Chronicle of the government crisis in Ivory Coast in December 2010

The chronicle of the government crisis in Ivory Coast in December 2010 records the events in connection with the government crisis in Ivory Coast 2010/2011 .

The chronology is arranged according to years and months. Events that take effect over a longer period of time are sorted at the earliest possible date.

date	event	place	description	Note, sources
2010-12-01! Before December 1st	Election result		Laurent Gbagbo party Ivorian Popular Front (FPI) have struggled in the days before the final announcement date of the results, 1 December 2010, to an annulment of the election results of the presidential elections in three (or four?) Of the Forces Nouvelles de Côte d 'Ivoire (FN) controlled, constituencies. These are the regions of Savanes , Denguélé and Worodougou .	Laurent Gbagbo (2007)
2010-12-01! December 1st, midnight	meeting		The constitutional last date for the announcement of the results was 72 hours after the closing of the polling stations, i.e. December 1, 2010 at midnight.
2010-12-01! December 1	military	Armistice Line	The FN ordered 1500 of their soldiers back from the south to the north. At the same time, the government army, Forces de défense et de sécurité (FDS) began to withdraw from the north of the Ivory Coast. The division of the country along the fronts of the civil war thus solidified again.	The division after the civil war. Dark the rebel areas, light the government-controlled areas.
2010-12-01! Night from December 1st to 2nd	Election result	Abidjan	A few hours after the deadline for the announcement of the election results, the Chairman of the Election Commission (CEI) Youssouf Bakayoko announced the victory of Alassane Ouattara with 54 percent and a turnout of over 81 percent. No cameras from the state television broadcaster Radiodiffusion-Télévision ivoirienne (RTI) were present. Confusion was caused by the fact that Bakayoko announced the result at the Hotel du Golf , where Ouattara had moved into his base. He was also accompanied by 150 soldiers from the Opération des Nations Unies en Côte d'Ivoire (ONUCI) who were deployed to protect him. Gbagbo then immediately lodged a complaint with the Constitutional Council against this decision by the electoral commission .	Youssouf Bakayoko Alassane Ouattara
2010-12-01! Night from December 1st to 2nd	attack	Abidjan	According to a report by the BBC , eight people were killed in an attack on the Ouattara's party office.
2010-12-02! December 2nd 3pm	complaint		The Constitutional Council approved Gbagbo's complaint about the failure to announce the results in due time. He canceled the results in seven northern provinces and the Ivorians living in the diaspora in France, and declared Gbagbo the election winner. The country thus had two presidents. Choi Young-Jin , head of the ONUCI, criticized the fact that the Constitutional Council had not carried out a substantive examination of the results, which would not have been possible in this short time, but apparently had declared the results of individual electoral districts to be invalid until Gbagbo had a majority . It would not have been enough to cancel the results of the three or four regions initially criticized. The decision of the Constitutional Council was criticized internationally. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon called on Gbagbo to admit defeat. The African Union (AU) was “ deeply concerned ” about developments in the country.	Ban Ki Moon Flag of the AU
2010-12-02! 2. December	state of emergency		The army closed all borders and blocked foreign news channels for four days following the decision of the Constitutional Council. Immediately after the results were announced by the CEI, Gbagbo banned foreign TV and radio stations from broadcasting and broadcasting in Ivory Coast. Since then, RTI has been the only permitted television and radio broadcaster.
2010-12-02! 2. December	escalation		The situation threatened to escalate. While Ouattara and Gbagbo publicly urged their supporters to calm down, other politicians in both camps heated up the mood with public statements.
2010-12-02! 2. December	Security situation	Abidjan	Numerous soldiers patrolled Abidjan. They marched in front of the RTI building and guarded the CEI building. Most of the shops in town were closed.
2010-12-03! 3rd of December	Election result	Abidjan	As provided for in the peace treaty, the United Nations (UN) checked the election results as a last resort. Choi Young-Jin announced the result of the certification of the election. According to his research, the runoff election took place in a “ democratic atmosphere ” and ended with a victory for Ouattara. The cancellation of votes from the northern regions by the Constitutional Council is not based on facts and the ONUCI does not have to follow the judgment of the Constitutional Council, since the Ivorian government has accepted the mandate of Young-Jin Chois as the certifier of the election. Even if all of Gbagbo's election complaints were taken into account, this did not change the outcome of the election.
