberbay) Swell:

The Grafing – Wasserburg line is a single-track branch line in Upper Bavaria . It branches off the Munich – Rosenheim railway line at Grafing Bahnhof and leads via Ebersberg and Steinhöring to Wasserburg am Inn . Based on the earlier raised bogs ( Bavarian : felt ) in the Ebrach Valley , it is also referred to as the Filzenexpress .

Its western six-kilometer-long and electrified section from Grafing to the district town of Ebersberg is part of the Munich S-Bahn and, like the subsequent section to Wasserburg Bahnhof, is also served by the Südostbayernbahn in regional traffic.

The railway infrastructure company on the Grafing – Ebersberg section is DB Netz , and the Südostbayernbahn on the following section to Wasserburg Bahnhof.

Route

The line branches off in the southern part of the Grafing Bahnhof station from the Munich – Rosenheim line towards the east. Trains to and from Wasserburg can use tracks 1 and 2, which can be used on both sides, as well as track 11 at Grafingen station , all three of which have platforms. Switch connections to the long-distance railway tracks to Munich to the west exist in the northern part of the station.

Grafing city stop

After around two kilometers, the route reaches the center of the town of Grafing with the Grafing Stadt stop . Then it leads with partly narrow curve radii in a northerly direction over the hamlet of Wiesham, which was once a stopping point, uphill to Ebersberg. The Ebersberger Bahnhof, located on a hill in a west-east direction, has two tracks, of which the northern one can only be approached from the direction of Grafing and is used exclusively by the S-Bahn. The overhead line ends east of the station . In order to cope with the difference in altitude between the Ebersberg train station and the Ebrachtal with an acceptable gradient, the railway line was laid out in a large loop to the south for the next two kilometers. Once at the bottom of the valley, the route passes in an easterly direction Oberndorf near Ebersberg and the hamlet of Neuhausen near Ebersberg, both of which had temporary stops before reaching Steinhöring , which has served as a crossing station since 2014 .

Largely parallel to federal highway 304 , the route continues over the Tulling stop, which was once equipped with loading tracks for goods traffic, to Forsting , where the former train station now functions as a stop for passenger traffic and a junction for goods traffic. The siding is currently not in use. Still running in an easterly direction, the track then touches the towns of Brandstätt , whose stopping point was canceled with the timetable change on December 13, 2014, and the Edling stop , before turning north before the Wasserburg train station and station after a bend to the north reached the Rosenheim – Mühldorf railway line . This station still has three of the five tracks in the station area.

history

prehistory

Workers fighting the nun caterpillar in the Ebersberger forest

With the opening of the Munich – Grafing – Rosenheim railway lines in 1871 and Rosenheim – Wasserburg Bahnhof – Mühldorf in 1876, the Ebersberg and Wasserburg districts were opened up for the first time by rail. However, neither the Ebersberg market nor the town of Wasserburg, whose train station was built about four kilometers west of the town in Reitmehring for topographical reasons, had a direct connection. Furthermore, the district and the city of Wasserburg did not have any rail connections in the regionally important east-west route towards Munich . At the beginning of the 1880s, several initiatives arose to build a local railway from Wasserburg via Ebersberg to the west, but their efforts were initially unsuccessful. In 1890, the government of the Kingdom of Bavaria under Prince Regent Luitpold granted the planning license for a route between Wasserburg station on the Rosenheim – Mühldorf route and the town of Wasserburg, located in a loop of the Inn . In 1892 an application for a railway line Ebersberg-Grafing Bf-Glonn was made to the royal Chamber of Deputies, but only the section of the local railway from Grafing Bahnhof to Glonn was approved

A year later, the planning of a local line between the main line Munich – Rosenheim and Ebersberg was approved. Kirchseeon was initially suggested as a branch point from the existing connection , before Grafing Bahnhof was chosen in connection with the Grafing – Glonn railway line, which was planned at the same time . Two different route variants were always sought: One led via Nettelkofen , past Grafing, with a stop in Aßlkofen to Ebersberg with a route length of approx. 4800 m, with a cost estimate of 360 700 marks. The other version corresponded roughly to today's route with a cost estimate of 434,000 marks. The latter variant was ultimately decided despite the higher construction costs.

