List of stumbling blocks in Ukraine

Stumbling Stone in Rivne

The list of stumbling blocks in Ukraine lists the stumbling blocks that have been laid in Ukraine . Stumbling blocks remind of the fate of the people who were murdered, deported , expelled or driven to suicide by the National Socialists . The Stolpersteine ​​were designed by the Cologne artist Gunter Demnig and are usually laid by himself.

The first four stumbling blocks in Ukraine were laid in 2009 in the city of Perejaslav-Khmelnyzkyj (since October 2019 Perejaslav ), where nine stumbling blocks now remember the victims of the Nazi regime. Another five transfers took place on July 26, 2018 in Rivne . Czernowitz is the third Ukrainian city to join the Stolperstein project. For this purpose, Gunter Demnig handed over a trip threshold to the city in July 2018.

Chernivtsi

Jewish population in Chernivtsi

Expulsion of Jews from Chernivtsi in 1941

For the first time 1408 Jews were mentioned in Czernowitz . In the 16th and 17th centuries the number of people of Jewish faith in the city increased, they were mostly active as traders. The Jewish community had a rabbi and its own elected judge, its own legal system, and limited autonomy. After 1774, the first repressive measures were implemented against the Jewish population in order to limit their number. Among other things, marriages were forbidden and exile was advocated, but the Jewish community continued to grow. From 1775 Chernivtsi was part of the Habsburg monarchy . The tolerance patent of 1789 brought more freedom, e.g. B. the right to choose one's profession and the right to lease arable land; the first public German-Jewish schools in Chernivtsi were opened. The German Gymnasium was founded in 1808 and from 1855 there was a bilingual school offering Hebrew and German. German culture and language were seen as progressive and necessary means of acceptance.

In 1849 Chernivtsi became the capital of Bukovina . The proportion of the Jewish population continued to rise; The immigration came mainly from Galicia , the Romanian Moldova and Bessarabia . In 1850, the share of the Jewish population was just under 23% (4678 people out of a total of 20,467), in 1880 almost 32% of the people living in Czernowitz were Jewish.

The branches of the Viennese banks were mostly run by Jewish directors, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, founded in 1850, was run by Jewish families. Jews worked as administrative officials, worked in state schools, opened several trade schools, founded a fruit and commodity exchange; Doctors, pharmacists and lawyers were mostly Jewish, as were printers and craftsmen. After 1900 90% of the entrepreneurs in the city were Jews and after 1910 28,610 people of Jewish faith lived here. This made Czernowitz in third place (after Vienna and Lemberg) one of the largest Jewish communities in the Habsburg monarchy.

In 1918 Chernivtsi fell to Romania . The city was "Romanianized" and anti-Semitism grew stronger. Jews lost their state posts on the grounds that their Romanian was insufficient. German as the language of teaching at the university was banned, and Jewish lecturers were dismissed. Nevertheless, the proportion of the population of the Jewish population was still 37 percent in 1930 (42,592 Jews were counted in the census).

As a result of the Hitler-Stalin Pact , the city was occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940. About 30,000 ethnic Germans were evacuated. 5,000 people were deported to Siberia, including 3,000 to 3,500 Jews from the bourgeois elite. On July 5, 1941, German and Romanian forces occupied the city. Immediately afterwards the SS-Einsatzkommando 10b reached Czernowitz. The extermination of the Jews began on July 7, 1941; the chief rabbi Abraham Jakob Mark was arrested, the synagogue was set on fire, and Mark and other prisoners were shot. 600 Jews were murdered by August 1941, most of them shot on the banks of the Prut .

On October 11, 1941, a ghetto was set up in the city's former Jewish quarter. About 50,000 people had to go into the ghetto, which offered space for 15,000. The deportations began a day later. 28,391 people were deported to other camps in Transnistria by mid-November 1941 . In July 1942 another 4,500 people and in October 1942 another 5,000 people were deported.

The city's mayor, Traian Popovici , convinced the Romanian dictator Ion Antonescu that the Jews were vital to the city's economic stability. 19,689 Jews were saved from deportation as "economically necessary Jews" with special ID cards. Popovici was honored as Righteous Among the Nations for this in 1969 .

In 1944 Chernivtsi was occupied by the Soviet Army, at which time around 30 percent of the original Jewish population was still alive.

A census in 2005 showed that only around 3,000 Jews still live in Czernowitz.

