Ringelheim Monastery
The monastery Ringelsheim was in the 10th century as a woman pen in Ringelsheim (now a district of Salzgitter founded). In 1153 it was converted into a Benedictine abbey, which existed until 1803. With the secularization of 1803 it was transferred to private ownership and converted into a castle in 1817.
history
Environment of the foundation
Ringelheim has been the seat of an archdeaconate since the Christianization by Fulda monks at the end of the 8th century . Since the 10th century Ringelheim was also the main town of the Salzgau and seat of the Gogericht . The county rights (comitatus = district of a count ) were owned by the Immedinger at the time . Most of the possessions of the Immedingen were in the Salzgau, other large possessions were between the Weser and Elbe as well as in what is now the Netherlands .
Deed of incorporation
The original deed of foundation of the Ringelheim Monastery is no longer preserved, but has been copied several times and is available in a version from 1573. This certificate is often dated to the year 900 in older literature. Today it is assumed that the certificate was issued by Otto I and that the year was therefore misinterpreted, because Otto I did not come to power until 936. The original date of the document (January 17th, 13th indiction , 5th year of the reign of Otto I) clearly shows January 17th, 941. The year “900” was based on a calculation error when converting the indiction into the Christian calendar .
The copy of the certificate contains additions that were probably made in the middle of the 12th / 13th centuries. Century. These additions to the original document were supposed to prevent a conversion of the monastery and a division of the goods, but this did not succeed. The list of five testifying bishops, which should emphasize the importance of the document, is striking. The clerk had made a few mistakes, because one of the bishops mentioned never existed and three others were not in office in 941.
When and by whom the document was falsified is controversial. Petke assumes that it took place in the middle of the 12th century and that the aim was to prevent the transfer of the monastery to the Hildesheim bishop and the associated conversion of the women's monastery into a Benedictine monastery.
Hartmann and Hausdorf, however, see Abbot Johann II (1467–1480) as the person who falsified the document. He wanted to prevent the monastery from being accepted into the Bursfeld Congregation , which would have resulted in the reintroduction of the rules of St. Benedict. He therefore had the wording included in the document that "no mortal ... dare to dare to force those who serve God in Ringelheim against the holy canon to obey another rule (norma)" . After that, the monastery could only be prosecuted by the emperor or the pope, so he would have received protection from being convicted by his order or the Hildesheim bishop.
Foundation of the monastery
The monastery Ringelsheim was founded after 852 Convent Gandersheim , which was founded 847 Kloster Lamspringe (first written record 872) and the established 940 Benedictine monastery of St. Mary in Gandersheim the fourth oldest monastic foundation and the third oldest Kanonissenstift of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Hildesheim . The first document in which the monastery was mentioned was issued in 1021. The content was a transfer of the Hahausen estate by Emperor Heinrich II to the monastery.
When it was founded in 941, the monastery was placed under the protection of King Otto I as a free imperial abbey , so the monastery was subordinate to the emperor directly in secular matters and only to the pope in spiritual matters. The founder Immad (also called Immat, Ymmat or Immed) belonged to the Immedinger family, he was a descendant of the Saxon Duke Widukind .
Immad, whose family held the patronage of the monastery, dedicated it to Saints Abdon and Sennen . These were two Persian martyrs who were tortured and executed in Rome around 250 during the persecution of Christians under Emperor Decius . When the monastery was founded, Imhild (also Emmihold , Eimuhold ), the daughter of the founder Immad, was appointed abbess by Bishop Diethard von Hildesheim.
To equip the monastery, Immad transferred his possessions of "fields, house sites, woodlands, meadows, pastures, waters, mills, fishing and hunting" in Ringelheim, Wendhausen , Othfresen , Jerstedt , Wallmoden , Nauen , Sehlde , Gustedt , Haverlah and Veppstedt to the von monastery founded by him.
Frauenstift 941 to 1153
It is not known how long the first abbess Imhild, the daughter of the founder Immad, held this office and who succeeded her as abbess. It is reported that Judith , a sister of Bishop Bernward I , held this office until around 1000. Probably on the occasion of her death, Bishop Bernward gave the monastery a wooden crucifix, which is now known as the Ringelheimer Kreuz . The corpus made of linden and oak has been hanging in the Hildesheim Cathedral Museum since 1993 , a copy was made for the former monastery church of St. Abdon and Sennen . Judith died around the year 1000 on March 13th, the exact year is not known, she was buried in the crypt of the monastery church. Her burial place was found and opened by Abbot Nicholas I at the end of the 15th century, but has been lost as a result of many destruction and renovations of the church.