In 1891 the Ebersberg market tried to push ahead with the realization by means of two petitions . It emphasized the expected economic importance of the route for timber transport from the Ebersberg Forest and called for the construction of the railway as a state compensation for forest damage caused by the nuns plague .

Leaflet approving the local railway from Grafing to Ebersberg, March 13, 1896

For the third, middle section Ebersberg – Wasserburg, the start of planning was approved on January 13, 1892.

Construction and opening

On March 13, 1896, the Bavarian State Parliament approved the Royal Bavarian State Railways (K.Bay.Sts.B) to build the line from Grafing Bahnhof to Ebersberg; the associated law came into force on June 17, 1896. The Ebersberg station was built taking into account the planned extension of the route to Wasserburg at the request of the Ebersberg market on a range of hills away from the town center. The estimated construction costs for the first section were 393,300 marks . Construction began in October 1898, and an average of 80 to 100 workers were employed at the same time. The executing company was Johann and Franz Xaver Hallinger from Rosenheim. The opening ceremony for the Grafing – Ebersberg section took place on November 6, 1899, with scheduled operation from November 12. On January 27, 1900 there was a derailment between Wiesham and Ebersberg after the embankment of the new line had settled.

The construction of the section between Wasserburg Bahnhof in the Reitmehring district and the city was approved on March 6, 1900. The acquisition of the land turned out to be more lengthy and significantly more expensive than originally planned, so that the connection could not be completed until the end of 1902. Technical test drives and opening ceremonies took place on December 20, 1902, and scheduled traffic began on December 24, 1902.

For the section Wasserburg Bahnhof – Ebersberg, the building permit was granted on March 16, 1903. After completing the land purchase, construction began in October of the same year. The crossing of the Laufinger Moos near Ebersberg, where the railway embankment settled several times , caused difficulties . The planned opening date of May 1, 1903 could therefore not be kept. The commissioning took place without major celebrations with the acceptance run on September 27th, regular operation has existed since October 1st, 1903.

The efforts of the Schnaitsee Railway Committee to extend the railway east from Wasserburg via Schnaitsee to Trostberg, supported by the City of Wasserburg, were not realized . The Bavarian Ministry of Transport rejected the proposal in August 1913 after a profitability test.

Company development until the 1980s

The first timetable for the entire route, valid from October 1905, had three pairs of passenger trains. This offer was supplemented by two further pairs of trips by the First World War .

On April 24, 1920, the line was taken over by the Deutsche Reichsbahn together with the Royal Bavarian State Railways and assigned to the Reichsbahndirektion Munich . The Bavarian Group Administration existed as a separate intermediate instance until October 1, 1933 . From September 7, 1949, the line belonged to the German Federal Railroad (DB).

Steam locomotives of the types D VI and D VII were initially used to drive the trains , which, under the direction of the Reichsbahn, were gradually replaced by machines of the 70.0 , 86 and 98.8 series. The young DB also employed locomotives of the 64 and 98.3 series (“glass boxes”) on the route at times . From 1954, rail buses were used on the route , which in 1962 completely replaced the steam locomotives in passenger train traffic. In the following 32 years, the rail buses were used in one to five-part combinations, depending on requirements, and in a few years individual passenger trains were also formed from passenger cars and V 100 locomotives (later series 211/212). After the steam locomotives were replaced, these hauled freight trains as well as type V 60 shunting locomotives .

Rail bus between Brandstätt and Edling

S-Bahn in Ebersberg station

In the 1960s, it was decided to include the much sought-after section from Grafing Bahnhof to the town of Ebersberg, which has now become a city, in the future network of the Munich S-Bahn . In 1969, therefore, the electrification of this section took place. The S-Bahn service was opened on May 28, 1972, at the same time the tariff of the Munich Transport and Tariff Association (MVV) has been applied on the Grafing – Ebersberg connection . Ebersberg thus became the eastern end point of the S4 line, which was initially operated at 40-minute intervals. The trains to and from Wasserburg now mainly turned in Ebersberg instead of Grafing Bahnhof.

