Rutupiae fort
| Richborough Castle | |
|---|---|
| Alternative name |
a) Rutupiai , b) Portus Ritupiae , c) Rutupiae , d) Rutupis |
| limes | Britain |
| section | Litus saxonicum , |
| Dating (occupancy) |
a) 1st century AD, b) 3rd to 5th century AD |
| Type |
a) fleet station, b) replenishment base, c) Saxon coastal fort |
| unit |
a) unknown, b) Legio II Augusta |
| size |
a) unknown, b) 2.5 ha |
| Construction |
a) wood-earth, b) stone construction |
| State of preservation |
a) Palisade with a double moat in front, b) a square structure with protruding towers, mostly still visible above ground |
| place | Richborough |
| Geographical location | 51 ° 17 '36 " N , 1 ° 19' 57" E |
| Previous | Regulbium fort north |
| Subsequently | Portus Dubris south |
The late antique Richborough Castle is located near the present-day Richborough , county Kent in England , Dover District .
Richborough was occupied by the Romans from AD 43 until the end of their rule in 410. It gained its importance as a naval base and base camp for the conquest of the island with the invasion of Britain by Emperor Claudius in AD 43. During the Roman occupation, a civil settlement and an important trading and transit port developed in addition to the fort. It was one of the two main gates to Roman Britain and thus one of the most frequented ports of call for shipping that connected the island with Portus Itius / Gesoriacum (today Boulogne-sur-Mer) on the Gallic coast. The Roman fleet controlled the waters of the English Channel and the North Sea from here. In the 3rd century Rutupiae was integrated into the chain of castles of the so-called Litus Saxonicum ( Saxon coast ), an important part of the late antique Limes Britannicus.
Surname
The name Rutupiae (= "cloudy water" or "the muddy river mouth") probably comes from the Celtic language area.
- Richborough is referred to as Rutupiai in the geographical treatise of Claudius Ptolemy in the early 2nd century AD .
- The Itinerarium Antonini , created in the late 2nd century, mentions Richborough in three places, once in the Iter Britanniarum, and twice in Iter II, "The way from the wall to the port of Ritupiae". All road stations from Hadrian's Wall to Richborough are also listed here. The distance between the Portus Ritupiae and the penultimate station, Durovernum (Canterbury), is given as twelve miles.
- In the Tabula Peutingeriana the place is registered as Rutupis .
- In the Notitia Dignitatum , Rutupis appears in the late 4th century as a garrison place of the Litus Saxonicum between Regulbium (Reculver, Kent) and Anderitum (Pevensey, East Sussex).
- In addition, Richborough is mentioned in the 7th century in the Cosmographia of the Geographer of Ravenna , as Rutupiae , this time between Durovernum Cantiacorum (Canterbury) and Durobrivae (Rochester, Kent).
Location and function
The crew of the fort secured - together with Fort Regulbium - one of the most important ports of the British provinces and the southern entrance of the Wantsum Canal. From here it was possible to cross the Oceanus Britannicus to the Gaulish Gesoriacum ( Boulogne-sur-Mer ) relatively quickly and safely . The Wantsum Canal was a large tidal channel that guaranteed ships that wanted to enter the Thames / Thamesis a safe passage to London / Londinium , without the risks involved in bypassing the island of Thanet on the open sea. It has silted up over the centuries, only marshland and dykes mark the places where in antiquity there was still brisk shipping traffic. The ruins of the Saxon Coast Fort are therefore today about three kilometers inland. The ancient port is also marshland today. Today there is a factory on the edge of the fort area, the eastern end of the camp was destroyed from the 15th century by erosion and later by the construction of a railway line.
The place was - in addition to the neighboring Portus Dubris - also the starting point of Watling Street, which led first to London and then via St. Albans and Wroxeter to Central Wales. Today only a narrow dirt road, west of Richborough, reminds of them.
