Bienertmühle

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The Bienertmühle in summer 2015
Map of the Bienertmühle in the area (2018)

The Bienertmühle (often referred to as the former court mill ) is a former mill location in the Dresden district of Plauen an der Weißeritz . The colloquial name of the court mill built there in 1568 instead of an earlier mill is reminiscent of the Bienert family, whose member Gottlieb Traugott Bienert leased the facility in 1852 and acquired it in 1872. The mill remained in the family's possession for three generations and was expanded by them to become the most modern mill location in Saxony. After the owners were expropriated and the business was nationalized in 1972, the mill finally ended after a fire in 1990. In 1991 the bread factory located there was also closed.

In 2006, the Hofmühle Museum Dresden and a small mill shop with a café were opened in part of the complex . Other buildings are used by various companies. Large parts of the former Bienertmühle have been converted into loft apartments since 2014, with completion scheduled for 2018. From 2015 to 2018, the Bienert family's villa, which had fallen into ruin, was renovated and condominiums were created in it.

prehistory

The fact that there was a grinding mill for grain in the village of Plauen near Dresden has been documented since 1366. On May 17th of this year, the interest register of the Kreuzkapelle Dresden recorded for the first time a “mól ... so belonged to the village of Plawen and stood above the village on the Wistericz”, ie a mill at its current location. Until around 1480 this mill seems to have been connected with one, later two and four grinding cycles with a cutting edge . Around this time it was bought by the Dresden cloth making trade and converted into a fulling mill. Persistent border disputes between the Dresden cloth makers' guild and the community of Plauen occupied the ducal governments several times between 1487 and 1528, so that the mill can be historically proven. In 1541 it appears in a source as "Raths-Fulling Mill, located at the Mühlgraben above the village of Plawen".

Electoral court mill

1568-1643

Electoral double coat of arms from 1570 in the courtyard of the Bienertmühle, not renovated. The intertwined double-A between the two coats of arms can still be seen. (2011)

The Saxon Elector August bought the fulling mill in 1568 to have it converted into a grain mill. A (new) fulling mill of the guild was built with the fulling mill weir, which has been verifiable since about this time and was only finally removed in the 1970s, on today's Hofmühlenstrasse, south of the confluence of today's Biedermannstrasse. In the following year, the elector had the mill that he had bought torn down, bought various parcels and built a court mill "in princely splendor" by 1571 at a cost of 8336 guilders, that is, with 16 grinding cycles. However, it was not the only court mill in the country. As early as 1521, under Duke Georg the Bearded, the first court mill was built on the Weißeritzmühlgraben , not far from the Annenkirche and was also called that until it was closed in 1927.

The first mill master, Zacharias Zimmermann, is documented for 1570. In order to ensure the profitability of the mill, the compulsory meal at this mill was introduced in a rescript on April 6, 1569 for 33 Dresden official villages (and 210 guests) , which was extended to 66 communities in 1661. The two mills of the brothers Matthes and Andreas Moyses, which were located near what is now the Hofmühle, today roughly along Agnes-Smedley-Straße, were demolished and the brothers were compensated with the two official mills in Tharandt in 1573 . The still partially existing mill ditch brought a usable gradient of 7.6 meters for the mill with a water flow of an average of 2.5 cubic meters of water per second.

The electoral coat of arms in the courtyard reminds of this old court mill. The relief stone, which is one of the oldest individual monuments in Dresden, shows the course swords with the Saxon diamond on the left, three lions under a crown on the right. The latter come from the Danish coat of arms and refer to Electress Anna , August's wife, who, as a promoter of agriculture, played a key role in the economic development of Saxony. Between the coats of arms there are two intertwined monograms with the letter A, which both remind of the patron of the mill. Since the renovation of the Bienertmühle after 2011, however, they are almost no longer visible.

For the farmers, the compulsory meal also had advantages, because on the one hand the mill ditch of the court mill almost always carried enough water, on the other hand the miller was obliged to grind the grain that had been brought in and he received a fixed price for it (contract milling ): this was initially a bitch of everyone Scheffel flour (16 meats made a bushel) and was increased to the fourth part in 1640 for the court mill. He was unable to make any additional profit from the continuing emergency in the villages.

The Hofmühlenwehr (today: Bienertwehr) on an oil painting by Anton Graff (1805). Above the weir overflow, directly to the left of the Hegereiterbrücke , the raft rake of the Mühlgraben inlet can be seen.

Since the farmers had to accept long journeys, the Hofmühlen tenant also received the bar privilege, but had to deliver a number of pigs to the farm every year. In 1578 a forge was built right next to the mill (demolished in 1878). The poor condition of the access roads, especially for the “native farmers”, led to regular complaints and complaints. Frequent changes of ownership and flood damage from 1593 are also recorded. However, numerous farm mill tenants are also listed as sponsors of the village of Plauen; For example, the “Hofmuller” Peter Junghans donated the baptismal font in 1617, which is still in the Church of the Resurrection , around 1700 the Hofmühlen tenant Gottlob Gäbler donated the altar (with the exception of the altarpiece, which is from 1859). The tenant Johann Friedrich Wahl (died 1769) is also known as a patron of the community.

1643-1852

The court mill was not spared from the effects of war. In the Thirty Years' War General Piccolomini had horrified the city of Freiberg in 1643 , gathered his 16,000-strong troops around Dresden and chose the village of Plauen and its surroundings as headquarters. He himself lived in the Hofmühle from the end of February to March 10, 1643.

During the Great Northern War , the Swedes moved to Dresden in mid-September 1706 and settled in Plauen, with the Hofmühle as their headquarters. They confiscated the flour stored there and destined for the citizens of Dresden, requisitioned the grain stored there and had it ground for themselves. The wheels of the mill that were not needed for this were destroyed. Only the armistice that came into force at the end of September and led to the peace of Altranstädt averted even greater damage.
In 1809 and 1813 ( Battle of Dresden ), the tenant at that time suffered from the Napoleonic battles for Dresden.

The Bienertmühle around 1825. Behind the mill is the Hegersche Gut (later the location of the Bienertschen bread factory), the one-storey building in the middle is the oil mill, which was put into operation in 1818, and the building on the right is the house of the court miller.

