Long-tailed dwarf hamster

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Long-tailed dwarf hamster
Systematics
Family : Burrowers (Cricetidae)
Subfamily : Hamster (Cricetinae)
Genre : Gray hamster ( Cricetulus )
Subgenus : Cricetulus subgen. Cricetulus
without rank: Cricetulus longicaudatus group
Type : Long-tailed dwarf hamster
Scientific name
Cricetulus longicaudatus
( Milne-Edwards , 1867)

The long-tailed dwarf hamster ( Cricetulus longicaudatus ) is a type of hamster belonging to the gray dwarf hamster . Discovered by Armand David in what is now Inner Mongolia and described as Cricetus (Cricetulus) longicaudatus by Alphonse Milne-Edwards in 1867 , it is distributed in several subspecies over northern and central China , Mongolia , southern Siberia and eastern Kazakhstan . He is not in danger.

Its body length is eight to fourteen centimeters. There is also a four to five centimeter long tail. Its fur is sandy-yellow or dark-brownish-gray on the top, and grayish-white on the underside. It is closely tied to rocky mountain regions, feeds mainly on plant seeds and sometimes on insects, and is nocturnal. Its self-dug burrow is simple and it often inhabits crevices in the rock or the burrows of other animals. From March to September he gives birth to four to nine young animals in one to three litters.

The long-tailed dwarf hamster differs from the closely related Daurian dwarf hamster by the lack of an eel line and longer tail, and from the gray dwarf hamster by its dark ears with a light rim and two-colored tail. On the basis of the skull, it can be distinguished from the Daurian dwarf hamster by the flat or less arched parietal bone and the barely developed, lateral bulges of the tooth sockets . It differs from other species of gray dwarf hamsters in that it has large tympanic bladders .

Body features

Body measurements and fur

The long-tailed dwarf hamster is small, about the size of the Daurian dwarf hamster or slightly larger. Its tail is slender, long and visibly longer than the hind paws. The head-trunk length is usually 80 to 135 millimeters, the tail length 35 to 48 millimeters, the hind foot length 15 to 21 millimeters, the ear length 15 to 20 millimeters and the body weight 15 to 50 grams. The tail length is usually at least 33 percent of the head-torso length. However, it decreases towards the south. In the north it measures 35 to 46 percent of the head-torso length, in specimens from Hebei only about 30 millimeters and in the subspecies Cricetulus longicaudatus chiumalaiensis in Qinghai only 21 to 39 millimeters.

The fur is darker than that of the gray dwarf hamster. On the upper side, including the muzzle, the cheeks down to the eye and ear, the back to the base of the tail and the upper parts of the upper arm and thigh, it is sand-colored-yellow or dark-brownish-gray. The underside is greyish-white with grayish-black hairs at the base and white hairs at the top. The hair is rarely completely white. A sharp, almost horizontal line runs along the side of the body, which is formed by the contrasting coloration of the top and bottom. The tail is dark on the upper side and pure white on the underside. The paws are also pure white on top. On each side of the snout there is a spot at the base of the whiskers . The auricles are dark inside and outside with a light border and sometimes with conspicuous white tips. On the nape of the neck and between the ears, the fur can be a little darker due to the many dark outer hairs . However , there is no clear line of eel . Young animals are ash gray. The soles are bare except for the heel .

The fur on the upper side usually becomes lighter towards the south. The darkest is that of the northern subspecies Cricetulus longicaudatus kozhantschikovi . In Hebei, the nominate form is also significantly darker, especially in the lower part of the back. Here long hair with black tips stands between numerous mostly slate-colored hair and light-yellow-brown hair at the tips. In some specimens there is a dark eel line. On the flanks of the body and in a small area behind each auricle, the slate-colored hair dominates, which leads to a light-ocher-yellow-brown color. There is a pronounced yellow-brown tint on the chest. The subspecies Cricetulus longicaudatus chiumalaiensis is also a little darker on top.

skull

The skull of the long-tailed dwarf hamster is low and slightly domed at the top or almost flat. The muzzle is narrow and long. The nasal bones form a pronounced notch in the side view in the area of suture nasofrontalis from. The parietal bone is flatter than that of the Daurian dwarf hamster and only forms thin forward projections. There are no supraorbital ridges . The articular knots of the occiput do not protrude beyond this to the rear. The timpani-bubbles are large, high and round. The incisor holes are long and reach back behind the front edge of the first upper molar. The interpterygoid foramen is deep and extends forward to the third upper molar. The tips of the upper incisors point more backwards than in the Daurian dwarf hamster and the incisors are thinner than in the gray dwarf hamster. The bulges formed by the tooth sockets on the sides of the intermaxillary bone are hardly developed. The largest skull length is usually 25 to 31 millimeters.