Research history
John Leland first described the walls of the Saxon Coast Fort and the foundations of the triumphal arch in 1540. Further accounts of Roman remains were written by William Boys in 1799. He mentions the traces of roads that ran west of the fort. In 1846, when the railway line was built east of the fort, the remains of the flint and brick wall and an apse were destroyed. In 1849 parts of the amphitheater were exposed. In 1887, George Dowker found the remains of ancient stone buildings with mosaic floors. 350 m further south, the remains of two Romano-British temples, a burial ground, kilns and other Roman buildings were discovered during railway construction work in 1926 near the amphitheater.
The most extensive excavations were carried out by Joselyn P. Bushe-Fox - on behalf of the Society of Antiquaries of London and the Minister for Public Works and Works - with the help of unemployed miners in the 1920s and 1930s. Between 1959 and 1969 the Kent Archeological Rescue Unit (KARU) carried out excavations in the fort. In 1965, Ian Archibald Richmond realized that the foundations in the center of the fort and marble fragments belonged to a triumphal monument. A final summary of the excavation results was published by Barry Cunliffe in 1968. In 2000 aerial photographs of the ancient city area were made. In 2001, 22 hectares of the excavation site were geophysically examined to complete the site. Above all, the exact course of the Roman roads could be clarified. In 2001 and 2008, archaeologists from the English Heritage confirmed that the ancient coastline is almost identical to the current river bed of the Stoure.
development
The banks of the Wantsum Canal have been settled since the late Bronze Age. The canal itself has also been an important traffic route since prehistoric times. At Richborough traces of a larger settlement from the 7th-6th centuries were found Century BC Observed. At the time of the Roman invasion, the region was ruled by the Celto-British tribes of the Catuvellauni, Atrebaten and Trinovanten.
In AD 43, the Romans landed under Emperor Claudius in their second invasion of Britain. Rutupiae was one of their bridgeheads, here Aulus Plautius probably went ashore with the majority of the troops - probably up to three legions. The Legio II Augusta, under the command of Vespasian , set foot on British soil a little further south. The occupation army is now estimated at around 800 ships and 40,000–50,000 men. At that time this place was a well protected lagoon between the coast and the island of Thanet. Archaeological excavations have shown that immediately after the landing, work began to fortify the bridgehead and further develop its infrastructure.
After consolidating their rule in southeastern Britain in the middle of the 1st century, Rutupiae became the most important naval and supply base for the further advance of the Romans into Britain. New military roads were laid out from here in the direction of Canterbury and London, and numerous wooden structures were built on a grid-shaped road network to accommodate the soldiers and supplies. Around the year 85 the appearance of Rutupiaes changed fundamentally, the temporary wooden structures from the founding time were removed and partially replaced by more solid stone structures and a monumental triumphal arch (quadrifrons) . The location of such monuments was of great symbolic importance for the Romans. The erection of the monument is therefore the strongest indication that Claudius' invasion troops actually set foot on British soil here first. Subsequently, however, it was also intended to emphasize the subjugation of the local population and Rome's power.
The military focus shifted noticeably to the north and west of the island. Rutupiae has now also been replaced by Dubris / Dover, 25 km away, as the main supply and naval base. Nevertheless, it developed into a thriving coastal town, and its infrastructure now also included a large mansio (hostel). The city was also known throughout the Roman Empire for the quality of its oyster beds. These are mentioned in Juvenal as being on a par with those from the southern Italian lake Lucrin / Lucrinus Lacus .
Around the middle of the 3rd century, drastic political and economic upheavals in the empire made it necessary to fortify the port city, which had apparently already been largely destroyed. Much of the economic activity may have moved to London and Dover. A provisional fortification was built around the triumphal arch. A large part of the area of the civil town was leveled, and the quadrifron , which has now also probably already fallen into disrepair , was completely removed. The massive defensive walls of the Saxon coast fort were raised with the demolition material and its marble was burned to lime. It appears that its construction began around 277 and that it was finished in 285. When the fort walls were completed, the remaining earthworks and trenches were removed or filled in. The fortress was probably commissioned by the usurper Carausius to fend off an invasion by troops of the Roman central government.