Another abbess was Eilika, the daughter of Count Heinrich von Reinhausen-Winzenburg and niece of Bishop Udo von Hildesheim . The beginning and end of her term of office are not known, there is only one mention from the year 1103. It is recorded that she lived mainly in her father's Benedictine monastery in St. Christoph zu Reinhausen near Göttingen and therefore neglected the management of the Ringelheim monastery.
Benedictine monastery 1150 to 1568
With the term of office of Abbess Eilika, the monastery increasingly fell into disrepair. This led to the fact that in 1150 at the Reichstag in Würzburg, at the instigation of Bishop Bernhard I, the monastery was transferred to the diocese of Hildesheim. The reason given in the document was: "... and give him the Ringelheim Abbey, which has long since fallen into serious decline in secular and spiritual matters, to restore monastic discipline ..." . The deed of gift was issued on July 30, 1150 (name day of St. Abdon and Sennen) by King Conrad III. and was issued on January 3, 1153 by Pope Eugene III. approved. With the donation, the diocese also received the bailiwick (jurisdiction) over the monastery.
Another reason for the transfer of the monastery to the diocese was the rich income that the canonesses had earned from the extensive property. Up to now, a third of this was due to the abbess of the monastery, which in future would go to the bishop or the Godehard monastery . Another third received the brothers of the monastery, the rest was used to care for the poor. In 1154, Bishop Bruno returned part of the income allocated to the diocese to the monastery.
From 1153, the strict rules of the Benedictine order applied to the monastery and since the canonies did not want to submit to them, they were moved to Derneburg . The first abbot was Rüdiger, a confidante of the bishop, who until then had been the prior of the Benedictine monastery of St. Michael in Hildesheim. He also brought the first Benedictine monks from his monastery to Ringelheim.
| Term of office | Surname |
|---|---|
| since 941 | Abbess Imhild |
| around 1000 | Abbess Judith |
| around 1103 | Abbess Eilika von Gleichen |
| 1153-1175 | Abbot Rudiger |
| about 1176 to 1190 | Abbot Rudolf |
| 1191 to after 1203 | Abbot Alexander |
| 1208-1210 | Abbot Bernhard I. |
| 1225-1227 | Abbot Eberhard |
| 1233-1259 | Abbot Gerhard |
| around 1276 | Abbot Berthold |
| 1295-1298 | Abbot Heinrich I. |
| around 1306/07 | Abbot Detlef |
| 1331-1332 | Abbot Ashwin |
| 1390-1392 | Abbot Heinrich II of Gustedt |
| 1401-1404 | Abbot Heisso |
| around 1420 | Abbot Gottfried |
| around 1428 | Abbot Heinrich III. |
| 1444-1458 | Abbot Heinrich IV. |
| 1458-1467 | Abbot Berthold III. |
| 1467-1480 | Abbot Johann II. |
| 1485-1501 | Abbot Nicholas I. |
| 1529-1538 | Abbot Nicolaus Mouth |
| until 1544 | Abbot Adolf |
| 1547 | Abbot Theodoricus |
| until 1570 | Abbot Christianus |
| 1570-1613 | Abbot Heinrich Wirsche (Lutheran) |
| 1613-1623 | Abbot Reiner Schrader (Lutheran) |
| 1623-1629 | Abbot Georg Lohmann (luth.) |
| from 1629 | Abbot Peter Clistovius |
| 1658-1692 | Abbot Henricus Timon |
| 1692-1703 | Abbot Abdon Konich |
| 1703-1704 | Abbot Joachim Oelrich |
| 1704-1713 | Abbot Franz Schlichting |
| 1713-1746 | Abbot Bernward Peumann |
| 1746-1762 | Abbot Franziskus Freihoff |
| 1780-1794 | Abbot Blasius Brandt |
| 1794-1803 | Abbot Godehard Arnold |
In order not to be drawn into the dispute between the later Emperor Otto IV and Philip of Swabia over the German royal crown , Abbot Bernhard I (1208 to 1210) left the monastery under the special protection of Pope Innocent III. put. In this document issued by the Pope on June 6, 1209, all the goods of the monastery were listed. Thereafter, the monastery owned almost 10,000 acres of land in 61 locations, which lay in the area between Magdeburg and Oldenburg and Peine and Seesen, but mainly in the Salzgau. In addition there were 15 farms, 60 houses, four mills, three churches, the entire village of Hahausen and common land rights to pastures, meadows and forests. Most of the estates were lent out , as the monastery brothers were unable to manage their own property due to the often great distances. For administration purposes, the monastery set up three main courtyards in Watenstedt , Groß Flöthe and Ringelheim, at which court was held, the people with a hearing had to pay their dues and other regular meetings took place.