An incident with a train took place on New Year's Eve of the year 1988, when a train driver the driver's cab of an arrived from Munich rail car of the class 420 left without the brakes to apply the train. The railcar, which was no longer occupied with passengers, then started moving on the sloping stretch in the direction of Wasserburg. Since there was neither another train on the route, nor people or vehicles on the numerous level crossings, there was no accident. The train rolled at speeds of up to 60 km / h to Wasserburg station, where the dispatcher could close the barriers to the busy B 304 crossing in the station area and guide the railcar onto a siding. There the train pushed the buffer stop about 50 m beyond the end of the track before it finally came to a standstill in the embankment of a street.

Operating restrictions in the 1980s and 1990s

Until the beginning of the 1980s, there was a long-standing passenger transport service between Ebersberg and Wasserburg of around eight round trips per working day, supplemented by further pairs of trains between Wasserburg station and the city. With the beginning of the summer timetable in 1983, however, a bus line was set up parallel to the railway line , which offered more journeys and, in contrast to the train between Ebersberg and Tulling, could also be used at the cheaper MVV tariff. The timetable on the rail, however, was gradually restricted.

Two weeks later, the DB initiated a decommissioning procedure for the line. An application was made to abandon passenger traffic between Ebersberg and Wasserburg Stadt as well as the infrastructure of the Ebersberg – Forsting and Wasserburg Bahnhof – Wasserburg Stadt sections. The application for closure of the DB board was decided on December 19, 1988.

In response to the successive operational restrictions, the regional passenger initiative Rettet den Filzenexpress was founded in 1987 , which, together with the Pro Bahn Association, advocated the maintenance of the railway line and, among other things, regular excursions from the Munich region to Wasserburg using the scheduled trains on the Ebersberg– Wasserburg organized. Local politicians also refused to shut down; the district council of the district of Rosenheim , on whose territory the Forsting – Wasserburg section is located, voted on June 28, 1989 against the abandonment of the local rail transport .

Irrespective of this, the timetable between Ebersberg and Wasserburg was further thinned out until the early 1990s. Mondays to Fridays in the first half of the decade only one pair of trains ran on the route, only on weekends the timetable was somewhat more extensive. Freight traffic was also stopped at the beginning of the decade.

The Federal Ministry of Transport rejected the DB's application for closure on February 23, 1994. This was justified, among other things, with the interest of third parties to take over the route and operation. The Tegernsee-Bahn mbH had offered several times since 1989, under certain conditions - including investment in track and vehicles amounting to about 40 million marks as operator of the - felting Express occur.

Connection renaissance from 1994

The old class 798 railbuses were replaced by new class 628 railcars on weekends in 1994 and when the timetable changed in June 1995, also on the weekends .

A year later, on June 2, 1996, the transport offer between Ebersberg and Wasserburg was significantly improved as part of the so-called Bavaria cycle . The timetable ordered by the Bavarian Railway Company as the authority responsible for local rail passenger transport in Bavaria for the Deutsche Bahn AG , which emerged from the Deutsche Bundesbahn on January 1, 1994 , provided for nine pairs of trains on workdays. Since these mostly ran again via Ebersberg to Grafing Bahnhof, where connections could not only be made to the S-Bahn but also to fast regional trains, the travel time from Wasserburg to Munich was significantly reduced. A further expansion of the offer took place on June 10, 2001. Since then, there have been direct travel options between Wasserburg train station and Munich in the morning and evening rush hours. The Ebersberg – Tulling section of the railway line was also included in the tariff area (like the bus line mentioned above, which was established in the 1980s) of the Munich Transport and Tariff Association.

Since June 1, 2001, the infrastructure and operation of the Filzenexpress have been assigned to the DB organizational unit of the Südostbayernbahn .

The infrastructure of the line was renewed in autumn 2004 over a length of 13 kilometers for around 4.5 million euros. Instead of the previous steel and wooden sleepers, Y-sleepers were installed. However, numerous level crossings that are not technically secured continue to limit the maximum speed allowed on longer sections. In 2006, a level crossing was opened for the first time in the area of ​​the municipality of Edling, and two more were provided with traffic lights. At that time it was planned to carry out measures with a total investment volume of almost five million euros on a total of 28 of the 38 existing transitions.