A new threat in the form of Anglo-Saxon and Frankish pirates was now emerging. They were the vanguard of the later Saxon settlers who were soon to establish themselves permanently in Britain, coming across the North Sea. The Limes on the “Saxon Coast” was set up or strengthened as an independent military district. At the mouth of the Wantsum was u. a. the Regulbium / Reculver warehouse was also built. In 359/360 the Picts and Scots broke through the northern border and devastated large parts of Britain. In order to repel them again, Emperor Julian Apostatata set his general, the magister equitum per Gallias Lupicinus, on the march, who soon after arrived in Rutupiae with an army of Heruler and Batav mercenaries and initially marched with them to Londinium in order to proceed from there to plan. In 367, Attacotts, Picts and Saxons invaded Britain at the same time by arrangement, destroyed or dispersed the Roman forces stationed on the island, killed their commander, the Comes Maritimus Nectaridus, and besieged the Dux Fullofaudes in his fortress. Then a usurper, Valentinus , seized control of the province. In 368 the Comes Flavius Theodosius landed on behalf of Emperor Valentinian I with his army in Rutupis , quickly overthrew the revolt of Valentinus, secured Hadrian's Wall , defeated the invaders and thus established the Roman order on the island - for one last time - again. During the excavations, over 20,000 coins from the period between 395 and 402 were found on the fort area, far more than in the rest of Britain. This also included a lot of smaller denominations, a strong indication that Rutupis was an important economic and financial center in the region until the Romans withdrew.
In the early 5th century the Roman army and administration finally abandoned Britain. However, a number of coin finds show that there was still a lot of activity in the former Saxon coastal fort. When Augustine of Canterbury visited Britain in 597, he likely went ashore at Rutupis . Due to its favorable location on the Channel coast, this place continued to be populated. The Romano-British King Vortigern provided Anglo-Saxon mercenaries under their leaders Hengist and Horsa with the island of Thanet as a settlement area. It was from there that the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain would begin in 449. Towards the end of the 5th century, Thanet was part of the first Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Kent .
During excavations in 2008, u. a. also on a dock system from the Middle Ages. Proof that the place - and probably also the fort - was still used as a harbor at that time. The Wantsum Canal began to silt up from the 12th century, the last ship passed through it in 1672, and the port had to be abandoned afterwards.
Coastal fortification
This barricade was probably built in a hurry to secure the landing zone against surprise attacks by the British. From this earliest Roman fortification, only traces of a double moat, the oldest archaeological evidence of the Roman invasion of Britain, could be observed on the inside, in the northeast of the Saxon coastal fort. It was probably a total of 2700 m long barrage, consisting of a peat-earth wall to the east with palisade posts and two upstream trenches (approx. 650 m are still visible today), which runs from north to south, parallel to the former coastline , extended. In the north the trenches ended in marshland , in the south they were destroyed during the construction of a railway line. The inner trench was 3.5 meters wide and two meters deep, the outer one was slightly narrower and ran two meters away. On the land side, the wall had a 3.25 m wide gate, which was secured by a wooden tower resting on four piles.
Wood-earth fastening on the triumphal arch
In the middle of the 3rd century, the houses around the triumphal arch were evidently cleared or demolished and the area surrounded by three pointed trenches and an earth wall. The trenches ended at Mansio and Watling Streets, which is believed to have been the main gate of the fortification. The fortifications were probably in use for 25-30 years.
Saxon Coast Fort
The Saxon Coast Fort stood on slightly elevated ground in the north of the bay. The late antique complex still had the - rectangular - floor plan typical of medieval forts, but no longer had rounded corners. Furthermore, no back earth wall could be detected. Gates were let into the defensive wall on two sides, each flanked by two towers. At 2.5 hectares, slightly smaller than the neighboring Regulbium (Reculver), the walls of the fort were constructed much more massive and were probably modernized again at a later date. The eastern side of the fortress is completely destroyed today. Debris from the east wall was still used as a dock in the 15th century.