The Wohldenberg counts pledged the bailiwick of Söderhof and Wendhausen to the monastery in 1227 . The monks were able to buy Wendhausen in 1251, and the settlement fell into desolation about 100 years later . The monks von Achen von Cramm acquired a piece of land in Söderhof in 1532, and from then until it was sold in 1932, the place was an outbuilding of the monastery.
In the 13th century, the abbey began selling properties that were far away, as it was said that the monastery could not guarantee the protection of these villages because of the great distances. In return, further property was acquired from the surrounding area. At the beginning of the 14th century the economic situation of the monastery deteriorated. On the one hand, the monastery was devastated in the feuds of the Hildesheim bishops in 1420 and 1473. On the other hand, the yields decreased due to crop failures, as they occurred more often at the beginning of the Little Ice Age . In order to be able to meet its obligations, the abbey was forced to sell some of its goods, and parts of the monastery treasure also had to be sold.
Under Abbot John II (1467–1480) the debt reached a high point after he had borrowed several large sums. With the economic decline came a loosening of the monastic discipline, because Abbot Johann II opposed the reform movement, which sought a return to the Benedictine rule with the establishment of the Bursfeld Congregation . Ringelheim had joined this movement in 1455, but left the congregation in 1472 at the instigation of the abbot. Only after Abbot Johann II was dismissed by the bishop in 1480, the situation changed. Under the successor Abbot Nicholas I (1485–1501), the abbey was renovated with the support of the Hildesheim monasteries St. Michael and St. Godehard and with the return to the Bursfeld Congregation (1485) the reform statutes were reintroduced.
After the end of the Hildesheim collegiate feud , the Diocese of Hildesheim had to cede the Ringelheim Monastery together with most of its previous “Great Abbey” to the Principality of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel in accordance with the “Peace of Quedlinburg” .
Lutheran monastery until 1629
When Schmalkaldic troops occupied the Duchy of Braunschweig in 1542 and expelled Duke Heinrich the Younger , they forced the Duchy to take over the Reformation . As a result, a large part of the monks left the monastery and the monastic operations were stopped. The Catholic abbot Adolf remained in office until 1544, but had to comply with the Lutheran church order. After the lost battle near Mühlberg , the Schmalkaldic League dissolved and Heinrich II was able to return to his duchy in 1547. As a result, he ordered the return of the duchy to the Catholic faith. With Abbot Theodoricus, a Catholic abbot was reinstated in the monastery and the monks returned.
After the death of Heinrich II in 1568, his son Julius succeeded him on the throne. He was a follower of Lutheran teaching and reintroduced the Reformation in his country. Ringelheim and the monastery also became Protestant. The monks had to leave the monastery, some of them took over Lutheran pastors in the area. The last Catholic abbot Christian remained in office until his death in 1570.
Heinrich Wirsche (Wirschius, Wirsken) was appointed the first Lutheran abbot in 1570. Wirsche, who was born in 1540, had previously lived as a monk in the monastery. After the Reformation was introduced, he left the monastery in 1568 and took over the local Protestant parish. One of the first tasks after taking office was to create a copy book for the ducal administration . By 1573 Wirsche provided a copy of the old documents and a list of all monastic goods. In 1574, by order of the Duke, Wirsche had to deliver the inventory of the monastery library to the Academia Julia University founded by Duke Julius in Helmstedt in the same year . In addition to the administration of the monastery, Wirsche also took on other church administration tasks. He was a member of several visitations in the surrounding monasteries, took part in elections and inaugurations of abbots from other monasteries and was a member of the ducal treasury council since 1598. Wirsche died on March 15, 1613.