Allen (1940) gives the largest skull length of nine specimens of the nominate shape, on the other hand, with 23.2 to 26.5 millimeters, the basal length with 20.0 to 22.6 millimeters, the palatal length with 10.8 to 12.5 millimeters, the zygomatic Width with 11.8 to 13.5 millimeters and the mastoid width with 10.5 to 11.9 millimeters. He specifies the width over the molars as 4.6 to 5.1 millimeters, the length of the upper row of molars as 3.3 to 3.8 millimeters and the length of the lower row of molars as 3.7 to 3.9 millimeters. The skull of Cricetulus longicaudatus chiumalaiensis is slightly larger with an average length of 28.3 millimeters and the skull is longer, slightly flatter and has light bony ridges. The tympanic membranes are larger and somewhat inflated. According to Wang and Cheng (1973), the greatest skull length is 26.5 to 30.7 millimeters, the palatal length 12.3 to 15.2 millimeters, the nasal length 9.5 to 12.1 millimeters, and the zygomatic width 13.4 to 15 .5 centimeters, the interorbital width 4.2 to 4.9 millimeters and the mastoid width 10.8 to 12.0 millimeters. The length of the tympanic sacs is 5.2 to 5.9 millimeters and the length of the upper molar row 4.1 to 4.5 millimeters.

genetics

The number of chromosomes of the long-tailed dwarf hamster in the double set of chromosomes is 24 and the arm number of autosomes is 34. The X chromosome is subtelocentric and the Y chromosome is submetacentric .

Habitat and way of life

Habitat, nutrition and predators

The long-tailed dwarf hamster is a stenotopic species and is closely related to rocky mountain regions . In the southern part of its range, its habitat consists of deserts , shrubland , forests and highland meadows . In addition, it occurs in mountain steppes , in semi-deserts , in the foothills and on the southern slopes of mountains, where panicle grasses and shrubs grow. It is most common in the semi-deserts of the foothills and in low-lying grass steppes up to an altitude of 1900 meters above sea level. He also lives in undeveloped Artemisia grass steppes and the edges of fields . Optimal biotopes are the slopes of low mountain ridges with adjacent bedrock and neighboring piles of stones and rocks as well as old scree slopes overgrown with bushes. In Mongolia it could also occur in stony, scree deserts . In winter it can invade rural buildings and temporary dwellings as a moderately synanthropic species. In the desert areas from Shanxi westward across the Gobi, it is the most common species of gray dwarf hamster.

It feeds mainly on plant seeds and sometimes on insects . Plant material was found in 100 percent of animals caught with cheek pouches filled, but animal material in only 26 percent. In Tuwa, the seeds of pea bushes were found in 74 percent of the animals , those of wheat in 53 percent , those of tragacanth in 37 percent and insects and vegetative parts of plants to a very small extent. In Burjatien to cores found in 40 percent of animals from septic trees 32 percent the seeds of Labkräutern , at 21 percent of Gilbweiderich and 14 percent of Knöterichen . The number of insects was insignificant and vegetative parts of the plant were missing. In Buryatia, piles of gnawed buckthorn kernels were often found next to crevices in the rock, which are interpreted as waste from the pantry. The creation of supplies could also be observed in human care. In Tuwa these can weigh up to 12 kilograms.

In Shanxi it is an important prey of the little owl .

Construction, action space and activity times

The burrows of the long-tailed dwarf hamster are flat, extend horizontally below the surface of the earth and are often laid out under rocks. They contain pantries and grass-lined nests , are arranged in groups and have three to six entrances. The corridors are two to three centimeters in diameter and up to three meters long. In addition to these simple, self-dug structures, he often uses crevices in the rock or the burrows of marmots . There the young animals are thrown and raised.

On the basis of the contents of the cheek pouch it was possible to determine that his action area can measure over 200 meters. He is nocturnal .

