Regent of Amsterdam

The coat of arms of Amsterdam with the imperial crown of the Holy Roman Empire awarded by Maximilian I during the term of office of Andries Boelens

The members of the quasi-autonomous aristocratic city ​​government of Amsterdam from the late Middle Ages to 1795 are called regents of Amsterdam in a broader sense . Usually, however, the term refers to the long-standing and influential mayors of Amsterdam .

structure

Those male citizens who had city rights ( poorter ) could sit in the city ​​government of Amsterdam . In the course of the late Middle Ages , some patrician families succeeded in excluding the craftsmen from membership of the city government and raising themselves to a hereditary city ​​nobility . In Amsterdam (as in the other cities of the Dutch Republic ) the city administration consisted of the Magistrate and the Vroedschap . The Vroedschap, consisting of 36 people, appointed the magistrate, which consisted of four mayors (including one ruling) and a number of councilors ( Schepen ). From the end of the 14th century, four mayors were elected simultaneously for the city of Amsterdam, each of whom remained in office for one year. Each year the longest serving, also known as the Presiding Mayor , resigned and was replaced by an elected successor. An uninterrupted reign of more than two years was expressly forbidden to prevent the emergence of a closed oligarchy . After the two years had elapsed, however, re-election was possible.

In times of crisis, the governor from the House of Orange appointed new Vroedschapsleden as the highest provincial government official to ensure that the Orange supporters came to power. This process, for which there was no legal basis, was called wetsverzetting (change of legislature). This took place in Amsterdam in 1619 after the overthrow of Johan von Oldenbarnevelt , in the so-called Rampjaar in 1672, then in 1748, the end of the second governorless period , and in 1787 after the entry of the Prussians and the smashing of the Dutch patriot movement.

historical overview

origin

Godevaert Wormbouts appeared as the first mayor in 1343 . The mayors of the 14th and 15th centuries are sometimes difficult to classify into families due to the patronymies used .

Beginnings of the powerful Amsterdam regent patriciate

At the beginning of modern times , the offices in the city government were increasingly reserved for members of fewer families. During this period, the long terms of office of the Boelens Loen family indicated the emergence of a closed government elite. The late medieval mayor Andries Boelens is considered to be the first real city ruler - in the sense of the Latin regere "to rule", based on the patrician senators and consuls who ruled ancient Rome . His family, which Boelen-Heijnen clan, was the power of the clan (in 1495 maagschap ) of Jacob Jonge Jacobsz take over, and with each other closely related the city by means of and networked Regentenpatriziates rule that the mighty city to aristocratic republic with made oligarchical traits. Andries Boelens is also considered a role model for the great regent dynasties of the 17th century due to his long term in office from 1496 to 1517 and the resulting concentration and development of power. In 1538, the Boelen-Heijnen clan lost their prominent position to the clan of Hendrick Dircksz and Joost Buyck due to their religious stance in the Baptist rebellion . This Spanish and Catholic oriented clan lost leadership in 1578 at the Alteratie of Amsterdam in turn to the sexes related to the Protestant Boelens Loen family. The main protagonists of the period after 1578 were the families Bicker , Geelvinck , De Graeff , Hooft , Huydecoper van Maarsseveen and the Witsen .

gallery

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  Andries Boelens (1455–1519), Amsterdam's first real ruler

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  Dirck Jansz Graeff (1532–1589), founder of the political supremacy of the De Graeff family

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  Cornelis Hooft (1547–1627), founder of the political supremacy of the Hooft family

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  Gerrit Bicker (1554–1604), founder of the political supremacy of the Bicker family

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  Gerrit Jacobsz Witsen († 1626), founder of the political supremacy of the Witsen family

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  Reinier Pauw (1564–1636), founder of the political power of the Pauw family

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  Jan Cornelisz Geelvinck (1579–1651), founder of the political supremacy of the Geelvinck family

The height of the regent power in the Golden Age

Overview of the main family relationships of the Amsterdam oligarchy around the families Boelens Loen , De Graeff , Bicker (van Swieten) , Witsen and Johan de Witt in the Golden Age.