The stations have also been gradually modernized since 2004 by the Südostbayernbahn and the local communities. The largest single measure was the renovation of the Wasserburg Bahnhof station, which cost around 800,000 euros and was carried out on behalf of the City of Wasserburg with the financial participation of the Free State of Bavaria. On October 20, 2006, a new bus station and expanded park-and-ride facilities were inaugurated there.

S-Bahn on platform 2 in Grafing Bahnhof

With the loading of round timber in Forsting, the scheduled freight traffic was resumed in June 2005. The delivery and collection of the car takes place as required up to twice a week at night from Mühldorf; Class 294 locomotives are used . During construction work on the Mühldorf - Munich railway line, two freight trains run via Wasserburg and Ebersberg to Munich at night (most recently in 2012).

Expansion 2009–2014

Since the improvement of the timetable offer, in particular the introduction of trains running through to Munich, the demand for passengers has increased steadily. In 2006, a good 1000 passengers were counted between Ebersberg and Wasserburg train station every working day, which represents a triple increase within a few years (passengers in the parallel buses are not counted). For years, the neighboring communities have been demanding that the offer be condensed and synchronized (hourly) from the customer (Bavarian Railway Company or Bavarian Ministry of Economic Affairs).

Since the regional trains and the S-Bahn have to share the track in the Ebersberg – Grafing Bahnhof section, the necessary expansion measures for regional traffic were closely related to the planned future operating concept of the S-Bahn, for example the cycle sequence after the opening of the second main line in Munich. The lack of any crossroads between Ebersberg and Wasserburg also made it difficult to set up the possible timetable.

On July 23, 2009, the Bavarian State Ministry for Economic Affairs, Infrastructure, Transport and Technology and the Südostbayernbahn signed a "Transport Task". The construction of a siding in Steinhöring and the increase of the line speed to 80 km / h by the railway were agreed. The 6.8 million euros required for this were to be financed from federal funds. In return, the Free State of Bavaria wanted to order more transport services after the infrastructure was completed.

In the years 2006 to 2011, a large part of the existing level crossings was abandoned, technically secured or the existing outdated traffic light systems were replaced by half barriers with traffic lights. In November 2011, three level crossings in the Pfaffing community area, Forsting district were secured. Also in Brandstätt, municipality of Edling, the two "non-technically secured" level crossings will be opened or provided with half barriers.

New platform at Tulling stop

Furthermore, the Ebersberg – Reitmehring route was planned in four sections until 2014, in particular the platforms in Steinhöring, Tulling, Forsting and Edling were raised to 76 centimeters above the top of the rails and lengthened to 120 and 140 meters respectively. The modernized platforms in Edling and Tulling were inaugurated on June 17, 2013 and officially put into operation. The only downer is that the two switches on the bypass track at the Forsting alternative junction were dismantled. The siding with ramp was preserved. The loading of logs in Forsting was stopped again in 2010 because the siding is too close to the main line. Therefore, the track would have to be closed during loading.

The construction of the Steinhöring crossing station was completed in September 2014. With the timetable change on December 14, 2014, the offer was significantly expanded. Since then, there has been an hourly service from Monday to Friday, with trains running every two hours on Saturdays, Sundays and public holidays. Since then, a total of twelve trains have been running from Monday to Friday to or from Munich East or Munich Central Station.

From 2015

From August to October 2015 in Oberndorf near Ebersberg the last hurdle to a continuous passage at 80 km / h was removed: The level crossing, which was difficult to find and could only be crossed at walking pace without any restrictions , was expanded and technically secured. The costs amounted to almost one million euros and were shared equally by the city, state and federal government. Since then there are only short sections with 50, 60 and 70 km / h. From the end of July to November 2015, the main platform in Wasserburg was partially rebuilt around the clock. The platform height was increased to 76 centimeters. Wasserburg is the last station that had to be modernized after Edling, Forsting, Tulling, Steinhöring and Ebersberg. No changes are planned for the 2015/16 timetable compared to the previous year's timetable.