2010-12-03! 3rd of December	International reactions		On the same day Choi Young-Jin made the announcement, Barack Obama and Nicolas Sarkozy congratulated Ouattara on their election victory and declared that they saw him as the winner and called on Gbagbo to recognize the election commission's result. The European Union (EU) and other countries followed this position.	Barack Obama (official portrait photo, 2012) Nicolas Sarkozy (2008)
2010-12-03! Night from December 3rd to 4th	Struggles	Port-Bouët in Abidjan	There were violent exchanges of fire between the gendarmerie and unknown attackers.
2010-12-04! December 4th	Election result		Laurent Gbagbo was sworn in for a second term regardless of the dispute over the result. A few hours later, Alassane Ouattara also took the oath of office as president. On the same day, Prime Minister Guillaume Soro submitted his resignation and declared his support for Ouattara.	Guillaume Soro (2008)
2010-12-04! December 4th	Travel warning	United States	The United States Embassy recommended that all citizens refrain from traveling to the Ivory Coast.
2010-12-04! On the morning of December 4th	Blockages	Koumassi in Abidjan	Young people set up barricades. In addition, the Giscard d'Estaing, a main thoroughfare from Abidjan, was blocked by barricades.
2010-12-04! December 4th	military		The FDS committed itself to Gbagbo.
2010-12-04! Weekend of December 4th and 5th	Response of the Monetary Fund		The International Monetary Fund (IMF) announced that Ouattara was considered the rightful president and that only with him is possible to work.
2010-12-05! December 5th	Government formations		Gbagbo appointed Gilbert Marie N'gbo Aké prime minister of the Aké N'Gbo government, while Guillaume Soro had put together the Soro III government shortly before, on instructions from Ouattara .
2010-12-05! December 5th	Victim		At least over twenty people have been killed and many injured since election day, November 28.
2010-12-06! 6th of December	Financial world		The World Bank and the African Development Bank announced that they would like to reassess relations with Ivory Coast.	World Bank logo African Development Bank logo
2010-12-06! 6th of December	state of emergency		The travel bans of Ivory Coast by the FDS have been lifted. The curfew, which applies to the entire national territory, has been extended until December 13th.
2010-12-07! December 7th	Travel warning	Switzerland	The Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (FDFA) warns against traveling to the Ivory Coast.
2010-12-08! December 8th	Security Council	new York	In a previously unprecedented press release, the United Nations Security Council called on all those involved to recognize the election result announced by the election commission and indirectly threatened to impose sanctions on forces that attempt to disrupt the peace process.	Security Council meeting room at UN headquarters in New York
2010-12-8! December 8th	Financial world		The West African Economic Community (ECOWAS) temporarily suspended Ivory Coast membership.	Member states of ECOWAS
2010-12-09! 9th of December	International reactions		The AU temporarily suspended Ivory Coast membership.
2010-12-TT! 11th December	state of emergency		The curfew only applied from 10 p.m. and 5 a.m.
2010-12-12! 12th of December	International reactions		Gbagbo's interior minister, Emile Guiriéoulou , accused foreign diplomats of meddling. Various embassy employees tried to persuade army officers and heads of media outlets to support Ouattara.
2010-12-13! 13th December	Sanctions	Europe	The EU foreign ministers decided in principle to sanction Gbagbo and those around him. However, these did not take effect immediately because they still had to be specifically worked out.
2010-12-14! December 14th	state of emergency		The curfew , which was actually running out , was extended by Gbagbo by a week.
2010-12-14! Days after December 14th	Struggles		There were serious riots. At least 12 supporters of Ouattara were shot dead by police and army loyal to Gbagbo.
2010-12-16! December 16	Hotel du Golf	Abidjan	The Hotel du Golf is cordoned off by Gbagbo's army. In return, several hundred ONUCI soldiers are deployed to protect it.
2010-12-16! December 16	Struggles		Depending on the source, between 9 and 30 people were killed.
2010-12-16! December 16	media	Abidjan	A march on the main building of the RTI by Guillaume Soro failed. He then founded his own radio station at the end of December and, in January, the television station Télévision Côte d'Ivoire (TCI) as a counterweight to RTI.
2010-12-16! December 16	Struggles	Abidjan	The crackdown on a demonstration by Quattara supporters marks the beginning of the violence for the public prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) under Luis Moreno Ocampo as chief prosecutor. Gbagbo's November 2011 indictment relates to that date.	Luis Moreno Ocampo, 2012
2010-12-16! Days after December 16th	Struggles		In the days after December 16, Gbagbo's militia killed Ouattara supporters.
