Ilulissat

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ilulissat (icebergs)
Jakobshavn (Jakobshafen)
Ilulíssat
Ilulissat (2012)
Ilulissat (2012)
Commune Avannaata Communia
District Ilulissat
Geographical location 69 ° 12 ′ 59 ″  N , 51 ° 6 ′ 0 ″  W Coordinates: 69 ° 12 ′ 59 ″  N , 51 ° 6 ′ 0 ″  W
Ilulissat (Greenland)
Ilulissat
Residents 4,670
(January 1, 2020)
founding 1741
Time zone UTC-3

Ilulissat [ iluˈlisːatˢʰ ] (according to the old spelling Ilulíssat ; Danish Jakobshavn ) is a Greenland city ​​in the Ilulissat district in the Avannaata communia . It is the third largest city in the country and the capital of the district and the municipality. Before the municipal reform in 2018, Ilulissat was also the main town of Qaasuitsup Kommunia .

location

Ilulissat is located in the southwest of the Paakitsup Nunaa peninsula , which is bordered by the Paakitsoq / Paakitsup Ilorlia fjord in the north and the Sikuiuitsoq in the east. Just south of Ilulissat runs in the Disko Bay opens Ilulissat Icefjord (Kangia), which since 2004 UNESCO World Heritage is. 14 km north is the next settlement Oqaatsut and 15 km south Ilimanaq .

history

Ilulissat before colonization

Ilulissat had been inhabited since ancient times. Until 1850, the Sermermiut residential area was located 2.3 kilometers southeast of Ilulissat and was inhabited by the first Inuit cultures four thousand years ago. The place where Ilulissat is today had long before served as a summer place for the residents of Sermermiut. Today a path leads from Ilulissat to Sermermiut. Initially, the residential area was still called Kangerluatsiaq after the narrow bay on which it was located. It wasn't until the early 19th century that the name Ilulissat caught on.

Ilulissat as a lodge

In 1741 Jacob Severin established the Jacobshavn Lodge. It was expanded in 1745. In 1750 there was a large apartment building in the box, a 74 m² bacon house as a peat wall house and a provision house. In 1751 a 45 m² mission house was built, which consisted of a kitchen, a room for the catechist, one for the missionary and a dining room. Although a school was being built around the same time, classes took place in the missionary's apartment. In 1752 an epidemic raged in Ilulissat, which killed many residents. From 1764 missionary Jørgen Sverdrup made meteorological measurements. As early as 1765, the buildings in the lodge were all so dilapidated that Europeans had to live in Greenlandic houses in winter. In 1766 a small schoolhouse in Greenland was built. In 1767 a 126 m² new house was built, which was built a little apart, at the point where the colony later developed. It later served as an apartment for the colonial administrator and at times also as a shop and is still there today. The old house was still used as a provisions house, but was soon completely derelict. The mission house was also extremely dilapidated. The roof beams were broken and it was raining inside. In 1773 it was also moved, but remained in use for a long time. In 1832 it was converted into a doctor's apartment and in 1865 it was moved to Iginniarfik , where it still served as an apartment for the Udsteds administrator in the 20th century . In 1779, after two years of saving, construction of a church could begin, more than 80% of which was paid for by Greenlanders. The Zionskirche was also used as a school building and is the second oldest church in Greenland to this day. From 1773 to 1788 Jakoshavn was briefly the seat of the provost of North Greenland. In 1773/74 around 70 Greenlanders died during another epidemic.

In the first few decades the lodge was not very successful economically, which was mainly due to the poor management by the colonial administrators. In 1771 Carl Dalager was appointed and soon trade flourished. In 1776 around 600 people were already living in the lodge and it was one of the most successful places in Greenland. Since 1777 there was also the whaling facility Jakobshavns Anlæg in Ilulissat, which was located on the northern side of the harbor bay. It included three storey buildings and six whaling boats, and one assistant and seven whalers were employed. In 1781, Dalager proposed moving the lodge to Oqaatsut because the place was better suited for peat mining and whaling, but the plan was not implemented.

Ilulissat as a colony

Ilulissat Church before restoration and relocation (1869)

Jakobshavn was not granted colony status until 1781/82. At this point in time a merchant, an assistant, a carpenter, a cooper, a cook and four workers were employed. There was a residential building, a provision house, an old brewery, a bacon house and two other old houses. Under the merchant Marcus Nissen Myhlenphort and his assistant Andreas Peter Dalager, yarn catching flourished. Between 1785 and 1787 a Friesel epidemic and a smallpox epidemic raged in the colony, which killed 166 baptized people in the first two years alone (not to mention the heathen). The whaling facility was integrated into the colony in 1786 and dissolved. Around 1788 an apartment was built for the assistant. In 1790, Myhlenphort had a new bacon house built with a cellar, which at that time was considered the best in the country. It burned down on June 6, 1806; it was probably set on fire by a Greenlander who felt he had been treated unfairly. By 1800 whaling in the colony had almost completely come to a standstill. In 1800, 17 people died during another minor smallpox epidemic.