Andries Bicker (1586-1652), Amsterdam's powerful Regent, who vehemently against the lust for power of the House of Orange occurred

Cornelis de Graeff (1599–1664), Amsterdam's greatest ruler in the Dutch Golden Century

In the golden century , in which the province of Holland with Amsterdam generated the majority of the gross national product of the United Netherlands , the city rulers received an almost sovereign power base that they knew how to use for the financial well-being of the city and for their personal gain. Many 17th century regents used their political weight to influence the affairs of the republic. The Dutch historian and archivist Sebastiaan AC Dudok van Heel said of the power of families like those of de Graeff and Bicker: “In Florence, families like Bicker and De Graeff would have been uncrowned princes.” On the other hand, raising the nobility in the Netherlands was unthinkable .

After the political end of the Orange -minded Reinier Pauw in the 1620s, the management of the city government came into the hands of an " Armenian clique" around Andries Bicker and Jakob Dircksz de Graeff . This gave the republican state party, weakened since the assassination of Johan van Oldenbarnevelt , new impulses and was able to determine Amsterdam politics for a long period of time. From this point onwards, a strong anti-organistic elite developed within Amsterdam. Examples of this are Andries Bicker and his cousin Cornelis de Graeff . Thanks to the political and financial power of his city, De Graeff was able to allow himself to send Admiral Michiel de Ruyter against the English fleet, or to conclude alliances with sovereign states such as Denmark or Poland . Andries Bicker led an open fight against the Orange governors Friedrich Heinrich and Wilhelm II , in which he put the well-being of the young republic at risk.

The climax of the city's regent power, however, was the forced participation in the peace negotiations in Munster by the Bicker and De Graeff families for the republic . This could only be imposed on the Dutch States General because of the need for Holland and Amsterdam for the whole of the Netherlands. Even one of the most important statesmen of the 17th century, Johan de Witt , had to rely on the benevolence of the Amsterdam patriciate in order to be elected as council pensioner of the Dutch states through De Graeff's approval . The relationship to the Amsterdam government families formed the basis for his political successes.

In the years 1660/61 the De Graeff faction pursued a pro-English strategy, which secured military support against Spain and free trade (vrij schip, vrij goed) . Ultimately, you needed a strong ally to secure the republican system in the Netherlands. For this reason, a commission was set up under the leadership of the Andries and Cornelis de Graeff brothers, which presented the so-called Dutch gift , consisting of numerous valuable paintings and art objects, to King Charles II of England . As a result, the donation led to a dispute between the various political groups in Holland.

Amsterdam in the Rampjaar 1672

When the situation in the republic became more and more precarious in Rampjaar in 1672 due to the invading French troops, the Orange -minded faction of Gillis Valckenier succeeded in seizing the power of the opposing faction De Graeff of the (former) regent Andries de Graeff and a majority in to attain the Vroedschap . In early summer, the people threatened by the French invasion renounced Johan de Witt allegiance and thus played themselves into the hands of the Orange Party. Amsterdam did everything in order not to have to surrender Holland to the French. The states of Holland planned to build a Holland line as protection. On the part of Amsterdam, Andries de Graeff pushed ahead with the protective construction and worked as a fortress commissioner.

In July of the same year, the Amsterdam city parliament (Vroedschap) decided to repeal the Eeuwig edict created in 1667 , which had regulated the abolition of the (Orange) governorship, and decided to Wilhelm III. of Orange to be proclaimed the new governor of Holland. In August the brothers Johan and Cornelis de Witt were cruelly murdered by a popular mob incited by Orange partisans. After these internal political upheavals, the people stood united behind the Orange. This caused the Amsterdam Vroedschap and the Gecommitteerde Raden (Council of State) in The Hague to exclude the Republicans who were not wanted by the Orange Party and the De Graeff faction from the government.

This also ended the previous exercise of power by the predominantly republican-minded Amsterdam patricians. The former state-minded bastion was by Wilhelm III. and Gillis Valckenier broken down by orange-minded politicians. The Rampjaar brought about the most radical change in the Amsterdam government since the Alteratie of 1578. On September 10, the following city regents were expelled from the government: Johan van de Poll and Lambert Reynst as ruling mayors, Hans Bontemantel as President- Schepen , Willem Blauw and Andries de Graeff as ruling Schepen, Nicolaas van Capelle, Jacob de Graeff , Pieter Schaep , Jan Hulft and Willem Backer as Schepen and the old Schepen Roetert Ernst, Dirck Spiegel, Nicolaes van Waveren, Arnout Hooft and Gerard Bors van Waveren . On September 15 they were followed by the ruling Schepen Pieter de Graeff . Instead of these state-minded patricians, orangist -minded people like Coenraad van Beuningen , Johann van Waveren Hudde ( Johan Hudde ), Louis Trip or Gillis Sautijn were appointed.

