Bow hunting

Bow hunters with traditional longbows in East Timor

Bowhunting is the practice of hunting with arrow and bow . It is an old type of hunting. Archaeological finds prove the use of bows and arrows as hunting weapons at least since the end of the Paleolithic Age (30,000-10,000 BC). With the advent of crossbows and firearms , their importance declined. However, bow hunting is still practiced today by some indigenous peoples to obtain food. Modern bow hunting is carried out in many countries in Europe and North America, among other things, it also serves as a means of controlling wild animal populations in protected areas and in urban areas .

history

Hunting scene from the Stone Age hunter with bow and arrow, spear.

The bow as a hunting device therefore appears again and again in various forms in many peoples of the world. Even today it is an essential part of the cultural heritage, but also an integral part of today's hunting. There are many cave paintings in southern France ( Lascaux ), Spain ( Altamira ) and North Africa ( Uwaynat ) depicting hunting scenes in which hunting is not only carried out individually but also in groups (today: society hunt ). The early hunt with the bow and arrow is essentially a chapter in the history of the hunt and its various stages of evolution and variants.

See also : History of the Hunt

In Europe, since the Solutréen (around 22,000 to 18,000 BC), there have been stalked flint tips that were probably arrowheads . They can be seen as the oldest indirect evidence of the existence of the bow and bow hunting. Archaeologists suspect the roots of bow and arrow hunting to be much older, namely about 64,000 years ago. The oldest archaeological find interpreted as an arch comes from a gravel pit in Mannheim-Vogelstang from the time of the older Magdalenian era . The approximately 40 cm long fragment of a pinewood stick ( Pinus sylvestris ) was dated to an age of 14,680 ± 70 BP using the radiocarbon method ( ¹⁴ C) (corresponds to a calibrated 16,055 ± 372 BC). The materials used for bow hunting always depended on the materials that could be produced in the area and with the tools available. So z. B.

• the type of wood used for the bow and arrow shaft;
• the tendon , which could consist not only of animal tendons but also of plant fibers;
• the hunting head, which was initially made of hewn stone e.g. B. Obsidian , flint or hard bone, later also made of metal.

See also : history of the bow

Bow hunting by indigenous peoples

→ Main article : Bow hunting by indigenous peoples

Bow hunting is still an essential part of hunting worldwide. However, the practice of the primitive form of bow hunting by indigenous peoples to obtain food ( subsistence hunting) is declining due to the spread of firearms , but also due to the massive decline in habitat. In contrast, modern bow hunting is increasing rapidly. Bowhunting by primitive peoples who still hunt today, with its hunting strategies and the technology of the hunting equipment, is in many respects comparable to bowhunting of ancient people.

Bow hunting today

Bow hunters during training

Modern bow and arrow hunting is taking place in more and more countries around the world. The same types of arrows are used that are also used in sports archery and that reflect the current state of the art in terms of materials, design and precision. Despite their similar design, there are clear differences between sports and hunting bows. The use of the bow tool still means a considerable amount of constant training, coordination of the material and preparation for the hunter. The use of aiming aids (sights) is preferred. A very small part of the bow hunters use so-called bare bows without sights, but these also have their advantages and, similar to the shotgun in wild game or hare hunting, allow quick, instinctive target acquisition. Among the visor bows, on the other hand, almost only the compound bow developed in the 1960s and patented in the USA in 1969 is used. This leads to better manageability and precision as well as a deeper penetration effect of the hunting arrow in the body of the game.

Because of this technical progress in bow technology, bow hunting is attracting more and more people worldwide. The pioneers here are clearly the USA, with almost 12 million hunters who primarily use the bow for hunting. The industry in question generated sales of more than USD 55 million in 2015. More and more countries in Europe are allowing bow hunting. With the release of bow and arrow hunting in the Russian Federation in 2019, the largest area of ​​land in Europe became accessible for bow hunting. With this, more and more hunters are making the bow hunting license.

Bow types for hunting use

→ Main article : Bow (weapon)

An essential factor for the development of bow hunting worldwide is the rapidly advancing technological development of the hunting bow, the hunting arrow and the hunting aids since the 1950s. In the area of ​​bow hunting, a distinction is made between traditional "Tradis" bows and the more modern compound bows .

Longbow

→ Main article : Longbow

Longbow (Tradis)

The longbow is more difficult to use for hunting than recurve bows or compound bows . One disadvantage is its size, which makes the use of high seats cumbersome. The energy yield is also lower compared to the other bows, which is why you have to shoot with a higher draw weight in order to achieve approximately the same results. Intensive training is also necessary in order to achieve the necessary precision over shorter distances.

Recurve bow

Recurve bow

→ Main article : Recurve bow

The recurve bow compensates for the energetic disadvantage of the longbow by additionally accelerating the arrow just before leaving the tendon through the bent limbs (recurve). This makes it the hunting bow most often used by bow hunters among the traditional bows.

Like the longbow, the recurve bow is usually shot instinctively without sights when hunting. Its use also requires a great deal of training.

Compound bow

→ Main article : Compound bow

Hunting compound bow with quiver and arrows

Bow hunter with hunting compound bow

The development of the compound bow by Holless Wilbur Allen in 1966 revolutionized bow hunting. This concept allows arrows to be fired with greater speed and greater precision. Its design with the eccentrically mounted rollers at the limb ends results in a leverage effect, the force / distance ratio of which changes dynamically while the string is being pulled. This means that considerably more energy can be stored than with a bow with classic limbs. At the same time, the end holding force can be reduced by the pulleys.

Modern compound bows make speeds of up to 320 FPS = "Feet Per Second" (97.44 meters per second or 351.13 kilometers per hour) possible with appropriate pull weights and hunting arrows with normal weights of 450 grains (29.16 grams). Due to the design-related reduction in pulling weight in the “anchor”, the compound bow can be kept in the tensioned state for much longer, even with high pulling weights between 50 and 90 pounds (22.68 to 40.82 kilograms) for hunting purposes. It enables a precise sighting of the target through the sighting device mounted on the bow.

Another advantage of today's hunting compound bows is the small size of 30 to about 35 inches (76.20 to 88.90 centimeters), which makes it easier to use, e.g. B. on the treestand or high seat is significantly simplified. These technical improvements have made the bow attractive as a hunting device.

Bow equipment for hunting use

→ Main article : Bow equipment

"Release Aid" trigger devices

• 

  Pull-off device for hand strap release

• 

  Thumb release (red), loop (yellow)

The task of a trigger device is to make the triggering process for the shot repeatable and accurate. Releases reduce the lateral dispersion, which is caused in traditional shooting techniques by releasing the tendon sideways with the fingers.

Trigger aids suitable for hunting are robust and easy to hook into the "loop" and release. They can also be operated with gloves. Most hunting releases are hand strap releases.

Sighting devices

Single-pin and hybrid multi-pin visor

The tasks of a sighting device in a bow used for hunting are to increase the accuracy of the hit as well as the repeatability of the shot in hunting situations. There are a variety of visors for bows. Most of them have a diopter with a perforated disc (peep - tied into the tendon near the eye) and a front sight (on the bow). The peep is firmly mounted in the bowstring.

Hunting sights can be designed as multipin, single-pin or hybrid sights. The “multipinvisor” usually has three to five target spikes that are aimed at different distances. The advantage of the Multipin is the quick sighting of the target, even with changing distances.

With the “Singlepin”, the only central sighting point is set to the required distance using a scale and adjusting wheel. With the “single pin”, you can also aim at further distances to the nearest meter, but the aiming point can no longer be adjusted when the bow is already drawn.

The “hybrid visor” has several target spikes (pins) as well as additional adjustment options for a single pin or the entire front sight tunnel. The hybrid combines the advantages of both of the aforementioned visors, but handling is a bit more complex.

There are also visors with magnifying lenses which, however, are exposed to environmental influences such as rain and frost when hunting and can thus hinder the hunt.

Silencer

Silencer in the bowstring next to a " zebra tendon "

Noise dampers (also known as silencers) can be pulled into the bowstring. With these silencers a faster calming of the tendon is achieved and at the same time the "whistling noise" of the tendon leaping forward is reduced. The singing "plonnngggg" becomes a dry "flobb". This is particularly important in terms of hunting, as these noise dampers can have a beneficial effect on the noise emission of the bow and thus the escape reaction of the game for the hunt.

There are different versions:

• made of fleece fabric, 2 square halves sewn in the middle and cut open to 5 mm strips.
• made of woolen threads, the so-called "puffs", "cat whiskers"
• from pieces of leather or fur ( beaver skins ) "Beaver Puffs"
• made of plastic or molded rubber parts "Brush Buttons"

Hunting arrow

→ Main article : Pfeil_ (bullet)

The hunting arrow , i.e. the projectile of the hunting bow, is of particular importance in bow hunting. It essentially decides how exactly the shots can be reproduced ( internal ballistics / external ballistics ): It also influences the penetration performance ( target ballistics , terminal ballistics ).

The main components of the hunting arrow are:

• Arrow shaft
• Fletching
• Nock
• Inserts
• Broadhead

Arrow shaft

The shaft of the hunting arrow is exposed to particular stress. On the one hand, it has to ensure precise arrow flight and, on the other hand, it must transfer the kinetic energy to the broadhead after impact. High forces are often at work here. The right combination of weight, resistance to breakage, elasticity and stiffness is crucial for penetration. The shaft must also be insensitive to the weather and is therefore made of carbon or a combination of carbon and aluminum. The shaft diameter has an influence on the penetration depth after a hit. The best penetration values ​​are achieved by shafts that have a thinner outer diameter than the socket (so-called ferrule) of the hunting tip.

Fletching

The task of the fletching is to stabilize the arrow flight. Fletching at an angle to the shaft axis (offset or spiral-helical) ensures stable arrow flight when the broadheads are fixed, as it causes the arrow to twist as soon as it leaves the string. The fletching, called "Vanes" in English, and the way in which it is attached increases the precision of the hunting arrow.

Hunting arrows can be feathered with natural feathers , usually turkey or plastic vanes. Natural feathers are elastic and forgive collisions during the launch or during the flight (for example with branches or grasses) more easily than plastic vans, but they are very sensitive to moisture.

Inserts

The inserts are the connecting elements between the arrow shaft and the hunting head. Their task is, on the one hand, to favorably influence the ballistic properties of the hunting arrow through their weight and to make the broadheads interchangeable in a modular system. Thus, the hunter, the effect of the arrow, the corresponding hunting challenge, for example, ungulates , small game , big game customize and others by changing the broadheads or shaft types.

Nock

From top to bottom: light cam switched off, light cam switched on, normal cam

The nock is the connecting element between the hunting arrow and the bow. It secures the position of the arrow at the correct position of the bowstring by "caming in" and ensures the power transmission from the string to the arrow. Due to the usually higher pulling weights of hunting bows compared to sports bows and the often adverse weather conditions (frost, UV radiation), higher demands are placed on the cams than in the sports sector.