With the timetable change in mid-December 2015, the MVV extended its network tariff beyond Tulling to the entire route to Wasserburg train station. The Rosenheim district has to raise the resulting shortfall in income for the Südostbayernbahn in the amount of 120,000 euros per year .

As a result of the new tender for the Mühldorf line star , the Filzenexpress received from the Südostbayernbahn a continuous hourly service from December 2016, including on weekends, as well as additional evening trains and modernized cars, including with interactive passenger information systems. Likewise, in the morning and evening rush hours, the railcars run in double or even triple traction, which represents the maximum length (140 meters) on the platforms on the Ebersberg - Wasserburg section or exceeds it in some places.

future

Section between Ebersberg and Wasserburg

According to the railway, the electrification of the line to Wasserburg and the extension of the S-Bahn via Steinhöring to Wasserburg are possible. In the course of this, the reactivation of the Wasserburger Stadtbahn, whose route currently belongs to the city of Wasserburg, is also possible. A study on this has been available to the Bavarian state government since 2016. In the medium term, it is conceivable that the Free State of Bavaria will order S-Bahn services to Wasserburg Bahnhof, although Deutsche Bahn itself has no interest in doing so. The railway would not undertake any further expansion without full funding from the state of Bavaria or the federal government. To this end, a position paper from the eight district administrators, whose districts are in the MVV, was published in March 2017, according to which, among other things, the route between Grafing Bahnhof and Ebersberg is to be upgraded and the S-Bahn will be extended to Wasserburg (Inn) Bahnhof should.

The Südostbayernbahn plans to electrify the route by 2026 at the latest, depending on the source . The line is to be expanded along with six other lines as part of a special program for the electrification of rail lines, which is supported by the Free State of Bavaria. This railway line has high priority. The plans also included raising all platforms along the route to 96 centimeters and lengthening them to 140 meters in length so that express S-Bahn trains could run to Munich in the future.

The starting shot for the planning was given on September 28, 2018. The line is to be electrified by 2025 and then, when the timetable changes in December 2026, express S-Bahn trains under the name S1 from Wasserburg over the second main line to Munich Airport will be offered. The total costs for the infrastructure measure should amount to 22 million euros.

Level crossing in Reitmehring

The State Building Authority Rosenheim and the Südostbayernbahn intend to replace the level crossing of the federal highway 304 with the routes Rosenheim - Mühldorf and Grafing - Wasserburg in Reitmehring with a bridge over the railway embankment. The plans also provide for the preparation of the overhead line under the road bridge.

literature

• Markus Krammer, Bernhard Schäfer: 100 Years of the Grafing – Ebersberg Local Railway 1899–1999 . Ed .: City of Ebersberg, City of Grafing. Verlag Lutz Garnies, Neukeferloh 1999, ISBN 3-926163-17-8 .
• David Hruza: 100 years of the Wasserburg – Ebersberg railway line . Ed .: Pro Bahn . Pro Bahn Verlag und Reisen GmbH, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-9809568-4-9 .
• Martin Geiger: Steam horse without fire - A railway construction in Upper Bavaria (Heimat am Inn, Volume 3) . Ed .: Heimatverein (Historischer Verein) e. V. for Wasserburg and the surrounding area. The Leonhardt bookstore, Wasserburg am Inn 1982, ISBN 3-922310-14-1 .
• Martin Pabst: Grafing-Ebersberg-Wasserburg (Inn) (Filzenexpress) . In: secondary and narrow-gauge railways in Germany (compilation as loose-leaf edition) . Weltbild Verlag, 1996, ISSN  0949-2143 .