Decline of the regent patrimony in the 18th century

But even at the turn of the 18th century, the ruling mayors of Amsterdam showed political self-will and assertiveness, which put them in opposition to Wilhelm III. brought from Orange. Here Joan Huydecoper (II) van Maarsseveen and also Johann van Waveren Hudde (Johan Hudde) and Nicolaes Witsen should be mentioned. In the first half of the 18th century, the so-called second governorless period , the families Corver , Trip , Six and Van de Poll ruled Amsterdam, like their predecessors, in a closed hegemony . During this period, the state-minded mayors Jan (II) Six , Jan Trip van Berckenrode , Lieve Geelvinck and Jan (III.) Van de Poll were the driving forces behind the republican center of Holland. But they could no longer achieve such a role as their predecessors of the previous century. A self-weakening phenomenon was also the rise of office chats, various government offices were sold to the highest bidder. During the late 18th century, Mayor Hendrik Hooft was at the forefront of the Dutch patriot movement.

The end of the Dutch city government

Two events at the end of the 18th century marked the end of the patriciate, which up until then had been acting almost sovereignly. In 1787 the Prussian army invaded the city of Amsterdam, the patriotic currents were suppressed with military force, and the Orange were reinstated as governors . The final end of the Amsterdam patriciate falls in 1795, when the French entered the Netherlands and the Batavian Republic was proclaimed . With the French revolutionary laws ended a long epoch of the self-governing regent patricianship. The last politically decisive person in Amsterdam's city policy was the Netherlands' future government chairman Jan Bernd Bicker .

See also : List of Mayors of Amsterdam

gallery

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  Gillis Valckenier (1623–1680), after the Rampjaar in 1672, the most powerful ruler of Amsterdam

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  Coenraad van Beuningen (1622–1693), Holland's great diplomat, was one of the most influential rulers of Amsterdam after the Rampjaar

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  Johann van Waveren Hudde ( Johan Hudde ) (1628–1704), the eminent mathematician, served as one of the four mayors for 30 years

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  Joan Corver (1628-1716), the eminent and long-time mayor of Amsterdam, was a pro-English statesman and sought peace with France

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  Nicolaes Witsen (1641-1717), the mentor of Tsar Peter I , had been a mayor for many years

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  Jan Trip van Berckenrode (1664–1732) was a state-minded ruler of Amsterdam during the second period without governor

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  Lieve Geelvinck (1676–1743), state-minded mayor and regent for many years during the second period without governor

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  Jan (II) Six (1668–1750), longtime state-minded mayor of the second period without governor

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  Hendrik Hooft (1716–1794), Amsterdam regent who led the Dutch patriot movement

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  Joachim Rendorp (1728–1792), was one of the last Amsterdam rulers and a capable Dutch diplomat of the 18th century

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  Jan Bernd Bicker (1746–1812), the Amsterdam government member, was an important Dutch patriotic politician and chaired the Batavian Republic for two brief periods

Schout (Schultheißen) of the city of Amsterdam

In the Middle Ages, the Schouts and the Schepen were hired by the Count of Holland or his representative, the Baljuw ( Vogt ) van Amstelland . Since 1342, the Schouts, as counts' deputies and officials, and the Schepen have drawn up the city ordinances in order to be supported by the respective mayors as councilors. In the following time, the mayors were able to expand their influence on the city government and thus break the power of the Schouts. In 1400 the Amsterdam Schout lost his vote in the mayoral election. Eleven years later, again to the mayor, the right to accept new city residents (so-called poorters ). In 1409 the Schout had the highest jurisdiction within the freedom of the city . From the end of the 16th century, the Schout, the Schepen and the mayor were given the title "Mijne Heren van den Gerechte". With the proclamation of the Batavian Republic in 1795, the office of Schouts was abolished. Under the new government the office was divided into two parts; the judiciary, under the direction of the public prosecutor, and the political department, subordinate to the mayor ( Maire ).