The Greenlander Arnarsaĸ , the first Greenlandic woman named in Danish sources, later lived and died in Ilulissat. Ilulissat is also the place of origin of the Greenlandic families Reimer, Dalager Noahsen, Fisker, Jensen and Guldager.

From 1793 to 1794 Jakobshavn was the seat of Theodor Christian Eulner , the first official doctor in Greenland. From 1838 the colony was the seat of the medical district of North Greenland, which was only split up in 1905. A school was built in 1841. In 1844 37 people died of a rose epidemic . A seminary was established in 1845 (see Grønlands Seminarium ), but it was abandoned in 1875. From 1901 to 1907 it was briefly used a second time. In 1848 a new pastor's apartment was built, a two-story building measuring 99 m². In 1850 three sick rooms were set up in the church. In 1857 a 133 m² oil distillery was built, which was rebuilt in 1912. In 1866 a doctor's apartment was built, which was a 105 m² storey building and had a pharmacy on the upper floor. In 1873 the place received a small powder house, which was an 8.25 m² peat wall house.

20th century

The Church of Ilulissat as it is today (2009)
Ilulissat (1999)
Ilulissat (2003)

In 1903 an 81 m² shop was built. In 1904 a hospital was built that could accommodate around ten patients. In 1905 Ilulissat was given a new school, which was built as a half-timbered building with wood paneling and roof shingles and had two classrooms.

There used to be three more places to live directly at Ilulissat, which were incorporated into Ilulissat over the years. The settlement of Pitoqqeq (or Pitoqqik ) used to be located in the north of the southwestern part of Ilulissat . In 1915, 35 people lived there in six houses. Of these, five were hunters and two were fishermen. In 1918, however, Pitoqqeq was already seen as part of Ilulissat.

In the extreme southwest, in front of the mountain south of Ilulissat, was the Illumiut residential area . In 1915, 60 people lived there in 13 houses. Among them were nine hunters and three fishermen. In 1918 Illumiut had 70 inhabitants. In 1930 there were 98 residents and in 1952 132 people. In the 1930s a school was built in Illumiut. Despite efforts by the population, they were refused a shop. Illumiut grew together with Ilulissat in the middle of the 20th century.

At the headland on the mountain there used to be the settlement Kingittoq , which was also perceived as part of Ilulissat. In 1915 there were 27 Greenlanders in Kingittoq, seven of whom were hunters and none of them fishermen. In 1918 there were 25 people in four houses. This residential space was abandoned during the 1920s.

In 1915 there were 20 Danes and 246 Greenlanders in Ilulissat minus Pitoqqeq, Illumiut and Kingittoq. Among the Greenlanders there were 15 employees (including two midwives and a teacher), 10 hunters and 30 fishermen. There were 40 houses in Greenland.

The Jakobshavn colony was the capital of the municipality of the same name to which the three suburbs belonged. The municipality was part of the 5th district electoral council of North Greenland and had a municipal council with six members. The colony was the seat of its own parish. The medical district had shrunk noticeably since 1905, so that in 1915 the doctor was only responsible for Disko Bay. The trade was directed by a colonial administrator who had a trade assistant to assist.

At the beginning of the 20th century, meteorological measurements were still carried out in Ilulissat in a separate station. In 1919 a fish packing house was built.

The city grew rapidly in the 20th century. Today the urban area extends over the entire plain south of the old town center and to a small extent north of the fjord-like bay of Qinngunnguit . The airport is located two and a half kilometers northeast of the city center north of the Itisuarsuk fjord .

From 1950 to 2008 Ilulissat was the capital of the Ilulissat municipality . The city then became the seat of the Qaasuitsup Kommunia , which was split up in 2018. Since then, Ilulissat has been the capital of the Avannaata Communia .

List of colonial employees until 1921

Colonial administrator

The following people worked as colonial administrators of the Jakobshavn colony until 1921.

