List of stumbling blocks in Latvia

The first stumbling blocks in Latvia are reminiscent of the Brachmann family from Riga

The list of stumbling blocks in Latvia includes the stumbling blocks that have been laid in Latvia. They remind of the fate of the people from this country who were murdered, deported, expelled or driven to suicide by the National Socialists . The stumbling blocks were laid by Gunter Demnig .

The stumbling blocks are usually in front of the last self-chosen place of residence of the victim. So far there has only been one laying in Riga on July 28, 2018. A total of four stones were laid.

National Socialist Crimes

In 1941 the Third Reich invaded the Soviet Union as part of Operation Barbarossa and also occupied Latvia. One of the first crimes was the destruction of the Great Choral Synagogue in Riga. A number of crimes against humanity followed, such as the Rumbula and Liepāja massacres in November and December 1941. By the end of 1941, over 43,000 Jews had been murdered in Latvia. More than 70,000 Latvian Jews were murdered during the Holocaust, and a further 20,000 murdered Jews were deported to Riga from Germany and the occupied territories. Research into the Holocaust in Latvia was not possible due to the anti-Israel policy of the Soviet Union, which also did not allow Holocaust events to be viewed separately from the victims of the entire "Soviet people" in World War II.

"All in all, around 210,000 Jews in the Baltic republics were killed by German organizations and their accomplices."

Riga

The table is partially sortable; the basic sorting is done alphabetically according to the family name.

image	inscription	Location	Name, life
	HERE LIVED MALKA Brahmin GEB. DEPORTED 1874 1941 GHETTO RIGA MURDERED 1941	Stabu iela 59	Malka Brahmane , also Brachmann , was born on August 18, 1874 in Riga. Her parents were Movsha Wilentschik, a tailor, and Esther, nee Liebesman. In 1901 she married Eizik Brachman and they had five children: Moisy and Sarah-Deborah (both born in 1902), Nessa (born in 1904), Behr (born in 1910) and Sholom (born in 1916). She was the owner of a grocery store, which was not far from her apartment on Bruninieku iela. Malka Brachmann was interned with her husband in the Riga ghetto and murdered there in 1941.
	HERE LIVED BERS Brahman GEB. 1910 CONVENED 1941 SOVIET ARMY FALLEN 9/6/1942 STARAYA RUSSA	Stabu iela 59	Bers Brahmans , also Behr Brachmann , was born on February 25, 1910 in Riga. His parents were Eizik and Malka Brachmann. He had four other siblings. He attended the Jewish high school in Riga and spoke five languages ​​(Yiddish, Russian, Latvian, German and Hebrew). In 1928 he graduated from high school. Behr Brachmann traveled through Poland and Lithuania with his father Eizik, a timber merchant, and he was probably also supposed to become a timber merchant. Behr Brachmann was interested in communist ideas and was actively involved in the communist movement, taking part in demonstrations and distributing leaflets. He has been arrested several times for this. From 1941 he served in the Red Army . Behr Brachmann was killed in a fight near Staraja Russa in 1942 .
	HERE LIVED EIZIKS MARKUS Brahman GEB. DEPORTED 1875 1941 GHETTO RIGA MURDERED 1941	Stabu iela 59	Eiziks Markus Brahmans , also Eizik Markus Brachmann , was born on May 27, 1875 in Jēkabpils . He was the son of Ruven Brachmanis. When he was 21 years old, he worked as a Hebrew teacher in Krustpils . In 1901 he married Malka, nee Wilentschik. The couple had five children: Moisy and Sarah-Deborah (both born in 1902), Nessa (born in 1904), Behr (born in 1910) and Sholom (born in 1916). Eizik Brachmann was interned with his wife in the Riga ghetto and murdered there in 1941. Two of his sons, Behr and Sholom, fought in the Red Army and were killed during fighting. His daughter Sarah-Deborah fled during the Second World War , survived, married David Ginsburg, the marriage did not last. Sarah-Deborah died on November 22, 1987. She is buried in the Jewish cemetery in Šmerlis , Riga, next to her sister Nessa. His daughter Nessa, like her brothers, attended the Jewish high school in Riga. She studied medicine in Jena and graduated in 1930. From 1933 she worked in the therapeutic department of the Bikur Holim hospital and in the sanatorium in Priedaine . During the Second World War she worked as a doctor at the front, after the war she returned to Riga and from 1946 worked in the children's clinic. From 1954 she was a therapist at the 1st Riga Municipal Hospital. Nessa Brachmann died on July 5, 1961 and is buried in the Jewish cemetery in Šmerlis, Riga.
	HERE LIVED ŠOLOMS Brahman GEB. 1916 RECALLED 1941 SOVIET ARMY FALLEN 08/28/1941 TALLINN	Stabu iela 59	Šoloms Brahmans , also Sholom Brachmann or Brachmanis , was born on January 4, 1916 in Riga. His parents were Eisik and Malka Brachmann. Like his other siblings, he attended the 1st Jewish High School in Riga. Like his older brother Behr Brachmann, he spoke five languages ​​(Yiddish, Russian, Latvian, German and Hebrew). Scholom Brachmann worked as a trader in a sawmill, and according to another source he was a journalist. He served in the Red Army from 1941. Scholom Brachmann was killed in fighting in Tallinn on August 28, 1941 .