Trip threshold

The Museum of Jewish History and Culture of Bukovina in Chernivtsi and the city council planned to relocate a trip threshold in 2017. The place of installation should be the site of the former stadium of the Jewish sports club Makkabi . The stadium was not far from the Grădina Publică train station (now called Chernivtsi Piwdenna). From 1942 the stadium was a collection point, from here Jews were deported to other camps, especially to Transnistria. The relocation has not yet taken place, Gunter Demnig handed over the trip threshold to Mayor Oleksij Kaspruk in July 2018. It bears the following inscription:

З ЦЬОГО МІСЦЯ (СТАДІОН ЄВРЕЙСЬКОГО СПОРТИВНОГО ТОВАРИСТВА «МАККАБІ»)
ВПРОДОВЖ ЧЕРВНЯ 1942 Р. ДО ТРАНСНICTPIЇ БУЛИ ДЕПOPTOВAHI TИCЯЧI
ЄBPEЙCЬKИХ ЖИTEЛIB ЧEPHIBЦIB

Translation:

FROM THIS LOCATION (THE STADIUM OF THE JEWISH SPORTS CLUB “MAKKABI”)
THOUSANDS
OF JEWISH CITIZENS WERE DEPORTED TO TRANSNISTRIA IN JUNE 1942 .

Pereyaslav

Jewish population in Pereyaslav

In Perejaslav, Jews were first mentioned in the late 16th century. The first pogrom took place in 1648, and the Jewish community was almost completely destroyed. In 1801 66 people of the Jewish faith lived in the city again, as early as 1847 there were 1519. In 1859 there were five synagogues for 3363 people of Jewish faith. At the end of the 19th century there were 5,754 people of Jewish faith in Perejaslav, which was about a third of the population. At the turn of the century, the government funded a school in which Russian was the language of instruction. Several pogroms took place in Perejaslaw between 1881 and 1905, during which Jewish property was looted or destroyed. In the early 20th century, a Zionist organization was formed to support the poor.

In 1910 eight synagogues and a Jewish cemetery were built. From 1912 there was a Jewish savings and loan company for small traders, in 1913 a Jewish poor house and a night sleeping place in the synagogue, and the following year 126 Jewish estates. The city's only tea house was Jewish, and the Jewish community also had two pharmacies, a bakery, two confectionery shops, two photo workshops, 29 jewelry stands, a jewelry store and a delivery company. Up until the Russian Civil War there were 17 synagogues in Pereyaslav. During the civil war, three pogroms took place in Pereyaslav, in which at least 19 people were murdered in 1919. The Jewish community tried to protect itself with a self-defense unit.

In 1926 the main synagogue was closed, the smaller synagogue, which was located near the main synagogue, was closed in 1937/1938. The Scholem Alejchem School with more than 200 students was opened in 1926, it had to close in 1938.

In 1937 another school was opened in Himnasijna wulyzja, it was also named after Scholem Alejchem. School No. 1 was located there from 1944 to 1945.

From 1938 onwards, people of Jewish faith were forbidden to celebrate religious holidays in the synagogues. They therefore switched to private houses. According to the Yad Vashem Documentation and Research Center , there were 937 Jews living in Pereyaslav in 1939, making up 11.3 percent of the city's total population.

On September 17, 1941, Wehrmacht troops occupied Perejaslav. Evacuating people to save them was difficult. The nearest port was two kilometers away, the train station 28 kilometers. 200 Jews were called up and fought in the Red Army . On October 4, 1941, all Jews in the city were asked to present their property at the courtyard of a factory. 600 people went to the assembly point. There they were forced to sing and dance and beat each other. They were eventually driven out of Pereyaslav and shot near the cemetery. First the women and men were shot, children were thrown alive into the prepared pit and buried alive. 200 other people of Jewish faith were captured and also murdered at the cemetery. Task Force C of the Security Police and SD was responsible for this massacre .

On May 19, 1943, eight surviving Jews (seven women and one man) were executed. Only 10 percent of Perejaslav's Jewish population survived the Holocaust. The Red Army liberated Perejaslav on September 22, 1943. In honor of the leader of the Cossack uprising of 1848/1849 Bohdan Khmelnyzkyj , the city was renamed Perejaslav immediately after the liberation.

In 2001 a census showed that only 17 people of Jewish faith lived in Perejaslav.