2010-12-17! Days before December 17th	refugees		According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), more than 3,500 people fled to Liberia and Guinea .
2010-12-17! December 17th	Mediation	Abidjan	The President of the AU Commission, Jean Ping , arrived that morning to hold mediation talks with the opponents.	Jean Ping (2008)
2010-12-17! December 17th	Struggles	Abidjan	There were fights at a road blockade in front of the RTI headquarters. The FN wanted to break through the barrier, which was secured with a tank, among other things.
2010-12-17! December 17th	media		Gbagbo banned the sale of privately published newspapers.
2010-12-18! December 18th	U.N.		Gbagbo called on the UN peacekeeping forces to leave the country immediately because they had not behaved neutrally in the dispute over the outcome of the election.
2010-12-17! December 17th	Civil society	Abobo in Abidjan	Public life came almost completely to a standstill.
2010-12-20! 20th of December	Security Council	new York	The UN Security Council passed resolution 1962 , with which it extended the UN mission ONUCI, which actually expired on December 31, 2010, by half a year until June 30, 2011, and increased it by 500 people to almost 10,000. The UN troops relocated from the Liberian United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) will also remain in Ivory Coast.
2010-12-20! 20th of December	Sanctions	Europe	The EU imposed an entry ban on Gbagbo and 18 of his confidants. A freeze on their accounts has also been planned.	EU flag
2010-12-21! 21st December	media		In a televised address, Gbagbo suggested setting up an international commission of inquiry. In the same address, however, he stressed that he was the legally elected President of Ivory Coast.
2010-12-21! 21st December	Victim		According to UN Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR), Kyung-wha Kang , there have been reports of 173 killings, 90 cases of torture and ill-treatment, 471 arrests and arrests, and 24 enforced disappearances as of December 16.	Logo of the UNHCHR
2010-12-21! 21st December	Sanctions	Europe	The EU decided to sanction Gbagbo.
2010-12-22! December 22	situation		The situation was as follows: There was a night curfew, there was no regular school operation and the public facilities only worked sporadically. According to the official figures, which are considered too low, 60 people have been killed and almost 300 injured so far.
2010-12-22! December 22	Victim		UNHCHR spoke of killings and abductions by Liberian and Angolan mercenary troops. These are said to have been logistically supported by Gbagbo's elite soldiers of the Republican Guard .
2010-12-22! December 22	Advancement		Gbagbo demanded the withdrawal of the ONUCI troops and the soldiers of the Licorne Opération . As a justification, he cites the partiality of the two groups.
2010-12-22! December 22	threat		ONUCI staff reported nightly visits and threats from members of the Jeunes Patriotes .
2010-12-22! December 22	Travel warning	Germany , France	The governments of Germany and France called on their citizens to leave the Ivory Coast.
2010-12-22! December 22	Financial		Gbagbo paid civil servants, police officers and soldiers salaries of 70 billion francs CFA (106 million euros ) on time.
2010-12-22! December 22	Finances		Robert Zoellick , the then chairman of the World Bank, announced that all development aid from the organization to the Ivory Coast will be frozen.	Robert Zoellick (2008)
2010-12-22! December 22	situation		The prices had generally risen sharply. Trucking companies have been on strike or have closed because of the violence. Many shops were closed. The tensions were also felt in the cocoa industry.
2010-12-23! 23rd of December	Finances		The West African Central Bank (BCEAO) revoked Gbagbo's right to sign the Ivory Coast's funds. However, the decision was only put into effect one month later, on January 22, 2011.	BCEAO headquarters
2010-12-23! 23rd of December	U.N.	new York	At Ouattara's suggestion, Youssoufou Bamba replaces the previous representative of the Ivory Coast at the UN, Alcide Djédjé , a supporter of Gbagbo. Bamba is unanimously accepted by the General Assembly of the United Nations , which was generally accepted as recognition of Ouattara as the election winner. At the same time, the General Assembly took note of a paper by the AU which speaks of recognition of Ouattara.
2010-12-24! 24th of December	International reactions	Abuja in Nigeria	At a meeting, ECOWAS Gbagbo threatened the use of military force.
2010-12-24! 24th of December	Finances		The BCEAO urges its branches not to pay any more money to Gbagbo.
2010-12-24! 24th of December	U.N.	new York	Ban Ki Moon said he was pleased about the decision of the General Assembly the day before to recognize Youssouf Bamba as the Ivorian representative.
2010-12-25! 25 December	threat		In response to the ECOWAS statement the previous day, Ahoua Don Mello , Minister of Infrastructure and Sewage Management in Gbagbo's government, said an attack by other African governments on Ivory Coast could quickly turn into civil war. He was playing on the millions of emigrants from West African countries in the Ivory Coast whose violent expulsion could result. He spoke of a " Western conspiracy led by France ".