A special feature of bow hunting are light cams with small LED lamps that are activated by the pressure of the tendon when shooting or magnetically. This allows the arrow flight and the hit location to be followed and assessed better.

Broadheads broadheads

Fixed and mechanical broadheads

Field point for training and sporting use

→ Main article : arrowhead

The most important distinction to the archer's arrow, which is provided with a so-called "field point", is the hunting point of the hunting arrow. This is called "Broadhead" in English. This is usually made of hardened steel and must be sharpened to ensure a clean cut.

Basically, “broadheads” distinguish between fixed and mechanically folding “mechanical” broadheads.

Fixed broadheads are used for hunting strong game (wild boar , red deer and others) at relatively short distances, and mechanical broadheads are often used for weaker game. For both fixed and mechanical tips, there are “single blade broadheads” (a blade with two cutting edges) and multi-cutter, that is, broadheads with more than two cutting edges.

The best penetration results are achieved with the blade with two cutting edges. The existing obstacles such as thick rinds , bones, tendons and organs are only cut once by the blade, which means that the penetration resistance and the friction in the target are significantly lower than with broadheads with more than two cutting edges.

The main advantage of mechanical tips is that, due to the small area exposed to wind when closed, their flight behavior z. B. are hardly influenced in cross winds and thus fly almost the same as field tips. This means that the training shot with the field point and the shot fired for hunting with the broad point are more comparable in terms of the hit position. Ideally, the hit position does not have to be readjusted when switching between hunting and training peaks.

A mechanical hunting tip experiences a loss of energy when it hits the body of the game, which occurs when the tip is mechanically opened. Mechanical broadheads are also more fragile due to their design. Therefore, multiple hard hits can sometimes damage the hunting tip itself. The angle of the blades on the arrow and their projected area on the target have a significant influence on the penetration behavior. As a rough rule of thumb, the more acute the angle and the smaller the projected area of ​​the broadhead, the easier it is to penetrate when hit without lateral load on the blade.

Effect of the hunting arrow and the broadhead

Penetration performance of the hunting arrow

A hunting arrow has a very high penetration capacity . The hunting arrow flies at 70–90 m / s and it makes sense to have a total weight of 25 g or more. This kinetic energy of such a hunting arrow, which is low in relation to the bullet, is completely sufficient and usually leads to a smooth penetration in European game.

This can be explained as follows with the term “tissue penetration index” coined by Ed Ashby.

The penetration power or also called depth effect potential, the hunting arrow gets from its mass and its speed in relation to the geometric cutting effect of its hunting tip and the friction factor of the arrow shaft.

Formula Ekin = 1/2 m * V² m * [J] ballistics . Typical dynamic data of a hunting arrow: V ₀ = 90 m / s, >> over 300 km / h; m = 30 grams (463 grains)

This results in an Ekin = 121 [J] for an average hunting arrow.

The sharp blades of the broadhead, however, compensate for the low kinetic energy in relation to the rifle bullet, resulting in its astonishing depth effect (geometric cutting effect). Experimental setup arrow and rifle shot at sand-filled targets one behind the other. This usually succeeds and a smooth penetration are on Anschuss usually mates characters ( game characters available). This makes a possible search much easier. The game very often falls on sight, as the arrow shot triggers a comparatively low flight reflex (see also pain perception below) and the onset of action is very quick.

Even if part of the energy of the arrow is used to pierce the bone in the case of (rib) bone hits on the bullet side, the remaining stored energy is still sufficient to push the hunting arrow through the rest of the game, usually with the arrow fully exiting = bullet hole, to drift. When shooting at an angle from behind (quarter away) it happens that the arrow is stopped on the opposite side of the body by strong shoulder joint bones. In this case, however, the broadhead has already produced the necessary cutting effect.

Target ballistic effect of the hunting arrow

The shot at an animal subject to hunting rights is intended to bring about the fastest possible immobilization (short escape route) and rapid death. The Sagittarius aims at the central part of the chest ( thorax ), where the heart , large vessels and lungs are located. A violation of the large intrathoracic vessels ( aorta , pulmonary vein , pulmonary artery , vena cava ) of the heart, or even lead to an acute blood loss, of a volume deficiency shock , and an abrupt drop of blood pressure with the result. This, in turn, reduces the transport of oxygen hemoglobin throughout the body.

It is known from veterinary studies that the heart of a 70 kg game pumps around 140 to 200 ml of blood per stroke. With an acute blood loss of about 30%, unconsciousness occurs, from 40% death occurs. With a total amount of blood of about five liters, the loss of two liters (40%) of blood is calculated after ten strokes. If you take a heart rate of around 70 beats per minute as a basis, you can see the extremely short survival time.

The injury to the chest ( thorax ) reduces the negative pressure between the lungs and the chest wall , which causes the two lungs to collapse. A pneumothorax results . This in turn prevents ventilation of the lungs ( external breathing ) and thus the exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide. The combination of the two injury pattern potentiates the respective effects and leads through the central oxygen deficiency ( hypoxia (medicine) ) within a very short time in the death of the animal ( blood pressure -> consciousness -> exitus ).

The Danish Bow Hunting Wound Study shows that more than 85% of experienced bow hunters can achieve this. The final effect of the hunting arrow does not differ from that of a bullet from a firearm . However, the way it works is completely different. The arrow penetrates the game and the result is a " stab wound " as well as the interception of waidwundem game with the Saufeder or edged weapon is produced.

The rifle shot achieves its effect through a very high velocity, blunt and decomposing / splintering or deforming projectile . The impact of the bullet does work in the target, drawing on the kinetic energy. The dynamic pressure over the bow surface is its driving force. This simply grows with the area, but quadratic with the speed. That is why the bullet speed is so important when shooting a bullet ( ballistics ). The hit of a hunting bullet leads to extensive overstretching and tissue rupture as well as to the impact of the pain receptors ( nociceptor pain ) of the entire body by hydrodynamic pressure.

The hunting arrow, on the other hand, uses comparatively little energy to create a continuous wound canal up to 5 cm wide with two openings of the same size on the entry and exit side by means of the sharp cutting edges of the broadhead. Another special feature of hitting game with an arrow is that the arrow's integrity is retained when it penetrates the game's body. With plug-in shots, the entire projectile can thus be removed from the venison without leaving any residue. If an arrow breaks in the body of the game, the large fragments can also be easily removed. The materials of the arrows are non-toxic in their product form.

The arrow also pulls only a little fur or dirt in the fur into the usually heavily bleeding wound. In the event of inaccurate hits, the risk of infection for the game is lower and the non-fatal wound can heal more quickly.

Sensation of pain from the "stab wound" with the hunting arrow

When hit with a broadhead, it is basically a stab wound that is carried out at a very high speed. With a limitation, comparable to catching wildly wounded game with a bare weapon, such as a boar pen or deer catcher .

The pain perception of wild animals is very difficult to grasp, even the direct comparison with humans is limping, since pain sensitivity is subjectively and culturally very different. Therefore, only deductions / hypotheses can be formed which allow assumptions about the perception of pain. Inevitably, scientific knowledge from human medicine is also used. In medical terms, the amount of pain receptors correlates with the amount of body tissue and the type of tissue. That is, the more tissue is destroyed, the more intense pain is felt. The destruction of the surrounding tissue when hit with a hunting point is relatively minor, which means that little pain can be expected.

When hit with a sharp broadhead, a continuous cutting channel is created. This means that the broadhead, like a sharp scalpel, only cuts a small area of ​​the tissue, with which only a few mechanosensitive nociceptors are activated. The organs in the body that are remote from the firing channel and their pain receptors are not affected. Thus, hypothetically, there is a slight pain stimulus that is passed on to the brain. The transmission of pain begins when a stimulus is applied that exceeds a so-called threshold value. In the case of a scrape, for example, the nociceptors are stimulated over a relatively large area and stimulated to pass it on. B. in the case of a bruise or tenderness due to the blunt penetration of a projectile into a body.

We all know from our own experience if you accidentally or at first unnoticed cut yourself with a very sharp knife / object. The pain sensation in the initial moment of the incision is pulse-like and easy to localize, "light initial pain". In the further course, however, the pain is often only minimally perceptible within a very short time, or even disappears. Furthermore, the release of endorphins in the context of the activation of the flight reflex causes rapid pain suppression.

In bow hunting practice, it is therefore often observed that game fatally hit with the hunting arrow only jumps off a few steps or after a short escape lingers apparently unimpressed, shortly afterwards moves a few meters further and a few moments later, suddenly collapses and dies.

Summary of the effect of the hunting arrow and broadheads in key points:

• High penetration ability of the hunting arrow
• in the case of penetration, the inlet opening is the same as the outlet opening
• A lethal “stab wound” with a terminal effect is made using a homogeneous gun channel

Special features are:

• A hunting point causes a relatively clean, heavily bleeding wound
• Sharp broadheads only lead to a small amount of targeted pain receptors " nociceptors "
• The bullet integrity of the hunting arrow is mostly completely preserved
• Arrow components are non-toxic
• Game is not contaminated or devalued

Practice hunting with a bow and arrow today

The practice of bow hunting in the USA and the European countries in which this type of hunting is permitted always requires evidence of the hunter's suitability for hunting. In Europe in particular, all hunters who want to hunt with the bow must be in possession of the general hunting license of their home country as well as a valid bow hunting license .

Hunting strategy and practice with bow and arrow

Bow hunter hunts from the treestand

When hunting with a bow and arrow, there are some peculiarities to consider. Choosing the right hunting strategy, hunting tactics and camouflage are very important for the hunter with such short hunting distances. In training to become a bow hunter, the specifics of hunting with the bow are trained and trained.

Hunting from high seat or high standing

The stand hunting is in the hunt with bow and arrow on the most promising. Since the sensory performance of the mainly hunted game such as hoofed game is superior to the human, it can perceive the hunter in motion over great distances. When hunting from high seat, the bow hunter remains in one place silently and with as few movements as possible. From there he can hunt the game at the change, at the feeding place , in a wallow or other places.

The most commonly practiced variant of high seat hunting is hunting from equipment that is fixed several meters above the ground or can be dismantled (mobile). Mobile facilities are called “ tree stands” . These are light platforms that are attached to the trunk of a tree with belts or rope slings and are usually equipped with a small seat.

Mobile ladders are also available. B. made of metal and self-built, fixed wooden seats on larger trees for use. Sometimes pulpits specially constructed for hunting with a bow are set up in promising places. The higher the device, the less favorable the angle of fire for the shot to be attached. However, it is just as unlikely that the hunter will be discovered by his movement and contour.