Reproduction

The breeding season of the long-tailed dwarf hamster begins in March or April. In Daurien he throws for the first time around the last third of March. Pregnant females were caught in August and the whelping season will probably continue into September. Two litters a year are normal, but overwintered animals can have up to three litters and those born in the first litter of the year usually only throw once. The litter size is four to nine young animals. Flint (1966) gave the number of embryos or uterine scars in 36 captured animals three times with four, eight times with five, 14 times with six, six times with seven, four times with eight and once with one. The long-tailed dwarf hamster thus lags slightly behind other hamsters in terms of its reproduction intensity.

Distribution and fossil finds

The range of the long-tailed dwarf hamster extends over the north and the center of China, Mongolia, the south of Siberia and the east of Kazakhstan.

The distribution area of the long-tailed dwarf hamster extends over the north and the center of China , the west and the center of Mongolia , the south of Siberia and the east of Kazakhstan . In China, it occurs in northern Xinjiang , Inner Mongolia , Hebei , Beijing , Tianjin , northern Henan , Shanxi , Shaanxi , Ningxia , Gansu , Qinghai and Tibet . In Mongolia it is widespread to the east up to about 104 degrees east. It was recently discovered in the northern part of the Ikh-Nartiin-Chuluu Conservation Area in the East Gobi. In Siberia he lives in Tuva , the Sayan Mountains and the west of Dauria .

Fossil finds are not known.

Systematics and nomenclature

External system

Molecular genetic studies of mitochondrial cytochrome - b - and 12S rRNA genes and the nuclear vWF gene by Neumann and co-workers (2006) showed a for the investigated hamster species sister group relationship of long-tailed dwarf hamster with Daurian dwarf hamsters . Accordingly, the two species separated from each other 2.9 to 3.1 million years ago and from 5.8 to 7.4 million years ago from other hamster species. Karyological investigations by means of staining the chromosome bands by Romanenko and colleagues (2007), on the other hand, suggest a closer relationship with the gray dwarf hamster and the common hamster . Neumann et al. (2006) put the long-tailed dwarf hamster as the only species in the Cricetulus longicaudatus group and Pawlinow (2003) combines it with the Daurian dwarf hamster and the Sokolow dwarf hamster in the subgenus Cricetulus .

Konstantin Alexejewitsch Satunin, however, united it in 1903 with the Kham dwarf hamster and similar, long-tailed hamsters in the genus Urocricetus . John Reeves Ellerman summarized it in 1941 based on the literature also with the Kham dwarf hamster in the Cricetulus longicaudatus group. Ellerman and Terence Charles Stuart Morrison-Scott, however, united him in 1951 with the gray dwarf hamster and the Daurian dwarf hamster in the Cricetulus migratorius group. Based on the literature, Vladimir Evgenyevich Flint assigned him the Kham dwarf hamster again in 1966.

Internal system

Smith and Hoffmann (2008), Clark and coworkers (2006) as well as Gromow and Jerbajewa (1995) distinguish the following three subspecies of the long-tailed dwarf hamster:

  • Cricetulus longicaudatus chiumalaiensis Wang & Cheng, 1973 in Qinghai and Tibet,
  • Cricetulus longicaudatus longicaudatus (Milne-Edwards 1867) in China and Mongolia with the synonyms andersoni Thomas, 1908 in Shanxi, nigrescens Allen, 1925 in Hebei, dichrootis Satunin, 1903 in Nan Shan and griseiventris Satunin, 1903 in Mongolia as well
  • Cricetulus longicaudatus kozhantschikovi Vinogradov, 1927 in Tuva and in the Sayan Mountains.

Gromow and Jerbajewa (1995) recognize Cricetulus longicaudatus kozhantschikovi (in Tuwa and the Sajan Mountains) as a subspecies in the area of ​​the former Soviet Union , Clark and colleagues (2006) in Mongolia recognize the subspecies Cricetulus longicaudatus longicaudatus . Smith and Hoffmann (2008) differentiate between the two subspecies Cricetulus longicaudatus chiumalaiensis (in the south of Qinghai and in Tibet) and Cricetulus longicaudatus longicaudatus (in the north of Xinjiang, in Inner Mongolia, in Hebei, in Beijing, in Tianjin, in the north of Henan) in China , in Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu and Qinghai). They put nigrescens in the synonymy of Cricetulus longicaudatus longicaudatus .