List of Schouts

Schouts employed by the states of Holland (1566–1584):

Pieter Gerbrandszoonsz Ruysch 1566–1572 • Jakob van Boshuizen 1572/1573 • Andries Jan Holleslootszn Boelens 1573–1578 • Willem Maertsz Calff 1578–1581 • Jan Coenensz 1581–1584

Schouts employed by the city of Amsterdam (1584–1795):

Willem van der Does 1584–1620 • Jan ten Grootenhuys 1621–1646 • Pieter Hasselaer 1646–1649 • Cornelis de Vlaming van Oudshoorn 1649–1656 • Lambert Reynst 1656–1667 • Cornelis Jan Witsen 1667–1669 • Gerard Claesz Hasselaer 1669–1673 • Hendrik Roeters 1673–1681 • Jacob Boreel 1681–1691 • Jacob Jacobszn Hinlopen 1691–1694 • François de Vicq 1694–1697 • Francois de Vroede 1697–1701 • François de Vicq 1701–1705 • Gerbrand Michielsz Pancras 1706–1709 • Ferdinand van Collen 1709–1719 • Wigbold Slicher 1719–1726 • Jan Cornelisz Backer 1726–1737 • Ferdinand (II) van Collen 1737–1743 • Daniel de Dieu 1744–1749 • Willem Huyghens 1749–1763 • Isaac Sweers 1763–1767 • Willem Gerrit Dedel 1769 –1782 • Abraham Calkoen 1782–1785 • Willem Cornelis Backer 1785–1792 • David Willem Elias 1792–1795

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Families of the regent patriciate

