Jakob Dircksz de Graeff

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Jakob Dircksz de Graeff

Jakob Dircksz de Graeff (* 1571 probably in Emden ; † October 6, 1638 in Amsterdam ), Vrijheer of the High Glory Zuid-Polsbroek , was an influential Amsterdam regent and mayor of the Dutch Golden Age from the De Graeff family .

Jacob Dircksz de Graeff was known for his "free-thinking", " republican " attitude but also for his "addiction to fame". Together with his nephew Andries Bicker, he advocated the recognition of the protestors in Amsterdam. After Reinier Pauw's political end , the leadership of the city government came into the hands of the “ Armenian clique” around De Graeff and Bicker. This also gave the republican "state party", weakened since the murder of Johan van Oldenbarnevelt , new impulses and was able to determine Amsterdam politics for a long time. De Graeff was still not an anti-Orangist in principle ( House of Orange ), because he cherished the legacy of his father Dirck Jansz Graeff , who was on friendly terms with Wilhelm the Silent of Orange . His sons were influenced by their father's antagonistic attitude towards political issues.

De Graeff carried out scientific experiments and research and ran a chemical laboratory. He maintained a close collaboration with Constantijn Huygens and, via Huygens, also with René Descartes .

life and work

youth

Jakob Dircksz de Graeff was the third of four children, the shipowner , iron merchant and city regent Dirck Jansz Graeff and Agnes (Agniet) Pietersdr van Neck , daughter of the mayor Pieter van Neck . He was born in Emden, where his father, an important member of the Reformed Church , had withdrawn for a few years at the beginning of the Wars of Independence in 1572. After his mother Agnes van Neck died in 1578, his father married Teeuwt Cat, daughter of the temporary Amsterdam councilor and mayor Jan Claes Cat , a second marriage, which however remained childless. From his father's side, Jacob de Graeff received the family seat "Huis De Keyser" (named after the "Keizerskroon" outside the building) in Amsterdam, the Valkenburg estate near Oud- Naarden and the large Vredenhof estate near Voorschoten as inheritance. The glory and Schloss Engelenburg was lost through the childless death of Jacob's younger brother Pieter Dircksz Graeff through inheritance to the Bicker family .

After his father's death, his friend Cornelis Andriesz Boelens Loen , with whose daughter Aaltje Jacob de Graeff later married, acted as his provider. With his support he went to the University of Leiden to study Classical Languages . During his student days he lived in the house of Professor Rudolf Snellius . In 1591 he and his friend Justus Lipsius went on a cavalier journey through France , Italy and Germany and then lived for three years in Geneva in the house of the Calvinist preacher Giovanni Diodati .

Marriage and family

Overview of the main family relationships of the Amsterdam oligarchy around the families Boelens Loen , De Graeff , Bicker (van Swieten) , Witsen and Johan de Witt in the Golden Age .

In 1597 he returned to Amsterdam and on October 5th married Aaltje Boelens Loen (born February 27, 1579 in Emden, † August 29, 1630 in Amsterdam), daughter of councilor Cornelis Andriesz Boelens Loen and a great-great-granddaughter of the important Amsterdam native Regent and mayor Andries Boelens (1455–1519), with whose descendants the De Graeff family was already related. The marriage with Aaltje had twelve children, six or seven of whom reached adulthood:

  1. Cornelis de Graeff (1599–1664), regent and mayor of Amsterdam, statesman of the Netherlands; his successor as Vrijheer in Zuid-Polsbroek
  2. Dirk de Graeff (1601–1637), Vroedschap and Schepen of Amsterdam
  3. Agneta de Graeff van Polsbroek (1603–1656), married Johan Bicker ; their daughter Wendela Bicker became the wife of Johan de Witt
  4. Hendrik de Graeff (* 1605–1622 or around 1670) could possibly be the link between the De Graeff family and the Schoonhoven family De Graeff (De Graaf), to which the important doctor and researcher Reinier De Graaf ( Reinier de Graeff ) also belonged , be. There are various life reports about Hendrik; on the one hand he is said to have died at the age of 17, on the other hand he wrote writings and poems in 1671 (at the age of 66). He is said to have had two sons. Hendrik was known as a well-known writer of plays. In 1665 he had translated Calderón's comedy Lances de amor y fortuna into Dutch. Later on, Hendrik's translation was used as a template for the performances of the traveling theater of Johannes Velten .
  5. Wendela de Graeff (1607–1652), was set to music with her family by Rembrandt as Joseph's wife Asnath in Rembrandt 's Jacobssegen ( Jacob blesses the sons of Joseph ) as biblical persons
  6. Christina de Graeff (1609–1679), wife of the glory and Engelenburg Castle , engaged in 1631 to Jan Verburgh van Vlooswyck , who died in the same year , married in 1642 to Jacob Bicker and in 1648 to Pieter Trip ; In 1645 her second husband inherited her uncle Pieter Dircksz Graeff Engelenburg
  7. Andries de Graeff (1611–1678), regent and mayor of Amsterdam, Dutch statesman; his successor as Heer van Vredenhof