The Hofmühle was exposed to increased competition despite the Königsmühle built in 1747 and the Neumühle above the Hofmühle, built between 1726 and 1728 (both also electoral mills, the Neumühle and the Hofmühle with 16 grinding cycles). It was rebuilt in 1776, got a front length of 92 cubits (around 50 meters) towards the Weißeritz and two “sticks” (floors) throughout. The buildings to the left and right of the Mühlgraben were made fire-proof with fire gables. Instead of the cutting edge, an oil mill with 16 pairs of rammers followed in 1818 as an extension to the Bienert mill to ensure profitability. The drive of the oil mill branched off within the courtyard mill and reduced the available water wheels from 16 to 14.

The abolition or replacement of the compulsory meal between 1840 and 1850 (this year for the last landowners in Plauen itself) formed a profound turning point. The then tenant Raetzsch had become so inefficient because of this and the finer flours with which Austrian mills tried to conquer the Saxon market that he had trouble raising at least 3000 thalers instead of the required 7000 thalers annual rent. Therefore, in 1851, a new lease was awarded, which Gottlieb Traugott Bienert after separating from other, partly self-built, companies (including the Brettmühle in Radeberg , the lease of the Obermühle (Grundmühle Jessen) in Liebethaler Grund and a bakery in the Radeberger Vorstadt) for decided. From May 1, 1852, he took over the now neglected, partly dilapidated mill, which only employed eight people and only four of the original 16 mill wheels were still in operation.

Bienertmühle

1852-1900

Gottlieb Traugott Bienert (1813–1894), photo from 1890.

Bienert's thirst for action transformed the Hofmühle from the ground up. This expanded again from 1872 when, after 20 years of "dogged work" (quote from Bienert), he was able to buy the Hofmühle from the Saxon tax authorities and finally converted it from an outdated handicraft company into a modern (for its time exemplary) industrial company. For this purpose, Bienert undertook several training trips to France, Belgium, Austria and Hungary as well as to Switzerland in order to get to know the most advanced technologies of the time and the experiences made with them. In addition to Bienert's courage to take healthy risks, the key to success is not least his business principle: “The level of production is only determined by demand, not by the performance of the machinery; The aim is to produce impeccable quality, not cheap mass production ”.

Bienert built the first bakery in 1853, initially with three coal-fired ovens and rotating stoves in the Bienertmühle. This was a first and significant step away from the previously operated contract milling business (which only left the miller with flour) to the bread exchange that Bienert had already introduced in his mill and bakery in Eschdorf in 1847: the farmers who delivered their grain received immediately an amount of bread corresponding to the fee. This had the advantage for the farmers that they were relieved of their own baking work, they could also leave the mill promptly (so they didn't have to wait until their grain was ground) and Bienert, in turn, saved himself the obligation to feed those waiting. For this innovation he had received the “Silver Merit Medal for Agriculture” in 1849 and immediately implemented this at the Hofmühle. The bakery, however, was initially, unlike after 1866, north of the Altplauen road (these houses were demolished in 1938 when the grain silo was built).

As early as 1853 he replaced the water wheels with a water turbine drive , initially with the help of a Girard turbine , which was supplemented by another at a later date. The Bienerts gave both performances in 1897 with 70 and 110 e. P. S. , that means "on the wave". At the same time, he introduced the Austrian high milling with its permanent sifting ( i.e. sieving) and also gained new experiences. In 1854 the first Boland kneading machine was introduced for the bakery. Bienert also built silos in the eastern part of the property, which were provided with a siding after the Albertsbahn was built in 1855. In this way, purchased grain could be continuously ground and then baked in addition to that supplied by the farmers: in this way, the Bienert mill became a commercial mill .

In order to become independent of the water flow of the Weißeritz, which fluctuated year-round and sometimes during the day, Bienert built the first steam engine house north of the oil mill in 1858 and thus introduced steam operation for the mill, which was initially only intended as a supplement to the hydroelectric drive. In 1861 the hydraulic oil press operation for the oil mill was introduced. The performance of the oil mill, which mainly produced rapeseed (rapeseed) and linseed oil , was increased from 1.25 tons of seed per day in 1852 to 15 tons. However, as a tenant, Bienert repeatedly needed the approval of the tax authorities.

In 1863, Traugott Bienert built a villa for himself and his family on the neighboring property, the most striking point of which was a large clock in the gable facing the Hofmühle. The rest of the property, which stretched along the Mühlgraben to the Hegereiterhaus near the Hegereiterbrücke , was laid out as a garden.

In 1866 Bienert bought the Hegersche Gut to the east. While the manor buildings were initially preserved (until 1912) and were now used as a bakery, a flour storage facility was built in the courtyard, which was further expanded as a floor and silo storage facility and was connected to the bakery on the Hofmühlen property with a transport bridge. After the Dresden – Werdau railway line was elevated in this area (1923–1927), a tunnel was created in its place to connect the two properties.

After 20 years of work, on May 1, 1872, Bienert finally found himself able to buy the Hofmühle for 150,000 thalers. This paved the way for further investments for him. In the following year, he built a second steam power plant south of the oil mill (the chimney is a listed building and is still preserved). In one of the buildings belonging to the Hofmühle, the Reichspost also set up a local post office in 1873, and a telegraph station the following year. In 1874, Bienert built the first gas station for better lighting of the mill during the night (Paschky- / corner Tharandter Strasse, today the location of a petrol station), which also supplied gas for street lighting in the village of Plauen (first switched on on October 19, 1874) . In 1875 a telegraph station followed , which was also open to the public, in 1875/1876 he built his own waterworks and had drinking water pipes laid for the mill and the community of Plauen. The elevated tank required for this is still available today at the beginning of an allotment garden on Schleiermacherstraße.

In 1877 the municipality of Plauen succeeded the Beschleusung to regulate new and (thus also the Bienert Mill) (renamed the following year in Zwickau road) through the main gate Falkenstraße contractually agreed to initiate all with the city of Dresden wastewater. Bienert took part in the negotiations and also assumed financial obligations for the municipality so that it could fulfill its contractual obligations towards the city of Dresden (so-called “Falkenstrasse support fund”).