Reiner Schrader was appointed his successor on September 6, 1613. Schrader had studied at the University of Helmstedt and most recently held the office of General Superintendent von Gandersheim. When Schrader was appointed abbot of the Riddagshausen monastery in 1623 , the then superintendent of Salzliebenhalle , Georg Lohmann, was elected as his successor. Lohmann's tenure was overshadowed by the Thirty Years' War when the monastery was devastated by troops passing through in 1626.
When Duke Friedrich Ulrich foresaw after the battle of Lutter that his principality would lose the parts that were formerly Hildesheim again, the monastery had to deliver all papers, documents and seals to Wolfenbüttel in 1628. In particular, all documents about ducal debts that should not fall into the hands of the Hildesheimers were requested.
In the restitution edict of March 5, 1629, initiated by Emperor Ferdinand II (1619–1637), the restoration of the Hildesheim bishopric was required. Connected with this was the return of all church property confiscated since 1552 (recognition of Protestantism by the Passau Treaty ). Thereupon the prior of the Hildesheim St. Michael monastery occupied the Ringelheim monastery on September 30, 1629, dismissed the Protestant abbot Lohmann from his office and re-occupied the monastery with a Catholic abbot. It took until 1643, however, until all former areas of the "Großer Stift" were returned to the Diocese of Hildesheim. After that, the Benedictine monks also returned to the monastery.
Benedictine monastery until secularization in 1803
When the monastery was resumed in 1643, it was in a neglected state, and the reconstruction of the monastery could only be carried out slowly due to a lack of funds. First of all, the dilapidated agricultural buildings had to be repaired. Under the abbots Henrich Timon (1685–1692), Abdon Könich (1692–1703), Joachim Oelrich (1703–1704), Franz Schlichting (1704–1713) and Bernward Peumann (1713–1746) new farm buildings were built, the convent building on the current size expanded and the abbey church expanded. Abbot Peumann also improved the economic situation of the monastery by reinstating old rights - e.g. B. brewing rights and hunting rights. The monastery also offered services such as grinding grain or medical services, through which it could generate further income.
The last abbot was Godehard Arnold, from 1796 he had the church interior redesigned. In the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803, Prussia was assigned the clerical principalities to compensate for the loss of its areas on the left bank of the Rhine ( secularization ). As a result, the monastery was dissolved on February 25, 1803. The abbot and the monks received compensation and had to leave the monastery.
After the takeover, King Friedrich Wilhelm III. in April 1803 the monastery to the Count von der Schulenburg-Kehnert as thanks for his services in the framework of the secularization of the Principality of Hildesheim. A list of the goods prepared for the handover resulted in an ownership of 1755 acres. The monastery church and its inventory were left to the local Catholic community as a parish church.
Building history
The monastery church, built in the pre-Romanesque style, was a three-aisled basilica without a transept, with a tower in front of it in the west. The entrance was on the west side of the tower, the ground floor of the tower formed the entrance hall, and the nuns' choir was on the upper floor. The crypt, in which the abbess Judith (died around 1000) was buried, is said to have been on the ground floor of the tower. When the church was converted into a Benedictine monastery after 1153, it also became necessary to reconstruct the church. The building was extended by 10 meters to the east and the choir was moved from the nun's gallery to the east altar. The church was badly damaged in the battles of the Hildesheim beer feud from 1482 to 1483. When it was rebuilt, the east choir was lengthened by 10 meters and the new choir was inaugurated in 1504.
In the south of the church closed in the 12./13. Century built three-sided cloister, which surrounded the monastery garden. It is not known when other monastery buildings were erected and where they stood. A building with workrooms for the monks is only mentioned in a document from 1239. The construction of a monastery school was initiated by the bishop in 1488.
The monastery had been devastated several times in its history. In 1552, for example, troops of Count Vollrad von Mansfeld raided the Duchy of Brunswick and destroyed large parts of the Ringelheim monastery. The monastery was plundered again during the Thirty Years' War when, in August 1626, the imperial troops marched through Ringelheim before the Battle of Lutter and devastated the place and the monastery.
In 1570 an evangelical abbot took over the management of the monastery for the first time. After the Reformation, Abbot Wirsche had a new abbot's house built northwest of the church in 1572. In 1613 Wirsche had the wall separating the nave from the chancel ( rood screen ) and the cross altar leaning against it torn down and the chapels in the tower removed, as these were no longer needed according to the new church regulations. On September 10, 1596, after a thunderstorm, the west tower and 13 buildings of the monastery burned down and the entire harvest was destroyed. The Duke obliged the surrounding monasteries to make an additional payment for the reconstruction, but the economic situation of the monastery suffered from the costs for years. Abbot Wirsche had the burned down west tower torn down around 1600, and the baroque west facade of the church was erected in its place in 1730.