2010-12-26! December 26th	refugees		The UNHCR spoke of 14,000 refugees en route to Liberia and expressed concern over reports that FN fighters were preventing them from crossing the border into Liberia.
2010-12-26! December 26th	mercenary		The government of Angola vigorously denied rumors she would Angolan mercenaries sent or soldiers in the Ivory Coast. She also criticized the actions of the international community which, in her opinion, lead directly to war.
2010-12-27! December 27th	strike		The general strike called the day before by the support coalition of Ouattara, Rassemblement des Houphouétistes pour la Démocratie et la Paix (RHDP), met with little response. Only in Bouaké did people stop working.
2010-12-27! December 27th	diplomacy	France, Belgium	The foreign ministries of France and Belgium announced that with immediate effect they would no longer recognize the ambassadors sent by Gbagbo and would initiate the recognition of successors who had been called up by Ouattara. The foreign ministries of Great Britain and Canada no longer recognize ambassadors appointed by Gbagbo. In return, Gbagbo expelled the ambassadors of the two countries.
2010-12-27! December 27th	diplomacy		The heads of state of Sierra Leone , Benin and Cape Verde as representatives of ECOWAS made a first attempt to persuade Gbagbo to resign from the presidency. The efforts were unsuccessful.
2010-12-27! December 27th	Hotel du Golf		Troops from Gbagbo cordoned off the Hotel du Golf until January 9th. It could only be reached more by helicopter.
2010-12-28! December 28th	Prominent supporters	France	Roland Dumas , former French Foreign Minister under President François Mitterrand and former President of the French Constitutional Court , and lawyer Jacques Vergès announced that they would be traveling to Ivory Coast. They defended Gbagbo's point of view and suggested at a press conference in early January that the votes be re-counted. Gbagbo had made this suggestion earlier.	Jacques Vergès (2008)
2010-12-28! December 28th	diplomacy	Abidjan	ECOWAS tried to put pressure on Gbagbo and threatened military intervention. Three AU heads of state - Boni Yayi from Benin, Ernest Koroma from Sierra Leone and Pedro Pires from Cape Verde arrived on the day. On the evening of the same day they left without having achieved anything.	Bonuses yayi Ernest Koroma (2008) Pedro Pires
2010-12-28! December 28th or according to the time and focus on December 29th	Struggles	Yopougon in Abidjan	An angry crowd attacked a UN convoy. They injured a UN soldier with a machete and set one of the three vehicles on fire.
2010-12-29! December 29th	diplomacy	Nigeria	The ECOWAS delegation met the organization's current chairman, Goodluck Jonathan , in Nigeria to discuss how to proceed. ECOWAS had threatened Gbagbo with military intervention if the power struggle continued. Jonathan said after the consultations that ECOWAS wanted to start another mediation attempt on January 3rd.	Goodluck Jonathan
2010-12-29! December 29th	Sanctions	Europe	The EU's entry bans against Gbagbo and his supporters were extended from 19 to 61 people.
2010-12-29! December 29th	diplomacy	new York	The new UN ambassador Youssoufou Bamba , nominated by Ouattara, was accredited to the United Nations in a ceremony.
2010-12-30! 30th of December	Investigations	Abobo in Abidjan	The head of the UN mission in Ivory Coast requested access to alleged mass graves. Security forces devoted to Laurent Gbagbo prevented UN officials from inspecting a building where up to 80 bodies were suspected. A second mass grave is said to have been located near Gagnoa inland.
2010-12-30! 30th of December	diplomacy	Gambia	The Gambian President Yahya Jammeh stated that the Ecowas did not have a mandate for military intervention. He also criticized the international pressure on Gbagbo.	Yahya (Abdul-Aziz Jemus Junkung) Jammeh (2003)
2010-12-30! 30th of December	Hotel du Golf	Abidjan	Charles Blé Goudé called on his supporters to occupy the Hotel du Golf. It set an ultimatum until January 1st.
2010-12-31! December 31	diplomacy	United Kingdom	British Foreign Secretary William Hague said his government would support a neighboring military operation to overthrow Gbagbo.	William Hague (2007)
2010-12-31! December 31	Finances		According to the London Club , Ivory Coast failed to meet its scheduled debt service for the day. The installment of 30 million euros was not paid.
2010-12-31! Turn of the year	Struggles	Duékoué	After the election, Duékoué was split into two camps and there was heavy fighting at the turn of the year. The occasion was the killing of a trader from the northern Vvorian Malinke people by militiamen of the Front de Liberation du Grand Ouest (FLGO), which escalated with dozens of dead.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Klaus D. Loetzer, Anja Casper: Two presidents and no way out of the political crisis. In: Konrad Adenauer Foundation . December 22, 2010, accessed April 8, 2011 .