In 1941, John Reeves Ellerman distinguished the subspecies Cricetulus longicaudatus longicaudatus , Cricetulus longicaudatus griseiventris , Cricetulus longicaudatus dichrootis , Cricetulus longicaudatus andersoni , Cricetulus longicaudatus nigrescens and Cricetulus longicaudatus kozhantscikovi . Glover Morrill Allen , however , assigned dichrootis to the Gobi dwarf hamster in 1940 , but already put andersoni in the synonymy of Cricetulus longicaudatus longicaudatus . Ellerman and Terence Charles Stuart Morrison-Scott united andersoni also 1951 Cricetulus longicaudatus longicaudatus and distinct subspecies Cricetulus longicaudatus longicaudatus (in Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Mongolia and Manchuria), Cricetulus longicaudatus griseiventris , Cricetulus longicaudatus dichrootis , Cricetulus longicaudatus nigrescens and Cricetulus longicaudatus kozhantscikovi . Andrei Grigorjewitsch Bannikow also summarized nigrescens with Cricetulus longicaudatus dichrootis in 1960 , while Wang Sung and Cheng Chang-lin in 1973 put both nigrescens and dichrootis in the synonymy of Cricetulus longicaudatus longicaudatus and led Cricetulus longicaudatus chiumalaiensis as new Unterartaiensis. In 1978 Gordon Barclay Corbet united dichrootis (in Nan Shan), griseiventris (in Mongolia), kozhantscikovi (in the Sajan Mountains) and nigrescens (in Hebei) with Cricetulus longicaudatus longicaudatus and compared this subspecies with Cricetulus longicaudatus chiumalaiensis .

nomenclature

Mission armand david.jpg
Armand David discovered the long-tailed dwarf hamster in what is now Inner Mongolia ...
Milne-edwards A.jpg
... and Alphonse Milne-Edwards described it in 1867 as Cricetus (Cricetulus) longicaudatus .


The type specimen of the long-tailed dwarf hamster, like that of the Gobi dwarf hamster, probably comes from the vicinity of “Saratsi” on the Yellow River, about 60 kilometers west of Hohhot in what is now Inner Mongolia. It was created by Armand David collected in 1867 by Alphonse Milne-Edwards in Recherches pour servir à l'histoire naturelle des mammifères as Cricetus (Cricetulus) longicaudatus (from Latin longus , long 'and caudate , truant') described and is probably in the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in Paris. Konstantin Alexejewitsch Satunin described in New Rodents from Central Asia in 1903 another specimen of the "Bis-shen-gol" on the south side of the Gobi-Altai as Cricetulus phaeus griseiventris (from Latin griseis 'gray' and venter 'belly') and a copy of the " Gorban-angyr-gol “in the Nan Shan as Cricetulus dichrootis (from ancient Greek δίχρως díchrōs , 'two-colored' and ὠτός ōtós genitive of 'ear'). A specimen collected by M. P. Anderson about 160 kilometers northwest of Taiyuan in Shanxi was described by Oldfield Thomas in 1908 in List of Mammals from the Provinces of Chih-li and Shan-si, N. China as Cricetulus andersoni .

In 1925, Glover Morrill Allen described a specimen about 160 kilometers northeast of Beijing in Hebei as Cricetulus andersoni nigrescens (from Latin nigresco , 'to turn black'). The bellows and skull of this adult male, collected in March 1922 on the expedition led by Roy Chapman Andrews , are in the American Museum of Natural History in New York and have the inventory number 56307. A specimen from "Tuksel-Chem" in the Sayan Mountains in Minusinsk district described Boris Stepanowitsch Winogradow in 1927 as Cricetulus kozhantschikovi (after Igor Wassiljewitsch Koschantschikow ). It is located in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg. Wang Sung and Cheng Chang-lin finally described in 1973 a specimen from the "Sewukou" valley in the "Chiumalai" district in Qinghai as Cricetulus longicaudatus chiumalaiensis . The holotype with inventory number 630452 was collected on August 31, 1963, a paratype with inventory number 630477 on September 1, 1963 and further specimens from May to September 1960. All types are in the Biological Institute of Qinghai Province in Xining .

Persistence and protection

As in 1996, the International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN classified the long-tailed dwarf hamster as Least Concern in 2008 . This is justified with the large stocks and the wide distribution. A population decline could not be determined and no larger threats are known. Regionally, according to the IUCN, it is also not considered to be endangered in China (2004) and Mongolia (2006).