Hunt from the ground

Bow hunter with ghost blind (mirror wall)

Bow hunters on the prowl

When hunting from the ground, it is more important to have a good view of the game so that the bow can be drawn up unnoticed. If there is only low or no cover, you can hunt from a “ground blind” or a “ghost blind”. Either a floor seat is erected for this purpose or a specially developed tent is set up in a convenient location, usually days before the actual hunt. When shooting from the seat on the floor, there is a greater danger area due to the arrow flying through without a backstop than when shooting from above.

Stalking

When stalking , the bowhunter actively approaches the game on the ground. Due to the special sensory performance of the hunted game, training, very good knowledge of the behavior and sensory performance of the hunted game, very well coordinated equipment and, of course, the necessary bit of luck are required.

Bow hunters with a modern compound bow on the bait hunt

This is all the more true in open, little-cropped terrain, where the lack of cover usually requires crawling or crawling procedures. A well thought-out stalking route, taking into account the wind conditions, as well as the possibility of drawing a bow to the game unnoticed within shooting distance is decisive for success.

The so-called “spot and stalk” method is used in the often uncovered, alpine terrain. With this hunting tactic, game is searched for, addressed and approached along the best possible cover with a strong optic.

Hunting small game

Small game as well as game birds are usually equipped with very good eyesight, so that stalking is very difficult. A good method here is to work with the pointing dog , which shows the hunter the prey and can retrieve it after the shot has been successfully fired.

The shot at flying game birds is considered the supreme discipline among bow hunters. The great dynamics that this archery requires require a very high level of skill and training.

In this hunt, not only special broadheads are used, but also a special type of fletching on the arrow shaft. This fletching, also known as "Flu-Flu", is used to generate a great deal of air resistance, so that the arrow that has shot up steeply goes to the ground within sight and injuries to third parties are ruled out and the arrow that is shot can easily be found again.

The French regulation on bow hunting, for example, requires a fletching diameter of more than six centimeters:

Quote: “Arrows for shots at flying game birds must be provided with wide fletching in order to slow down the speed of the arrow. The widest part must not be able to pass a circle with a diameter of 6 cm without being deformed. "

While sharp arrowheads can also be used when shooting small game on the ground, game birds in the air are often shot with so-called "blunts" - butt bullets. These are blunt and do not penetrate the body of the game. They kill directly through the strong, local impulse that acts on the body.

Society hunt

Hunting with the bow is becoming more and more established as part of society hunts in countries where bow hunting is permitted. Here is between pure arc driven hunts and mixed hunts distinguished, so bow and rifle or shotgun.

When driven hunts with a bow, the area being hunted is practically not disturbed by the almost silent shot. The low endangerment of the area behind from the hunting arrow should also be mentioned. A particular contribution made by bow hunters in mixed company hunts is to occupy positions in hard-to-reach places, such as ravines or individual hidden bills of exchange, where a bullet shot is too dangerous for third parties or the shooter himself (e.g. by ricochets) due to the special circumstances ) would.

Bait hunting

Huntable game can e.g. B. be lured to desired places with smells or sounds. The Lockjagden common that the curly wild usually been very attentive to the desired location shoots. This method is used especially in the rutting season.

In addition to using all available camouflage methods, the challenge for the bowhunter in bait hunting lies in the fact that the bow must be raised in the immediate vicinity and eye level of the game. The timing of opening is therefore particularly critical for a successful hunt. Experienced bow hunters therefore train the bow precisely in line with the game, largely without lateral movements, since movements made to the side of the game are particularly easy to recognize.

Bow fishing

→ Main article : Bow fishing

Bow fishing is the hunted harpooning of fish and other aquatic animals using a bow and arrow. Often the arrow is connected to a special fishing reel attached to the bow via a fishing line. This method is particularly suitable in shallow water. Shooting is usually done standing in the water or from a boat at a distance of one to four meters. When looking at the water, there is an optical parallel offset, and thus lift when aiming. The prey is not where it appears to the archer. There is no bycatch in bow fishing.

Special fish arrows are used for bow fishing; normal sport or hunting arrows are unsuitable. The design of the arrows is tailored to the subsurface of the water. The arrow has to be a lot heavier than an average hunting arrow in order not to lose too much energy even after being immersed in the water. More important than the quality of the arrow shaft is the type of arrowhead used at close range, which must hold the fish caught with the arrow securely in order to land it.

Hunting tactics when hunting with a bow and arrow

Bow hunter in close proximity to his prey

Due to the necessity of firing a hunter's shot very close to the prey when bow hunting, made more difficult by the special sensory abilities of the hunted game, the hunter has to master some specific hunting tactics adapted to the reaction and escape behavior. The very extensive training of the German-speaking bowhunting associations also addresses these particular challenges during the training units held by licensed instructors.

Hunting distance, the challenge in bow hunting

When shooting, the bow hunter is usually within close range of the game being hunted.

Bow hunters in full camouflage at Spot and Stalk

Due to the speed of flight of the arrow, which is 70-105m / s well below the speed of sound, the shot at the object can react to the "string blow". This is the noise that is produced when the hunting arrow is shot at the bow and can cause the game to flee and duck, the so-called "string jump".

Especially with game with a small body and high legs, as is the case with hardy cloven-hoofed animals, the reaction must be particularly included in the firing of the shot. In the range up to 25 m, however, the escape reaction of the familiar game, which can be triggered by the strike of the tendon, is so delayed that the arrow has left the game's body before the reaction has taken place. It is therefore sensible to limit hunting distances to a maximum of 25 m, especially with such game species. In training to become a bow hunter, it is precisely this knowledge that is typical for bow hunting that is conveyed and trained.

The fact that the hunting distance is short offers the advantage that game can be “addressed” (i.e. recognized and identified) very well at such short distances. An error in addressing is therefore almost impossible with this type of hunting. Another advantage of the short distance is the high precision of the shot that it enables. In order to get so close to a wild animal, various measures are necessary. Hunters who hunt with a bow therefore need excellent knowledge of the area and experience of game behavior in order to be successful. In addition, various methods of camouflage must be used in order to go unnoticed.

See also : camouflage

Visual camouflage - "visual camouflage"

Hunters who hunt with the bow have to pay close attention to camouflage due to the relatively close shooting distances in order to remain hidden from the sensitive sensory organs of the game. In order to evade the visual perception of the game, the typical contours of humans and telltale movements are much more critical than, for example, the camouflage pattern used. Movements when approaching or preparing the shot must be as minimal as possible and, above all, in a direct line to the piece being hunted.

Face camouflage with special clothing

Particularly noticeable is the typical head and neck area as well as the predator-typical pair of eyes in front of the human face. Very light skin areas such as hands and face, especially when moving, have a strong effect on the visual senses of the game. A face mask made of camouflage net (alternatively camouflage make-up ) and gloves are therefore essential items of equipment for the bow hunter.

Camouflage through light-dark contrast

High-contrast, large-scale camouflage patterns with strong light-dark changes are effective in blurring human contours.

If hunted from elevated positions in trees (see hunting from a raised position), light spots in the camouflage pattern are very effective, as the sky acts as a background when viewed from the ground. Also effective camouflage are fringed suits, so-called " ghillie suits ", which almost completely hide the body outline.

When it comes to visual camouflage, it should generally be taken into account that animals, especially game, perceive their own color spectrum. Some camouflage patterns only show their suitability particularly well if, for example, you are observing yourself with a sepia filter. This filtering mimics the way game sees to a limited extent. So in the adjacent picture comparison of people z. B. orange and red tones with a wave range from 580 nm and above can be detected well, but appear to the game as a gray shade. Conversely, colors in the green, blue and ultraviolet color spectrum are clearly visible to game. Most game, especially hoofed game, can already perceive light waves well in the range from 300nm . Therefore, detergents for hunting clothing with fragrances and UV brighteners are unfavorable. With the brighteners, the hunter “shines” for the game and part of the hunter's visual camouflage is lost.

Noise camouflage - "auditory camouflage"

Noise camouflage is also of particular importance at shooting distances of up to 25 meters.

Clothing is one of the most important sources of noise, so in addition to equipment, special attention should be paid to it. For effective noise camouflage, the bow hunter has to choose his equipment including clothing very meticulously and optimize it consistently.

Functional clothing with membranes or with Kevlar or Cordura inserts is louder than clothing with very soft textiles such as loden, fleece, flannel or fabrics specially developed for hunters due to the friction surfaces. The opening of normal Velcro or zip fasteners is an unnatural noise that can be heard from far away and should be avoided when using bow-hunting clothing. The conscious training of the movement sequences around the tensioning of the bow minimizes the noise emission through equipment and process optimization.

Unprotected metal parts and boards of raised hide structures that are not firmly attached also cause unnatural noises. Another source of noise is the stalking path to the hide facilities that is not consistently kept clean or unsuitable footwear.

Odor camouflage - "olfactory camouflage"

Most game animals that can be hunted, especially hoofed game, have an excellent sense of smell. Since the hunter has to get very close to his prey with the bow, odor camouflage plays a very important role. The human smell is one of the greatest “traitors” on the hunt, but it cannot be completely prevented.

Essential components of odor camouflage are the reduction of human and civilizational odors as well as the covering of these by other odors.

Human odor can be reduced with special detergents, deodorants and sprays (in addition to specially developed products, allergy soaps or organic products without brighteners and perfumes are used), but not completely eliminated. It is also helpful to store the hunting utensils in places that are not permanently contaminated with human odor or in airtight containers. Anticent products based on activated carbon membranes and ozone- emitting, portable machines are the latest developments in odor camouflage during hunting.

Chase and wind

Even with all the trouble it is now impossible for the hunter, his human scent to completely eliminate or mask. Therefore, when hunting with a bow, it is more necessary than with other hunting methods to check the wind direction again and again.

Many game species (e.g. wild boar) turn over to Kirr or Suhl areas before they approach, which is a particular challenge for the hunter when choosing a place. To do this, he has to deal intensively with the changing habits of the game being hunted and learn to “read” terrain and wind conditions. To make the wind conditions visible, wind testers help with talcum powder, soap bubbles or, if necessary, grass, flying seeds (pappus) and dry earth. Especially in hilly terrain or even in the mountains, you have to pay attention to changing updrafts and downdrafts depending on the time of day or night.

Training for bow hunting

3D foam turkey target

3D archer with hunting recurve bow

Historical 3D targets "The Papingos from the Kilwinning Archers"

Engraving by Albrecht Dürer, Prince Maximilian , Anno 1470 Bow hunting on horseback for game

Hunting with a bow usually requires significantly more effort and time from the hunter in training and execution than hunting with a rifle. As with other types of hunting, the aim is to always keep the condition of your equipment and your personal training level high in order to carry out the hunt successfully. This applies to the modern bow hunter as well as the hunter of primitive peoples whose diet depends on success.