↑ ^a ^b Election Commission: Opposition candidate wins presidential election. In: The Standard . December 2, 2010, accessed April 8, 2011 .

^ ^A ^b Présidentielle ivoirienne: Paul Yao N'Dré invalide les résultats provisoires, l'ONU bull market le ton. In: Jeune Afrique. December 2, 2010, accessed January 7, 2011 (French).

^ ^A ^b ^c Johannes Dieterich: Attack on the candidate of the opposition. In: Frankfurter Rundschau . December 1, 2010, accessed April 8, 2011 .

↑ Dominic Johnson: Dead and War Fear in Abidjan. In: taz. December 2, 2010, accessed December 3, 2010 .

↑ David Lewis, Tim Cocks: Ivory Coast poll winner named, army seals borders. In: Reuters . December 2, 2010, accessed January 8, 2011 .

↑ ^a ^b Ivory Coast has two presidents. In: Spiegel Online . December 4, 2010, accessed April 8, 2011 .

↑ ^a ^b BBC News: Ivory Coast's Gbagbo sworn in amid election row , December 4, 2010.

↑ Young-Jin Choi (UNOCI): Statement on the certification of the result of the second round of the presidential election held on November 28, 2010 . Abidjan, December 3, 2010. PDF (English), 14 kB, accessed on January 9, 2011.

↑ ^a ^b ^c The crisis in the Ivory Coast. In: the daily newspaper. April 5, 2011, accessed April 12, 2011 .

↑ tagesschau.de, accessed on December 5, 2010 ( Memento from December 5, 2010 in the Internet Archive )

↑ ^a ^b ^c Riots in the Ivory Coast. In: The time . December 4, 2010, accessed May 6, 2011 .