  • Wedding portrait of Dirk de Graeff, painted by Nicolaes Eliaszoon Pickenoy (1630)

  • Wendela de Graeff in Rembrandt's Jakobssegen (Jacob blesses the sons of Joseph), 1656

  • Agneta de Graeff (1621)

coat of arms

The family coat of arms of Jacob Dircksz de Graeff shows in coat of arms field 1 the silver shovel on a red background of the Lords of Graben and in coat of arms field 2 a silver falcon with a red hood on a blue background. The origin of the falcon lies in Jacob's father Dirck Jansz Graeff's estate in Gooiland , which he named in honor of his wife Valckeveen (later the Valckenburg estate ). His personal coat of arms shows in the coat of arms fields 1 and 4 the silver shovel on a red background and on the coat of arms fields 2 and 3 silver swans on a blue background. These stand for the wonderful rights of the Vredenhof estate . There, the sex held the manorial privilege of breeding swans, among other things. With the acquisition of the Hohen Herrlichkeit Zuid-Polsbroek , his coat of arms received a heart shield with three red diamonds on gold.

Political and social work

Sub-article: Regent of Amsterdam

Jakob Dircksz de Graeff was like his father and grandfather Jan Pietersz Graeff a member of the Amsterdam city parliament; In 1598 he became Schepen and in 1603 a member of the Vroedschap . In the following year he became Amsterdam's ambassador of Amstelveen , Nieuwer-Amstel, Sloten , Sloterdijk and Osdorp ; He kept this fiefdom until his death and then handed it over to his son Cornelis de Graeff. Other activities as head of the Latin school, as head of the bow archers and as chief guild master of the dike cooperative was followed by a stadspluimgraaf of Amsterdam (this is the office of chief in charge of waterfowl to understand in Amsterdam, with among others hold anyone without his consent swans the law, or to have been captured) In 1610 De Graeff sat in the Vroedschapskommission, which prepared the expansion of the city. In 1611 he was one of the organizers at the meeting of the Orange princes Moritz and Friedrich Heinrich . In the same year he was also elected Amsterdam's ruling mayor for the first time. During these years he was, together with his friend Cornelis Hooft, one of the main proponents of the planned urban expansion; but he opposed the property speculations by Frans Hendricksz Oetgens van Waveren and Bartholt Cromhout . Thanks to this, he was not elected mayor the following year. In 1612 he became a colonel in the Amsterdam Civil Guard .

De Graeff and the High Glory Zuid-Polsbroek

On September 18, 1610, Jakob Dircksz de Graeff acquired the Hohe Herrlichkeit Zuid-Polsbroek from Karl Graf von Aremberg , which could be freely inherited and sold as an allod property. Zuid-Polsbroek was not a very important one of the High Glories of Holland or Utrecht . For Karl von Aremberg's father, Johann von Ligne , she had earned an annual income of 954 guilders in 1555 , which resulted from income from leases (63%), taxes (17%) and manorial rights such as hunting and fishing rights (20%) . As for the expansion of landed property, it was on the books in De Graeff's 1623 with 692 acres and 56 houses. But their acquisition increased the reputation and made a contribution to the aristocratization of the family, in which De Graeff and his heirs have since been able to be addressed as Vrijheer (en) van Zuid-Polsbroek .