Enclosure
Large sections of the wall measuring 3.3 m at the base are still standing today up to a height of eight meters. This was also the height of the battlements, which were probably protected by battlements about two meters high. The wall was mainly built of flint stone, but also numerous other types of rock, such as B. Limestone from the area was used for this. The north wall z. B. should largely consist of the material of the broken triumphal arch. At one point a striking change in the construction of the wall can be clearly seen. Presumably this section had been built by another construction team.
The core of the wall consisted of quarry stone bound in cement, which was clad with roughly hewn blocks. Six rows of two-volume tiles (they also contain a small amount of reused roof tiles) were inserted one meter apart. Smaller square recesses (so-called putlog holes ), in which the support beams of the scaffolding were once anchored, are clearly visible everywhere . The outer facing has largely disappeared today, as it was used to build the city walls of the nearby Sandwich. The large holes visible today in the wall were also caused by stone robbers.
Gates and towers
The corners of the wall were protected by four cantilevered, semicircular massive towers, while the twelve intermediate and four gate towers were rectangular and accessible on the inside. Their intermediate floors were made of wood. They probably housed guard rooms, living rooms or storage rooms. Its lowest floors consisted of a layer of pebbles, which can still be seen in the tower between the northeast corner tower and the northern hatch. There was a latrine in the intermediate tower north of the west gate. The foundations of the southwest corner tower can still be seen today. There were probably heavy arrow slingshots (ballista) on the corner towers .
The two slightly offset gates in the east (harbor side) and the main gate in the west (land side) were each provided with a passage. The guard rooms were above the arches. They were flanked by two rectangular towers. They also led to the battlements. On the north and south walls, there were two small hatches in the central intermediate towers (on their east and west sides). The northern one has been preserved up to its original height.
Weir trenches
Two V-shaped ditches surrounded the fort walls as an obstacle to the approach. The inner one was 10 m wide and 3 m deep, the outer 8 m wide and 2 m deep. A third trench, between the two main trenches, at the west gate was probably the result of a survey error. It was therefore filled in again soon after it was excavated.
Interior constructions
In the 4th century almost all of the buildings inside the fort were made of wood. A total of 17 of them could be archaeologically proven. Most of them were simple, long rectangular wooden stud structures. The partition walls were made using truss technology. In the southeast corner there were two larger storage buildings ( Horreum ) . In the center, at the location of the former triumphal arch, the camp principia were erected.
In the 5th century, a small chapel with a hexagonal , tiled basin (probably a baptismal font) was built on the northwest wall over the remains of a wooden building from the 1st century . It is one of the very rare testimonies to the activities of burgeoning Christianity in Britain and is believed to have been in use for some time after the Romans left.
Thermal bath
In the north-eastern part of the fort area, a small, east-west oriented bath house (row bath type) with a pool attached to the side was uncovered. It was probably the only stone-built building in the late antique camp and was built directly over the remains of the earlier mansio and probably at the same time as the fort (find a coin of Emperor Tetricus , AD 268-273, under the screed floor of the frigidarium ) and probably given up in the 5th century.
A total of three rooms could be examined during the excavations, one of which was not heated. It is located on the east side of the building and measures 3.40 mx 3.60 m. On the north side there is a piscina that has been redesigned several times and built into a rectangular niche (2.40 m × 1.65 m). The 2.70 m × 3.60 m large tepidarium followed in the west, followed by the caldarium . Both are equipped with a hypocaust heater, the praefurnium of which is located on the west side of the caldarium. The associated water basin was located in an apse built on the north side .
garrison
At the end of the 4th century, according to the Notitia Dignitatum, a prefect with a vexillation of the Legio II Augusta under the command of the Comes litoris Saxonici per Britanniam was stationed in the fort of Rutupis (Praefectus legionis secundae Augustae, Rutupis) . The Rutupis camp was not big enough to hold the entire legion. The vexillations that arose from it were probably already scattered throughout the Western Roman Empire at this time, as the best soldiers of the mobile field army ( Comitatenses ) were assigned after the army reforms of the emperors Gallienus and Diocletian .