^ Warden Message. (No longer available online.) In: US Embassy Services. December 6, 2010, formerly in the original ; Retrieved May 2, 2011 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2
↑ ^a ^b EU threatens sanctions. In: N-TV . December 6, 2010, accessed May 2, 2011 .
↑ ^a ^b The EU threatens Gbagbo with sanctions. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. December 6, 2010, accessed May 2, 2011 .
↑ Over 200,000 people are fleeing the fighting. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung. March 3, 2011, accessed March 30, 2011 .
↑ UN Security Council : Security Council Press Statement on Côte d'Ivoire - SC / 10105 - AFR / 2079. In: Security Council. December 8, 2010, accessed May 5, 2011 .

↑ UN Security Council intervenes in Ivory Coast crisis. In: ORF. December 9, 2010, accessed December 9, 2010 .

↑ ^a ^b African Union suspends Ivory Coast membership. (No longer available online.) In: DNews. December 9, 2010, archived from the original on December 12, 2010 ; Retrieved May 5, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.

↑ Stefan Ehlert: A life in fear - and in the hotel. In: ARD . December 11, 2010; Archived from the original on December 13, 2010 ; Retrieved May 6, 2011 .

↑ Gbagbo accuses diplomats of destabilizing the Ivory Coast. In: Liechtensteiner Volksblatt . December 12, 2010, accessed May 11, 2011 .

↑ EU wants to strengthen election winners with sanctions. In: Die Tagesschau . December 13, 2010, accessed May 10, 2011 .

^ EU sanctions against the President of Ivory Coast. In: The time . December 14, 2010, accessed May 10, 2011 .

↑ tagesschau.de taken on December 18, 2010 ( Memento from December 18, 2010 in the Internet Archive )

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Sarkozy issues Gbagbo ultimatum. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. December 17, 2010, accessed May 12, 2011 .

↑ Vladimir Cagnolari: The television war in the Ivory Coast. (No longer available online.) In: Le Monde diplomatique . May 13, 2011, formerly in the original ; Retrieved June 6, 2011 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2
↑ Dominic Johnson : Laurent Gbagbo in The Hague. In: the daily newspaper . November 30, 2011, accessed November 30, 2011 .
↑ Gbagbo asks blue helmets to leave Côte d'Ivoire. In: NZZ. December 18, 2010, accessed December 22, 2010 .
↑ EU entry ban for President of the Ivory Coast. In: ORF. December 20, 2010, accessed December 20, 2010 .
↑ ^a ^b Thomas Scheen: Countless old accounts. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. December 23, 2010, accessed May 12, 2011 .
↑ UN counted 173 murders. In: n-tv . December 23, 2010, accessed May 27, 2011 .
↑ Francois Misser: Africa's black sheep. In: the daily newspaper . February 21, 2011, accessed March 29, 2011 .
^ ^A ^b ^c Thomas Scheen: Gbagbo threatens "civil war". In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. December 26, 2010, accessed May 27, 2011 .
↑ ^a ^b Germans are supposed to leave Ivory Coast. (No longer available online.) In: JuraBlogs.com. December 22, 2010, formerly in the original ; Retrieved July 15, 2011 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.jurablogs.com
↑ Dominic Johnson: Gbagbo robbed the central bank. In: the daily newspaper. January 28, 2011, accessed May 27, 2011 .
↑ UN officially recognizes election victory in Ivory Coast. In: dnews. December 24, 2010, archived from the original on December 26, 2010 ; Retrieved November 24, 2014 .
↑ The pressure on Laurent Gbagbo is growing. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. December 24, 2010, accessed May 27, 2011 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c Ban Ki-moon welcomes recognition from Ouattara. In: Abendblatt. December 25, 2010, accessed May 27, 2011 .
↑ ^a ^b Thousands are fleeing violence. In: n-tv . December 26, 2010, accessed May 27, 2011 .
↑ ^a ^b Gbagbo cannot be stopped by strike. In: AG Peace Research. December 28, 2010, accessed May 27, 2011 .
↑ Gbagbo's people kicked out of the embassy. In: Tages-Anzeiger . December 27, 2010, accessed January 8, 2011 .
↑ Gbagbo shows ambassadors from Great Britain and Canada. In: Tages-Anzeiger . January 6, 2011, accessed January 8, 2011 .
↑ ^a ^b Gbagbo dismisses West African leaders. In: Spiegel-Online. December 28, 2010, accessed January 8, 2011 .
↑ New mediation attempt for Ivory Coast. In: tagesschau.sf.tv. January 9, 2011, accessed June 10, 2011 .
↑ ^a ^b Ivory Coast threatens genocide. In: Recklinghäuser Zeitung . December 30, 2010, accessed May 6, 2011 .
↑ Gbagbo unimpressed by threats. In: AG Peace Research. December 31, 2010, accessed May 30, 2011 .
↑ Gbagbo accuses UN soldiers of attacks on civilians. In: The time . January 2, 2011, accessed June 9, 2011 .
↑ Elected president accuses blue helmets of shots. In: Focus Online . January 2, 2011, accessed June 9, 2011 .
^ Ivory Coast: Attack on UN blue helmets. In: OE24. December 28, 2010, accessed May 30, 2011 .
↑ Mediation mission initially failed.
↑ EU continues to put pressure on Gbagbo
↑ Ivory Coast: UN ambassador warns of genocide. In: ad hoc news. December 30, 2010, accessed January 8, 2011 .
↑ UN demand access to alleged mass graves in Ivory Coast
↑ ^a ^b British government offers assistance with military intervention. In: Focus. December 31, 2010, accessed June 6, 2011 .
↑ Ivory Coast with debt servicing default. In: The star . January 3, 2011, archived from the original on May 17, 2013 ; accessed on October 22, 2016 .
↑ Dominic Johnson: Similar to genocide. In: the daily newspaper. April 3, 2011, accessed April 4, 2011 .