Jakob Dircksz de Graeff was also (as already mentioned) from 1604 Ambachtsherr von Amstelveen , Nieuwer-Amstel, Sloten , Sloterdijk and Osdorp , but not the owner of these splendors. Rather, the city of Amsterdam had it in 1529 from Reinoud III. van Brederode , and in the following years they were given to one of their council members as a fief . So did Jakob Dircksz de Graeff and finally his eldest son Cornelis de Graeff , who was the last to have them closed. After his death in 1664, the decision was made to distribute the fiefs between two beneficiaries.

De Graeff and the Remonstrants

De Graeff brought the Protestant preacher Johannes Cornelisz Sylvius to Amsterdam as early as 1610 . At this time, a powerful Calvinist faction under Reinier Pauw crystallized in the Vroedschap , to whom De Graeff, along with Cornelis Hooft, kept a distance and thus reduced his influence himself. From 1615 to 1617 Jakob Dircksz de Graeff was Amsterdam's Gecommitteerde wheel of Holland and West-Friesland in The Hague . There he made the acquaintance of the preacher Johannes Uytenbogaert and adopted the theses of the Remonstrants . Politically, this sentiment brought him to the side of Johan van Oldenbarnevelt and Hugo Grotius , whom he prolonged as the local representative of Amsterdam. Together with his younger brother Pieter Dircksz Graeff , he was therefore excluded from the government after François van Aerssen 's disempowerment and the subsequent beheading of Oldenbarnevelt in 1618 on the initiative of the governor Moritz of Orange and the regent Reinier Pauw. Pauw's protégé Albert Burgh had taken his place .

De Graeff and Pieter Jansz Hooft

After leaving politics for a while, De Graeff devoted himself to scientific experiments and research. Together with his friend Dr. Pieter Jansz Hooft set up a chemical laboratory in Amsterdam. There they tried to invent a perpetual motion machine . This invention was presented by Cornelis Jacobszoon Drebbel at the court of the English king. Drebbel passed the invention off as his work; But when the queen's carelessness broke the machine, Drebbel could no longer repair it. In the field of science and natural history , De Graeff and Hooft maintained a close collaboration with Constantijn Huygens and via Huygens also with René Descartes . Jacob de Graeff was also a scholarch of the Amsterdam Latin School .

Amsterdam under De Graeff and Andries Bicker

Andries Bicker , painted by Bartholomeus van der Helst (1642), Rijksmuseum Amsterdam

De Graeff was not appointed governing mayor again until 1628 and was not re-admitted to the Vroedschap until 1630. In the early 1630s, the state party, weakened since Oldenbarnevelt's death , was given a new boost by the powerful regent Andries Bicker - a nephew of De Graeff. Together, Jakob Dircksz de Graeff and Andries Bicker led the city to its provisional peak in power in the following years. Both were remonstrants and helped the religious minority gain relative recognition. De Graeff was also known as a very liberal ruler who did not hide his religious convictions and his republican sentiments. Jakob Dircksz de Graeff was the ruling mayor of Amsterdam six times.

During this time, De Graeff was (again) offered the position of Gecommitteerde Rad der Holland and West-Friesland in The Hague several times , which he never accepted. In 1631 Jakob Dircksz de Graeff, as "hoofdingeland von der Zijpe" (highest level of dike management ), laid the foundation stone for the "Grote Sluys" water lock in Oudesluis . In the same year he initiated the political career of his protégé Johan Huydecoper van Maarsseveen at the Vroedschapernennungen . Furthermore, De Graeff was appointed to the hoofd-ingeland van de Watergraafs- en Wienermeer in 1632 .

Last years

De Graeff held the post of governing mayor of Amsterdam for the last time in 1637. In 1638 he died in his town house on the Herengracht . The poet and poet Joost van den Vondel wrote an obituary for De Graeff with “De titel maakt alleen geen Graef”. Jacob de Graeff was one of the richest residents of Amsterdam; his cash fortune at the time of death was 270,000 guilders .