Surname	First mention	in Amsterdam from:	Title since:	Remarks	Personalities ( only those who were active in the city government until 1795 are mentioned here )	coat of arms
Alewijn		16th Century	1623	The family claimed to be from French nobility and formerly De Halluin to have been called	Fredrick Alewijn (1737-1804)
Van den Anxter					Roemer Arend van den Anxter
Appelman					Balthazar Appelman
Baker		1509	1815	The family's origins lie in the Drunen in North Brabant	Jacob Backer (1572–1643) Willem Cornelisz Backer (1595–1652)
Van Bambeek					Nicolaas van Bambeek († 1722)
Bardes ( s )					Dirck Symon Bardenz Willem Bardensz (Wilhelm Baerdesen) (1528–1601)
Bas			1616		Dirck Bas (1569-1637)
Van den Bempden					Egidius van den Bempden (1667–1737)
Benning					Cornelis Benning
Bicker	before 1383	before 1383	1815	The family is the oldest patrician family in Amsterdam that still exists today; † 1755 Bicker van Swieten line at Swieten Castle	Andries Bicker (1586–1652) Cornelis Bicker (1592–1654) Jan Bernd Bicker (1746–1812)
Van Beuningen					Geurt van Beuningen (1565–1633) Coenraad van Beuningen (1622–1693)
Boelens Loen	Early 15th century	Early 15th century			Andries Boelens (1455–1519) Albert Andriesz Boelens († 1551) Jacob Andriesz. Boelens († 1621)
boom					Pieter Cornelisz Boom Abraham Boom (1575–1642)
Boreel	Late 14th century	1383	1619	The family is of Italian origin ( Ferrara ); the name of the professional title is Boreel Borelli , executioners derived,	Willem Boreel (1591–1668) Jacob Boreel (1630–1697)
Brandt	Mid 16th century			The family claims to be descended from a Frankish knight family; a branch of the family settled in the course of the struggle for independence of the Netherlands, among others, together with Diederik Jansz Graeff in the neutral port city of Emden Lower
Braseman					Jacob Braseman
Burgh					Albert Burgh (1593–1647)
Buyck					Joost Sijbrantsz Buyck (1505–1588)
Calkoen		around 1600	1816	The family name was formerly van Dort (h) and was in the Zutphen County home	Johannes Calkoen (1694–1768)
Clifford	middle Ages	between the years 1634 and 1640	1815	The family is of English origin ( Lincolnshire ), a relationship to the Barons de Clifford and later Earls of Cumberland is unproven; † in the middle of the 20th century	Pieter Clifford (1712–1788)
van Collen	15th century	Late 17th century	1630	The family came from Aachen and was originally called Von Cöln ; † 1853	Ferdinand van Collen (1651–1735) Ferdinand (II) van Collen (1681–1764)
Corver					Joan Corver (1628–1716) Gerrit Corver (1690–1756)
Coymans		17th century		The family was also settled in Curaçao and Cádiz as wholesalers and merchants as well as in the slave trade; † 1759
Cromhout					Bartholt Cromhout
Dedel	14th Century	Late 17th century	1815	The family came from Utrecht	Willem Gerrit Salomonsz Dedel (* 1734)
Deutz van Assendelft		Mid 16th century	1814	The family came from a suburb of Cologne ; † 1913	Jean Deutz (1618–1673) Andries Adolf Deutz van Assendelft (1764–1833)
Elias	15th century	16th Century	1815 (?)	The origins of the family are in the area around 's-Hertogenbosch , where she called de Cort has occurred	David Willem Elias (1758-1828)
Geelvinck	Early 16th century	1578		† 1805	Jan Cornelisz Geelvinck (1579–1651) Cornelis Geelvinck (1621–1689) Lieve Geelvinck (1676–1743) Joan (II) Geelvinck (1737–1802)
Graafland		Late 16th century	1815		Joan Pietersz Graafland (1733-1821)
De Graeff	around 1485 (?)	around 1485 (?)	1677	According to old sources, which are now in doubt, come from the Austrian lords of Graben . There is also a South African branch of the family	Jakob Dircksz de Graeff (1571–1638) Cornelis de Graeff (1599–1664) Andries de Graeff (1611–1678)
De Grebber		Late 13th century
Hasselaer					Pieter Hasselaer (1583–1651) Gerard Aarnout Hasselaar (1698–1766)
Van Heemskerck	possibly from old nobility	16th Century	1687 Renewal of the nobility as imperial count	The Amsterdam family branch was formerly called Van Beest or Van Beest van Heemskerck ; In 1896 the family was introduced into the Prussian nobility	Coenraad van Heemskerck (1646–1702) Willem van Heemskerck (1718–1784)
Slope down		Late 16th century		The family originally came from Brabant ; branches also existed in the Dutch colonies of Bengal and the Cape Colony ; † at the beginning of the 19th century	Jan J. Hinlopen (1624–1666)
De Hochepied	Early 16th century	Beginning of the 17th century	1704	The oldest known name bearers lived in the French part of Flanders and were called De Boitrencourt . The De Hochepied-Laprent branch also belonged to the English nobility; nowadays the family is also consolidated in Turkey and France
Hooft	15th century (?)	around 1550	1815	The family originally came from the Zaanstreek area	Cornelis Hooft (1547–1627) Henrick Hooft (1617–1678) Gerrit Hendricksz Hooft (1649–1717) Gerrit Hooft (1687–1767) Hendrik Hooft (1716–1794)
Hop
Hudde					Johann van Waveren Hudde ( Johan Hudde ) (1628–1704)
Huydecoper van Maarsseveen		1578	1637	The family was called Bal until the middle of the 16th century . There is also an African branch of the family	Joan Huydecoper (I) van Maarsseveen (1599–1661) Johan Huydecoper (II) van Maarsseveen (1625–1704)
Huyghens
Lestevenon
Van Loon	Early 15th century	1604	1815	The family originally came from Loon op Zand in North Brabant	Willem van Loon (1605-1645)
Blithely					Willem Munter (1682-1759)
Van Neck
Oetgens (van Waveren) and Bors van Waveren					Frans Hendricksz Oetgens van Waveren (1558–1625) Antonie Oetgens van Waveren (1585–1658) Gerard Bors van Waveren (1639–1693)
The otter					Dirck Hillebrantsz Otter
Pancras					Gerbrand Claesz Pancras (1591-1649) Nicolaes Pancras
Pauw	13th Century	before 1566	The family came from old nobility and was ennobled again in 1621	Claes de Grebber , who in 1306 was baljuw van Waterland ( Vogt of Waterland ) is considered to be the progenitor of the family	Reinier Pauw (1564–1636) Michiel Pauw (1590–1640)
Pels
Van de Poll	middle Ages	Late 16th century	old nobility	The Van de Poll dynasty borrowed its name from the estate of Pol near Mastwijk in the land of Montfoort , which they owned	Jan (II.) Van de Poll (1666–1735) Jan (III.) Van de Poll (1668–1745) Jan Wolters van de Poll (1759–1826)
Real
Rendorp		Mid 16th century	1815	The family comes from Lüneburg	Pieter Rendorp (1703–1760) Joachim Rendorp (1728–1792)
Reynst	15th century	15th century	1840		Gerrit Reynst (1599–1658) Lambert Reynst (1613–1679)
Ruysch					Dirck Heymansz Ruysch († 1509)
Sael
Sautijn		1576		The Sautijn family originally came from Belgium	Jan Sautijn (1680–1750)
Schaep		Mid 15th century	old nobility	Originally a family of the lower nobility from the Dutch province of Overijssel	Gerard Schaep (1598–1666)
Six		1585	1815	Originally, the family was in the southern Netherlands home	Jan Six (1618–1700) Jan (II) Six (1668–1750)
mirror
Trip	15th century	1615	1815 (1817)	The origins of the family are in Zaltbommel	Jan Trip van Berckenrode (1664-1732)
Valckenier	1450	1557	Valckenier von Geusau at the end of the 19th century	The family originally led the profession of Falck agent (hence the name Valckenier ) the Duke of funds from	Gillis Valckenier (1623-1680)
De Vicq					François de Vicq (1646–1707)
De Vlaming van Oudshoorn					Cornelis Jansz de Vlaming († 1519) Pieter de Vlaming van Oudshoorn (1563–1628) Dirck de Vlaming van Oudshoorn (1574–1643) Cornelis de Vlaming van Oudshoorn (1613–1688)
Van Vlooswyck					Cornelis van Vlooswyck
De Vries
De Vry Temminck					Jan Egbertsz de Vry Egbert de Vry Temminck
Witsen		1557		The origins of the Witsens are probably in Akersloot in North Holland	Cornelis Jan Witsen (1605–1669) Nicolaes Witsen (1641–1717)