Web links

Commons : Grafing – Wasserburg railway line  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Website of the Pro Bahn working group Wasserburg with information on the Filzenexpress
• History of the Filzenexpress
• Information from the city of Wasserburg am Inn on rail connections

Individual evidence

1. ^ DB Netz AG: Infrastructure Register. In: geovdbn.deutschebahn.com , accessed on June 3, 2020.
2. ↑ Route map of the Munich Railway Directorate , as of March 1952. In: Karl Bürger: Munich - Mühldorf - Simbach. Glory, decline and renaissance of a royal Bavarian railway. An eventful traffic history with a revolutionary future . Self-published, Walpertskirchen 2017, ISBN 978-3-00-056474-1 .
3. ↑ Klaus-Dieter Korhammer, Armin Franzke, Ernst Rudolph: Turntable of the South. Munich railway junction . Ed .: Peter Lisson . Hestra-Verlag, Darmstadt 1991, ISBN 3-7771-0236-9 .
4. ^ "Bahn: No more stop in Brandstätt" in the online edition of the Oberbayerischer Volksblatt , accessed on December 20, 2014
5. ^ Zeil: "More attractive timetable for commuters from Wasserburg". (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on February 6, 2012 ; accessed on March 31, 2018 . 
6. ↑ Modernized Edling and Tulling train stations inaugurated ( Memento from February 7, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
7. ↑ Page no longer available , search in web archives: capacity check by the EBA
8. ↑ Merkur-Online.de: Everything ready for the hourly cycle, accessed on October 25, 2014
9. ↑ Security is expensive from merkur.de from April 21, 2015, accessed on April 22, 2015
10. ↑ Construction noise from now until November. July 29, 2015, accessed August 11, 2015 . 
11. ↑ Timetable 2015/2016. In: www.suedostbayernbahn.de. Retrieved November 16, 2015 . 
12. ↑ Marco Völklein: MVV area is growing - Filzenexpress is to be added . In: sueddeutsche.de . ISSN  0174-4917 ( sueddeutsche.de [accessed on August 11, 2015]).
13. ↑ BEG and SOB sign contract. (No longer available online.) In: bahnland-bayern.tv. March 2, 2015, archived from the original on August 10, 2015 ; accessed on August 9, 2015 . 
14. ↑ Long live the "Wasserburger"! In: www.merkur.de. Merkur Online, accessed November 28, 2015 . 
15. ↑ ^{a b} S-Bahn to Wasserburg is getting closer. In: merkur.de. July 1, 2017, accessed July 1, 2017 . 
16. ↑ The big maneuvering has begun. In: merkur.de. April 22, 2015, accessed April 22, 2015 . 
17. ↑ Anton Rauch: Districts call for MVV expansion: next stop Rosenheim? (No longer available online.) Bayerischer Rundfunk, March 31, 2017, archived from the original on April 4, 2017 ; accessed on May 26, 2017 . 
18. ↑ Electrification Ebersberg – Wasserburg train station. In: bahnausbau-muenchen.de. Retrieved October 31, 2019 . 
19. ↑ S-Bahn could soon go through to Wasserburg . In: sueddeutsche.de . 2018, ISSN  0174-4917 ( sueddeutsche.de [accessed on January 26, 2018]).
20. ^ Regional conference Upper Bavaria Infrastructure department: Electrification Ebersberg (Upper Bavaria) - Wasserburg (Inn) train station. (PDF) (No longer available online.) Bayerische Eisenbahngesellschaft, July 6, 2017, formerly in the original ; accessed on October 1, 2017 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  
21. ↑ ^{a b} Bavarian Electric Mobility Strategy Rail (BESS). Retrieved October 22, 2018 . 
22. ↑ ^{a b} Ebersberg-Wasserburg railway line will be electrified by 2025 . In: https://www.merkur.de/ . September 28, 2018 ( merkur.de [accessed October 22, 2018]).
23. ↑ Ralf Wiedenmann: table timetables-S-Bahn-opening-2nd-trunk line-S1-Freising-Wasserburg-Mon-Fri. (PDF) railblog.info, October 12, 2018, accessed on October 22, 2018 . 
24. ↑ Project description B304 - elevation clearance at Reitmehring level crossing. (PDF) (No longer available online.) State Building Authority Rosenheim, archived from the original on February 7, 2018 ; Retrieved June 25, 2017 . 
25. ^ Christian Huber: Level crossing: "Many stumbling blocks". (No longer available online.) In: Wasserburger Voice. May 23, 2017, archived from the original on February 8, 2018 ; Retrieved June 25, 2017 .