Threats to the long-tailed dwarf hamster are not currently considered significant. A habitat loss could by browsing an increasing number of cattle caused. In some areas, other rodents could compete for resources. In addition, it is partly endangered by the drying up of springs and droughts . However, it is unclear whether these are natural or man-made changes. In Mongolia, around 11 percent of its range is in protected areas .

Web links

Commons : Cricetulus longicaudatus  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Used literature

  • Glover Morrill Allen: Hamsters Collected by the American Museum Asiatic Expeditions . In: American Museum Novitates . No. 179 , 1925, ISSN  0003-0082 , pp. 1-7 ( biodiversitylibrary.org - full text).
  • Glover Morrill Allen: The Mammals of China and Mongolia. Part 2 . In: Natural History of Central Asia . tape XI . The American Museum of Natural History, New York 1940 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Nyamsuren Batsaikhan, David S. Tinnin, Badamjavin Lhagvasuren, Gansukh Sukhchuluun: Cricetulus longicaudatus . In: IUCN 2010 (Ed.): IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1 . 2008 ( iucnredlist.org ).
  • Mongolian Red List of Mammals . In: Emma L. Clark, Munkhbat Javzansuren, Sanduin Dulamtseren, Jonathan EM Baillie, Nyamsuren Batsaikhan, Ravchig Samiya, Michael Stubbe (eds.): Regional Red List Series . tape 1 . Zoological Society of London, 2006, ISSN  1751-0031 ( regionalredlist.com ( Memento of February 9, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) [PDF; 16.1 MB ] full text).
  • Gordon Barclay Corbet: The Mammals of the Palaearctic Region: A Taxonomic Review . British Museum (Natural History) / Cornell University Press, London / Ithaca 1978, ISBN 0-8014-1171-8 .
  • John Reeves Ellerman: The Families and Genera of Living Rodents. Volume II: Family Muridae . British Museum (Natural History), London 1941 ( BHL : 34532 ).
  • John Reeves Ellerman, Terence Charles Stuart Morrison-Scott: Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian Mammals 1758 to 1946 . British Museum (Natural History), London 1951 ( BHL : 35410 ).
  • Wladimir Evgenjewitsch Flint: The dwarf hamsters of the Palearctic fauna . In: New Brehm Library . 2nd, unchanged supplement of the 1st edition. tape 366 . Westarp Sciences, Hohenwarsleben 2006, ISBN 3-89432-766-9 (first edition: 1966).
  • Igor Mikhailovich Gromov, Margarita Alexandrovna Jerbajewa: Млекопитающие фауны России и сопредельных территорий (зайцеобразные и грызуны) / [The Mammals of Russia and adjacent areas (lagomorphs and rodents)] . Russian Academy of Sciences (Zoological Institute), Saint Petersburg 1995 ( zoomet.ru - full text).
  • Karsten Neumann, Johan Michaux, Wladimir S. Lebedew, Nuri Yigit, Ercüment Çolak, Natalja W. Iwanowa, Andrei B. Poltoraus, Alexei Surow, Georgi Markow, Steffen Maak, Sabine Neumann, Rolf Gattermann: Molecular Phylogeny of the Cricetinae Subfamily Based on the Mitochondrial Cytochrome b and 12S rRNA Genes and the Nuclear vWF Gene . In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . tape 39 , no. 1 , 2006, ISSN  1055-7903 , p. 135-148 , doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2006.01.010 .
  • Igor Jakowlewitsch Pawlinow: Систематика современных млекопитающих / [Systematics of recent mammals] . Moscow State University, Moscow 2003 ( zmmu.msu.ru - full text).
  • Igor Jakowlewitsch Pawlinow, Olga Leonidowna Rossolimo: Систематика млекопитающих СССР / [Systematics of Mammals of the USSR] . Moscow State University, Moscow 1987 ( zmmu.msu.ru - full text).
  • Svetlana Anatoljewna Romanenko, Vitaly T. Volobouev, Polina Lwowna Perelman, Wladimir Svyatoslawowitsch Lebedew, Natalija A. Serdyukowa, Vladimir Alexandrovich Trifonow, Larissa Semenovna Biltuijewa, Nie Wen-hui, Patricia CM O'Brien-Bulat-Andrewna Smith , Yang Feng-tang, Alexander Sergejewitsch Grafodatski: Karyotype Evolution and Phylogenetic Relationships of Hamsters (Cricetidae, Muroidea, Rodentia) Inferred from Chromosomal Painting and Banding Comparison . In: Chromosome Research . tape 15 , no. 3 , 2007, ISSN  0967-3849 , p. 283-297 , doi : 10.1007 / s10577-007-1124-3 .
  • Shao Ming-qin, Liu Nai-fa: The Diet of the Little Owl ( Athene noctua ) in the Desert Habitats of Northwestern China . In: Journal of Raptor Research . tape 42 , no. 1 , 2008, ISSN  0892-1016 , p. 61-64 , doi : 10.3356 / JRR-05-17.1 .
  • Andrew T. Smith, Robert S. Hoffmann: Subfamily Cricetinae — Hamsters . In: Andrew T. Smith, Xie Yan (Eds.): A Guide to the Mammals of China . Princeton University Press, Princeton / Oxford 2008, ISBN 978-0-691-09984-2 , pp. 239-247 .
  • Wang Sung, Cheng Chang-lin: Notes on Chinese Hamsters (Cricetinae) . In: Acta Zoologica Sinica . tape 19 , no. 1 , 1973, ISSN  1674-5507 , pp. 61–68 ( actazool.org [PDF] full text).