With the bow as a hunting weapon, bow hunting has some special features that must be trained. Thus, shots can be applied to the game with a bow and arrow, which is not recommended when using the rifle due to the effectiveness of hunting bullets, as they would devalue the game . These are shots with a very oblique angle of attack from the side or from above from the "Treestand" (for example: "Quartering Away"). This means that the effectively fatal impact area on the vital center , such as the heart, lungs and liver, is greater in bow hunting than in rifle hunting. The correct application of these shots must be trained in order to be able to retrieve them repeatably on the hunt.

In order to simulate these hunting situations as authentically as possible, field archery, for example, was started early on as part of hunting training. These are targets that are set up in a hunting environment. However, this training does not yet fully reproduce the actual hunting situation. It lacks one of the most important training elements for hunting, the correct placement of the shot on the game "shot placement". Both the early hunters with bow and arrow and the hunters of modern times quickly recognized that they needed a supplement to training on the target. The solution were 3D figures that imitate the body of the game.

The hunting situation and the shot placement can be simulated better with 3D figures. The size and shape of these 3D figures are often modeled on real wild animals down to the last detail. The modern versions are made of special foam rubber, which has to withstand the weather conditions but also the strong bombardment. Most of them have an incorporated target, the so-called "kill", which also reveals their hunting origin. This is used in sporting competition, but it does not match the hunting situation sufficiently because it is usually not attached according to anatomical features. Of course, 3D targets have been known in the past and some have even gone down in archery history.

A trained hunter has a knowledge of game anatomy. He therefore chooses his shot placement according to this point of view. Modern 3D figures adapted for archery training, which have inserted the essential innards "life" such as lungs, heart and liver in 3D, are very helpful here. They can be used to precisely track how effective the hit would have been if it had actually been offered.

With this information gained in training, a training shot can be checked for its pasture-appropriate placement and repeated to perfection. As a rule, practice points (field points) are used to shoot the hunting arrows in order not to damage the 3D figures made of foam too much. In addition, the hunter uses means to determine the shooting distance, such as a modern laser rangefinder , in order to always launch the shot precisely.

Of course, you can practice hunting game birds. This is done, for example, with clay targets. A very demanding shooting technique that trains the intuitive shot . Hunting arrows with blunt hunting tips and flu-flu fletching are mostly used. Many hunters prefer the bare bow without a sighting device.

See also : Traditional archery

In the recent past, modern 3D archery has also established itself in the archery scene and is enjoying increasing popularity there. In the country of origin of modern 3D archery, the USA, even competitions are held by professional archers.

Special advantages of hunting with a bow

In connection with the topic of safety and potential for disruption, attention has been drawn to bowhunting when it comes to the need to reduce game populations in sensitive areas such as protected areas and in settlement areas. Here are some special advantages that are not found in other types of hunting.

Safety aspects when hunting with a bow

Bow and arrow hunting is one of the safest types of hunting today.

An essential safety feature of the hunting bow is the fact that the energy for firing the arrow is not stored in the resting state, even with the greatest carelessness. The hunting rifle is only “armed” when the archer draws the bow. The short shooting distances prevent the shot from being mistaken for a person or another wild animal. The range and therefore the risk of injury of a bouncing arrow is so small that even in the vicinity of settlements or urban parks, bow hunting is the method of choice in many places.

Due to the fact that hunting with a bow and arrow is particularly safe and controlled, this type of hunting is preferred in countries such as Spain, France or the USA, especially for the reduction of wild populations in protected areas and in urban areas by official bodies.

Furthermore, there are no harmful noise emissions when shooting with an arrow. This ensures that neither the wild population nor residents or park visitors are disturbed and the hunter's health is impaired. Hunting with the bow remains demanding in its practice, and the success rate for hunting with the bow is therefore manageable, so that criminal acts, such as poaching, are unlikely and the exceptions are.

It is extremely unlikely that third parties will be endangered when bow hunting. The hunter himself has the greatest potential for injury. According to a study by the state of Wisconsin (USA "Hunting incident reports") from 2009 to 2013, the most common bow hunting injuries in this state are caused by falls from a high-seat tree. The responsible hunter always secures himself to the raised tree with an approved fall protection and safety harness.

Another source of danger for the hunter with the bow comes from the sharp hunting blades. Therefore, cuts like those when using the hunting knife are possible. The safe transport of arrows equipped with broadheads in a quiver is taught during bowhunting training.

Criminal acts such as poaching seem unlikely in view of the enormous effort required for successful bowhunting.

The main points are summarized again in an overview:

• No preloaded energy in the weapon
• The shot cannot even go off "accidentally"
• Very good response from game
• Low danger area and background hazard
• Low risk of injury to the shooter and residents
• There are no harmful noise emissions
• Hunting in urban areas or in a nature park
• Risk of criminal acts (e.g. poaching) extremely unlikely

White-tailed deer (whitetail)

Maintenance and inventory regulation in urban areas

The spread of human settlements and the associated scarcity of habitats for wild animals create increasing problems in the coexistence of humans and wild animals. The spectrum ranges from increased car accident risks , the transmission of diseases and parasites, massive destruction of plantations and parks to actual collisions between humans and wild animals with consequences of injury, as well as fatal incidents in defensive game species.

Hunting with firearms near human settlements is fraught with significant dangers. A hunting bullet from the rifle must have high bullet speeds in order to achieve an acceptable killing effect. This means there is a considerable risk of ricochets with a background risk that is difficult to assess. In many countries, hunting with firearms in the vicinity of human settlements is therefore generally prohibited.

Hunting with a bow and arrow offers the main advantage that it can be carried out completely without any gunshot noise and very little background risk. In the USA in particular, a number of responsible city committees have therefore ordered the use of bows and arrows, for example when reducing excessive stocks of white-tailed deer. “Urban Bowhunting Program” by the Audubon nature conservation organization. The study describes how, with the help of bow hunters, the nature conservation organization has reduced the white-tailed population in its nature park , where no other hunting is permitted. Bowhunting is listed here as one of the safest methods. In Europe, where hunting with the bow is only just developing again, this hunting method is only slowly being discovered as a possible alternative in the management of wild animals in the vicinity of settlements.

Wild boar

At the end of 2011 z. For example, in Madrid (Spain), on behalf of the city's environmental authority, hunters from the regional hunting organization carried out the first wild boar kills with a bow and arrow.

The project runs on behalf of the environmental authority, as well as with the cooperation of the regional hunting organization and the bowhunting group SCAES-FMC (bowhunt team of the Madrid hunting organization). By April 2017, 55 SCAES hunters had killed 202 wild boars with bows and arrows. Due to the successful use of bow hunting for many years, population maintenance was started to include the otherwise hunting-free national parks.

Nutria on the river

Another example in Europe is the multiple joint residence in the Alsatian city of Hagenau .

In the spring of 2017, the city council asked the Alsatian Bow Hunting Association for help to prevent further destruction of the urban sewer of the natural bank reinforcements by the underground structures by Nutrias. As a result of this request, the nutria population of hunters with bows and arrows was successfully contained in the inner-city area at several community halls without endangering passers-by and neighbors.

Conservation and stock regulation in protected areas

Ibex ibex

The particular advantages of bowhunting are particularly evident when it comes to population control in protected areas. Bowhunting is quiet and very safe and therefore causes very little concern for wild populations when practiced. Due to these special advantages, many authorities and protection organizations abroad have already used bow hunting as an efficient means of population control.

In 2013, the hunting group of the Madrid Hunting Association hunted 52 Ibex (Spanish ibex) with a bow and arrow on an official order in GUADARRAMA NATIONAL PARK . In the park, the population had grown beyond the tolerable level and a reduction with the rifle seemed impractical due to the tourism and the disturbance of the wildlife. The Ibex were hardly alarmed by being shot with a bow and arrow. The stock could be regulated within a short time. Even more national parks in Spain followed suit by the end of 2017.

Hunting with the bow worldwide

World map of the current countries in which bow hunting is allowed

The hunt with the bow is still carried out in many countries around the world and its spread is steadily increasing. The United States of America are clearly the country of origin of modern bow hunting.

The importance of bow hunting in the United States

According to the 2015 ATA Archery Trade Association study, there are 11.8 million hunters in the US who hunt with a bow in one form or another. This means that for every holder of a hunting license in Germany alone there are around 33 hunters with a bow in the USA (as of 2015).

Bow hunting is a relevant and growing industry in the USA. In addition, it is widespread across all social classes and also includes children and young people hunting there with a bow. For this reason, the equipment market is dominated by US manufacturers for everything related to bow and arrow hunting. But also the essential knowledge about the technological aspects of the equipment or hunting tactics, strategies and reports on hunting results is clearly dominated by American bow hunters.

Hunting with a bow in Europe

Bow hunting map of Europe

Bow hunting has left traces in Europe in all regions and countries well into the Stone Age. The bow was quickly replaced with the invention of firearms and a little earlier with the advent of the crossbow. The practice and time required for mastering the traditional bow was a fact centuries ago that was often circumvented by the convenience and efficiency of the more advanced firearms.

Nevertheless, interest in bow hunting has persisted throughout Europe in all eras. This is well shown by the list of reintroduction of bow and arrow hunting in various European countries. Even though participation in this type of hunting in Europe was rather low compared to the USA, for example. The main reason for this is certainly the fact that hunting with a bow and arrow has been prohibited by law in some European countries. With a reasonable amount of effort it is no longer possible to find out why and when exactly hunting with a bow was prohibited in various countries.

However, in the modern history of bow hunting there are a few milestones for the reintroduction of bow hunting in Europe, which can be highlighted separately:

No.	date	Europe	comment
18th	2019	Russia	Russia allows hunters with a hunting license to hunt with a bow nationwide
	2017	Denmark	In Denmark all game can be hunted with a bow and arrow
	2017	Finland	Finland extends bow hunting opportunities to the rest of the hoofed game, with the exception of elk
17th	2016	Walloon region	The Belgian region of Wallonia allows bow hunting after a lawsuit and subsequent judicial decision that the hunting regulations of this region do not prohibit hunting with bow and arrow
16	2014	Belarus	The amended hunting law in Belarus introduces bow hunting from all game and in all regions
15th	2013	Turkey	Bow hunting is officially anchored in the hunting law in Turkey (until now it has been allowed and practiced with a permit)
14th	2013	Estonia	Estonia legalizes bow hunting for small game and beavers
	2013	Greenland	Greenland regulates bow hunting for wild reindeer (caribou)
13	2012	Greenland	Greenland regulates bow hunting for musk deer
	2011	France	France is simplifying equipment regulations, allowing the use of mechanical broadheads, removing regulations on minimum bow length and minimum arrow weight
12	2009	Slovakia	Slovakia introduces legal framework for bow hunting in hunting grounds
11	2009	Bulgaria	Bulgaria amends the hunting regulations and allows bow hunting of all game that can be hunted
	2008	France	France is relaxing the regulations on the admission of guest hunters and young people to hunt with bows and arrows
10	2006	Åland	The independent Finnish island region of Aland legalizes bow hunting
	2005	Denmark	Denmark introduces formal legislation on bow and arrow hunting
	2003	France	France changes the rules for bow hunting to allow shorter bows and mechanical lowering aids
	2001	Finland	Finland is changing the conditions for bow hunting and allows roe deer and beaver to be hunted in addition to small game.
	1999	Denmark	Denmark regulates bow hunting for roe deer and small game
9	1997	Spain	Spain has formal regulations governing bow and arrow hunting
8th	1995	France	France adopts formal regulations for bow hunting. The legal basis is the action taken by a lone hunter for the right to practice this hunt based on the prevailing hunting law framework
7th	1993	Hungary	Hungary legalizes bow and arrow hunting
6th	1993	Finland	Finland enacts formal regulations for bowhunting, which has been practiced for centuries but is not legally regulated
5	1992	Italy	Italy lists bow hunting as a permitted hunting method in the overarching federal hunting law
4th	1992	Lithuania	Lithuania legalizes bow hunting (bow hunting was later banned again for reasons of gun law)
3	1986	Portugal	Portugal issues legal framework for the introduction of bow hunting
2	1967	Denmark	Denmark issues personal bow hunting licenses
1	1945	Serbia	The Yugoslav Republic of Serbia regulates bow and arrow hunting

Entry into the hunt with a bow and arrow

Training and bow hunting license

There are no uniform regulations in the various European countries as to how training with an examination for hunting, and specifically for hunting with a bow and arrow, should be completed.