[KAS-Info-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Klaus D. Loetzer, Anja Casper: Two presidents and no way out of the political crisis. In: Konrad Adenauer Foundation . December 22, 2010, accessed April 8, 2011 .

[Wahlkommission-2] Election Commission: Opposition candidate wins presidential election. In: The Standard . December 2, 2010, accessed April 8, 2011 .

[hintergrund_yao_ndre-3] A ^b Présidentielle ivoirienne: Paul Yao N'Dré invalide les résultats provisoires, l'ONU bull market le ton. In: Jeune Afrique. December 2, 2010, accessed January 7, 2011 (French).

[Opposition-4] A ^b ^c Johannes Dieterich: Attack on the candidate of the opposition. In: Frankfurter Rundschau . December 1, 2010, accessed April 8, 2011 .

[5] Dominic Johnson: Dead and War Fear in Abidjan. In: taz. December 2, 2010, accessed December 3, 2010 .

[6] David Lewis, Tim Cocks: Ivory Coast poll winner named, army seals borders. In: Reuters . December 2, 2010, accessed January 8, 2011 .

[Blutiger_Machtkampf-7] Ivory Coast has two presidents. In: Spiegel Online . December 4, 2010, accessed April 8, 2011 .

[BBC_News,_4._12.-8] BBC News: Ivory Coast's Gbagbo sworn in amid election row , December 4, 2010.

[9] Young-Jin Choi (UNOCI): Statement on the certification of the result of the second round of the presidential election held on November 28, 2010 . Abidjan, December 3, 2010. PDF (English), 14 kB, accessed on January 9, 2011.

[tazChronologie-10] The crisis in the Ivory Coast. In: the daily newspaper. April 5, 2011, accessed April 12, 2011 .

[11] tagesschau.de, accessed on December 5, 2010 ( Memento from December 5, 2010 in the Internet Archive )

[ZeitUnruhen-12] Riots in the Ivory Coast. In: The time . December 4, 2010, accessed May 6, 2011 .