Dukagjini (tribe)

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Coat of arms of Lekë III. Dukagjini (* 1410; † 1481)

The tribe of the Dukagjini ( Latin Ducaginus , Italian Ducagini , also: Duchayna, Docaînî, Docagîna, Ducaino, Docaino, Ducaini) occupies an exceptional position in the history of Albania and was one of the most important feudal families in medieval Albania . Known since ancient times , the Dukagjini have always been present at the most dramatic events in the country. Some claim to be descended from this clan , who continue to play an important role in Albanian and Kosovar society.

According to the Italian historian Paolo Petta, some historians of the Albanian Middle Ages who dealt with the genealogical data of the Dukagjini were wrong, since they viewed the Dukagjini as a family rather than an extended and branched clan that did not necessarily have to be related to one another. The genealogies supplied by Ducange , Hahn and Hopf should be mentioned here , which one should very much doubt. Characteristic of the Dukagjini is not only the presence of numerous family leaders, but also the eternal addiction to argument. It can be argued that there was not a moment in Albanian history (including the most dramatic period of the wars against the Ottomans ) in the 15th century when the dukagjini did not appear in both of the opposing battlefields.

The coat of arms of the Dukagjini consisted of a single-headed white eagle on a blue background.

origin

The origin of the family has not yet been finally clarified. The name "Ducagini" probably derives from the Latin Dux (leader) and the common names "Gjin", Albanian for Johann , from.

Another theory of the origin of the Dukgajini is said to have been a consequence of the Angiovinian rule (1272-1392). The Dukagjini are said to have sprung from a Duc d'Agnin or from Griffon de Hautefeuille.

history

A Byzantine chronicler from the 7th century, who refers to stories and legends, writes that in the 5th century a Gothic tribe under the leadership of Duca Gentius (or Gini) settled in Shkodra from Dalmatia . Later this Duca Gini was appointed Sebastocrator by the Byzantine Emperor and was “ Magister Militum ” in Dalmatia. Ducas Gentius would have extended his influence to the areas of Shkodra and Durrës , where he would have exercised his power by following the Gothic laws and rules.

Zeta, part of Serbia (1082–1106)

The Russian albanologist Vikentij Makušev claims that the tribe was known as the Dukagjini of Arbania in the 7th century and ruled over the Albanian part of Montenegro (Piperi, Vasojevic, Podgorica and Kuči, i.e. Zeta ).

Chronicles from Ragusa report that 690 many people came to Ragusa with all their belongings from Albania (south of Shkodra ) and areas in Bosnia . Many of the people who had fled from Bosnia were partisans of the “ Duchagini ” and saved themselves because they feared they would be accused and punished.

According to Ragusian sources published by Makušev, it appears that the Dukagjini of Albania organized an uprising against the Slavic occupation in 695, but were defeated in the process and therefore asked the Ragusians for protection and asylum, which was refused. Thus the Dukagjini were forced to return to their country and to be subjected to Slavic power. According to the Chronicles of Ragusa, the Dukagjini agreed to be collegial forever, but only to help each other (“ compari per semper e non accattarono che infra loro ”).

13th Century

Between 1190 and 1216 the Dukagjini territory belonged to the Principality of Arbëria .

View from Lezha Castle into the Zadrima plain

According to the Scottish orientalist Gibbe , the history of the Dukagjini goes back to the time of the Crusades, when men of the Normans "Le Duc Jean" settled in the Shkodra area and later became Albanians by mixing with the locals .

During the Fourth Crusade (1202-1204) Duca Progon, son of Tanush, is said to have expanded the area of ​​his empire to the northeast and is said to have occupied the areas up to the River Fan in the Mirdita with Lezha center . According to Byzantine chronicles, Duca Progon would have had two sons, Pal and Lekë, who would also have been known as the lords of Zadrima (the area between the lower reaches of the Drin and Mat rivers ). Two of their descendants, Gjergj Dukagjini, Lord of Zadrima, and Tanush, Lord of Fandi (between the two tributaries of the Mat), had many children.

1281 was the first time writing an Albanian chieftain " ducem Qinium Tanuschum ", " dux Ginius Tanuschus " (in the Byzantine Rank Name " Dukas Ginos " or " Ducam Ginum Tanuschum Albanensem "), I. Tanush , the ancestor of the Dukagjini as political prisoners and opponents of Anjou rule mentioned in the Regnum Albaniae .

14th Century

Approximate location of the domains of Gjin I and Pal I, 1356

In 1356 the Dukagjini tribe split into two. In the north, Pal I extended its power to the Gashi and Krasniqi tribes in today's Albania, Peja , Pristina , Gjakova and Prizren in today's Kosovo . Lipjan became the capital in what is now Kosovo. In the south, Gjergj I († before 1409) exercised his rule in the regions of Lezha, Zadrima, Pukë , Selita, Mirdita in today's Albania and Zhub in today's Kosovo with the capital Lezha and his residence in the fortress of Lezha .