Finnish hunting license for bow hunters

Most training concepts for hunting with the bow are based on the IBEP (International Bowhunter Education Program) of the NBEF (National Bowhunter Education Foundation), which is the only one offered worldwide compared to hunting with the rifle.

The origins of this comprehensive and tried and tested training concept go back to the 1970s, when Bill Wadsworth developed an initial concept in the USA. Since then, this program has been continuously developed and adapted to the modern challenges of bow hunting. The requirements for this training are, for example, comparable to those of a falconer's license or the requirements for trapping.

The background to the development of a standardized training concept in the USA, at the early stage of bowhunting in America, was the improvement in hit rates of the American bowhunters. Only with the subsequent, mandatory introduction of the IBEP training program in more and more states of the USA, as well as the consistent further development of the equipment, was it possible to determine better hit rates among the US bowhunters in the subsequent period.

European countries have a much more recent past in terms of modern bow hunting. It was not until the mid-1990s that bow hunting began on a larger scale. In contrast to the Americans, the Europeans relied from the outset to allow hunters with a hunting license who had already been trained to hunt with the bow through additional training in bow hunting according to IBEP guidelines.

The mandatory shooting test of most European associations, in which a hit rate of at least 83% must be met, ensures the quality of the hunt with the bow in the long term. In addition, in countries like Germany or Denmark, for example, the shooting test must be repeated every 5 years in order to extend the validity of the bow hunting license. The European concept thus stands for a high level of training for hunters with rifle and bow.

The success of the European model can also be seen, among other things, in the good hit rates of European bowhunters, which were recorded in the “Danish Wound Study”.

The wild boar program of the environmental authorities of Madrid also shows the success of the training concept of Europeans in the recent past. The city hunters had to pass an additional and very demanding shooting test for approval for hunting in the urban area of ​​Madrid. Here, safety comes first. Since it began in 2011, hundreds of wild boar have been safely shot in the city area.

Hunting with a bow and arrow is currently not permitted in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, but the official bowhunting clubs still offer a demanding, multi-day training course with a final exam based on the IBEP training concept. Its aim is to prepare its members as well as possible for hunting abroad in a manner appropriate to pasture. These courses are held by IBEP instructors who are certified by NBEF accredited Master Instructors.

Original equipment

In addition to a suitable bow for hunting, functional add-on parts such as arrow rest and visor and suitable hunting arrows with broadheads, camouflage clothing is also important. A rangefinder is an essential tool for hacking the hit. A pull-off aid, the so-called release, increases the precision of compound bows and is also part of the basic equipment. A detailed discussion of the equipment is always part of the bowhunter training according to the IBEP statutes. The bow as well as the arrows are considered sports equipment in German-speaking countries and can be purchased by anyone.

Associations and their tasks

The interests of the bow hunters are represented by various clubs , of which the most important ones for Germany , Austria and Switzerland are mentioned here. The aim of all clubs is to reintroduce bow hunting in the affected countries.

European Bowhunting Federation (EBF)

EBF logo

At the European level there is the European Bowhunting Federation (EBF for short), in which a total of 28 European national bowhunting clubs will be represented by the end of 2017. The EBF (originally European Bowhunting Association - EBA) was founded in Helsinki in 2003 and followed the organization Federation Europeenee de's Chasseurs A'lArc (FECA), which was founded in 1989. The International Council for the Conservation of Game and Hunting (CIC) has always actively supported the process of establishing a European initiative for bow hunting with the “Bow Hunting” working group. The EBF is an association registered under Finnish law. Today the European umbrella organization has contacts in up to 30 countries or independent provinces, many of which are active members. Since 2014, the EBF has been an associate member of the Association of European Hunting Associations - FACE , which regards bow hunting as a human hunting heritage.

The main objectives of the EBF can be summarized as follows:

• The promotion of pasture-friendly bow hunting in Europe compatible with the recognized and sustainable use of natural and renewable game resources.
• Providing information on bowhunting and supporting national bowhunting associations in efforts to re-authorize bowhunting in individual member countries.
• The promotion and coordination of hunting with the bow in training programs in cooperation with national organizations that offer bowhunting training in the respective countries.
• Establishing contacts between bow hunting representatives on the one hand and authorities, government representatives and hunting authorities in the member countries on the other.

Bowhunting Federation Austria (BFA)

Logo of the Bowhunting Federation Austria

The Austrian Bowhunter Federation Austria (BFA) is the only bowhunting club in Austria.

The main purpose of the association is to promote bow and arrow hunting, to educate the public about the specifics and facts of bow hunting and to train its members. The BFA is a member of the European umbrella organization EBF.

The purpose of the association should be realized through the following activities and activities:

• To train and test bow hunters according to the rules of the IBEP (International Bowhunter Education Program),
• the submission of an ID card after passing the test, which is recognized by all countries where bow hunting is permitted,
• Efforts to amend the law to reintroduce bow hunting in Austria and
• cooperation with supranational archery associations.

The prerequisite for the acquisition of the active association membership in the BFA is on the one hand the existence of the general Austrian hunting test (or comparable proof from the EEA area) and on the other hand a passed bow hunting test according to IBEP.

German Bow Hunting Association (DBJV)

Logo of the German Bow Hunting Association (DBJV)

The German Bow Hunting Association e. V. (DBJV) was founded in 1999 as an umbrella and professional association for German bow hunters and is a founding member of the EBF.

The primary goals of the association, which are to achieve the purpose of the association, are:

• professional and factual information of the public about today's hunt with bow and arrow,
• Promote, advise and support subject-related scientific research work,
• Award of research contracts,
• Training and testing of the members according to the rules of the IBEP (International Bowhunter Education Program) and subsequent issue of the German bowhunting license, which is recognized in many countries,
• Preservation and promotion of bow hunting as a cultural asset.

Membership is divided into ordinary and extraordinary members without voting rights.

Association of Swiss Bow Hunters (VSBJ)

The Association of Swiss Bow Hunters (VSBJ) is the umbrella organization for all hunters and archers interested in bow hunting as well as all bow hunting clubs in Switzerland. Members can be hunters and archers alike. The association is a member of the European Bowhunting Federation (EBF). The VSBJ conducts public relations work on bow hunting and maintains cooperation with authorities and other national and international organizations.

The long-term goal of the association is the reintroduction of bow hunting in Switzerland.

The association advocates serious bowhunter training in addition to hunting training as well as for selected areas of bowhunting.

Der Bogenjäger - the magazine of the German-speaking associations

The bow hunter is a twice a year magazine about hunting with bow and arrow. It was launched in 2016 on the initiative of the Austrian association BFA. The aim of the publication is to give the members of the German-speaking associations a connecting and informative medium with which they can find out about technology, training and activities as well as interesting hunts.

Legal situation in Europe

There is currently no comprehensive study or collection of hunting law framework conditions with bow and arrow of the individual European countries. Bowhunting in Europe is regulated differently, analogous to hunting with firearms. The bow is still regarded as a piece of sports equipment in European countries where the bow and arrow are hunted. However, the EU Habitat Directive 92/43 / EEC obliges the member states to comply with certain hunting regulations with regard to prohibited hunting methods and aids. These bans apply to all game species listed in Annex IV of the Directive that are considered to be particularly worthy of protection, such as B. the chamois , brown bear , lynx , wolf etc. In Appendix VI of the prohibited hunting methods, the crossbow is explicitly listed as a prohibited hunting weapon.

Unaffected by this, however, the member states are free to use bows and arrows for the sustainable hunt of these wild species as a hunting method. This is also implemented accordingly by European countries in which bow hunting is permitted and which have ratified the directive. Building on this, the EU Charter on Hunting and Biodiversity (drawn up and approved by the Federation of Associations for Hunting and Conservation of the EU ) stipulates that bow and arrow hunting can also represent a possible sustainable use of European game species.

Legal situation in the German-speaking area today

Legislation in Germany

The Federal Hunting Act (BJagdG) of September 28, 1976, as a federal act, is subject to the derogation legislation of the states. It establishes framework conditions, while the primary legislative competence lies with the states in their respective state hunting laws.

The BJagdG § 19 takes into account the hunting use of the bow and arrow as follows (so-called factual prohibitions):

(1) It is prohibited

"1. to shoot hoofed game and seals with shot, posts, chopped lead, bolts or arrows, also as a catch shot;

Anyone who intentionally or negligently acts against it commits an administrative offense that can be punished with a fine of up to five thousand euros ( Section 39 ).

The corresponding legal text and the background information from the template are recorded in the Federal Government's draft law, printed matter 7/4285 of November 6, 1975, subject area 792, German Bundestag 7th electoral term. Among other things, the justification for bow hunting in the draft law can be found here:

“Now that shooting with a bow and arrow has now been perfected in such a way that one can shoot at greater distances with high accuracy, hunting with a bow and arrow should also be banned because of the often inadequate effect of such a bullet and the associated cruel effects become."

The factual basis on which federal legislation banned bow hunting in 1975, i.e. how the “insufficient effect” of the hunting tip and the “animal torture effect” were exactly demonstrated, is no longer comprehensible today. In the Federal Archives (Section B 3) there are no special documents or references for printed matter 7/4285, such as scientific reports or veterinary reports from the field of university research literature, which justify the decisions in any form and make them comprehensible at the time.