Remaining (patrician) families

Sometimes with only one member working in the city government as mayor, councilor or Schepen or patronymic families with family members working in the government.

• Before the Alteratie - "1343–1578" :

Abbe • Ackerman • Adams • Alberts • Alckemade • Allerts • Van Amstel • Andriesz • Arends • Auwels • Baers • Beduynre • Van den Berge • Beth • Van Beverwaarde • Blommert • Brandt • Breekveld • Canter (t) • Brouwer • Claasz • Codde • Coen • Coet • Colyn (Colijn) • Coppens • Delman • De (a) yman • Diemen • Dirksz • Doos • Duyn • Eggert • Engels • Gaef • Gerritsz • Van Goye • Van der Graft • Gysbertsz • Van Haerlem • Haring • Harmens • Haymensz • Helmer ( ancestors of the Bicker family ) • Heyn • Hendricksz • Heymensz • Heynen • Holland • Hollersloot • Van Hoorn • Van Hoppen • Jacobsz • Jansz • Ilp • Kreck • Kryt • Kuyper • Louwen • Marcus • Van Marken • Mattheeusz • Meeus • Meiling • Meindertsz • Melis • Moyaerd • Nobel • Noirt • Occo • Oert • Ottens • Oudebroek • Van der Ouder-Amstel • Peeckstok • Persyn (Persijn) • Pietersz • Pollen • Pont • Pouwelsz • Prins • Reyers • Reyndertsz • Reyniersz • Roelofsz • Rolle • Roclaas • Rodding • Van Ruwiel • Ryser • Schelling • Schepen • Van Schoonhoven • Sillemoer • Smit • Stans • Stuever • Van Swieten • Symonsz • Taling • Teding • Tymans • Vechters • Verwer • Vries • De Vroede • Walichs • Willemsz • De Witte • Van Wormer

• According to the alteration - "1578–1795" :

Banning Cocq • Berewout • Bernard • Blaauw • Boudaen • Bouwens • Brandt • Van Bronkhorst • Bruyningh • Van Campen • Cant (Kant) • Capit (Coppit) • Dieu • Van der Does • Van der Dussen • Duyvens • Egbertsz • Fay • Van Ghesel • Graswinckel • Grootenhuys • Van Harencarspel • De Haze (de Georgio) • Van Helmond • Van Helmert • Van Hoesen • Hoing • Van Hoorn • Hulft • Kalf • Kloeck • Van Lennep • Van Marken • Van Marselis • Van der Meer • Muilman • Overlander (van Purmerland) • Opmeer • Ortt • Pater • De Petersen • Poppen • Raap • Raaphorst • Ranst • Roch • Roelofsz • Roeters • Van Ruytenburg • Schellinger • Scott • Scryver • Slicher • De Smeth • Son • Van Teylingen • Tulp • Van Stryen • Velters • Verburg • Vink • De Vroede • De Wilhem