Bienert introduced roller milling in 1878. In the same year he had a northern head building built at the Hofmühle as a "sales, residential and business building", which only underwent significant changes once, in 1901. Here was also the kitchen for the mill workers, who prepared 160 servings a day. Since then, the building has been in operation almost unchanged until 1991 and there has been no destruction for the most part in the years since. The Museum Hofmühle Dresden is now located in it. In 1880, the old oil mill was torn down and a four-story building was built from the aforementioned head building to the west of the Mühlgraben as a wheat mill. The mill moat, in turn, was vaulted and accommodated the new oil mill and the grain laundry, the old part of the structure became a rye mill. In 1881, Traugott Bienert finally made his two sons Theodor (1857–1935) and Erwin Bienert (1859–1930) partners, finally handed them over the management in 1885 and moved into his villa in the Radeberger suburb .

In 1895, the introduction of the rotating hard coal-fired oven followed as a technical innovation. For the 25-year acquisition of the mill and three years after the death of the founder, Theodor and Erwin Bienert published a commemorative publication in 1897. a. demonstrated the efficiency of the mill and the bakery. The mill now included a wheat and rye mill, an oil factory with an oil refinery and a bakery with ten ovens, as well as a storage facility for 1000 tons and a silo for 500 tons of grain. The Bienerts put the annual grinding capacity of the mill for 1896 at around 24,850 tons of wheat, 9,150 tons of rye, 375 tons of corn, 1,885 tons of rape and 1,440 tons of flax, which were processed in it. In 1897 there were 269 workers and employees in the mill.

"Bienert's social and communal commitment was downright avant-garde for the time." (C. Müller) So he gave his workers and employees the chance to build up a certain level of prosperity. As early as 1855 he set up a savings bank for them with low interest rates, followed later by a widow's insurance company, a health insurance company (more than ten years before Bismarck's social legislation ), and in 1883 a still existing and at that time so-called “children's institution” ( kindergarten , Nöthnitzer Str. 4 ) and in 1887 a pension and support fund, which continued to exist as a company pension scheme even after the introduction of statutory pension insurance (1891) . The company's own kitchen prepared 160 portions of food every day, in the above-mentioned head building, simple baked goods (mainly products from the Bienert bread factory that did not meet the quality standards) were available to the workers at reduced prices, and the Bienert company took over any deficits in their operation. He even took care of socializing in the company - there was a Bienert men's choir and an annual company party with the management that was framed by culture. Nevertheless, as in other mills of the time, the daily working time for the millers was (at least) 12 hours.

His community engagement - u. a. Drinking water supply, public gas lighting, regulation of sewage problems, first kindergarten - was supplemented by several foundations, e.g. B. for school books and teaching materials, the free provision of building sites for new schools and the new construction of the town hall, the financing of bells and partial or total assumption of the costs of organ repairs or new organs in the Church of the Resurrection. Orphans from Plauen and his place of birth Eschdorf each received a savings account with five hundred marks for confirmation, which was retained until the beginning of the First World War.

1900-1945

Bienertmühle-Lageplan.png
The entire area of ​​the Bienertmühle from 1907 (slightly idealized representation). In the front right the gas works shortly before it was demolished.
The Bienertsche Brotfabrik (former Hegersches Gut). Left in the background the tower of the Church of the Resurrection , right in the background at the edge of the picture the old silo building. The Dresden-Werdau railway line runs at ground level across the Altplauen road.

On the Dresden – Freital section of the Dresden – Werdau railway line around 1900, the increasing number of road and rail traffic caused more and more problems with the numerous level crossings. Therefore, from 1901, plans were made to raise the railway line and expand it with four tracks in order to remove the level crossings and increase efficiency. Around 1910, the Dresden Hbf – Dresden-Plauen section was expanded to include four tracks. For the location of the Bienertmühle, however, these plans meant that the expansion options were now limited. From this point on, the Bienert brothers planned to build a new mill in the area of ​​the harbor, as a lot of grain (especially durum wheat) was delivered by water.

In 1902, tram operation began on the Plauenschen Grundbahn , which ran between Altplauen and the former Plauen train station on Potschappler Strasse (later referred to as "Alte Dresdner Strasse") on the right of the Weißeritz, along the Bienertmühle and after a sharp curve over the Hegereiterbrücke (until 1921, then relocation to the left of the Weißeritz). That was the reason for Theodor Bienert, who lived in the Bienertsche Villa - Erwin Bienert lived in the Bienertvilla southwest of the intersection of Würzburger- / Kaitzer Strasse (now part of the Technical University of Dresden ) - to fundamentally redesign the Bienertgarten. For this he won the horticultural architect Max Bertram , who furnished and redesigned it with grottos, fountains and an arbor, which was attached to the Hochplauensche Wasserhaus . The Bienerts used the elevation of Potschappler Straße in the area of ​​the Mühlgraben inlet to renew the Hofmühlen weir from 1569 below the Hegereiterbrücke and to redesign the water inlet into the Mühlgraben (the keystone T. B. 1902 can be seen at the original location). The garden was fenced in wrought iron, after the road was relocated to the left bank of the Weißeritz it was partly extended to the river (partly still in place) and the passageways were closed to the public.

The former extinguishing water pond in the Upper Bienert Park after renaturation (2015). Until the 2000s, it consisted of a concrete tub that reached the height of the surrounding path.

On January 1, 1903, Plauen was incorporated into Dresden. In this context, the Bienerts sold the gasworks for 900,000 Reichsmarks and the waterworks for 450,000 Reichsmarks to the city of Dresden. After the incorporation of Plauen into Dresden, the Dresden fire brigade was now responsible for extinguishing . In the course of improving fire protection and due to the fact that the current part of the city no longer had its own fire station, a sprinkler system had to be installed in the mill . In order to provide the necessary amount of water and the required pressure, a fire water pond was created on the Hohen Stein . In order to design this and the surrounding area accordingly, also as a replacement for the Bienert Garden, which is no longer accessible to the public, Erwin Bienert donated 80,000 square meters of land and 30,000 Reichsmarks to create a park (" Oberer Bienertpark ") with a bastion ("Forsthausbastion") as a vantage point. In 1906 it was opened to the public. After the mill was closed, the extinguishing water pond, which had developed into a danger, was removed and the area renatured in the 2000s.