Legislation in Austria

As of 2017, the corresponding hunting laws in the Austrian federal states also regulate hunting with a bow and arrow in the following sections:

• Burgenland : Section 95, Paragraph 1, Item 1 of the Burgenland Hunting Act 2017
• Carinthia : § 68 Para. 1 Z 2 Carinthian Hunting Act 2000
• Lower Austria : Section 95 Paragraph 1 Z 1 Lower Austria Hunting Act 1974
• Upper Austria : § 62 Z 3 Hunting Act
• State of Salzburg : Section 70 Paragraph 3 lit. a 1993 Hunting Act
• Styria : Section 58 Paragraph 2 Item 1 Hunting Act 1986
• Tyrol (federal state) : § 40 para. 1 lit. c Hunting Act 2004
• Vorarlberg : § 20 lit. b Vorarlberg Hunting Ordinance

All of these sections, in which prohibited hunting methods or aids are listed, have in common that either the hunting projectile (bolts and arrows) or the hunting weapons themselves (bow or crossbow) are explicitly listed as prohibited hunting weapons. Only the Vienna Hunting Act only mentions the crossbow in Section 90 (11) and not the bow. In Section 88 , however, it is subsequently pointed out to the use of firearms on hoofed game that hoofed game may only be shot with a bullet. The hunting arrow is thus ruled out as a permitted hunting projectile. From these legal texts one can conclude that hunting with a bow and arrow is generally not permitted in Austria.

The basis on which the individual state hunting laws included bow hunting in the list of prohibited hunting methods is incomprehensible. In the legal information system of the Chancellery of the Republic of Austria, there are no further documents that make the decisions comprehensible. From the federal state of Upper Austria, however, it is known that the legislature has complied with the alleged obligations from the ratification of the above-mentioned EU Habitat Directive with the extensive list of prohibited methods.

Legislation in Switzerland

The arrow bow as an aid for hunting is at the federal level in the "Federal Act on Hunting and the Protection of Wild Mammals and Birds", Hunting Act, JSG (as of January 1, 2018) and in the "Ordinance on Hunting and Protection of Wild Mammals and Birds, Hunting Ordinance, JSV "(as of March 1, 2018) in Art. 2 Para. g JSV: Aids forbidden for hunting are crossbows, arrow bows, slingshots, spears , lances , knives , air rifles and air pistols .

The first federal law on hunting was enacted in 1875 and was not revised until 1986. But centuries before that, the cantons had issued ordinances and similar documents which, among other things, regulated the use of undesired weapons and aids. It is no longer possible to reconstruct when and in which document the arrow bow was explicitly forbidden. The fact is that nationwide hunting with a bow and arrow is currently ruled out in Switzerland.

However, the ban is not laid down in the so-called Bern Convention (Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats). This also makes it easier to remove it than, for example, with poison or snares. More detailed provisions can be found in the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Their Natural Habitats .

criticism

Animal rights activists reject bowhunting. According to Swiss Animal Welfare, shooting with arrows does not forgive the slightest inaccuracy and often leads to bullets through without guaranteed killing effect.

Proponents of bow hunting counter that "the arrow [...] is a particularly low-stress way of killing an animal" and that the animals lived "maybe eight to ten seconds" after being hit.

literature

• Fred G. Asbell: Instinctive Shooting 1. A Guide to Better Archery. 6th edition. Verlag Angelika Hörnig , Ludwigshafen 2007. ISBN 978-3-9805877-2-3
• Fred G. Asbell: Instinctive shooting 2nd 3rd edition. Hörnig, Ludwigshafen 2002, ISBN 3-9805877-9-7
• Saxton Pope : Hunting With The Bow And Arrow . ISBN 1-4191-2502-8 , also available in German: Saxton Pope: Hunting with bow and arrow
• Kinseher Richard: The bow in culture, music and medicine, as a tool and weapon . (Hunting bow / arrows, bow traps), BoD, 2005, ISBN 3-8311-4109-6
• Luis Hant: Bow hunting today . 2011, ISBN 978-3-89650-327-5
• Ilse Haseder , Gerhard Stinglwagner : Knaurs Großes Jagdlexikon , Augsburg 2000, ISBN 3-8289-1579-5
• Printed matter 7/4285 of November 6, 1975, subject area 792, German Bundestag 7th electoral term
• The National Bowhunter Education Foundation: Bowhunting Deer . Edited by Ed W. Wadsworth. Nova Scotia Dept. of Lands and Forest, 1986
• Dave Holt: Balanced Bowhunting II . High Country Publishers, 2004, ISBN 0-9620713-1-5
• Bob Robb: Guide to Better Bowhunting . Krause Publications, 2011, ISBN 978-1-4402-3082-0
• Bill Winke: Setting Up The Perfect Hunting Bow . Pettersen's Bowhunting, and InterMedia Outdoors Company 2011, ISBN 1-934622-98-2
• Byron Ferguson: Become The Arrow . 1994. Translation by Peter O. Stecher. Meyer & Meyer Verlag, Aachen 2017, ISBN 978-3-8403-7534-7
• Judd Cooney: The Bowhunter's Field Manual . Skyhorse Publishing, 2013, ISBN 978-1-62087-692-3
• Scott Bestul, Dave Hurteau et al. a .: The Total Bowhunting Manual . Weldon Owen, 2015, ISBN 978-1-61628-729-0
• Today's Bowhunter, The Responsible Bowhunter's Guide . National Bowhunting Education Foundation. Kalkomey Enterprises Inc. 2007
• The modern bowhunt . BFA - Bowhunter Federation Austria and DBJV
• Joel Turner: Controlled Process Shooting . ISBN 978-1-981346-43-1
• Patrick Meitin: The Bowhunter's Guide to Better Shooting . ISBN 978-1-934622-70-4
• Bob Robb: The Field & Stream Bowhunting Handbook , ISBN 978-1-59921-089-6
• The Bible of Traditional Bow Making, Volume 1 . Hörnig, Ludwigshafen 2003, ISBN 3-9808743-2-X
• The Bible of Traditional Bow Making, Volume 2 . Hörnig, Ludwigshafen 2004, ISBN 3-9808743-5-4

Web links

Commons : Bow Hunting  - Collection of Images, Videos and Audio Files

Wiktionary: Bow hunting  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

• Association of Swiss Bow Hunters
• German Bow Hunting Association
• Austrian Bow Hunting Association
• The bow hunter
• Bow hunting practice
• Dr. Ed Ashby Arrow & Broadhead Penetration Research