On September 2, 1368, Alexander Giorič and his noblemen , the voivode from Kanina , Progan I (Dukagjini), the captain Nikolaus von Vallona and the captain Branilo Kastriota - possible father of Pal Kastrioti - and others concluded an alliance with Ragusa .

Dominion of the Balšić 1372-1378

In 1372 the Dukagjini had to bow to the Balšić , the princes of Zeta.

In a document from Ragusa from 1377 a " Nicolaus Tuderovich Duchaghi " is mentioned. However, it is not possible to establish a relationship with other members of the Dukagjini tribe.

Principality of Dukagjini in the 15th century

After Milan von Šufflay , the Dukagjini 1387 are named together with the Balšić and the Kastrioti . This is the year that the brothers Pal and Lekë I. Dukagjini founded the small principality of Dukagjini around Lezha, which became the capital of the principality of Dukagjini. Already in 1393 the city was given to Venice when the principality was under Ottoman pressure. At the end of 1395, Progon II (or Progan; † 1401) Dukagjini, prince of Lezha, tried to expand in Shkodra at the expense of George II. Balšić , prince of Zeta. In 1397 the Venetian citizen Progon II was appointed Castellan of Sati by Koja Zaharia .

In 1398 Tanush II submitted to the Ottomans, but freed himself from them again in 1402 after their defeat at Ankara and the capture of Sultan Bayezid I.

15th century

In a document dated May 27, 1402 Progan II, Tanush II and his son Pal II are mentioned. In this document Progan II is considered to be “loyal” to the Republic of Venice. In addition, Lekë I and his son Progan II, who was considered loyal to the Venetian, were appointed castellan of the Venetian castle in 1397 and killed while defending the Sati castle. Threatened by the Ottomans, Progan II, Tanush II and his son Pal II turned to the Republic of Venice to find refuge for their families in the city of Shkodra, which at that time belonged to Venice. The application was approved; in addition to being allowed to house their families in Shkodra, each of them was assigned a horse and a salary of three gold ducats a month.

Gjergj II. Dukagjini was in 1403 in trade connection with Venetian merchants and was confirmed at the same time as Pronoiar in Kakarriqi and Balldreni. It is known that in this region he trained a small army of 50 knights and 100 infantrymen with whom he went into the field on the side of Venice. His descendant Nikollë II fled to Venetian territory with 100 families in 1479 after the second siege of Shkodra (1478–1479).

During the First Shkodra War (1405–1413) the Dukagjini remained neutral and during the Second Shkodra War (1419–1426) they supported the Serbian despot Stefan Lazarević until January 1423, when the Dukagjini along with other tribal leaders ( Paštrovići from Zeta, Gjon I Kastrioti and Koja Zaharia) were bribed by the Venetians. Although Venice did not actually mobilize any of them to aid Venice militarily, their men were removed from the ranks of the Stefan's armed forces, thus becoming a potential threat to the despot. Although the Venetian captain of the Gulf in the southern Adriatic, Francesco Bembo , Gjon I. Kastrioti (300 ducats), the Dukagjini, Tanush II and Tanush III. 100 ducats each, and Koja Zaharia (100 ducats) offered money in April 1423 to join the Venetian forces against the Serbian despotate, but they refused.

Sanjak Albania, 1431

According to the chronicle of Gjin III. Muzaka had three sons Gjergj I. Dukagjini: Gjergj III., Tanush IV. And Nikollë I († before 1454). The sons of Nikollë, Draga and Gjergj Dukagjini, who were attacked and killed around 1462, played a minor political role.

The main representatives of the Dukagjini tribe in the 15th century were Pal II with his sons Lekë III. and Nikollë II.

Albanian uprising (1432-1436)

Map of military activities during the Albanian uprising of 1432–1436

Between 1432 and 1436 an Albanian revolt against the Ottomans spread in Albania from Vlora to Shkodra . The rebels ( Gjergj Arianiti , Andrea Thopia , Thopia Zenevisi , Nikollë II. Dukagjini) defeated three major Ottoman offensives between 1433 and 1436. Nikollë II. Dukagjini, Ottoman governor of Skopje , took advantage of the uprising to recapture the areas of the pre-Ottoman principality of Dukagjini in northern Albania and besieged and conquered Dagnum in 1435. After that, Nikollë II tried to ally himself with Venice by offering to the Venetians to accept their suzerainty and give them control of Dagnum. Venice, however, refused to participate in his plan and the revolt. What Nikollë II did not know is that Hasan Bey, the Ottoman governor of Dagnum, had asked for Venetian help after his defeat. Since Venice did not want to provoke the hostility of the Ottomans, the captain of Shkodra was instructed, Hasan Bey, to help retake Dagnum. However, Venice broke off all relations with Nikollë II. The forces of Ottoman Military Commander Turahan Bey eventually suppressed the uprising and marched through Albania, perpetrating widespread massacres of civilians.