After the closure of the council quarry in this area and after the gas works had been dismantled, another Bienertpark was created on this site from 1905 ("Dölzschener Bienertpark"), for which the garden architect Max Bertram was also responsible for the planning. Theodor Bienert donated 40,000 Reichsmarks for this facility. Both Bienert parks were refurbished in 2006 with ERDF funds and the Dölzschner Bienert Park was expanded according to Bertram's original plans. A part of the building along the Weißeritz was expanded again in 1907 and added four storeys. It now took up the machine house of the Bienertmühle.

Former Bienert-Mühle bread factory, renovated clock tower from 1915

In 1913, the second part of the company was opened with the Hafenmühle in Dresden's Friedrichstadt . After that, the Bienerts in Plauen built a modern large bakery on the site of the former "Hegerschen Gut" east of the railway line, for the construction of which part of the old mill buildings and the Altplauen houses No. 11–15, which also belonged to the former Hegerschen Gut, will be demolished had to. The striking building with the clock tower in the axis of Zwickauer Straße was built from 1913 to 1918 on the stairway to Schleiermacherstraße in reinforced concrete and received several oven rooms, bread rooms as well as storage and shed for the company's vehicle fleet. The architect of the building was Carl Schümichen , the construction work was carried out by the Fichtner brothers, based in the Plauen district, and the concrete construction company Dyckerhoff & Widmann .

The First World War initially stopped the mill's successful course. The import of grain had almost come to a standstill and many workers were drafted. They “had to be replaced by people outside the company, some of whom were unsuitable”, as stated in the notes of W. Arndt, who later became the chief engineer at Bienert-Mühlen.

In 1915 the ban on baking at night was introduced, which meant that baking was prohibited between seven in the evening and seven in the morning. For the two-shift operation of the bread factory, the previous twelve-hour shift system was replaced by one with eight hours of working time each.

After the First World War, the political changes also left their mark on the Bienert mills, although the name Bienert also stood for social commitment from the start. According to a report, the Bienerts have “always had the warmest sympathy for their workers and have always endeavored to stand by them in all emergencies.” Nevertheless, the workers of the Bienert mills also stopped work in the November Revolution of 1918, when there was a strike everywhere. In the mills one had an enemy image: Hofrat Johannes Alfred Pleißner (1854–1945), authorized signatory and chief engineer, who on the one hand maintained a coarse tone, on the other, placed great importance on the greatest accuracy. However, Pleißner was also the man who was praised as a pioneer in modern technology. Nevertheless, the general desire to strike in the Bienertschen Mühlen was never as pronounced as it was, for example, in the Dresden metal industry.

One of the Bienert transport wagons, built in 1921, in the Dresden Tram Museum (2015)
Track remains of the tram connection in the Bienertmühle

In 1923, work began to raise the railway line in the area of ​​the village of Plauen, which was completed in 1927. This led the Bienerts to reorganize the transports between the two mills, which until then meant transport by horse-drawn carts and time-consuming transfers by rail. In the same year, therefore, tram tracks were laid in the courtyards of both the Bienertmühle and the bread factory (as well as a connection from Magdeburger Strasse to the Hafenmühle) and from this point on, the transports were also carried out with tram trailer cars. In 1926, the Dresden tram took one converted goods train and three converted goods trailer into service, which were used exclusively to transport grain and flour between the two mills and the bread factory and were each approved for 15 tons of cargo. These transports with tram vehicles with their distinctive white paintwork and the Bienert logo were retained until the early 1960s. From the Altplauen street, immediately behind the bridge over the Weißeritz, there was the entrance to the courtyard of the Bienertmühle, which is still visible today with remains of the track; immediately after the railway bridge, it branched off into the bread factory. Most of the track remnants were removed in the 1990s, but short pieces of track are still present in the courtyard.

The body of one of the three sidecars, that of the Bienert sidecar 3301 built in 1921 and converted for these transports in 1926 (number according to the numbering plan from 1947), was retained as a bicycle shed on the premises of the Coswig depot from 1965 . Members of the Dresden Tram Museum salvaged it in 1996 when the depot was closed and worked on it until 2007. It can be rolled and belongs to the inventory of the museum vehicles of the Dresden Tram Museum .

After the completion of the elevation of the railway line, a rail silo was added to the now high-lying sidings in 1928. The wheat mill was expanded in 1936 ("New Wheat Mill"). In the period 1938/1939 the silo was built with a storage capacity of 5000 tons north of the Altplauen road (demolished in 2012). With the exception of the demolition of the railway silo after 1945, these were the last external changes until 1990. In 1925, a “test baking line” was set up in the bread factory, which existed until the end of the bread factory and which served to ensure and improve quality.

In December 1927, the next generation of the family took over the company: the brothers Erwin and Theodor Bienert handed over management to Friedrich Bienert (1891–1969), a grandson of the founder and son of Erwin Bienert and his wife Ida , and to Dr. Franz Herschel, a son-in-law of Theodor Bienert. Both had previously worked for the company. However, while Friedrich Bienert, who was married to Gret Palucca at that time (until 1930) , belonged to the German Democratic Party and supported both the Red Aid of Germany , which is close to the KPD , and the "Society of Friends of the New Russia", was his cousin Franz Herschel was already an active member of the NSDAP at this point and was dubbed by the workers as a "gentleman rider" because of his behavior behind closed doors. In 1934 both became managers of the Bienert company.

In the air raids on Dresden , the destruction of the mill and the bread factory was limited. Documented from the attacks of February 13-15, 1945 is the hit of an air mine in the so-called “high-rise” (this is how the railway silo from 1928 was called), which seriously damaged the two top floors, a bomb hit in the bread factory and the eighth oven and ceiling panels destroyed, as well as air pressure damage in the area of ​​boiler systems, generators and grinders. The report by W. Arndt comes to the end: "The most important parts of the company ... were essentially unharmed." A worker was killed. According to W. Arndt, at least the bread factory continued to operate until almost the end of the war.

1945–1990

The front building and the office building of the Bienertmühle on Altplauen street seen from the Weißeritzbücke (1986).
View of the interior of the Bienertmühle from the Dresden-Plauen S-Bahn (1986) after the demolition of the railway silo. Middle distance machine and workshop building, on the left half covered the still existing chimney, on the right the southern gable of the old courtyard warehouse.