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After the return of the Benedictines in 1643, the reconstruction and expansion of the monastery began. The renovation of the church began in 1694 under Abbot Abdon Könich. The walls of the aisles were raised and the church received a new roof structure with a large dome-shaped roof turret, the lower lantern of which houses the bells. In the interior, the flat ceilings of the side aisles were painted with grisaille , which gave the impression of a stucco-decorated ceiling. Under the direction of Abbot Könich, the baroque high altar , the pulpit and the organ were built between 1696 and 1700 . The organ builder was the Einbeck master organ builder Andreas Schweimb , the instrument is one of the most important baroque organ buildings in Lower Saxony.
The farm buildings were also expanded. A new large barn (65 m long, 17 m wide and 6 m high) was built as early as 1675. Under Abbot Könich, a new pigsty was built in 1696, followed by the horse stable and the grain aisle the following year. The monastery mill was built in 1699, the sheepfold and the shepherd's house in 1702. A painting of the monastery that hangs in Salder Castle today shows the state from the period between 1730 and 1748. It shows the baroque west facade of the church, completed in 1730, and the pigeon tower built in 1710, but its extension from 1748 is missing. The picture also shows some buildings that are no longer standing today. For example the east wing of the monastery with the library, which was demolished after 1803, and the abbey diagonally opposite the entrance to the church. This was built over in 1819 by the rectory.
The pigeon tower of today's manor was built under Abbot Franziskus Schlichting (1704 to 1713). The basement was later used as a prison for the Ringelheim Patrimonial Court. At this time, the construction of a water pipe that connected the kitchen, brewery and dairy with each other fell. Under Abbot Bernward Peumann (1713 to 1746) a gatehouse (1738) and a sawmill (1743) were built, the large barn and the horse stable built in 1697 were expanded. Peumann also had the farm buildings of the Söderhof farm, which collapsed in 1715, renewed. During his tenure in 1718, the two-storey wings of the convent building, which are still preserved today as a mansion , were completed. The construction work for this was started by Abbot Schlichting as early as 1712. The west facade, on which the church tower stood until 1600, was redesigned in 1730 with a baroque portal and the main entrance to the church. An eleven-step staircase leads to the entrance, on the entablature above the door stands the figure of Bishop Bernward I on the left, on the right that of his sister Scholastika, in the middle Mary with the baby Jesus.
Under his successor Abbot Freihoff (1746 to 1762), an extension was added to the pigeon tower in 1748, which served the local Catholic children as a school room until 1803. In the second half of the 18th century the construction activity decreased, it is only reported that around 1780 the church tower was renewed and in 1792 another barn was built at the Schäferhof.
Large barn (1675) and forge (right)
Korngang (1697)
Klostermühle (1699)
Pigeon tower (1710/1748)
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Under Abbot Godehard Arnold (1794 to 1803) the interior of the church was given its present-day appearance in the classical style. Most of the historical furnishings were removed or built over. So were z. B. the decorations on the walls torn down, as well as the memorial stones and the memorial plaque, which reminded of the abbess Judith. The walls were covered with stucco and plastered in white, the grisail painting on the ceiling of the nave was covered with framed mirror coffers. The paintings on the high altar were redesigned by the Hildesheim painter Pöttinger, as were the side altars.
Subsequent use
In June 1817, the daughter of Count von der Schulenburg, Caroline von Hatzfeld zu Trachenberg, sold the Ringelheim estate, inherited from her father, together with the Söderhof farm to Count Johann Friedrich von der Betten (1769-1840). The purchase price was 200,000 thalers . Under his son Adolf , the convent buildings of the monastery were converted into a mansion. When the Reichswerke Hermann Göring was established , they bought the castle in early 1938 and set up their administrative headquarters for ore mining here. After the end of the Second World War , the castle became the property of the State of Lower Saxony and was extensively renovated until 1950. The castle was sold to a private investor in 2002 and has remained largely unused since then.