  • 1746–1752: Bent Jacobsen Lund and Carl Christopher Dalager
  • 1752–1753: Jonas Lillienschiold de Svanenhielm
  • 1753–1754: Christians Larsen Bjørn
  • 1754–1757: Joachim Holm
  • 1757-1771: Peter Lorentz Hind
  • 1771–1784: Carl Christopher Dalager
  • 1784–1788: Jens Peter Hansen Glomstad
  • 1788–1791: Marcus Nissen Myhlenphort
  • 1791–1795: Caspar Gottlieb Lidemark
  • 1795–1799: Jens Christian Arentz
  • 1799–1800: Niels Larsen Lunde
  • 1800–1801: Jens Christian Arentz
  • 1801–1802: Christian Jeppesen Møller
  • 1802–1803: Christian Friedrich Hount
  • 1803-1804: Edvard Christie Heiberg
  • 1804–1808: Christian Friedrich Hount
  • 1808–1816: Christian Frederik Rousing
  • 1816–1830: Johannes Winding
  • 1830–1831: Hans Rosing
  • 1831–1832: Christian Ferdinand Plum
  • 1832–1834: Peder Goische Kirchheiner
  • 1834-1852: Hans Rosing
  • 1852–1859: Emilius von Bülow
  • 1859–1877: Knud Geelmuyden Fleischer
  • 1877–1878: Anthon Frederik Søren Møldrup
  • 1878–1887: Ernst Viggo Møller
  • 1887–1890: Jakob Magnus Christian Bang
  • 1890-1891: Otto Alexander Juncker
  • 1891-1892: Carl Frederik Myhre
  • 1892–1901: Poul Müller
  • 1901–1902: Einar Andersen (interim)
  • 1902–1912: Anders Peter Olsen
  • from 1912: 00.Johan Madsen Krogh

Missionaries and pastors

The following missionaries and pastors worked in the colony until 1921. From 1755 to 1760 the missionary of the Christianshaab colony was responsible. From 1795 to 1797 the missionary lived in the colony of Egedesminde . From 1816 to 1817 there was no missionary in all of North Greenland . From 1832 to 1846 the missionary of the Egedesminde colony was responsible.

  • 1752–1754: Peder Egede
  • 1754–1755: Nicolai Lassen
  • 1760–1763: Christen Hansen Fabricius
  • 1764-1772: Jørgen Sverdrup
  • 1772–1773: Hans Hansen Tulle (interim)
  • 1773–1787: Jørgen Sverdrup
  • 1787–1790: Caspar Grewe
  • 1790–1792: Frederik Christian From
  • 1792–1795: Rudolph Friederich Lassen
  • 1795–1797: Rudolf Friederich Lassen
  • 1797–1801: Hans Peter Jansen
  • 1801: -0000Jakob Mathias Fugl
  • 1802–1813: Eskild Sønnichsen Bram
  • 1813–1816: Bernhard Hartz
  • 1817–1823: Johannes Jacob Kjeld Løchte
  • 1823–1830: Christen Praëm
  • 1830–1832: Johan Christian Vilhelm Funch
  • 1846–1850: Gottfried Martin Quirinus Christophersen
  • 1850-1851: Knud Diderik Nøsted
  • 1851–1858: Jacob Frederik Rudolph Wolf
  • 1858–1863: Niels Oeter Simonsen
  • 1863–1869: Ulrik Peter Christian Nissen
  • 1869–1870: Osvald Vilhelm Bøggild (interim)
  • 1870–1872: Ulrik Peter Christian Nissen
  • 1872–1875: Thøger Sørensen
  • 1875–1877: Osvald Vilhelm Bøggild
  • 1877–1884: Christian Vilhelm Rasmussen
  • 1884–1885: Severin Christian Tobias Simeon Mørch (interim)
  • 1885–1891: Christian Vilhelm Rasmussen
  • 1891–1893: Poul Hansen Vibæk (interim)
  • 1893–1895: Christian Vilhelm Rasmussen
  • 1895–1899: Poul Hansen Vibæk
  • 1899–1900: Carl Ferdinand Wagner
  • 1900-1907: Mads Rasmussen
  • 1907–1921: Hother Ostermann

doctors

The Jakobshavn medical district initially comprised all of North Greenland . In 1905 the northern part of the country was outsourced. From 1916 the medical district only included the colonial districts Jakobshavn, Ritenbenk and Christianshaab .

  • 1793–1794: Theodor Christian Eulner
  • 1832–1838: Johannes Haberdorff Lytzen
  • 1839–1854: Christian Nicolai Rudolph
  • 1854–1876: Christian Georg Frederik Pfaff
  • 1876–1881: Lambert Christian von Haven
  • 1882–1883: Holger Sverdrup Kiær
  • 1883-1884: Morten Hastrup
  • 1884–1889: Niels Jacob Jacobsen
  • 1889–1899: Holger Sverdrup Kiær
  • 1899–1904: Regnar Vilhelm Gerhard Bentzen
  • 1904–1905: Alfred Bertelsen
  • 1905–1909: Holger Sverdrup Kiær
  • 1909–1910: Peter Johannes Poulsen Fischer-Nielsen (interim)
  • 1910–1911: Harald Christian Larsen (interim)
  • 1911–1912: Niels Julius Eilertsen (interim)
  • 1912–1913: Stephan Vilhelm Barchalia
  • 1913–1916: Peter Christen Sørensen
  • 1916–1917: Hjalmar Mobell Borchersen (interim)
  • 1917–1919: Peter Christen Sørensen

economy

The most important economic mainstay besides fishing is tourism in Ilulissat. Many thousands of tourists visit the city every year, making it the most important tourist destination in the country even before Nuuk . Here tourists can visit the city, hike in the mountains, sail, go dog sledding and visit the Icefjord. There are several thousand sled dogs in Ilulissat.