Remarks

  1. ↑ Gromow and Jerbajewa, 1995 ( Cricetulus )
  2. ^ Smith and Hoffmann, 2008 (p. 242)
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Smith and Hoffmann, 2008 (pp. 243–244)
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Gromow and Jerbajewa, 1995 ( Cricetulus longicaudatus )
  5. ↑ a b c Allen, 1925 ( p. 2 )
  6. ↑ a b c d Wang and Cheng, 1973 ( p. 68 )
  7. ↑ a b c Allen, 1940 ( p. 761 )
  8. ↑ a b c d Allen, 1940 ( p. 762 )
  9. ↑ a b Flint, 1966 (p. 14)
  10. ↑ Svetlana A. Romanenko, Vitaly T. Volobouev and a .: Karyotype evolution and phylogenetic relationships of hamsters (Cricetidae, Muroidea, Rodentia) inferred from chromosomal painting and banding comparison. In: Chromosome Research. doi: 10.1007 / s10577-007-1124-3 . (Tab. 1, p. 284)
  11. ↑ Chromosomes of Russian Mammals: Myomorpha 1
  12. ↑ a b Flint, 1966 (pp. 19-20)
  13. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Batsaichan et al. , 2008
  14. ↑ Flint, 1966 (pp. 75-76)
  15. ↑ Flint, 1966 (p. 36)
  16. ↑ Flint, 1966 (p. 32)
  17. ↑ Flint, 1966 (pp. 71-72)
  18. ↑ Mingqin Shao, Naifa Liu: The Diet of the Little Owl (Athene noctua) in the Desert Habitats of Northwestern China. In: Journal of Raptor Research. 42, 2008, pp. 61-64, doi: 10.3356 / JRR-05-17.1 . (P. 62)
  19. ↑ Flint, 1966 (p. 61)
  20. ↑ Flint, 1966 (p. 71)
  21. ↑ Flint, 1966 (p. 41)
  22. ↑ Flint, 1966 (pp. 44-45)
  23. ↑ a b c d Clark and co-workers, 2006 ( regionalredlist.com ( Memento of February 9, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) pp. 47–48)
  24. ^ Neumann et al ., 2006 (Fig. 2)
  25. ^ Neumann and co-workers, 2006 (Tab. 3)
  26. ↑ Svetlana A. Romanenko, Vitaly T. Volobouev and a .: Karyotype evolution and phylogenetic relationships of hamsters (Cricetidae, Muroidea, Rodentia) inferred from chromosomal painting and banding comparison. In: Chromosome Research. doi: 10.1007 / s10577-007-1124-3 . (Fig. 6, p. 292)
  27. ^ Neumann et al. , 2006
  28. ↑ Pavlinow, 2003 ( Rodentia 4 )
  29. ↑ Allen, 1940 ( p. 757 )
  30. ↑ a b Ellerman, 1941 ( pp. 432–433 )
  31. ↑ Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951 ( pp. 621–625 )
  32. ↑ Allen, 1940 ( p. 759 )
  33. ^ A b Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951 ( pp. 624–625 )
  34. ↑ Corbet, 1978 (p. 91)
  35. ↑ Pawlinow and Rossolimo, 1987 ( Rodentia 2 )