In order to stabilize Ottoman authority, Murat II appointed native Albanians such as Yakup Bey Muzaka and Skanderbeg to high positions within the Sanjak of Albania . The nobles who accepted Ottoman suzerainty were granted their pre-Ottoman possessions and border goods, as well as a degree of autonomy, while others were exiled or continued to wage war. However, Murat also took several of her sons hostage and was furious with the renegade Dukagjini. He forbade Tanush II Dukagjini to return to Albania. Tanush, who briefly served as voivode for the Venetian district of Shkodra, was suspected of treason by the Venetians, arrested and soon afterwards sent to the Venetian mainland . His guilt was not proven and he was released from custody. Fearing that Tashun might take revenge against the interests of Venice, the Venetians forced him to stay in Italy afterwards . He lived in exile in Padua with a Venetian pension, never to return to his home region.

Lega of Lezha (1444)

Position of Sati and Danja in Venetian Albania , 1448

On March 2, 1444, Pal II. Dukagjini and his son Nikollë II. Participated as vassals of Lekë Zaharia , lord of Sati and Dagnum, in Skanderbeg's meeting of Lezha . Lekë III. apologized for not being able to attend the meeting. After the death of Pal II (1446) Lekë took over the leadership of the Dukagjini and participated with Nikollë in the Albanian-Venetian War (1447-1448).

Lekë Zaharia, son of Koja Zaharia († before 1442) was killed in 1445 by his Pronoiar Nikollë II. Dukagjini, son of Pal II. Since Lekë Zaharia left no heirs, the fortress of Dagnum was claimed by Skanderbeg on behalf of the League of Lezha . However, Zaharia's mother Boša ​​gave the castle to the Republic of Venice . These events sparked the Albanian-Venetian War (1447–1448). In 1446 the Dukagjini appear in the Venetian archives as "former enemies" (tunc hostis noster) . The war ended with the Peace Treaty of Lezha on October 4, 1448 between the captain of Shkodra, Paolo Loredano, the governor of Albania and representatives of the Signoria of Venice, Andrea Veniero, and Skanderbeg and Nikollë II. Dukagjini in his own name and in the of the other gentlemen of Albania. Venice then paid Skanderbeg and his male heirs 1,400 ducats a year. In return, Dagnum and all the surrounding areas went to Venice. ( Venetian Albania ) In addition, Skanderbeg had to send four hunting birds to Shkodra every year as a symbolic recognition of the Venetian sovereignty.

1452 was Scanderbeg with Pal III. and Nikollë II in feud. The curia , which was sure of the allegiance of the Dukagjini, ordered Pal Engjëlli , Bishop of Durrës, to initiate a reconciliation between the parties on July 20, 1452, but this did not come about until 1463. From October 21, 1454, Pal III declared himself. Dukagjini as vassal of Alfonso V of Aragon , king of Naples . In return, he received a subsidy and violated the ten-year pact that tied him to Venice. The curia took Pal III. on June 1, 1457 as "Catholic princes" in their special protection. Pal III. defected to the Ottomans in 1457.

Turkish invasions

Lekë III. Dukagjini in the Skanderbeg Museum in Kruja

During the Turkish invasions of 1455-1456 Lekë III. defended as a Venetian vassal Dagnum. Because of some dubious suspicions, Lekë fell out with the Venetians and occupied Dagnum with his troops on November 4, 1456, had the Venetian "Rettore" there chased away and his wife and children were captured. Venice immediately recruited 200 mercenaries and sent them to Albania, where, in addition to the Ottoman devastation, a new internal war was taking place.

In August 1457, when an Ottoman army besieged Kruja , Venice was able to regain Dagnum. In August 1457 the Ottomans occupied all levels of Albania. Thereupon Lekë allied with the Ottomans and took Sati with their help. This alliance caused Skanderbeg to ally with Venice against Lekë.