literature

• Johan E. Elias: De vroedschap van Amsterdam 1578 - 1795. (2 volumes). N. Israel, Amsterdam 1963.
• Jan Wagenaar: Amsterdam in zyne opkomst, aanwas, geschiedenissen, voorregten, koophandel, gebouwen, kerkenstaat, schoolen, schutterye, gilden en Regeeringe, Beschreeven . Volume 13. Government list of all possible city commissioners as well as the government list (mayor, Schepen, council and Schout) from 1343 to 1578 and the government list (mayor, Schepen, council, commissioner and Schout) from 1578–1768 ( books.google.at ).
• Joh. E. Elias: De Vroedschap van Amsterdam, 1578-1795. Haarlem 1903 (2nd edition, The Hague 1923)
• Hajo Brugmans: Geschiedenis van Amsterdam. Part 3: Bloeitijd, 1621-1697. Het Spectrum, Utrecht 1973, ISBN 90-274-8193-8 .
• P. Burke: Venice and Amsterdam. A study of seventeenth-century élites. Polity Press et al., Cambridge 1994, ISBN 0-7456-1324-1 .
• Sebastien AC Dudok van Heel: Op zoek naar Romulus & Remus. A zeventiende-eeuws onderzoek naar de oudste magistraten van Amsterdam. Jaarboek Amstelodamum, 1995.
• Jonathan I. Israel: The Dutch Republic. Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall. 1477-1806. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1995, ISBN 0-19-820734-4 .
• Willem Frijhoff, Maarten Roy Prak, Marijke Carasso-Kok: Geschiedenis van Amsterdam. Part 2: Zelfconscious cities 1650–1813. Sun, Amsterdam 2005, ISBN 90-5875-138-4 .
• PHJ van der Laan, R. Bessem (ed.): Resoluties van de vroedschap van Amsterdam 1551–1565. Hilversum 2008, ISBN 978-90-6550-993-2 .
• Sebastien AC Dudok van Heel: Van Amsterdamse burgers dead Europese aristocrats. Volume I, Koninklijk Nederlandsch Genootschap voor Geslacht- en Wapenkunde, 's-Gravenhage 2008, OCLC 316077278 .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Sebastiaan AC Dudok van Heel: Van Amsterdamse burgers dead Europese aristocrats. Hun divorced and hun portraits. De Heijnen-maagschap 1400-1800.Koninklijk Nederlandsch Genootschap voor Geslacht- en Wapenkunde, two volumes. Koninklijk Nederlandsch Genootschap voor Geslacht- en Wapenkunde, 2008.
2. ↑ Michiel Wagenaar et al. (Ed.): Van stadskern dead stadsgewest. Stedebouw knowledgeable divorced from Amsterdam. Lost, Amsterdam 1984, p. 49.
3. ^ Hajo Brugmans: Geschiedenis van Amsterdam. Part III: Bloeitijd 1621–1697 . Spectrum, 1973, pp. 159-167.
4. ↑ Geert Mak: The many lives of Jan Six. History of an Amsterdam dynasty. Siedler Verlag, Munich 2016.
5. ^ Eelco Beukers: Geschiedenis van Holland. Part 2, Volume 2.
6. ↑ Jonathan I. Israel: The Dutch Republic. Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall. 1477-1806 . Clarendon Press, Oxford 1995, ISBN 0-19-820734-4 , p. 494.
7. ↑ Cornelis de Graeff in the Dutch DBNL
8. ↑ Jonathan I. Israel: The Dutch Republic. 1995, p. 750.
9. ^ ^{A b} Biography of Andries de Graeff , in the Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren . Part 2, 1912 (Dutch).
10. ↑ Lambert van den Bos, Lieuwe van Aitzema: Historien onses tyds, battering Saken van Staat en oorlogh… Volume 1, p. 445.
11. ↑ Maarten Hell: 'Kennen, respecteren ende gehoorsamen', Amsterdams Schouten en hun ambt. In: Genootschap Amstelodamum 1997. ( Memento from January 31, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) pp. 11–42. (PDF; 11.7 MB)
12. ↑ Jan Wagenaar: Amsterdam in zyne opkomst, aanwas, geschiedenissen, voorregten, koophandel, gebouwen, kerkenstaat, schoolen, schutterye, gilden en Regeeringe, Beschreeven . Volume 13. Government list of all possible city commissioners as well as the government list (mayor, Schepen, council and Schout) from 1343 to 1578 and the government list (mayor, Schepen, council, commissioner and Schout) from 1578–1768 ( books.google.at ).