See also
literature
- Jörg Leuschner, Reinhard Försterling, Renate Vanis, Christine Kellner-Depner, Walter Wimmer, Dirk Schaper: Ringelheim . Ed .: Archives of the City of Salzgitter - Editing: Jörg Leuschner, Reinhard Försterling, Gabriele Sagroske, Bettina Walter and Sigrid Lux (= contributions to the city's history . Volume 29 ). Salzgitter 2015.
- O. Kiecker, C. Borchers (ed.): Art monuments of the province of Hanover . Issue 7: District of Goslar. Self-published by the provincial administration, Hanover 1937, p. 203-208 .
- Wolfgang Petke: Ringelheim Abbey between the nobility, king and bishop (around 941 to 1150) . In: Geschichtsverein Salzgitter eV (Ed.): Salzgitter Yearbook 1993/1994 . tape 14 , 1994, ISSN 0723-757X , p. 91-110 .
- Heike von Brandenstein: The Ringelheim monastery under Lutheran abbots (1570–1629) . In: Geschichtsverein Salzgitter eV (Ed.): Salzgitter Yearbook 1990 . tape 12 , 1994, ISSN 0723-757X , p. 15-108 .
- Stephan Beddig, Thomas Uhrmacher: The Ringelheim Monastery . In: Geschichtsverein Salzgitter eV (Ed.): Salzgitter Yearbook 1990 . tape 7 , 1985, ISSN 0723-757X , pp. 15-108 .
- Gustav Hartmann and Hildegard Hausdorf: Local history of Ringelheim, the capital of the old Salzgau . Appelhans and Co., Salzgitter 1957.
- Carl Witt (Ed.): Closer home. Contribution to the history of the former Liebenburg and Wöltingerode offices . 3. Edition. Carl Witt, salt bath Salzgitter (Harz) 1917, Ringelheim, p. 125-134 .
Web links
- Civic Association Ringelheim: The former monastery church of St. Abdon and Sennen
- Civic Association Ringelheim: The Ringelheim Castle
- Bürgererverein Ringelheim: The farm buildings of the estate
Individual evidence
- ↑ Chronicle Ringelheim , pp. 44–45, 52
- ^ Petke: Ringelheim Abbey , p. 96
- ^ Petke: Ringelheim Abbey , pp. 105–106
- ^ Petke: Stift Ringelheim , pp. 105-106; Chronicle Ringelheim , p. 56
- ^ Petke: Ringelheim Abbey , p. 93; Hartmann and Hausdorf: Heimatgeschichte von Ringelheim , pp. 7–8; Chronicle Ringelheim , pp. 56–58
- ^ Petke: Stift Ringelheim , pp. 97-98; Hartmann and Hausdorf: Local history of Ringelheim , p. 11
- ↑ Chronicle Ringelheim , pp. 53–59
- ^ Hartmann and Hausdorf: Heimatgeschichte von Ringelheim , p. 10; Petke: Ringelheim Abbey , p. 104
- ↑ Chronicle Ringelheim , pp. 64–66
- ↑ Chronicle Ringelheim , pp. 71–74
- ↑ Chronik Ringelheim , pp. 46, 49; Kunstdenkmäler , pp. 238–240
- ↑ Chronicle Ringelheim , p. 79
- ↑ Brandenstein: Ringelheim Monastery , p. 22
- ↑ Brandenstein: Ringelheim Monastery , pp. 23–30
- ↑ Brandenstein: Ringelheim Monastery , pp. 30, 40–42
- ↑ Brandenstein: Ringelheim Monastery , pp. 42–52
- ↑ Chronicle Ringelheim , p. 153
- ↑ Beddig, Uhrmacher: Kloster Ringelheim , pp. 77–78
- ↑ Beddig, Uhrmacher: Kloster Ringelheim , p. 79; Chronicle Ringelheim , p. 93
- ^ Civic Association Ringelheim: The monastery mill
- ↑ Kunstdenkmäler , p. 205; Beddig, watchmaker: Ringelheim Monastery , p. 80
- ↑ Chronik Ringelheim , pp. 117–128; Beddig, Uhrmacher: Kloster Ringelheim , pp. 82–83
- ^ A b Citizens' Association Ringelheim: St. Abdon and Sennen
- ↑ Chronik Ringelheim , p. 194, 362–364
Coordinates: 52 ° 2 ′ 5 ″ N , 10 ° 18 ′ 40 ″ E