On February 14, 1458, a peace treaty was signed in Shkodra between the representatives of Venice and the brothers Lekë III, Nikollë II, Gjergj IV and their cousin Draga († 1462; son of Nikollë I). Venice forgave the Dukagjini all past crimes and received them as friends. The Dukagjini brothers handed over the Rogamenia (a small plain around the village of Rrogam) with all its buildings and the Dagnum area to the captain of Shkodra, Benedetto Soranzo . Lekë III. also handed over the castle of Sati with its mountains, which should be destroyed and never rebuilt. In addition, no one should live in that area without the consent of Venice. In return, he was left with the rest of the land on Mount Sati, in the Zadrima, and the possessions beyond the Drin as fiefs against an annual interest of a double (double wax torch ) of 10 pounds of wax , which was to be sent to Venice. They should only have the state deliver salt. At any request from the Venetians or their representatives, the Dukagjini were to arrest the Ribelles who were in their territory and hand them over to the Venetians. Venice undertook to do the same with the Dukagjini. But Lekë was soon looking for new conflicts, because in November 1458 Venice named him and his cousin Pal III. as "renegades"; probably they had recognized the sovereignty of Sultan Mehmed II .

Since the contract of February 14, 1458 Skanderbeg was not included and Lekë did not break off relations with the Ottomans, Pope Pius II stepped in and called on the Archbishop of Bar , Lekë and his cousin Pal III. To excommunicate “ ferandæ sententiæ ” if they do not break off relations with the Ottomans within 15 days. While Draga Dukagjini was called a friend by the Venetians, Pal III was considered. as a neighbor with whom there were serious problems that had to be overcome. In 1470 Venice's ally Nikollë II defeated his brother Lekë III, who was on the side of the Ottomans, and in 1471 the young Progon Dukagjini returned to the Christian faith while his brother (another Nikollë) was still with the Ottomans.

The historian Giammaria Biemme described in his biography "Istoria di Giorgio Castrioto" that Lekë III. Dukagjini had brought the news of Scanderbeg's death (1468) to the Albanians, screaming by tearing his clothes and tearing his hair (" ... squarciandosi le vesti, e svellandosi i capelli ... "). Actually, Lekë cannot be called Scanderbeg's loyal companion, as he was his enemy for a long time.

In view of the ever increasing pressure of the Ottomans on the territory of the Dukagjini, the Archbishop of Durrës, Pal Engjëlli, the two leaders, Lekë III. Dukagjini and Skanderbeg reconcile, 1463. Lekë Dukagjini joined the League of Lezha and fought faithfully by his side until Skanderbeg's death (1468).

After Skanderbeg's death

After Skanderbeg's death on January 17, 1468, Lekë Dukagjini became one of the main characters in the war against the Ottomans. The Ottomans occupied almost all of Albania, plundered as far as Shkodra, Lezha and Durrës and abducted over 8,000 people in a few weeks. " In all of Albania we only see Turks, " read a dispatch at the same time . In addition, the old tribal chiefs feuded among themselves. The brothers Nikollë II and Lekë III. chased away their brother Progan IV, who only got his inheritance back through Venice's intervention.

Draga Dukagjini (son of Nikollë I), who served with honors in Venice and did his military service there, died in Venice in 1462. He is said to have been murdered.

When the last strongholds in 1478 (Kruja) and 1479 (Shkodra) fell to the Ottomans, Lekë III sought. and his brother Nikollë II. took refuge in Italy .

Return to Albania

After the death of Sultan Mehmed II on May 3, 1481, unrest broke out in the Ottoman Empire , which prevented the dispatch of new troops for the Ottomans besieged in Otranto . Gjon II. Kastrioti was considered a bearer of hope for the Albanians who did not want to come to terms with the Ottoman rule. As the son of the great Skanderbeg, he was supposed to lead the uprising against the occupiers. Together with Gjon and his troops, his cousin Konstantin (Costantino) Muzaka and the brothers Nikollë II and Lekë III sailed. Dukagjini to Albania on four Neapolitan galleys . Gjon went ashore south of Durrës, while Constantine sailed further south to Himara. The Ragusans reported to Naples in early June 1481 that Nikollë II had returned to Albania; on June 15 they could do the same from Lekë III. to report. The number of fighters increased rapidly by insurgents. Nikollë and Lekë Dukagjini traveled to northern Albania, where they led the uprising in the highlands of Lezha and Shkodra. The forces of Nikollë and Lekë attacked the city of Shkodra, forcing Hadım Süleyman Pasha to send more auxiliary troops to the region. Constantine carried out military actions in the coastal region of Himara, while Albanian infantry of about 7000 men gathered around Gjon Kastrioti to prevent Vlora from reaching the Ottoman garrison in Otranto again. Gjon defeated an Ottoman army from 2000 to 3000 man conquered Himara on 31 August 1481 and later the castle Sopot in Borsh and took Hadim Süleyman Pasha prisoner, who as victory trophy was sent to Naples and finally a ransom of 20,000 ducats was released . Their temporary success had an external impact on the liberation of Otranto on September 10, 1481 by Neapolitan troops. For four years Gjon was able to stay in the area between Kruja in the north and Vlora in the south. In 1484 he finally returned to Italy. The sources are silent about the dukagjini.