Most jobs in Ilulissat are in administration, the service sector, trade and the repair trade. Other major areas of activity are transport and fishing, which make up the bulk of Ilulissat's income. Black halibut and prawns in particular are caught and processed in the Royal Greenland fish factory .

Infrastructure and supply

In 1983, Ilulissat Airport replaced the old heliport that was previously located in the south of the city. A new, significantly longer runway is to be built directly next to the current runway, through which Ilulissat Airport is to be expanded into an international airport for the whole of North Greenland.

The port of Ilulissat is used for cruise ships , for the fish factory, for trawlers and passenger traffic.

Ilulissat has an extensive asphalt road network that runs around the main street Kussangajaannguaq. Sled tracks lead out of the city.

The city is supplied with electricity, water and heat by Nukissiorfiit . Some of the electricity has been generated by a hydropower plant since 2012, the rest by a diesel power plant. There is a tank system at the port. The water supply comes from the lakes, which are located near the city. Part of the city is connected to the sewer system. Sewage is discharged into the sea, while garbage is dumped and incinerated. TELE Greenland is responsible for the telecommunications connection. To the east is a quarry that was formerly used for asphalt production.

Development

Houses in the Mathias Storchip Aqqutaa (2008)
The Atuarfik Mathias Storch (2014)

Ilulissat has several hotels, restaurants, cafes, shops, schools and discos. There is also a soccer field and a sports hall. The hospital is responsible for the entire region, as the small villages all only have medical wards. There is a retirement home, the Unganartoq Plejecenter Ilulissat, as well as a large number of day nurseries and kindergartens. The two schools are Atuarfik Mathias Storch and Atuarfik Jørgen Brønlund, both of which teach up to 10th grade. Ilulissat is also the location of Perorsaanermik Ilinniarfik (Grønlands Socialpædagogiske Seminarium).

The Zion Church and the old church from Qullissat are in Ilulissat . The Ilulissat Museum is located in the former pastor's apartment where Knud Rasmussen was born. Numerous buildings in Ilulissat are protected.

sons and daughters of the town

Population development

The population of Ilulissat rose for a long time and has remained constant at around 4,500 since 2003.

Web links

Commons : Ilulissat  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Map with all official place names confirmed by Oqaasileriffik , provided by Asiaq
  2. ↑ Ilulissat-Eisfjord at greenland-travel.de
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Johan Madsen Krogh , Hother Ostermann : Beskrivelse af Distrikterne i Nordgrønland: Jakobshavn District. De enkelte Bopladser i Jakobshavn district. Jakobshavn colonies . In: Georg Carl Amdrup , Louis Bobé , Adolf Severin Jensen , Hans Peder Steensby (eds.): Grønland i tohundredeaaret for Hans Egedes landing (=  Meddelelser om Grønland . Volume 60-61 ). tape 1 . C. A. Reitzel Boghandel, Copenhagen 1921, p. 188 ff . ( Digitized in the Internet Archive ).
  4. ↑ a b c d e f Ilulissat at qaasuitsup-kp.cowi.webhouse.dk
  5. ↑ Jens Christian Madsen: Udsteder og bopladser i Grønland 1901-2000 . Atuagkat, 2009, ISBN 978-87-90133-76-4 , pp. 149 ff .
  6. ↑ Jens Christian Madsen: Udsteder og bopladser i Grønland 1901-2000 . Atuagkat, 2009, ISBN 978-87-90133-76-4 , pp. 153 .
  7. ^ A b c Hother Ostermann : Beskrivelse af Distrikterne i Nordgrønland: Jakobshavn District. History . In: Georg Carl Amdrup , Louis Bobé , Adolf Severin Jensen , Hans Peder Steensby (eds.): Grønland i tohundredeaaret for Hans Egedes landing (=  Meddelelser om Grønland . Volume 60-61 ). tape 1 . C. A. Reitzel Boghandel, Copenhagen 1921, p. 187 f . ( Digitized in the Internet Archive ).
  8. ↑ Ilulissat Lufthavn on the Naalakkersuisut website (.pdf)
  9. ↑ Population of Ilulissat 1977–2020 at bank.stat.gl