On May 8, 1945, the Red Army entered Dresden and took over the protection of the Hofmühle, the aforementioned engineer W. Arndt was appointed operations manager and organized the resumption of operations. However, from this point on, the mill and bakery were primarily used to supply the Soviet occupying forces. For this purpose, grain was delivered from the Soviet Union. For the normal population - also with provisional facilities - it was initially primarily peeling milling , that is, processing barley into pearl barley and groats, as well as from barley and oats into flakes. This changed from 1948 when wheat was first delivered from the Soviet Union for processing for the population.

Despite his well-known anti-Nazi stance, Friedrich Bienert fled with his wife via Czechoslovakia to Regensburg behind the American lines in April 1945 . Franz Herschel was different: he stayed in Dresden and was arrested on July 15, 1945 as a Nazi economic leader. He died on a prisoner transport to Moscow at an unknown location. In 1946, Friedrich Bienert was classified as an opponent of the Nazi regime because of "demonstrably anti-fascist attitudes ... as well as sponsoring membership in the 'Red Aid'" and returned to Dresden in November 1946 upon several requests. He lived in a part of the Bienertvilla in the Hofmühle, in which a rehearsal and concert room was set up for his second wife, the concert pianist Branka Musulin . The compulsory administration of the mills was not lifted until November 1948 and the two mills and the bread factory were returned to him or his family. However, relatively soon after the founding of the GDR, it should have become clear to him that under its economic policy course, private management of the mills would be impossible in the long term. In 1952 Friedrich Bienert finally fled to West Berlin, where he lived in modest circumstances until his death in 1969.

After Bienert's escape, the mills were initially taken over in trust, but on May 1, 1958, the Bienert company was converted into a company with state participation , the "BSB T. Bienert Mühlen und Brotfabrik". The distribution of wealth in 1963 was as follows:

  • State partner: 13.4%,
  • private and fiduciary: 86.6%, of which:
    • Ve share, formerly Theodor Bienert: 1/6,
    • Ida Bienert: 1/4,
    • Ve share, formerly Friedrich Bienert: 1/12,
    • ML Seidler: 1/12,
    • Dr. W. Ruppé: 1/24,
    • Margret Ruppé: 1/24,
    • Dr. G. Schreiner: 1/6,
    • Esther Herschel: 1/6.

Until the nationalization, the state's share in the Bienertschen Mühlen increased through investments from 58.3% (1967) to 72.3% (closing balance as of April 23, 1972). The profits of the private owners who lived in the Federal Republic were paid into blocked accounts, so they remained in the GDR. Exactly 100 years to the day after the Hofmühle was bought by Traugott Bienert , the GDR expropriated the Bienert family on May 1, 1972 and transferred the entire business into public ownership . This now traded as "VEB Dresdner Mühlen- und Brotwerke".

In 1975 the state restructured the company organizations. The "VEB Dresdner Mühlen- und Brotwerke" (ie the entire Bienert factory including the Hafenmühle) was split up: The Bienert bread factory in Plauen came to the "VE Backwarenkombinat Dresden", the Bienertmühle was now run as "VEB Dresdner Mühlenwerke, Operating Part I", the Bienertsche Hafenmühle as "VEB Dresdner Mühlenwerke, Operating Part II". The previous “VEB Dresdner Mühlenwerke”, which was created in 1951 through the nationalization of the “König-Friedrich-August-Mühlenwerke AG” (renamed “Dölzschner Mühlenwerke AG” in 1946), was renamed with the addition of Mühlen in Freital , Heidenau , Niesky and Meißen as "VEB Dresdner Mühlenwerke, Operating Part III".

After taking over into public ownership, the first of the four bread baking lines in the bread factory was expanded and replaced, and a fifth was added later, as the entire production facilities were renewed over the years. In a three-shift operation, baked goods were baked 24 hours a day, like before the introduction of the night baking ban in 1915. In 1989, production was around 80 to 85 tons per day (compared to around 45 tons per day in 1918).

With the help of photos it is documented that the Bienertmühle railway silo was demolished from 1928 to 1945 without replacement.

In 1988 there was a dust explosion in the mill, which led to a fire that was extinguished relatively quickly on the mill technology from the 1930s. The mill was then taken out of operation: It is currently not possible to prove whether it was back in operation until 1990, when ownership was transferred to the Treuhand.

Processing and redevelopment since 1990

1990-2002

After the fall of the Wall, the two Bienert mills, together with the Freitaler Egermühle , were converted by the Treuhand into "Dresdener Mühlen GmbH" in 1990 . In the ultimately successful negotiations with Plange-Mühlen and Wilh. Werhahn KG as its owner turned out that only the Bienertsche Hafenmühle can be kept as a mill location. The Bienertmühle, which was damaged by fire in 1988 and is now ailing, closed the trust for good in 1990, ending the history of the mill at this location after more than 600 years.

The "Bakery Combine" was also broken down into individual operations in 1990: The operations of the Combine in Dresden, the Bienertsche Brotfabrik and the operation in Pirna were transformed into the "Dresdner Brot- und Konditoreiwaren GmbH". In 1992 she renamed the company to “Dresdner Brot- und Konditoreiwaren GmbH & Co. Betriebs KG”, which Lieken Urkorn from Achim bought as “frisch Back Dresden GmbH” based in Altplauen. However, shortly after this takeover by the Lieken company, all parts of the company were closed, including the Bienertsche Brotfabrik (and thus also the headquarters of “frisch back”), some of which were demolished and the employees were dismissed.

The striking mill complex was threatened with extensive demolition in the 1990s. A Munich investor had acquired the ensemble and was planning spacious new buildings. The mill, which is now a listed building, and the Bienert Villa should be cleared. This did not happen because of the restitution claims by the Bienert heirs.

present

Hofmühle / Bienertmühle with Bienert-Villa 2018

A foundation was successfully registered as owner via various intermediate paths. After the flood of Weißeritz in 2002 , the rescue began for the entire ensemble, which is now a listed building and which is to be finally renovated with the final works by the end of 2018.

In the head building of the mill complex on Altplauen, built in 1878, the Hofmühle Museum opened a show on the history of the Bienertmühle and Plauen in 2006, as well as a small mill shop in the former factory outlet with a café. Since then, an exhibition of historical chocolate molds from the Plauen company Anton Reiche and the life of dance teacher Gret Palucca , Friedrich Bienert's wife from 1924 to 1930, has been on view here. The mill technology from the 1930s is also still here. In the other rooms there are regular changing exhibitions and events.