Forced labor

During the German occupation, between late 1941 and early 1944 , Reich Commissioner Erich Koch had 2.4 million people deported from Ukraine to the German Reich as forced laborers for industry or agriculture . The obligation to do work for the occupiers affected men up to the age of 65 and women between 15 and 45 years in all the occupied eastern territories. Every city, every municipality had to meet a certain standard. In the summer of 1942, two years of compulsory service in the Reich was introduced for all young people from the Ukraine between the ages of 18 and 20 - women and men. The first youth recruitment in Pereyaslav began in May 1942. The recruiting office was set up in School No. 1. Anyone who was to be sent to Germany was given a notice with the following text:

Memorial plaque for forced laborers in the Astra works in Chemnitz , Altchemnitzer Straße 41

“Based on the decision of the District Council of the city of Perejaslaw of May 23, 1942 No. 859, you were entrusted with the task of doing work in Germany. What to bring with you: work clothes, sturdy shoes, household dishes, a bottle for water, a blanket and enough food for three days. You have to be next to the town hall on 05/27/42 at 5:00 a.m. and then at 10:00 a.m. at the Pereyaslav station. Appearance is compulsory. Village spokesman (signature), police chief of the village (signature) "

After the number of volunteers was insufficient, violence was followed. The evacuation of forced laborers from Perejaslav in freight wagons took place in the spring of 1942 and in the spring of 1943. In order to avoid this, young people hid and self-mutilation occurred. They were rounded up in raids. The transport conditions were inhuman. The trains were on the move for three to four weeks, and not all of the passengers survived the transport. Anyone who tried to flee was shot. Anyone who ran away from forced labor was sent to a concentration camp . 600 people were deported from Perejaslaw to Germany for forced labor, 306 returned, of which 23 had survived a concentration camp.

Stumbling blocks

The table is partially sortable; the basic sorting is done alphabetically according to the family name.

Stumbling block	translation	Location	Name, life
	JAKIW BILOSCHYZKYJ JG WORKED HERE . 1893 DEPORTED TO THE CONCENTRATION CAMP BUCHENWALD MURDERED ON 8.3.1944		Yakiv Fedorowytsch Biloschyzkyj was born on October 20, 1893 in the village of Shurba , Ovrutsch district . He was a chemistry teacher at School No. 2 in Pereyaslav. On October 4, 1941, he saved the then 9-year-old Rosa Issakivna Prossjanikova from the mass shooting that took place on the day in which 800 people were murdered by the occupiers. He intercepted the girl who was about to join the group and ordered her to hide in the Jewish cemetery. Rosa Prosyanikova survived. Yakiv Biloschyzkyj had contact with the resistance and was arrested for this in 1943. He was brought to Germany for forced labor, because of disobedience and several attempts to escape he was taken to the Dachau concentration camp , from there he was transferred to Buchenwald concentration camp on October 30, 1943 , where he was registered as a political prisoner under number 35023. Yakiv Biloschyzkyj died on March 8, 1944 in Buchenwald, the cause of death was given as "weak heart". It is believed that he actually died from torture.
	HERE WAS WORKING Hryhorij Byelyaev JG. GOLF IN 1916, 1942		Hryhorij Bjeljajew was born in Kiev in 1916 . During the occupation he moved to Pereyaslav and worked there as a doctor. He wrote almost 2,000 false certificates and thus saved more than a hundred people from being deported to Germany for forced labor. Several doctors, including Hryhorij Bjeljajew, used a secret underground apartment and were in contact with partisans. Hryhorij Bjeljajew was murdered in 1942 by the security forces of the German occupiers. One witness, Tetjana Barabasch, stated that a car sped past her and someone shouted from the car, “I'm Byeljajew, goodbye!” Soon afterwards, she heard gunshots. The doctor's body was found shortly afterwards in the forest. |
	ESTER DIKINSCHTEJN JG LIVE AND WORKED HERE . 1900 GOLF, 1942		Ester Dikinschtin was born in 1900. She was the director of School No. 3 in Pereyaslav. She organized the removal of thousands of cattle from the collective farms . This occupied her so much that she did not flee herself. In the spring of 1942 one of her students saw Ester Dikinschtin, shot dead, lying between men who had also been shot.
	MARIJA FALKOWSKA JG. 1898 GOLF IN OCTOBER 1941 IN PEREYASLAV- CHMELNYZKYY	Pohrowska wulyzja 38	Marija Falkowska was born in 1898. Marija Falkowska was one of the 800 Jews who were rounded up by the German occupiers in Perejaslaw between October 6 and 8, 1941, and shot near the clay pits on the outskirts of the city. She was buried in a mass grave. The Stolperstein was laid on the initiative of the Merseburg history workshop.
	LEJWYK HECHTMAN JG. 1865 GOLF IN PEREYASLAV- CHMELNYZKYJ IN OCTOBER 1941	Pohrowska wulyzja 38	Lejwyk Hechtman was born in Nischyn in 1865 , his parents were Berl and Reisl Doba. He was married to Chana Schapiro. The couple had at least one son - Mejer, born in 1904. Lejwyk Hechtman and his wife Chana were among the 800 Jews who were rounded up by the German occupiers in Perejaslaw between October 6 and 8, 1941 and shot near the clay pits on the outskirts of the city. They were buried in a mass grave. His son Mejer served in the Red Army and died in 1941. Lejwyk Hechtman's granddaughter reported her relatives to the Yad Vashem Holocaust memorial.
	MARIJA JAKIWEZ JG WAS INCIDENTED HERE . ARRESTED 1918 1943 TORTURE TO DEATH 1943		Marija Jakiwez was born in 1918. She was a teacher. In 1943 she was arrested, tortured and murdered because of her connection to partisans . The Stolperstein was laid in front of the grammar school in 2009 on the initiative of the Merseburg history workshop.
	JOSSYP LIWSCHYZ JG. 1940 GOLF IN OCTOBER 1941 IN PEREYASLAV- CHMELNYZKYY	Pohrowska wulyzja 38	Jossyp Liwschyz was born in 1940. The one-year-old Jossyp Liwschyz was shot by SS-Einsatzgruppe 4c between October 6 and 8, 1941 together with 800 Jews from Perejaslaw.
	JEFROSSYNIJA PASSAZKA JG. 1,923 deported in 1942 FORCED LABOR CHEMNITZ / GERMANY MURDERED 1943	Himnasijna wulyzja 4	Jefrossynija Passazka was born in 1923. In 1941 Perejaslaw was occupied by the National Socialists. Jefrossynija Passazka was captured by the occupiers. In the collection point School No. 1 she was assigned to a forced labor transport and deported to Germany in 1942, where she had to work in a needle factory in Chemnitz . Jefrossynija Passazka fell ill and died in Chemnitz in 1943. On the initiative of the Merseburg history workshop, a stumbling block was laid in front of school no. 1, which was a collection point for forced laborers during the war.
	TETJANA TROCHYMENKO JG. 1,925 deported in 1942 FORCED LABOR CHEMNITZ / GERMANY MURDERED 1943	Himnasijna wulyzja 4	Tetjana Trochymenko was born in 1925. She was captured by the occupiers. Assigned to a forced labor transport at the collection point School No. 1 and deported to Germany in 1942, where she had to work in a needle factory in Chemnitz. Tetjana Trochymenko fell ill and died in Chemnitz in 1943. On the initiative of the Merseburg history workshop, a stumbling block was laid in front of school no. 1, which was a collection point for forced laborers during the war.