Individual evidence

1. ^ Brian Lovett (eds.): Deer & Deer Hunting's Guide to Better Bow-Hunting . Krause Publications, 2011, ISBN 978-1-4402-3092-9 , chap. 29 .
2. ↑ The Bible of Traditional Bow Making Volume 1, Tim Baker, Paul Comstock, Gabriela Cosgrove, Jim Hamm, Gene Langston, Jay Massey, Jay St. Charles, Jeff Schmidt, Scott Silsby, David Tukura ISBN 978-3-9808743-2-8
3. ↑ Sebastian Dürrschmidt: Little Hunter's Museum of the Ju'Hoansi-San - Traditional Culture of the Bushmen - LCFN. Accessed December 18, 2019 (German). 
4. ↑ L. Pericot Garcia: La cueva del Parpallo. Madrid 1957.
5. ↑ Ulrich Stodiek, Harm Paulsen: With the arrow, the bow. Oldenburg (Isensee-Verlag), 1996, pp. 37-38.
6. ↑ Marlize Lombard, Laurel Phillipson: Indications of bow and stone-tipped arrow use 64,000 years ago in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa . In: Antiquity . tape 84 , no. 325 , September 1, 2010, ISSN  0003-598X , p. 635–648 , doi : 10.1017 / S0003598X00100134 ( cambridge.org [accessed December 18, 2019]).
7. ↑ Lucinda Backwell, Justin Bradfield, Kristian J. Carlson, Tea Jashashvili, Lyn Wadley: The antiquity of bow-and-arrow technology: evidence from Middle Stone Age layers at Sibudu Cave . In: Antiquity . tape 92 , no. 362 , April 2018, ISSN  0003-598X , p. 289–303 , doi : 10.15184 / aqy.2018.11 ( cambridge.org [accessed February 18, 2019]).
8. ↑ Erin Wayman: Early Bow and Arrows Offer Insight Into Origins of Human Intellect. In: smithsonian.com. Smithsonian Institution, November 7, 2012, accessed March 18, 2018 . 
9. ^ Glenn H. Shepard Jr., Taal Levi, Eduardo Góes Neves, Carlos A. Peres, Douglas W. Yu: Hunting in Ancient and Modern Amazonia: Rethinking Sustainability . In: American Anthropologist . tape 114 , no. 4 , December 2012, p. 652–667 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1548-1433.2012.01514.x ( wiley.com [accessed February 18, 2019]).
10. ↑ On the hunt with the Hadzabe at Lake Eyasi in Tanzania ›Iwanowski's Africa blog. Retrieved January 14, 2020 (German). 
11. ↑ Michael Finkel, DER SPIEGEL: Nomads in Africa: Back to the Stone Age with the Hadza - DER SPIEGEL - Science. Retrieved January 14, 2020 . 
12. ↑ Bowhunting in the world. Retrieved January 26, 2020 . 
13. ↑ Oshan Wedage, Noel Amano, Michelle C. Langley, Katerina Douka, James Blinkhorn: Specialized rainforest hunting by Homo sapiens ~ 45,000 years ago . In: Nature Communications . tape 10 , no. 1 , February 19, 2019, ISSN  2041-1723 , p. 1–8 , doi : 10.1038 / s41467-019-08623-1 ( nature.com [accessed January 13, 2020]).
14. ↑ Bowhunting in the world. Retrieved March 29, 2018 (UK English). 
15. ^ Bob Robb: The Field & Stream Bowhunting Handbook . 2007, ISBN 978-1-59921-089-6 , pp. 2-15 .
16. ↑ Training for bow hunting http: //www.der-bogenjäger.at/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/AU01_2016-Training.pdf
17. ↑ ^{a b} Patent US3486495 : Registered on June 23, 1966 , Applicant: Holless W. Allen. ‌
18. ↑ ^{a b c d e} US bowhunting industry, ATA study 2015. ( Online , PDF)
19. ↑ Russian Federation: Parliament allows bow hunting. In: Wild and Dog. July 27, 2019, accessed on December 12, 2019 (German). 
20. ↑ Bowhunting in the world. Retrieved March 29, 2018 (UK English). 
21. ↑ IBEP KURS - Austrian Bow Hunters Association . In: Austrian Bow Hunters Association . 2018 ( austrianbowhunting.at [accessed April 10, 2018]).
22. ↑ Thoughts on the hunting bow (part 1). (No longer available online.) Markus Groß, archived from the original on October 23, 2016 ; accessed on April 9, 2018 (bogenjagdpraxis.de). 
23. ↑ ^{a b} Thoughts on the hunting bow (part 2). (No longer available online.) Markus Groß, archived from the original on July 21, 2016 ; accessed on April 9, 2018 (bogenjagdpraxis.de). Thoughts on the hunting bow (part 2). (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on July 21, 2016 ; accessed on March 6, 2018 .  
24. ↑ Dietmar Vorderegger, Wolfgang Gailer: What moves how fast . Ed .: 3D archery. Edition 1/2018. Archery Publishing House, 2018, p. 50 ff .
25. ^ 3-D archery (ed.): Jagdrecurves . Edition 4/2014 edition. Archery Publishing, 2014, p. 34 ff .
26. ↑ Ernst Blajs: DER BOGENJÄGER, edition 04/2017 p. 4
27. ↑ Compound bows - Everything you need to know about compound bows. Accessed December 17, 2019 (German). 
28. ↑ The modern compound bow. In: Hunting Worlds. December 28, 2015, accessed on December 17, 2019 (German). 
29. ↑ ^{a b} Thoughts on the hunting bow (part 1). (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on October 23, 2016 ; accessed on April 9, 2018 . 
30. ↑ Release AIDS . Edition 3/2017 edition. Bogensportverlag, 2017, p. 11 ff .
31. ↑ ^{a b} Scopes & Lenses for 3-D. (PDF; 562 kB) Vorderegger & Partner 2017, accessed on April 9, 2018 (3-D Bogensport magazine). 
32. ↑ ^{a b c d} Article by Christian Heinz, DER BOGENJÄGER issue 04/2017 p. 48
33. ↑ Compound Magazin (Ed.): Pinvisiere . Edition 3/2014. Archery Publishing, 2014, p. 19th ff .
34. ^ Elmar Harbecke: IQ Sight Pro Hunter . Ed .: Archery magazine. Edition 1/2018. Archery Publishing House, 2018, p. 56 ff .
35. ↑ Steve Allely, Tim Baker, Jim Hamm, Ron Hardcastle, Jay Massey, John Strunk: The Bible of Traditional Bow Making . Ed .: Angela Hörnig. tape 1 . Angela Hörnig, Ludwigshafen 2003, ISBN 3-9808743-2-X , p. 94 .
36. ↑ Thorsten Trede, Textbook of Bow Hunting, ISBN 3-932848-16-0 , Braunschweig, 1999, p. 53.
37. ↑ Selection of the arrow shaft. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on April 10, 2018 ; accessed on April 9, 2018 . 
38. ↑ Luis Hant, Bogenjagd heute , 1st edition, Stamsried 2001, ISBN 978-3-89650-327-5 , page 17, arithmetic example arrow energy.
39. ↑ Thorsten Trede: Textbook of bow hunting . 1st edition. Ventatus, Braunschweig 1999, ISBN 3-932848-16-0 , Der Pfeil, p. 172 .
40. ↑ Thorsten Trede: Textbook of bow hunting . 1st edition. Ventanus, Braunschweig 1999, ISBN 3-932848-16-0 , fletching, p. 172 .
41. ↑ ^{a b c d} The Bible of Traditional Bow Making, Vol. 2, Hardcover: 356 pages Publisher: Hörnig; Edition: 1 (November 2004) ISBN 3-9808743-5-4
42. ↑ Thorsten Trede, Textbook of Bow Hunting, ISBN 3-932848-16-0 , Braunschweig 1999, p. 56, Einsatz / Adapter / Inserts.
43. ↑ Thorsten Trede: Textbook of bow hunting . Braunschweig 1999, ISBN 3-932848-16-0 , p. 53.
44. ↑ Luis Hant: luminous cams . In: ders .: Bowhunting Today . Verlag Ernst Vögel, Stamsried 2001, ISBN 978-3-89650-327-5 , p. 30 (chapter 4.4).
45. ↑ Thorsten Trede, textbook of bow hunting, ISBN 3-932848-16-0 , Braunschweig, 1999, p. 57, training tips.
46. ↑ Sharpening the broadheads ( Memento April 10, 2018 in the Internet Archive )
47. ^ Thorsten Trede, textbook of bow hunting, ISBN 3-932848-16-0 , Braunschweig 1999, pp. 56-61 pointed.
48. ↑ Thorsten Trede, textbook of bow hunting, ISBN 3-932848-16-0 , Braunschweig, 1999, p. 60, 2nd paragraph "This leads to an increased depth effect".
49. ↑ Depth effect of hunting arrows. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on February 1, 2018 ; accessed on March 6, 2018 . 
50. ^ Thorsten Trede, Textbook of Bow Hunting, ISBN 3-932848-16-0 , Braunschweig, 1999, p. 60, hunting tips with fixed blades, 1st paragraph.
51. ↑ Thorsten Trede, Textbook of Bow Hunting, ISBN 3-932848-16-0 , Braunschweig, 1999, p. 61, chap. Mechanical broadheads.
52. ↑ Thorsten Trede, Textbook of Bow Hunting, ISBN 3-932848-16-0 , Braunschweig 1999, p. 61, chap. Mechanical broadheads, 3rd paragraph.
53. ↑ Bullet and quick death https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A-Ys4FYcnDM
54. ↑ John Barton, Jan Včelák, Javier Torres-Sanchez, Brendan O'Flynn, Cian O'Mathuna: Arrow-mounted Ballistic System for Measuring Performance of Arrows Equipped with hunting broadheads . In: Procedia Engineering . tape 34 , 2012, p. 455-460 , doi : 10.1016 / j.proeng.2012.04.078 ( elsevier.com [accessed February 19, 2019]).
55. ↑ BOW HUNTING - Investigations into the use of hunting bows and arrows in hunting operations in countries outside of Germany where bow hunting is legal (France, Spain, Denmark), taking into account officially approved individual cases from Germany. Carried out by Dr. rer. nat. Dipl.-Forstw. Carl Gremse http://www.gremse.eu/studies-1.html
56. ↑ http://www.grizzlystik.com/Ashby-On-Arrow-Lethality-Part-5.aspx
57. ↑ Landes Roman: Knife Blades and Steel . Ed .: Wieland Verlag. 2nd Edition. Wieland Verlag, Bad Aibling 2006, ISBN 3-938711-04-3 , p. 27 ff .
58. ↑ Nadia Zahara: Bullet VS Arrow. November 5, 2016, accessed April 16, 2018 . 
59. ↑ Jeff Quitney: Penetrating Power of Bow & Arrow vs. Firearms 1961 US Army Special Forces, from "Silent Warriors". October 18, 2014, accessed April 16, 2018 . 
60. ↑ Moose dies quickly after a shot, little escape https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hFS1alAVceY
61. ^ Behrendt, Heinz On fatal stab wounds from the Forensic Medical Institute in Breslau from June 1, 1927 to June 1, 1930 University publication: Breslau, Univ., Diss., 1931.
62. ↑ Timisjaervie J: Left ventricular volumes and functioning of the reindeer heart. Basic Res Cardiol. 73 (4). 1978 355-364.
63. ↑ Krigh J et al: Hjortvilt i lantbruksföretaget. Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, Speciella Skrifter 26. Uppsala 1987.
64. ↑ M. Andy Pedersen, Seth M. Berry, Jeffery C. Bossart: Wounding Rates of White-tailed Deer with Modern Archery Equipment . In: Proceedings of the annual conference Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies . tape 62 . SEAFWA, 2008, ISSN  2331-1606 , p. 31-34 .
65. ↑ Timisjaervie J: Left ventricular volumes and functioning of the reindeer heart. Basic Res Cardiol. 73 (4). 1978 355-364.
66. ↑ http://www.uniklinikum-saarland.de/fileadmin/UKS/Einrichtungen/Kliniken_und_Institute/Chirurgie/Haemostaseologie/Studentisches/2Hauptvorlesung_Chirurgie_II.pdf
67. ↑ Effect of the hunting arrow by Dr. Bengt Geore'n https://www.dbjv.org/assets/data/downloads/the_killing_mechanism_of_the_hunting_arrow.pdf
68. ↑ Timisjaervie J: Left ventricular volumes and functioning of the reindeer heart. Basic Res Cardiol. 73 (4). 1978 355-364.
69. ↑ Krigh J et al: Hjortvilt i lantbruksföretaget. Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, Speciella Skrifter 26. Uppsala 1987.
70. ↑ Anders Gejer and Richard Cadwalader: Danish wound study bow hunting. EBA, 2004, accessed April 15, 2018 . 
71. ↑ http://www.bmel.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/Landwirtschaft/Wald-Jagd/BLE-Forschungsbericht-Jagdmunition.pdf?__blob=publicationFile
72. ↑ Helmut Polak. In: The bow hunter. Edition 03/2017. P. 48.
73. ^ Behrendt, Heinz On fatal stab wounds from the Forensic Medical Institute in Breslau from June 1, 1927 to June 1, 1930 University publication: Breslau, Univ., Diss., 1931.
74. ↑ https://www.hessenjaeger-online.de/2014/12/02/ab-1-april-2015-bleifrei-bei-hessen-forst/