The descendants of Progan II also lived in the Republic of Venice in the 17th century.

From Stefan, the son of Lekë II. And brother of Nikollë IV., Who fell against the Ottomans, came a line in Ancona that died out in his grandchildren.

Sankt Serff Castle, 1679

Individual representatives of the Ducaino (Dukagjini) moved to Venetian Istria in the late 1470s to perform important military and administrative tasks for the Republic of Venice. These Ducaino died out in the male line in 1609. On December 4, 1480, the Doge of Venice , Giovanni Mocenigo , appointed the meritorious " Scutarino Giovanni Duchayno ", son of Demetrio, castellan of the Castle of St. Serff in Capodistria today in Slovenia .

16th Century

In the early 16th century, the leader of the Dukagjini clan was a Stefan (probably the son of Leke III), who with his son Gjin had participated in the 1501 campaign of Giorgio Kastrioti (son of Gjon II ) in Albania and who was at that time was based in Ulcinj . This Stefan apparently married a Spano (also Spani, Shpani). One of his brothers, Nikollë, married a Ralli. Another of his sons, Lekë, married Pentesilea, daughter of Konstantin Arianiti , an Albanian leader and stradiot working in Italy ; one of her children would have married a Guido Antonio di Montefeltro. A " Luca [Lekë] Ducagini Duca di Pulato ( desk ) e dell stato Ducagino " was documented in Venice in 1506.

A few decades later, in a document that is almost certainly inaccurate (dated 1560, but not published until 1583), a Leka Dukagjin emerges in which he asserts his right to receive 20 ducats a month from Pope Pius IV . Consequently, at that time, some dukagjini, or who claimed to be, were looking for better luck in Italy.

Other Dukagjini who stayed in Albania came to the Ottoman service through the boy harvest , were converted to Islam and achieved high positions with the Ottomans.

Nikollë III., Gjergjs III. Son, converted to Islam. One of his descendants was the Sandschak-bey Skanderbeg, who lived in 1510.

Image by Taşhcah Yahya Bey in the book Meşâirü'ş-Şuârâ by Aşık Çelebi

Progon V, son of Nikollë II, converted to Islam, took the name Ahmed ( Dukakinoğlu Ahmed Pascha ; † 1515) and rose to the highest offices of the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid II, of whom he married a daughter . Under Selim I he was even Grand Vizier from December 18, 1514 to September 8, 1515 . His son Dukagin-zâde Mehmed Pascha († 1557) had a large part of the economic buildings of this important trading city built as Beylerbey of Aleppo and later of the Greater Province of Egypt . Most of these monumental structures existed until the beginning of the Syrian civil war in 2011 . Dukagjinzade Osman Efendi (son of Dukagin-zâde Ahmed Pascha) was a Qādī of Istanbul and made a name for himself as a scientist and author of various works. A well-known and highly valued offspring of the Dukagjini was also the poet Taşhcah Yahya Bey , who died in 1575/76 and Dukagjinzade Ahmed Bey is considered an important representative of Ottoman mystical poetry.

Still other Dukagjini, who belonged to the same clan but did not necessarily have the same ancestry, were in the service of Sultan Bayezid II. The vizier Daud (also Daut), who attended the second siege of Shkodra (1478–1479) and 1492, should be mentioned had participated in violent repression and massive slave attacks in the area of Tepelena and is said to have died rich.

Many others in their mountain strongholds steadfastly opposed Ottoman rule and remained as Catholics with a certain degree of autonomy under their famous “ Kanun des Lekë Dukagjini ”.

progeny

According to the librarian Ersch and polymath Gruber 1281 Tanush I. (Dux Ginus) appeared as a progenitor of Dukagjini, who immigrated to later legends from France, the Lord of Zadrima, Pukë and Selita would have been in today's Albania.