Civil city
The first provisional fortification was replaced by a building phase in which the trenches were leveled, a road network was laid and 12.28 m × 9 m wooden structures, including two warehouses, were erected. From 70 onwards, Rutupiae had established itself as an important trading port. The warehouses were demolished and replaced by narrow, long rectangular wooden buildings with verandas as well as business and living spaces on the street side in the rear area ( strip house ).
The multi-phase civil settlement (initially probably only a vicus ) came into being in the pre-Flavian period. Its center was west of the triumphal arch in an area surrounded by earthworks and continued beyond these walls. The warehouses of the military were gradually being replaced by residential buildings as early as the 1st century. Along Watling Street and immediately west of the late antique fort, behind a ridge, an extensive, regular street grid and smaller foundation trenches of stone buildings came to light. Most of the buildings, however, were made of wood. Some were made of oil lamps or made of metal. It must have been a town-like, approximately 21-25 hectare settlement that reached its heyday and greatest expansion in the 2nd century. A burial ground and the remains of two small temples (temples 1 and 2) were also found. After 270 AD, the city had apparently been abandoned by most of its residents. Their area was then leveled and the fort of the Saxon Coastal Limes built on it - over the area of six former insulae .
port
Little is known about him. It was located east of the fort area, its last remains were destroyed during the construction of the railway. In the 3rd century, the port area began to silt up due to sediment deposits from the Stour River, particularly west of the city, which may have been one of the reasons for its decline during this period.
Mansio
This multi-phase building stood on the side of the city area facing the lake. The exact purpose of the building is not entirely clear, but it seems almost certainly to have served as a hostel ( mansio ) for travelers and state officials. In the 1st century the mansio was made entirely of wood, its rooms were arranged around a large inner courtyard. Around AD 70 it was completely rebuilt in stone and expanded further to the northeast around 85. It was then rebuilt several times and completely rebuilt again during the 2nd century and also equipped with a hypocaust heater for a bathroom. The fortifications of the late 3rd century around the triumphal arch cut through the remains of residential buildings, but left out the mansio . It must have been intact at this point. Perhaps it served as accommodation for the fortress commander. The building stood until the late 3rd century. After it was destroyed by the construction of the Saxon Coast Fort, the camp bath was built over its remains.
Triumphal arch
Possibly to celebrate the victory of Gnaeus Iulius Agricola in the battle of Mons Graupius or the conclusion of the conquest of Britain under Domitian , a triumphal arch (Quadrifrons or Great Monument) was built in Rutupiae . The four-arched monumental building clad in white Carrara marble from Italy, originally around 25 m high, was supposed to symbolically mark the entrance to Rome's new province of Britain (accessus Britanniae) . Such monuments had also been erected in other provincial towns (e.g. the so-called Heidentor in the Pannonian Carnuntum ). Its foundations, which are arranged in a cross shape and made of flint stone bound in clay and are ten meters deep, are still visible today. The four main pillars were flanked by four arches, which formed a cross-shaped vault in the middle. The western and eastern arches were much wider and higher and served as a passage that could be accessed on both sides via stairs. A box-shaped superstructure with a flat roof had been added over the arches. He possibly carried an equestrian statue or group of figures ( quadriga ).
Individual bronze finds and fragments of the worked marble today give a good idea of how imposing it might once have looked. Perhaps it was dedicated to the sea god Neptune, which could have been reflected in its facade decoration. It is possible that this monument is also related to a monumental inscription found in Rome, which refers to the submission of eleven British kings to Emperor Claudius. The inscription was there on a triumphal arch erected for Claudius. In the middle of the 3rd century it was fortified with earth walls, additionally surrounded by three V-shaped trenches and used as an observation and signaling station. Towards the end of the century (275-300) it was finally canceled.