Rivne

Jewish population in Rivne

In the 1930s there were about 60,000 people in Rivne, of whom about 24,000 were Jewish. With the beginning of the Second World War , the number of residents rose sharply due to incoming refugees, including many Jews. In June 1941 there were over 30,000 Jews in Rivne. After the attack on the Soviet Union , 3,000 Jews managed to escape from the city.

German troops conquered Rivne in June 1941, and from June 28, 1941 to February 2, 1942, the city became the provisional capital of the Reichskommissariat Ukraine. Reich Commissioner was Erich Koch , Area Commissioner Werner Hans Beer . Anti-Jewish laws were passed very quickly; all Jews older than 11 had to wear a white armband with a yellow star eight days after the German troops marched in. From the end of August 1941, Jews were no longer allowed to use the sidewalk; they had to walk in the middle of the street. In July and August 1941, 3,000 to 4,000 Jews were killed during various pogroms in the city. The following message was sent to the population in the city: "Should someone grant a Jew asylum or let him stay overnight, he and the members of his household will be shot immediately by a firing squad." At the same time, high rewards were offered for reporting hidden Jews. On November 6, 1941, it was announced that all Jews without a work card had to show up at Grabnik Square at 6 a.m. on November 7, 1941, regardless of gender and age, in order to be resettled. Every Jew was allowed to bring 10 kg of luggage, including food for three days. 17,000 to 17,500 people gathered at the square. The square was surrounded by German and Ukrainian policemen armed with machine guns. The people had to leave their belongings behind. They were driven into the Sosenki forest, had to completely undress and were shot. The action there lasted from November 7th to November 9th, 1941. The pits for the corpses had previously been dug by Soviet prisoners of war. At the same time, more than 6,000 Jewish children were murdered nearby, also in the Sosenki forest. The children's necks were broken or buried alive under other children's bodies. Pits were also prepared a few days in advance for this mass killing. Russian prisoners of war had to bury the corpses, these prisoners of war were also killed in order not to have witnesses for the massacre. The mass shooting was organized by Otto von Oelhafen , the supreme commander of the Ordnungspolizei in the Reichskommissariat. The implementation was carried out by the Einsatzkommando 5 (lead: SS-Sturmbannführer Hermann Ling ), a sub-unit of the Einsatzgruppen of the Security Police and the SD , the Ukrainian auxiliary police and the local military administration, coordinated by Werner Hans Beer. A few people managed to escape from the site of the massacre, witness statements have been preserved.