Laying data

The Stolpersteine ​​in Riga were laid by Gunter Demnig on the following day:

• 28th July 2018

Web links

Commons : Stumbling blocks in Riga  - collection of images

• Stolpersteine.eu , Demnig's website

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Katrin Reichelt: Rescue knows no conventions: Help for persecuted Jews in German-occupied Latvia 1941–1945, Lukas Verlag 2016, p. 40
2. ↑ Holocaust Remembrance in Latvia , accessed on August 2, 2018
3. ^ Gert Robel: Soviet Union , in: Wolfgang Benz (Ed.): Dimensions of the genocide. The number of Jewish victims of National Socialism. dtv Munich 1996, ISBN 3-423-04690-2 , page 556
4. ↑ ^{a b c d} The name of the project Jews of Latvia: A Project is used throughout this list . Names and Fates 1941-1945 used: Center for Judaic Studies of the University of Latvia: page of the project
5. ↑ Passport ester Wilen Tschik , accessed on August 27, 2018
6. ↑ Malka Wilentschik birth register extract , accessed on August 3, 2018
7. ↑ Malka Wilentschik birth register extract , p. 64 no. 157, accessed on August 3, 2018 (free registration required)
8. ↑ ^{a b} Birth register extract for Moisey and Sarah-Deborah, p. 74 No. 197 , accessed on August 1, 2018 (free registration required)
9. ↑ ^{a b c} Center for Judaic Studies of the University of Latvia - Names and Fates 1941-1945: Entry on Nessa Brachmann , accessed on August 1, 2018
10. ↑ Personas Kartite Malka Brachman page 1 , accessed on August 27, 2018
11. ↑ Personas Kartite Malka Brachman page 2 , accessed on August 27, 2018
12. ↑ Center for Judaic Studies of the University of Latvia - Names and Fates 1941-1945: Entry on Malka Brachmann , accessed on August 4, 2018
13. ^ Passport , accessed July 31, 2018
14. ^ Center for Judaic Studies of the University of Latvia - Names and Fates 1941-1945: Entry on Behr Brachmann , accessed on August 17, 2018
15. ↑ ^{a b} Riga Jewish Secular School: Entry on January 28, 2018 , accessed on August 2, 2018
16. ↑ The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names: Behr Brachmann , accessed July 31, 2018
17. ↑ Šoloms Brachmanis birth register extract , accessed on August 1, 2018 (free registration required)
18. ↑ JewishGen: All Russia 1897 Census Aisik Brachmann , accessed on August 1, 2018
19. ^ Brachman marriage excerpt , accessed August 1, 2018
20. ↑ JewishGen: Jewish Marriages in Riga, 1854-1921: entry to Aisik Brachmann and Malka Wilen Tschik , accessed on August 1, 2018
21. ↑ The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names: Eisik Brachman , accessed August 1, 2018.
22. ↑ Center for Judaic Studies of the University of Latvia - Names and Fates 1941-1945: Entry on Eisik Brachmann , accessed on August 16, 2018
23. ↑ Names and Fates 1941-1945: Entry on Sarah-Deborah Brachmann , accessed on August 1, 2018
24. ↑ ^{a b} Entry with photo of the grave of Nessa Brachman and Sarah-Deborah Ginsburg on the side of the cemetery , accessed on August 1, 2018
25. ↑ Riga Jewish Secular School: Entry on January 29, 2018 , accessed on August 2, 2018
26. ↑ Birth certificate , accessed on August 5, 2018
27. ^ Center for Judaic Studies of the University of Latvia - Names and Fates 1941-1945: Entry on Scholom Brachmann , accessed on August 5, 2018
28. ^ Gunter Demnig : Chronicle , accessed on July 31, 2018

 Map with all coordinates: OSM | WikiMap