Trivia

  • De Graeff is also portrayed as a “goed schutter en grootiehber van de jacht” (good shooter and a great lover of the hunt) who also kept a “tal van jachthonden” (a large number of hunting dogs). Furthermore, announces its Digital bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse letteren that De Graeff "reed veel te paard en hanteerde met vaardigheid the degen" (much practiced and tried his skill with the sword to improve)
  • In The Hague and Amstelveen two are Jacob de Graef (f) Laan named after him.

literature

  • Peter Burke: Venice and Amsterdam. A study of seventeenth-century élites. Temple Smith, London 1974; German Venice and Amsterdam in the 17th century , Steidl, Göttingen 1993, ISBN 3-88243-264-0
  • Hans Bontemantel: De Regeeringe van Amsterdam soo in't Civiel as Crimineel en Militaire (1653–1672) , ed. by Gerhard Willem Kernkamp, ​​Part I, Martinus Nijhoff, 's-Gravenhage 1897
  • WH Croockewit: Genealogy van het geslacht de Graeff. In: Maandblad van het Genealogisch-heraldiek genootschap “De Nederlandsche Leeuw” , Vol. XVI, No. 8–9, 1898, Sp. 130–145
  • Johan E. Elias: De vroedschap van Amsterdam 1578-1795 . V. Losjes, Haarlem 1903-1905; Reprinted with Israel, Amsterdam 1963
  • Jonathan I. Israel: The Dutch Republic - Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall - 1477-1806 . Clarendon Press, Oxford 1995, ISBN 978-0-19-820734-4
  • Horst Lademacher: Phoenix from the ashes? Politics and Culture of the Dutch Republic in 17th Century Europe . Waxmann, Münster 2007, p. 228
  • Henk FK van Nierop: The nobility of Holland: from knights to regents, 1500-1650 . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge [u. a.] 1993, ISBN 0-521-39260-8

Web links

Commons : Jacob Dirckszoon de Graeff  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