  • Tanush I. (* 1260)
    • Gjin ⚭ daughter of Stefan Progan
      • Progan I. (* approx. 1290), voivode of Kanina (1368); ⚭?
        • Irene ⚭ Stracimir Balšić, Prince of Zeta and son of Balša I.
        • Lekë I. (* Approx. 1320, p. 1380), Prince of Lezha (1387–?)
          • Progan II. († after May 27, 1402), Prince of Lezha (? Until after May 27, 1402), Castellan of Sati from 1397 ⚭ 1394 Voisava Thopia, daughter of Karl Thopia
            • Demetrios
          • Tanush II. (* Approx. 1350; after 1436 in Padua ), the great of Fanti
            • Gjergj II. (* Approx. 1380; † before 1409), the younger
              • Pal III. (* 1411; † 1458), Lord of Sadrima (Zadrima), Fanti (Fan), Paliti (lectern), Flati (Flet), Sati (Shat) ⚭ a sister of Gjergj Arianiti
            • Pal II (* err. 1385; † December 1446), lord of Buba, Churichuchi, Leuruscho and Baschino
              • Lekë III. (* around 1410; † after June 15, 1481) ⚭ Teodora Muzaka
                • Stefan (possible son of Lekë III.) ⚭ Spani
                  • Gjin
                  • Lekë ⚭ Pentesilea Arianiti
                    • ♀ ⚭ Guido Antonio di Montefeltro
                • Nikollë ⚭ Ralli
              • Nikollë II. ⚭ Chiranna Arianiti Komneni, daughter of Gjergj Arianiti
              • Progon III. († before 1471)
              • Gjergj IV. († after 1458), priest
            • Lekë II. ( Bl. 1380)
              • Stefan
                • ? (emigrated to Ancona)
              • Nikollë IV. († died in the war against the Ottomans)
            • Kale (♀)
            • (♀)
          • Gjergj I., Prince of Lezha 1393 to 1401 ⚭?
            • Nikollë I († 1452–1454; the old man)
            • Gjergj III.
            • Tanush IV.
        • Pal I († 1393), Prince of Lezha (1387–1393)
          • Tanush III. (the little one) († before 1433)
          • Andrea († 1416)
            • Lekë (likely son of Andrea)

literature

  • Various authors: I Conti albanesi Ducagini a Capodistria: Castellani di San Servolo (The Albanian Counts Ducagini in Capodistria: Castellans of San Servolo) . Heset Ahmeti, Koper 2015 (Italian, online version ).
  • Lutfi Alia: Il codice consuetudinario albanese - (Kanun di Lek Dukagjini) Le categorie etico-morali, 2nd edition . Siena 2016 (Italian, online version ).
  • Mathias Bernath, Karl Nehring, Gerda Bartl: Biographical Lexicon on the History of Southeast Europe . tape 75 . R. Oldenbourg, Munich 1974.
  • Giammaria Biemmi: Istoria di Giorgio Castrioto detto Scander-Begh . Giammaria Rizzardi, Brescia 1756 (Italian).
  • Mary Edith Durham : High Albania . Enhanced Media, Los Angeles 2017, ISBN 978-1-365-91282-5 (English, online preview in Google Book Search).
  • Robert Elsie: Early Albania: A Reader of Historical Texts, 11th – 17th Centuries . Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2003 (English, online preview in the Google book search).
  • Johann Samuelersch , Johann Gottfried Gruber : General encyclopedia of the sciences and arts . First Section AG. Hermann Brockhaus, Leipzig 1868 ( online version in the Google book search).
  • John Van Antwerp Fine: The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century . University of Michigan Press, 1987, ISBN 978-0-472-10079-8 (English, online preview in Google Book Search).
  • Kristi Frashëri: The history of Albania: a brief survey . Tirana 1964 (English).
  • Edwin E. Jacques: The Albanians: an ethnic history from Prehistoric Times to the Present . McFarland & Co, Jefferson, North Carolina 1995, ISBN 0-89950-932-0 (English).
  • Rosario Jurlaro: I Musachi, despoti d'Epiro . Edizioni del Centro Librario, Bari 1971 (Italian, vatrarberesh.it [PDF]).
  • Hasan Kaleshi: Dukagjini . In: Biographical Lexicon on the History of Southeast Europe . tape 1 . Munich 1974, p. 444-446 ( ios-regensburg.de ).
  • Fan Stylian Noli: George Castrioti Scanderbeg (1405-1468) . Dissertation. Boston University, 1945 (English).
  • Riccardo Predelli: I libri commemoriali della Repubblica di Venezia: Regestri, Volume V . University Press, Cambridge 2012, ISBN 978-1-108-04323-6 (Italian, online preview in Google Book Search).
  • Paolo Petta: Despoti d'Epiro e principi di Macedonia. Esuli albanesi nell'Italia del Rinascimento . Argo, Lecce 2000, ISBN 88-8234-028-7 (Italian).
  • Oliver Jens Schmitt : The Venetian Albania: (1392-1479) . Oldenbourg R. Verlag GmbH, Munich 2001, ISBN 978-3-486-56569-0 .
  • Lucia Gualdo Rosa, Isabella Nuovo, Domenico Defilippis: Gli umanisti e la guerra otrantina: testi dei secoli XV e XVI (The Humanists and the Otranto War: Texts from the 15th and 16th centuries) . Edizioni Dedalo, Bari 1982, ISBN 978-88-220-6005-1 (Italian, online preview in Google Book Search).
  • Oliver Jens Schmitt: Skanderbeg, The new Alexander in the Balkans . Friedrich Pustet, Regensburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-7917-2229-0 .