  • Bienertmühle storage facility (2009), demolished in 2010, last remnants removed in 2012.

  • The weir of the Bienertmühle (Bienertwehr, 2015)

  • The renovated Bienert Villa 2018

  • Refurbished and converted Bienertmühle with lofts from the west (2018)

  • The old courtyard warehouse, gutted, the top three floors removed and a new stacked floor (2018)

From the end of 2010 to spring 2012, the former granary north of the Altplauen road, built in 1938/1939, was demolished; after preliminary work, it could not be used as a training object for a climbing school . Other ideas for use also failed, ultimately also due to the high need for renovation of the building.

In the above-mentioned head building from 1878, the old courtyard store (the upper floors of which were partially demolished and replaced by a new structure), the former rye mill and the former mill store, around 30 companies were located between 2006 and 2018, including a health food store, service providers, engineering offices, architects, Creative industry, but also a model workshop, a dance school and a yoga studio.

Originally it was planned to convert only the parts of the mill building with windows to the Weißeritz into apartments, but this project was changed due to the demand: Almost 60 apartments in different locations have been built at the site so far. The first new residents moved into the old machine house. Then the adjoining New Wheat Mill and the boiler house were expanded. In addition, two floors of the workshop building facing the courtyard (former “sack cleaning”) are to become apartments that could be ready for occupancy in 2019. The Bienertvilla has also been extensively renovated since 2015 and completed at the end of 2017. A Dresden real estate company has created ten apartments in the listed building, but instead of the clock in the gable there is now a round window. While the Bienert Villa, despite its representative design, has been architecturally understood as part of the industrial site since its construction , the new development from 2015 onwards can be described as a castle-like exaggeration.

The Mühlgraben was finally shut down after the Weißeritz flood in 2002 and its mouth below the Altplauen bridge, which has since been rebuilt, was closed, the same applies to the inlet at the Bienertmühlen weir below the Hegereiterbrücke. In the area of ​​the Bienertgarten it has fallen dry and has been preserved.

The Bienertgarten, in turn, went to the Naturschutzbund Deutschland and is partly open to the public again as part of a Bienertweg . Different species of bats inhabit the so-called "Lust Cave" (an artificial cave ), including those on the endangered Red List species standing Barbastelle . Also, dippers and kingfishers are now areas in this area.

In a newspaper article from 17./18. February 2018 the author Annechristin Bonß sums up in her article The third life of the Bienertmühle begins on the status of the renovation:

"If you want to go to the Bienertmühle, you don't need to give an address in the taxi."

Web links

Commons : Bienertmühle Plauen  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