amphitheater
The amphitheater has been known since the 18th century. It stood about 400 m southwest of the Saxon coastal fort on the highest point on the peninsula. It is believed that it was built in the late 3rd century for the castle occupation. It was an ellipsoidal system with two main entrances in the longitudinal axis and massive structural structures in the area of the transverse axis within the audience stands. The amphitheaters in Britain were not usually built entirely of stone. Excavations in 1848 and recent geophysical investigations within the area revealed an arena surrounded by sloping twelve-meter-wide and two-meter-high substructures made of clay and mortar masonry. The wooden seats for the spectators were attached to them. From the amphitheater, only a slight depression, the 62 × 50 meter arena, can be seen today. The magnetometer examinations also showed large stone circles under the spectator benches, which were very deeply founded. On the narrow sides, on the north-west and south-east side, there are indications of two additional gates, which seem to have been flanked by towers. It seems that the amphitheater was also superimposed on imperial settlement structures.
Hints
The site is under the care of English Heritage and is open to the public. You can visit ruins from several phases of the Roman settlement of Richborough.
literature
- Jocelyn Plunket Bushe-Fox: Reports on the Excavation of the Roman Fort at Richborough. 1, 1926-4, 1949.
- Barry Cunliffe : Fifth Report on the Excavation of the Roman Fort at Richborough. Society of Antiquaries, London 1968.
- Donald White: Litus Saxonicum. The British Saxon Shore in Scholarship and History. State Historical Society of Wisconsin for the Department of History, University of Wisconsin, Madison 1961, p. 36 ( full text ).
- Sheppard Frere : Britannia. A History of Roman Britain. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London 1967, p. 432.
- David E. Johnston: The Date of the Construction of the Saxon Shore Fort at Richborough. In: Britannia Vol. 1, 1970, pp. 240-248.
- Susan Harris: Richborough and Reculver, Kent , English Heritage, London 2001.
- Malcolm Todd: Rutupiae. In: The New Pauly (DNP). Volume 10, Metzler, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-476-01480-0 , Sp. 1174.
- Tony Willmott: Richborough: The Context of the Invasion of AD 43 and of the Saxon Shore Fort. In: Limes XIX. Proceedings of the XIXth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies in Pécs, Hungary Sept. 2003. Pécs 2005, ISBN 963-642-053-X , pp. 71-74.
- Tony Willmott: Richborough and Reculver , Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England, English Heritage, London 2012.
- Nic Fields: Rome's Saxon Shore Coastal Defenses of Roman Britain AD 250-500 , (= Fortress 56). Osprey Books, 2006.
Web links
- Views of the fort area and reconstruction drawing of the fortifications around the triumphal arch in the late 3rd century (Gallery)
- Reconstruction model of the triumphal arch
- Description of the amphitheater
- Images of the fort area and the civil town
- Images of the fort area and the civil town
- English Heritage display board
- Rutupiae on Castle | Forts | Battles
Remarks
- ↑ A Gessoriaco de Galliis Ritupis in portu Britanniarum. Stadia numero CCCCL. "From Gesoriacum in Gaul, to the port of Britannia, Ritupiae, 450 stadiums."
- ↑ Item a vallo ad portum Ritupis mpm cccclxxxi.
- ^ The Antonine Itinerary .
- ↑ R&C No. 73.
- ↑ Tony Willmott 2003, pp. 71–72 and 2012, pp. 46–48
- ↑ Juvenal, Satiren 4, 141.
- ^ Donald White: 1961, p. 36.
- ↑ Tony Willmott: 2012, p. 4
- ↑ Tony Willmott: 2012, p. 5
- ^ PDC Brown: The Church at Richborough. In: Britannia. Vol. 2, 1971, pp. 225-231.
- ^ Tony Rook: Roman Baths in Britain. Shire, Buckinghamshire 2002, ISBN 0-7478-0157-6 , p. 57 (with map); Manfred Philipp: Fort baths in the northern provinces of the Roman Empire. Studies on their typology and function. Unprinted dissertation, University of Innsbruck 1999, text volume I, p. 136.