75. ↑ http://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/343/ergaenzende-untersuchungen-zur-toetungsffekt-bleifreier-geschosse.pdf
76. ↑ Grewe, Stephanie, Presentation of certain characteristics of the injury pattern and the type of perpetrator in stab injuries caused by external supply 1987 Mainz, Univ., Diss., 1987
77. ↑ Störmann, P., Wutzler, S., Summer, K., Marzi, I., Walcher, F. Lustenberger: Emergency medical care of gunshot and stab wounds, emergency + rescue medicine . Vol. 19. Springer Berlin, 2016, ISSN  1434-6222 , p. 442-450 .
78. ↑ Danish Wound Study Bowhunting by EBA; Information on bow hunting in France from Luis Hant; https://www.dbjv.org/downloads/
79. ↑ Deetjen, Speckmann: Physiology . 1st edition. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich; Vienna; Baltimore 1992, ISBN 3-541-11751-6 , pp. 60 .
80. ↑ Deetjen, Speckmann: Physiology . 1st edition. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich; Vienna; Baltimore 1992, ISBN 3-541-11751-6 , pp. 60 .
81. ↑ Deetjen, Speckmann: Physiology . 1st edition. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich; Vienna; Baltimore 1992, ISBN 3-541-11751-6 , pp. 60 .
82. ↑ Bullet , linger and perish as well as intense sweat track https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7oAWI12tTz0
83. ↑ hunting license according to Federal Hunting Act. Retrieved December 12, 2019 . 
84. ↑ Super User: Education. Retrieved March 29, 2018 (UK English). 
85. ↑ THE BOW HUNT. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on January 31, 2018 ; accessed on March 6, 2018 . 
86. ↑ Tobias Pitzer: Bow Hunt | German Bow Hunting Association V. Accessed March 29, 2018 . 
87. ^ ^{A b c} Hunt, Luis: Bogenjagd heute, Verlag Ernst Vögel, 2011
88. ^ Bob Robb: The Field & Stream Bowhunting Handbook . 2007, ISBN 978-1-59921-089-6 , pp. 97-100 .
89. ↑ Ghost Blind Invisible Mirror Hunting Ground Blind. Retrieved March 6, 2018 (American English). 
90. ^ Bob Robb: The Field & Stream Bowhunting Handbook . 2007, ISBN 978-1-59921-089-6 , pp. 101-102 .
91. ↑ Thorsten Trede: Textbook of bow hunting . 1st edition. Venatus Verlag, Braunschweig 1999, ISBN 3-932848-16-0 , Anpirschen, p. 150 .
92. ↑ Thorsten Trede: Textbook of bow hunting . 1st edition. Venatus Verlag, Braunschweig 1999, ISBN 3-932848-16-0 , Die stalking technique, p. 153 .
93. ↑ The hunting optics. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on April 10, 2018 ; accessed on March 6, 2018 . 
94. ^ Bob Robb: The Field & Stream Bowhunting Handbook . 2007, ISBN 978-1-59921-089-6 , pp. 100-101 .
95. ↑ Hunters Video: Hunting with Pointing Dogs - Hunters Video. March 27, 2013, accessed March 6, 2018 . 
96. ↑ Tim Wells Bow Hunter: Arrows and Flying Duck Blood. January 16, 2017, accessed March 6, 2018 . 
97. ↑ Bowhunting Small Game. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LxoNdJIJkEE
98. ↑ Hocquet, Franck; Lenoble, Vincent: Un archer dans la battue . Ed .: CHARC N ° 48, 4th quarter 2016, 2016, p. 50-59 .
99. ↑ Partick Meitin: The Bowhunter's Guide to Better Shooting . 2011, ISBN 978-1-934622-70-4 , pp. 231-241 .
100. ↑ Hocquet, Franck; Lenoble, Vincent: Un archer dans la battue, in CHARC N ° 48 4th quarter 2016, pp. 50–59
101. ^ Bob Robb: The Field & Stream Bowhunting Handbook . 2007, ISBN 978-1-59921-089-6 , pp. 102-104 .
102. ↑ Bow fishing https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itwqZIqn4Lc
103. ↑ Partick Meitin: The Bowhunter's Guide to Better Shooting . 2011, ISBN 978-1-934622-70-4 , pp. 242-245 .
104. ↑ Tobias Pitzer: Bow Hunt | German Bow Hunting Association V. Accessed March 29, 2018 . 
105. ↑ ^{a b c} The reaction of the game. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on February 1, 2018 ; accessed on March 6, 2018 . 
106. ↑ Luis Hant, Bogenjagd heute, 1st edition, Stamsried, 2001, ISBN 978-3-89650-327-5 , page 37, chap. 4.8 Clothing, 3rd paragraph
107. ↑ https://www.grube.de/media/pdf/82/f8/58/anl_75-179_2.pdf
108. ↑ Benstead, Errol: À l'approche des chevreuils. Crépin-Leblond et cie. 2012. p. 3
109. ↑ Hunting Myth Buster: Do You Need Camouflage for Deer Hunting? In: Wide Open Spaces . September 19, 2015 ( wideopenspaces.com [accessed March 29, 2018]).
110. ↑ Wild boar rotting escape and low alarm https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EEJXa_TM7RM
111. ^ ^{A b} Bob Robb: The Field & Stream Bowhunting Handbook . 2007, ISBN 978-1-59921-089-6 , pp. 96-97 .
112. ↑ Tips on hunting with a bow http: //www.der-bogenjäger.at/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/AU01_2016-Windcheck.pdf
113. ↑ ^{a b} Single Circle. Accessed February 1, 2020 (German). 
114. ↑ Bow Hunt Simulator 1.1.2. Accessed January 31, 2020 (German). 
115. ↑ ^{a b c} Improved Shot Placement for Enhanced Hunting Success | QDMA. In: Quality Deer Management Association. November 7, 2018, accessed January 31, 2020 (American English). 
116. ↑ Fascination archery - magazines - books - archery seminars. Accessed January 31, 2020 . 
117. ↑ Kilwinning. Accessed January 31, 2020 . 
118. ↑ Archery Trap. Shooting flying disks. Accessed January 31, 2020 (German). 
119. ↑ In Flight Archery's Tiny Target Aerial Archery Thrower 2.0. Accessed January 31, 2020 (German). 
120. ^ ^{A b} Hunting Incident Reports Wisconsin http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/hunt/incidentreport.html
121. ↑ ^{a b} Vivien Timmler: 55 “Robin Hoods” hunt wild boars in Madrid . In: sueddeutsche.de . 2017, ISSN  0174-4917 ( sueddeutsche.de [accessed on March 6, 2018]).
122. ↑ ^{a b} McAninch_ Bowhunting Mgmt Tool.pdf - a study in Minnesota on bowhunting as a wildlife management tool https://www.dbjv.org/assets/data/downloads/bowhunting_management_tool.pdf
123. ↑ Wild boar rotting escape and minor alarm https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9CzTrWU3p8E
124. ↑ Group.PDF. https://www.dbjv.org/assets/data/downloads/st_lois_urban_deer_bowhunting_management_programs.pdf
125. ↑ St. Lois, Urban Deer Bowhunting Management Programs.pdf - a summary with extensive literature references on bowhunting in urban bowhunting programs https://www.dbjv.org/assets/data/downloads/st_lois_urban_deer_bowhunting_management_programs.pdf
126. ↑ https://www.dbjv.org/assets/data/downloads/bowhunting_recognized_as_key_for_urban_deer_control.pdf
127. ↑ Local Bowhunters team with Audubon. Retrieved March 6, 2018 . 
128. ↑ Bowhunting for Urban Deer Control_US Sportsmen Alliance Group https://www.dbjv.org/assets/data/downloads/urban_deer_technical_guide.pdf
129. ↑ Wild boar hunt with a bow and arrow . ( outfox-world.de [accessed on March 6, 2018]).
130. ↑ Report to European Bowhunting Federation about the SCAESFMC Program (Servicio de Controladores con Arco de Especies Silvestres de la Federación Madrileña de Caza)
131. ↑ https://www.dbjv.org/assets/data/downloads/dbjv_bericht_nutria_reduzierung_haguenau_2017.pdf
132. ↑ Wild boar rotting escape and minor alarm https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9CzTrWU3p8E
133. ↑ https://www.dbjv.org/assets/data/downloads/scaes_fmc_report_urban_bowhunting_program_madrid_spain.pdf
134. ↑ https://www.dbjv.org/assets/data/downloads/madrid_informationen_zur_regulierung_der_wildbestaende.pdf
135. ↑ Bowhunting in the world. Retrieved March 8, 2018 (UK English). 
136. ↑ Hunting license holder in Germany . In: German Hunting Association . ( jagdverband.de [accessed on March 6, 2018]).
137. ↑ Home. Retrieved March 6, 2018 . 
138. ↑ http://www.landschaftsmuseum.de/Seiten/Lexikon/Pfeil_Bogen.htm
139. ↑ http://www.europeanbowhunting.org/index.php/general/bowhunting-timeline
140. ↑ The International Bowhunter Education Program (IBEP). Retrieved April 4, 2018 . 
141. ↑ HOME . In: National Bowhunter Education Foundation . ( nbef.org [accessed April 4, 2018]).
142. ↑ http://www.nbef.org/IHEA-USA%20Bow%20Hunter%20Education%20Standards%20ADOPTED%205.25.2017.pdf
143. ^ Bill Wadsworth and the History of Bowhunter Education. Retrieved April 4, 2018 . 
144. ↑ https://www.freistaat.bayern/dokumente/leistungs/369986910282
145. ↑ http://www.gesetze-bayern.de/Content/Document/BayJG-28?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1
146. ↑ Ashby On Arrow Lethality Part 1. Retrieved April 18, 2019 . 
147. ↑ http://animalrightscoalition.com/doc/bowhunting_report.pdf
148. ^ Andy Petersen, Seth M. Berry, Jeffery C. Bossart: Wounding Rates of White-tailed Deer with Modern Archery Equipment. (PDF) In: seafwa.org. Proc. Annu. Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Fish and Wildl. Agencies, January 1, 2008, accessed April 23, 2019 . 
149. ^ Alaska Department of Fish and Game: Todays Bowhunter teaching guide. (PDF) In: HUNTER INFORMATION AND TRAINING. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, October 1, 2015, accessed April 23, 2019 . 
150. ↑ Bow hunting | German Bow Hunting Association V. Retrieved April 18, 2019 . 
151. ↑ Downloads & Links | German Bow Hunting Association V. Accessed April 26, 2019 . 
152. ↑ https://www.dbjv.org/assets/data/downloads/madrid_informationen_zur_regulierung_der_wildbestaende.pdf
153. ↑ Tobias Pitzer: Bow Hunt | German Bow Hunting Association V. Accessed April 4, 2018 . 
154. ↑ IBEP KURS - Austrian Bow Hunters Association . In: Austrian Bow Hunters Association . ( austrianbowhunting.at [accessed April 4, 2018]).
155. ↑ Administrator: Bowhunter Training. Accessed April 4, 2018 (German). 
156. ↑ http://www.bogensportverlag.com/downloads/3-d-bogensport-2-2017-bogenjagd.pdf
157. ↑ Thorsten Trede: Textbook of bow hunting . 1st edition. Venatus, Braunschweig 1999, ISBN 3-932848-16-0 , Mechanical shooting aids (drainage aid, release), p. 172 .
158. ↑ Luis Hant: Bow Hunt Today . 1st edition. Ernst Vögel, Stamsried 2011, ISBN 978-3-89650-327-5 , 4.7 Release, p. 165 .
159. ↑ Super User: General. Retrieved April 9, 2018 (UK English). 
160. ↑ http://www.austrianbowhunting.at/wp-content/uploads/BFA-Statuten.pdf
161. ↑ https://www.dbjv.org/satzung/
162. ↑ Administrator: Articles of Association. Retrieved March 7, 2018 . 
163. ↑ http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/umweltschutz/naturschutz/ffh_politik/
164. ↑ http://dipbt.bundestag.de/doc/btd/07/042/0704285.pdf
165. ↑ https://www.bundesarchiv.de/DE/Navigation/Home/home.html
166. ↑ https://www.dbjv.org/assets/data/downloads/recherche_zum_verbot_der_bogenjagd.pdf
167. ↑ Federal Hunting Act Austria, https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFnahm.wxe?Abfrage=LrVbg&Gesetzesnummer=20000567
168. ↑ RIS information offers. Retrieved April 4, 2018 . 
169. ↑ STS position paper on animal welfare and hunting. (PDF) Swiss Animal Welfare STS, accessed on April 28, 2018 . 
170. ↑ Georg Humbel: On the prowl with a bow and arrow? In: SRF Online . September 9, 2013, accessed April 28, 2018 .