References and comments

  1. ↑ Nederland's Adelsboek Volume 83, 1993, page 429
  2. ↑ a b c d Pieter C. Vies: Andries de Graeff (1611–1678) 't Gezagh is heerelyk: but vol get . Page 6 ( Memento of the original from March 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 2.7 MB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.triomfdervrede.nl
  3. ^ Eelco Beukers: Geschiedenis van Holland , part 2, volume 2, p. 44 ( books.google.at ).
  4. ↑ Jonathan I. Israel: The Dutch Republic - Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall - 1477-1806. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1995, ISBN 0-19-873072-1 , p. 494.
  5. ↑ Information on the parents and siblings according to Croockewit: Genealogie van het geslacht de Graeff (1898), Sp. 132f.
  6. ↑ Joost Van den Vondel: Al de sealing works. Naar tijdsorde gerangschikt en in de…. Volume 2, p. 645 ( books.google.at ).
  7. ^ Entry on Engelenburg in the scientific database " EBIDAT " of the European Castle Institute, accessed on September 13, 2016 (Dutch).
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g h i W. R. Veder: Graeff, Jacob Dirksz. de . In: Petrus Johannes Blok , Philipp Christiaan Molhuysen (Ed.): Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek . Part 2. N. Israel, Amsterdam 1974, Sp. 498–500 (Dutch, knaw.nl / dbnl.org - first edition: AW Sijthoff, Leiden 1912, reprint unchanged).
  9. ↑ Information on the children, unless otherwise stated, from Croockewit: Genealogie van het geslacht de Graeff (1898), Col. 132 ff.
  10. ↑ Joost van den Vondels: Op Den Edelen En Gestrengen Heer Jakob de Graeff. ( books.google.at ).
  11. ↑ Genealogy Reinier de Graaf  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.klaaskolijnnet.nl  
  12. ↑ Biography in Letterkundig woordenboek voor Noord en Zuid
  13. ↑ Biography in the Biographisch woordenboek der Nederlanden. Deel 7
  14. ↑ Biography in the Biographisch anthologically en critisch woordenboek der Nederduitsche Dichters. Deel 2 CAB-GYZ
  15. ^ Francois le Metel de Boisrobert as a playwright and imitator of the Spanish drama: I. Die Tragikomodien, p. 157 ( books.google.at ).
  16. ^ Journal for Comparative Literature History, Volume 5, p. 193 Google Book Search
  17. ^ Gerhard Spellerberg, Hans Feger (Ed.): Studies on the literature of the seventeenth century , p. 337 ( books.google.at ).
  18. ↑ In older sources it is mentioned that Pieter Graeff a son of the in-Holland 1483 (1484 *) Wolfgang von Graben († 1521), was born into the the Meinhardi formers sprung Carniolian Uradelsgeschlecht the From digging stone was. WR Veder: Graeff, de . In: Petrus Johannes Blok , Philipp Christiaan Molhuysen (Ed.): Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek . Part 2. N. Israel, Amsterdam 1974, Sp. 490 (Dutch, knaw.nl / dbnl.org - first edition: AW Sijthoff, Leiden 1912, reprint unchanged). That Pieter Graeff was the great-grandfather of Jacob Dircksz de Graeff. The current sources according to today's genealogy exclude this origin. [SAC Dudok van Heel: Van Amsterdamse burgers dead Europese aristocrats. Volume 2, 2008, p. 974] The De Graeff family still has the Graben coat of arms in theirs today.
  19. ↑ Joost van den Vondel: De werken van Vondel combined with zijn leven, en voorzien van… p. 245 and 246 ( books.google.at ).
  20. ↑ Pluimgraaf
  21. ↑ Graeff, Jacob de. In: Biographical woordenboek der Nederlanden. Volume 7, Haarlem 1862, pp. 346-347 ( dbnl.org ).
  22. ↑ Het Utrechts Archiev: Archief van de heerlijkheid zuid-polsbroek 1424–1914 ( Memento of the original from March 18, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Verwerving van de heerlijkheid en other goederen, no. 2, shows two items (an envelope and a certificate) with the date “1609, 1610”. The date September 18, 1610 is taken from Croockewit: Genealogie van het geslacht de Graeff , p. 132, and Elias: De vroedschap van Amsterdam (1963), p. 266. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hetutrechtsarchief.nl
  23. ↑ JL van der Gouw: Korte geschiedenis van de border van de provincie Zuid-Holland (1963), chap. III: De definitieve vorm van het graafschap (1300–1795)
  24. ↑ Nierop: The nobility of Holland (1993), p 96, p 107
  25. ↑ Hedendaagsche historie, of tegenwoordige state van alle volkeren , Vol. XVII, 7, Isaak Tirion, Amsterdam 1748, p. 568 ( books.google.com ).
  26. ^ A b Jacob Dircksz de Graeff in Historische Geslachtswapens
  27. ↑ Nierop: The nobility of Holland (1993), S. 155th
  28. ↑ Bontemantel: De Regeeringe van Amsterdam , 1897, f S. 134th
  29. ^ Bijdragen voor vaderlandsche geschiedenis en oudheidkunde. Volume 1, 1837-Nijhoff, p. 81 ( books.google.com ).
  30. ^ G. van Enst Koning: Het Huis te Ilpendam en deszelfs voornaamste Bezitters. Uit real humble . In: De Gids - Nieuwe Vaderlandsche Letteroefeningen , Jg. 1837, pp. 322–331 Online version of the Dutch DBNL
  31. ↑ Briefwisseling Constantijn Huygens 1608–1687 (PDF; nl; 989 kB)
  32. ^ DBNL Jaarboek van de Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde , 1936 (Dutch).
  33. ↑ Joost van den Vondel, Jakob van Lennep: De werken van Vondel, brought into association with zijn leven, en voorzien van… . P. 469
  34. ^ Uit de geschiedenis van de Zijpe / Sluizen . Zijper Museum
  35. ^ Gary Schwartz: Rembrandt: his life, his paintings: a new biography with all accessible paintings illustrated in color . P. 146. Google Book Search:
  36. ↑ Joost van den Vondel: Op den here Jacob de Graef, heer van Polsbroek, burgemeester van Amsterdam Online version of the Dutch DBNL
predecessor Office successor
Karl von Arenberg Lord of Zuid-Polsbroek
1610–1638 		Cornelis de Graeff
Reinier Pauw Regent and Mayor of Amsterdam
1612–1637 		Andries Bicker
personal data
SURNAME Graeff, Jakob Dircksz de
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Mayor of Amsterdam
DATE OF BIRTH between 1569 and 1571
PLACE OF BIRTH Emden
DATE OF DEATH October 6, 1638
Place of death Amsterdam