Web links

Commons : Dukagjini family  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ Latinized form from the Greek Higinos with the meaning of healthy, which can be interpreted in the sense of wealthy, intact, auspicious, gin for short , Gino (I Conti albanesi Ducagini a Capodistria, p. 11 f.)
  2. ^ Commander of the Adriatic Fleet, stationed near Corfu
  3. ↑ The Albanian-Venetian War of 1447–1448 was waged between the Venetian and Ottoman forces against the Albanians under Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg.
  4. ^ Title attributed to senior government officials.
  5. ↑ " Doge Giovanni Mocenigo loda la nomina in Castellano di S. Servolo del benemerito Scutarino Giovanni Duchayno "
  6. ↑ Luka Dukagjini, leader of Pulato and the State of the Dukagjini
  7. ↑ The descendants of Demetrio settled in the Republic of Venice.
  8. ^ Commander of Skanderbeg
  9. ↑ The couple fathered several stillborn children
  10. ↑ today in the municipality of Zubin in Kosovo
  11. ↑ Lekë fled to Italy together with his brother Nikollë after the second siege of Shkodra in 1479. (Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë, p. 471)
  12. ↑ Nikollë fled to Italy together with his brother Lekë after the second siege of Shkodra in 1479. (Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë, p. 471)
  13. ↑ later entered the Venetian service
  14. ^ Progon became Pasha and a great commander of the Sultan.
  15. ↑ Beylerbey of Aleppo and later of the Greater Province of Egypt
  16. ↑ Dukagin-zâde Osman Efendi was Qādī of Istanbul and made a name for himself as a scientist and author of various works.
  17. ↑ Progan III. lived in Durrës in 1407 and ended his life as a Dominican after 1409 .
  18. ↑ This line died out with the next generation.
  19. ^ Gjergj I, to whom Venice confirmed Zadrima and Cacarichi near Skodra in 1403 and sent gifts, later became apostate (went over to the Ottomans) and expelled. Venice forgave his sons the debt of their father and took Nikollë I the old, on Aug. 27, 1409 back into his grace
  20. ↑ In a later document, Tanush appears as an ally of Koja Zaharia and appears to have died somewhere before 1433.
  21. ↑ Andrea had the fisheries at Skodra in lease from 1406–1410. Probably Lekë, who appears in the possession of Murichano, Bengaret and la Bolchia in 1407, was his son.
  22. ↑ Lekë appears in 1407 owned by Murichano, Bengaret and la Bolchia.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ I Conti albanesi Ducagini a Koper, S. 11
  2. ↑ I Conti albanesi Ducagini a Koper, S. 25
  3. ↑ a b c d Paolo Petta, p. 204
  4. ^ Charles du Fresne Du Cange: Historia Byzantina duplici commentario illustrata: Prior familias ac stemmata imperatorum . Paris 1680, p. 167 (Latin, online version in Google Book Search).
  5. ^ Fabiola Perna: L'altra faccia della medaglia: il vissuto di immigrati albanesi e la loro accettazione sociale . Armando, Rome 2011, p. 118 (Italian, online version in Google Book Search).
  6. ^ A b Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond: Migrations and invasions in Greece and adjacent areas . Noyes Press, Park Ridge 1976, ISBN 978-0-8155-5047-1 , pp. 56 (English).
  7. ↑ General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts, p. 40
  8. ↑ a b c d Lutfi Alia, p. 22
  9. ^ Ekrem Bey: Vlora: The Ruling Families of Albania in the pre-Ottoman Period. albanianhistory.net, accessed March 17, 2019 .
  10. ^ Luigi Villari: The Republic of Ragusa: An Episode of the Turkish Conquest. gutenberg.org, accessed on March 17, 2019 .
  11. ↑ İdris Güven Kaya: Dukagin-zade Taşlıcalı Yahya Bey'in Eserleridne Mevlana Celaleddin in: Turkish Studies . Volume 4/7. Ankara 2009, p. 354 (Turkish).
  12. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Hasan Kaleshi
  13. ^ American Folklore Society: Memoirs of the American Folklore Society . tape 44 . Houghton, Mifflin and Co., Boston 1954, pp. 64 (English).
  14. ↑ a b Skënder Anamali; Kristaq Prifti; Instituti i Historisë (Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë): Historia e Popullit Shqiptar (The History of the Albanian People) . tape 1 . Botimet Toena, Tirana 2002, p. 264 (Albanian).