literature

  • Adolf Jädicke: The court mill at Plauen-Dr. Self-published on May 1, 1897 , Plauen-Dresden 1897. ( digitized version ).
  • T. Bienert steam mill u. Oil factory, Hofmühle Dresden-Plauen. Establishment of the business: May 1st, 1852. Dresden 1897 ( digitized ). The handwritten notes in the work come from Adolf Jädicke (d. 1909), the private secretary of the Bienerts.
  • Paul Dittrich: Between Hofmühle and Heidenschanze. History of the Dresden suburbs Plauen and Coschütz. 2nd, revised edition. Adolf Urban, Dresden 1941.
  • Annette Dubbers: Plauen - From the history of a Dresden district . Verlag Annette Dubbers, Dresden 2006, ISBN 3-937199-34-9 .
  • Jürgen Riess: The Bienertweg in Plauenschen Grund - a hiking and nature guide through a unique natural and industrial landscape . Association for scientists and engineering staff Dresden e. V. (WIMAD) (Ed.) (= Dresdner Impressionen, Vol. 2). 2nd, revised edition, Dresden 2013. Without ISBN.
  • Dresden History Association V. (Ed.): The history of the Bienert family. (= Dresdner Hefte - Contributions to Cultural History, No. 116, 4/2013). Dresden 2013, ISBN 978-3-944019-05-5 . From this in particular:
    • Dirk Schaal : Gottlieb Traugott Bienert - a founder-time entrepreneur in Dresden . Pp. 11-19.
    • Jürgen Riess: From the old handicraft to the modern bread factory . Pp. 29-36.
    • Hans-Peter Lühr: Friedrich Bienert and the spirit of Weimar - A biographical study . Pp. 55-64.
    • Jürgen Riess: What became of the bread empire - the company history after 1900 . Pp. 65-75.
    • Carsten Hoffmann: The Hofmühle Foundation Dresden . Pp. 76-81.
  • Annechristin Bonß: New home in Bienert's mill . In: Sächsische Zeitung , issue 20./21. August 2016, p. 18. Also online (for a fee, last accessed on February 7, 2018).
  • Annechristin Bonß: The third life of the Bienertmühle begins. In: Sächsische Zeitung, issue 17./18. February 2018, p. 18. Also online (for a fee, last accessed on February 18, 2018).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ T. Bienert steam mill u. Oelfabrik, Hofmühle Dresden-Plauen , p. 3.
  2. ↑ T. Bienert steam mill u. Oelfabrik, Hofmühle Dresden-Plauen , p. 4.
  3. ^ Paul Dittrich: Between Hofmühle and Heidenschanze , p. 41 f. On the border disputes with reference to further literature there especially footnote 65.
  4. ↑ a b T. Bienert steam mill u. Oelfabrik, Hofmühle Dresden-Plauen , p. 4: Purchase contract dated December 25, 1568, construction of the electoral court mill started March 15, 1569, completed September 8, 1571. Exact costs: 8336 guilders, 6 groschen, 11 pfennigs.
  5. ↑ See: Wolfgang Müller, Frank Laborge: Stories from the old Dresden: With the Weißeritzmühlgraben through our city. Hille, Dresden 2011, ISBN 978-3-939025-23-8 , p. 33.
  6. ↑ Wolfgang Müller, Frank Laborge: Stories from old Dresden: With the Weißeritzmühlgraben through our city. Hille, Dresden 2011, ISBN 978-3-939025-23-8 , pp. 215-217.
  7. ↑ a b Paul Dittrich: Between Hofmühle and Heidenschanze , p. 44.
  8. ↑ a b T. Bienert steam mill u. Oelfabrik, Hofmühle Dresden-Plauen , p. 5.
  9. ^ Paul Dittrich: Between Hofmühle and Heidenschanze , p. 57.
  10. ^ A b Annette Dubbers: Plauen - From the history of a Dresden district , p. 19.
  11. ^ Paul Dittrich: Between Hofmühle and Heidenschanze , pp. 42–43, especially fn. 67.
  12. ↑ See, for example, Old Weights and Measures in Saxony . Retrieved February 8, 2018: A mutt = 6.488 liters, one bushel = 103.821 liters.
  13. ↑ Jürgen Riess: The Bienertweg in Plauenschen Grund - A hiking and nature guide through a unique natural and industrial landscape , p. 19.
  14. ^ Anton Graff: Evening . Oil painting in the Gemäldegalerie Neue Meister Dresden.
  15. ^ Paul Dittrich: Between Hofmühle and Heidenschanze , pp. 44/46.
  16. ↑ a b Paul Dittrich: Between Hofmühle and Heidenschanze , p. 45.
  17. ^ Paul Dittrich: Between Hofmühle and Heidenschanze , p. 74.
  18. ↑ The photo from the photo library indicates the origin: Meiche (1927) and the year for this picture is 1852 - this is a number reversal, see Paul Dittrich: Between Hofmühle and Heidenschanze , p. 151. Jürgen Riess: Der Bienertweg im Plauenschen Grund - A hiking and nature guide through a unique natural and industrial landscape , p. 18, dates it as "State from 1818 to 1852".
  19. ^ Paul Dittrich: Between Hofmühle and Heidenschanze , pp. 47, 49–50.
  20. ↑ The yard was established by law of March 12, 1858 No. 18: Law, the introduction of a general national weight and some provisions relating to measures and weights in general, fixed at two feet equal to 0.56638 meters. The royal cubit was about 0.52 meters. See § 5 of the law of March 12, 1858, law and regulation gazette, 7th piece 1858, p. 49 f. ( Digitized version ).
  21. ↑ Jürgen Riess: The Bienertweg in Plauenschen Grund - A hiking and nature guide through a unique natural and industrial landscape , p. 20.
  22. ^ Paul Dittrich: Between Hofmühle and Heidenschanze , p. 44, fn. 68.
  23. ↑ a b c Paul Dittrich: Between Hofmühle and Heidenschanze , p. 150.
  24. ^ Paul Dittrich: Between Hofmühle and Heidenschanze , p. 151.
  25. ↑ T. Bienert steam mill u. Oelfabrik , Hofmühle Dresden-Plauen, p. 13.
  26. ↑ Jürgen Riess: What became of the bread empire - the company history after 1900 . In: Dresdner Hefte , No. 116, p. 65.
  27. ↑ Dirk Schaal: Gottlieb Traugott Bienert - A founder-time entrepreneur in Dresden. In: Dresdner Hefte , No. 116, p. 15.
  28. ↑ T. Bienert steam mill u. Oelfabrik , Hofmühle Dresden-Plauen, p. 12.
  29. ↑ The Austrian high milling company could not be implemented immediately with the types of grain delivered to it. However, this was also due to the mill itself, which initially did not allow multi-course grinding processes - in 1852: At that time, it was still the case that each water wheel only drove a single grinding stone. With the (central) turbine drive, several grinding stones were operated at the same time, although the sifting and sieving had to be done by transporting bags between the grinding operations. This became superfluous only after 1878 with the introduction of roller milling - see below in the article: The grist was now guided “from top to bottom” by gravity. See Jürgen Riess: From old handicraft to modern bread factory . In: Dresdner Hefte , No. 116, p. 29.
  30. ↑ For their mode of operation see note and for example Alexander Zimmermann: Ofenbau . Reprint-Verlag, Leipzig 2006 based on the original edition Wilhelmshaven 1929, ISBN 3-8262-2604-6 , p. 45: The Boland kneading machine, invented a few years earlier (1847) by a Parisian baker, revolutionized bread making in that with its help The kneading of the bread dough with hands or feet was replaced and thus could be done more efficiently and above all hygienically.
  31. ↑ Jürgen Riess: The Bienertweg in Plauenschen Grund - A hiking and nature guide through a unique natural and industrial landscape , p. 22.