- ↑ Tony Willmott: 2012, p. 15
- ↑ Tony Willmott: 2012, pp. 33-34
- ↑ Tony Willmott: 2012, p. 12
- ^ Barry Cunliffe: Fifth Report on the Excavation of the Roman Fort at Richborough. London 1968, pp. 40-73, Tony Willmott: pp. 10-11.
- ↑ CIL 6, 920 : Ti (berio) Clau [dio Drusi f (ilio) Cai] sari / Augu [sto Germani] co / pontific [i maxim (o) trib (unicia) potes] tat (e) XI / co ( n) s (uli) V im [p (eratori) XXII (?) cens (ori) patri pa] triai / senatus po [pulusque] Ro [manus q] uod / reges Brit [annorum] XI d [iebus paucis sine] / ulla iactur [a devicerit et regna eorum] / gentesque b [arbaras trans Oceanum sitas] / primus in dici [onem populi Romani redegerit] . Translation: “To Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, son of Drusus, high priest, holder of tribunician power for the eleventh time, consul for the fifth time, proclaimed imperator for the twenty-second time, censor, father of the fatherland [have dedicated this] to the Senate and the people of Rome because he defeated eleven British kings in a few days without losses and was the first to bring their empires and the barbaric tribes across the ocean under the rule of the Roman people. "
- ^ Tony Willmott: pp. 10-11.
- ^ Tony Wilmott, Neil Linford, Louise Martin: The Roman amphitheater at Richborough (Rutupiae), Kent. Non-invasive research. In: Tony Wilmott (Ed.): Roman amphitheatres and spectacula. A 21st-century perspective. Archaeopress, Oxford 2009, ISBN 978-1-4073-0426-7 , pp. 85-94.
| From the rampart to the port of Ritupiae . | Distance: 481 Roman miles | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| of Blatobulgium | [ Birrens ] | 12 | |
| to Castra Exploratorum | [ Netherby ] | 12 | |
| after Luguvalium | [ Carlisle ] | 12 | |
| after Voreda | [ Old Penrith ) | 14th | |
| after Bravoniacum | [ Kirkby Thore ] | 13 | |
| after Verterae | [ Brough ] | 13 | |
| according to Lavatrae | [ Bowes ] | 14th | |
| after cataractonium | [ Catterick ] | 16 | |
| to Isurium | [ Aldborough ] | 24 | |
| to Eboracum | [ York ], | [Location of Legio VI Victrix ], | 17th |
| after Calcaria | [ Tadcaster ] | 9 | |
| to Cambodunum | [ Slack ] | 20th | |
| after Mamucium | [ Manchester ] | 18th | |
| according to Condate | [ Northwich ] | 18th | |
| after Deva | [ Chester ], | [Location of Legio XX Valeria Victrix ], | 20th |
| according to Bovium | [ Tilston ] | 10 | |
| after Mediolanum | [ unknown ] | 20th | |
| after rutunium | [ Harcourt Park ] | 12 | |
| after Viroconium | [ Wroxeter ] | 11 | |
| to Uxacona | [ Redhill ] | 11 | |
| after Pennocrucium | [ Penkridge ] | 12 | |
| after Letocetum | [ Wall ] | 12 | |
| to Manduessedum | [ Mancetter ] | 16 | |
| to Venonae | [ High Cross ] | 12 | |
| to Bannaventa | [ Norton ] | 17th | |
| after Lactodurum | [ Towcester ] | 12 | |
| to Magiovinium | [ Fenny Stratford ] | 17th | |
| after Durocobrivae | [ Dunstable ] | 12 | |
| after Verulamium | [ St Albans ] | 12 | |
| after Sulloniacae | [ unknown ] | 9 | |
| to Londinium | [London] | 12 | |
| after Noviomagus | [ unknown ] | 10 | |
| after Vagniacae | [ Springhead ] | 18th | |
| after Durobrivae | [ Rochester ] | 9 | |
| according to Durolevum | [ unknown ] | 13 | |
| after Durovernum | [ Canterbury ] | 12 | |
| to the port of Ritupiae | [ Richborough ] | 12 | |