  15. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts, p. 96
  16. ↑ Lutfi Alia, p. 23
  17. ↑ General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts, p. 43
  18. ↑ Milan von Šufflay: Srbi i Arbanasi: njihova simbioza u srednjem vijeku (Serbs and Arbanasi: their symbiosis in the Middle Ages) . Seminar za arbansku filologiju, 1925, p. 203 (Serbo-Croatian).
  19. ↑ Momčilo Spremić: Zbornik Filozofskog fakulteta (Collection of the Philosophical Faculty) . tape 8 . University of Belgrade. Philosophical Faculty, Belgrade 1964, p. 388 (Bosnian).
  20. ↑ Momčilo Spremić, p. 203
  21. ↑ Epoka e Gjergj Kastriotit, bazament i vetëdijes kombëtare shqiptare (The era of Gjergj Kastriot, the establishment of the Albanian national consciousness). rrugaearberit.com, accessed March 18, 2020 (al).
  22. ↑ General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts, p. 97
  23. ↑ a b Zarij M. Bešić: Istorija Crne Gore / 2. Crna gora u doba oblasnih gospodara (History of Montenegro / 2. Montenegro in the time of the regional rulers) . Redakcija za istoiju Crne Gore, Titograd 1970, p. 388 (se).
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  26. ↑ a b The Venetian Albania, p. 503
  27. ^ John Van Antwerp Fine, p. 512
  28. ^ John Van Antwerp Fine, p. 517
  29. ↑ The Venetian Albania, p. 543
  30. ↑ Istorija Crne Gore, p. 144
  31. ^ Albanian Academy of Science: Historia e Popullit Shqiptar Albanian (History of the Albanian People) . Toena, Tirana 2002, p. 264 (Serbo-Croatian).
  32. ↑ Nemirno Pomorje XV veka, p 379
  33. ^ Van Antwerp Fine, p. 535
  34. ↑ Frashëri, p. 65
  35. ^ A b John Van Antwerp Fine, p. 536
  36. ↑ Giammaria Biemmi, p. 61
  37. ↑ a b c d e Edwin E. Jacques, p. 176
  38. ^ Van Antwerp Fine, p. 557
  39. ↑ Ivan Božić: Nemirno pomorje XV veka (The restless seafaring of the 15th century) . Srpska književna zadruga, Belgrade 1979, p. 365 (Slovenian).
  40. ↑ Riccardo Predelli, p. 16
  41. ^ Fan Stylian Noli, p. 127
  42. ^ The new Alexander in the Balkans, p. 68
  43. ↑ a b c General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts, p. 125
  44. ↑ a b In Memoriam: Santa Maria a Dagno in Alabnia. Academia.edu, p. 10 , accessed April 3, 2020 (Italian).
  45. ↑ a b c General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts, p. 135
  46. ↑ General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts, p. 134
  47. ↑ a b c d e f g h Paolo Petta, p. 205
  48. ↑ Skanderbeg - The New Alexander, p. 141
  49. ↑ Riccardo Predelli, p. 132
  50. ↑ Paolo Petta, p. 218
  51. ↑ Giammaria Biemme, p. 479
  52. ↑ General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts, p. 157.
  53. ↑ a b c Istorija Crne Gore, p. 298
  54. ↑ a b c Gli umanisti e la guerra otrantina, p. 97
  55. ↑ I Conti albanesi Ducagini a Koper, S. 24
  56. ↑ a b c Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë 2002, p. 473
  57. ↑ a b c Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë 2002, p. 474
  58. ↑ Historia e Skënderbeut, p. 120
  59. ↑ a b c d e f General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts, p. 163
  60. ↑ I Conti albanesi Ducagini a Koper, S. 26
  61. ↑ Regesti Codice Diplomatico Istriano - volume IV, No. 1,212th
  62. ↑ I Conti albanesi Ducagini a Koper, S. 12
  63. ↑ I Conti albanesi Ducagini a Koper, S. 28
  64. ^ Mary Edith Durham, p. 21
  65. ↑ a b c d Paolo Petta, p. 206
  66. ^ Martijn Theodoor Houtsma : First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936 . tape 3 . EJ Brill, Leiden 1993, p. 1149 (English, online preview in Google Book Search).
  67. ^ Bill Hickman, Gary Leiser: Turkish Language, Literature, and History . Routledge, London 2016, ISBN 978-1-315-75070-5 , pp. 319 (English, online preview in Google Book Search).
  68. ↑ The Venetian Albania, p. 391
  69. ↑ I Conti albanesi Ducagini a Koper, S. 20
  70. ↑ a b Connection Dukagjini - Arianiti Comneno
  71. ↑ Giammaria Biemmi, p. 99
  72. ↑ a b c d Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë, p. 310
  73. ↑ Rosario Jurlaro, p. 54
  74. ↑ a b Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë, p. 308
  75. ^ Robert Elsie, p. 43
  76. ^ Bill Hickman, Gary Leiser, p. 319
  77. ↑ The Venetian Albania, p. 596