  32. ↑ a b T. Bienert steam mill u. Oelfabrik, Hofmühle Dresden-Plauen , p. 9.
  33. ^ Paul Dittrich: Between Hofmühle and Heidenschanze , p. 150 f. Indicated there in hundredweight .
  34. ↑ Dirk Schaal: Gottlieb Traugott Bienert - A founder-time entrepreneur in Dresden. In: Dresdner Hefte , No. 116, p. 16.
  35. ↑ Jürgen Riess: The Bienertweg in Plauenschen Grund - A hiking and nature guide through a unique natural and industrial landscape , p. 22.
  36. ↑ dresden.de: Signs for the Weißeritzgrünzug ( memento from April 19, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 4.8 MB), there Info Point 1, accessed from the web archive on February 8, 2018.
  37. ^ Paul Dittrich: Between Hofmühle and Heidenschanze , p. 151.
  38. ↑ a b Paul Dittrich: Between Hofmühle and Heidenschanze , p. 152.
  39. ^ Paul Dittrich: Between Hofmühle and Heidenschanze , p. 151 f. The assertion made by Paul Dittrich in 1940, which is to be found again and again in the literature afterwards (see for example in Annette Dubbers: Plauen - From the history of a Dresden district , p. 21 of 2006) that the community of Plauen was the first village community in Saxony that received public (gas) lighting does not apply: this was demonstrably the community Großburgk near Freital as early as 1828. See for example in Burgk in freital-magazin.de . Retrieved February 13, 2018.
  40. ↑ Jürgen Riess: The Bienertweg in Plauenschen Grund - A hiking and nature guide through a unique natural and industrial landscape , p. 54.
  41. ^ Paul Dittrich: Between Hofmühle and Heidenschanze , p. 174.
  42. ↑ T. Bienert steam mill u. Oelfabrik , Hofmühle Dresden-Plauen, p. 9.
  43. ↑ Michael Bartsch: Foundations and social engagement - The Bienerts in Dresden-Plauen. In: Dresdner Hefte , No. 116, p. 23.
  44. ^ Carsten Hoffmann: The Hofmühle Foundation Dresden . In: Dresdner Hefte , No. 116, p. 78.
  45. ↑ Dirk Schaal: Gottlieb Traugott Bienert - A founder-time entrepreneur in Dresden. In: Dresdner Hefte , No. 116, p. 19.
  46. ↑ a b Annette Dubbers: Plauen - From the history of a Dresden district , p. 20.
  47. ↑ T. Bienert steam mill u. Oelfabrik, Hofmühle Dresden-Plauen , p. 12. Information there in "long ton ( ts )", converted.
  48. ↑ T. Bienert steam mill u. Oelfabrik, Hofmühle Dresden-Plauen , p. 16.
  49. ↑ Christine Müller: Gottlieb Traugott Bienert - Vom Dorfmüller zum Industrielle ( Memento from March 27, 2005 in the Internet Archive ), Elbhang-Kurier, No. 5, 2002. Retrieved from the web archive on February 8, 2018.
  50. ↑ Kurt Qays, Matthias stallion: Dresden Railway - 1894-1994 , Alba, Dusseldorf, 1994, ISBN 3-87094-350-5 , S. 148th
  51. ↑ a b c d Monika Dänhardt: How the harbor mill came into being 100 years ago. In: Sächsische Zeitung of June 18, 2013, also online for a fee . Retrieved February 7, 2018.
  52. ↑ a b Jürgen Riess: The Bienertweg in Plauenschen Grund - a hiking and nature guide through a unique natural and industrial landscape , pp. 25-27.
  53. ↑ Jürgen Riess: The Bienertweg in Plauenschen Grund - A hiking and nature guide through a unique natural and industrial landscape , p. 31.
  54. ^ Paul Dittrich: Between Hofmühle and Heidenschanze , p. 185.
  55. ↑ a b Jürgen Riess: The Bienertweg in Plauenschen Grund - A hiking and nature guide through a unique natural and industrial landscape , p. 53.
  56. ^ Paul Dittrich: Between Hofmühle and Heidenschanze , p. 177.
  57. ^ Paul Dittrich: Between Hofmühle and Heidenschanze , p. 156.
  58. ↑ dresden.de: Signs for the Weißeritzgrünzug ( memento from April 19, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 4.8 MB), there Info Point 15, accessed from the web archive on February 9, 2018.
  59. ↑ a b c Paul Dittrich: Between Hofmühle and Heidenschanze , p. 155.
  60. ↑ Information according to dresdner-stadtteile.de . Retrieved February 7, 2018.
  61. ↑ a b Quoted from Monika Dänhardt: How the harbor mill came into being 100 years ago. In: Sächsische Zeitung of June 18, 2013, also online for a fee . Retrieved February 7, 2018.
  62. ↑ a b c Jürgen Riess: The Bienertweg in Plauenschen Grund - a hiking and nature guide through a unique natural and industrial landscape , pp. 8–9.
  63. ↑ a b Dresden Tram Museum (ed.): The goods and work cars in the museum , section Bienert sidecar 3301 (built in 1921) . In: Die Glocke - Info newspaper of the Dresden Tram Museum Association. V., edition 50 (June 2, 2013), p. 35. Without ISSN.
  64. ↑ DVB AG (Ed.): Type sheets of historical trams (PDF; 4.3 MB), accessed on February 7, 2018.
  65. ↑ a b c d Jürgen Riess: What became of the bread empire - the company history after 1900 . In: Dresdner Hefte , No. 116, p. 73.
  66. ↑ Hans-Peter Lühr: Friedrich Bienert and the spirit of Weimar - A biographical study . In: Dresdner Hefte , No. 116, pp. 56, 59.
  67. ↑ An excerpt from the damage report and the quote is in Jürgen Riess: What became of the bread empire - the company history after 1900 . In: Dresdner Hefte , No. 116, pp. 69–70 to be found.
  68. ↑ Jürgen Riess: What became of the bread empire - the company history after 1900 . In: Dresdner Hefte , No. 116, p. 69 f.
  69. ↑ a b c Jürgen Riess: What became of the bread empire - the company history after 1900 . In: Dresdner Hefte , No. 116, p. 71.
  70. ↑ Hans-Peter Lühr: Friedrich Bienert and the spirit of Weimar - A biographical study . In: Dresdner Hefte , No. 116, p. 60 f.
  71. ↑ Hans-Peter Lühr: Friedrich Bienert and the spirit of Weimar - A biographical study . In: Dresdner Hefte , No. 116, p. 61.
  72. ↑ Hans-Peter Lühr: Friedrich Bienert and the spirit of Weimar - A biographical study . In: Dresdner Hefte , No. 116, pp. 62–63.
  73. ↑ a b c Jürgen Riess: What became of the bread empire - the company history after 1900 . In: Dresdner Hefte , No. 116, p. 72.
  74. ^ Annette Dubbers: Plauen - From the history of a Dresden district , p. 21.
  75. ^ Name after Paul Dittrich: Between Hofmühle and Heidenschanze , p. 51.
  76. ↑ Abandoned Places - VEB Dresdner Mühlenwerke ( Memento from September 15, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), accessed from the web archive on February 9, 2018.
  77. ↑ a b Anne Christin Bonß: New home in Bienert mill . In: Sächsische Zeitung , issue 20./21. August 2016, p. 18. Also online (for a fee, last accessed on February 7, 2018).
  78. ↑ a b c d Annechristin Bonß: The third life of the Bienertmühle begins. In: Sächsische Zeitung, issue 17./18. February 2018, p. 18. Also online (for a fee). Last accessed on February 18, 2018.
  79. ↑ No evidence: The Bienert lock did not exist like this . Search.
  80. ↑ Jürgen Riess: The Bienertweg in Plauenschen Grund - A hiking and nature guide through a unique natural and industrial landscape , p. 31.
  81. ↑ Peter Weckbrodt: Bats slumber in Bienert's “Lusthöhle” . In: Dresdner Latest News , Edition Dresden, from 29./30. October 2016, p. 16.

Coordinates: 51 ° 1 ′ 47.6 "  N , 13 ° 42 ′ 7.2"  E

This article was added to the list of excellent articles on March 4, 2018 in this version .