Another 4,000 to 5,000 people were forcibly relocated to a ghetto in the city. Jews who were found outside the ghetto were shot on the spot or loaded onto trucks, driven to prepared pits and shot there. On the night of July 13, 1942, the ghetto was dissolved. German policemen and Ukrainian helpers took the Jews who were still alive to the train station. They were transported by freight wagons for two days without food or water to a forest near the city of Kostopil , and there the 5,000 people who were still alive were shot in a quarry by the auxiliary police and the Ostland company . At the end of July 1942, Erich Koch declared the city to be "free of Jews".

Stumbling blocks

The table is partially sortable; the basic sorting is done alphabetically according to the family name.

Stumbling block	translation	Location	Name, life
	SUSANNA HINTSCHANKA JG LIVED HERE . 1917 ARRESTED 1944 KRAKOW MURDERED 1944	pl. Teatralna, 1 (in front of the theater)	Zuzanna Ginczanka ( Ukrainian Зузанна Гінчанца , transcription Susanna Hintschanka ), was born as Zuzanna Polina Gincburg on March 22, 1917 in Kiev . Her family settled in Rivne shortly after the outbreak of the October Revolution . Her father, an actor, moved to Berlin, her mother married another man in Spain and Zuzanna Gincburg grew up with her grandmother Klara Sandberg, a pharmacist. She attended high school and started writing poetry when she was 10. In 1934 she took part in a poetry competition of the leading Polish literary magazine Wiadomości Literackie . She received special mention and her poem was published in the magazine. After graduating from high school, she moved to Warsaw and called herself Ginczanka from now on. She studied in Warsaw and published, among other things, anti-fascist poems. In 1936 she published her only volume of poetry published during her lifetime ( O centaurach ). After the outbreak of World War II, she still spent the summer holidays in Rivne with her grandmother, but soon went to Lviv . There she married the art historian Michał Weinzieher in 1940 . In June 1941 the German Wehrmacht marched into Lemberg, in 1942 Ginczanka fled after being denounced and betrayed to the Gestapo. Together with her husband she fled to Krakow and lived there from 1942 in hiding. In the autumn or winter of 1944 she was arrested by the Gestapo, and she was probably denounced by a neighbor. Ginczanka and her husband were tortured in prison. A friend from Rivne, Blumka Fradis, was also arrested. In December 1944, she and her friend Fradis were shot in the courtyard of Montelupich Prison in Krakow. According to another source, they were shot in the Plaszow concentration camp in May 1944 . Ginczanka's husband Michał Weinzieher was also murdered in 1944. Her grandmother Klara Sandberg lost her life during deportation to a concentration camp.
	JAKIW KRULYK JG LIVED HERE . 1899 FORCED RELOCATION 1941 RIWNE GHETTO REDEMPTION IN DEATH 1942	Vulytsia Soborniy 96	Jakiw Krulyk was born in Lviv in 1899 . His parents were Rachel and Meyer. He was a teacher in a Tarbut school and married to Lola (née Krusch), who was also a teacher. The couple had a daughter together: Rachel, born in 1937 (see below). In 1941, at least he and his daughter Rachel were forcibly relocated to the Rivne ghetto. Jakiw Krulyk committed suicide in 1942 to avoid being shot by the Nazis. He took his daughter Rachel with him to death. His wife Lola did not survive the Shoah either, she was murdered in 1941.
	RACHEL KRULYK LIVED HERE FORCED RELOCATION 1941 RIWNE GHETTO REDEMPTION IN DEATH 1942	Vulytsia Soborniy 96	Rachel Krulyk was born in Rivne in 1937. Her parents were Lola and Jakiw Krulyk (see above). She and her father were forcibly relocated to the Rivne ghetto in 1941. Her father committed suicide in 1942 to avoid being shot by the occupiers. He took his daughter Rachel Krulyk with him to death. Her mother was also murdered in 1941.
	THE PARISH MINISTRY FROM WOLODYMYR MYSSETSCHKO JG. IN 1903 ARRESTED 1943 RIWNE MURDERED 10/15/1943	Wulyzja Sobornij 39 (in front of the church)	Volodymyr Myssetschko was born in Vovkoshiv in 1903. He was married and had children, including at least one daughter. Volodymyr Myssetschko wastrained as a priestin Kremenets and graduated there in 1927. Myssetschko became a priest at the Assumption Monastery in Pochayiv , in 1941 abbot of the Church of the Assumption of Christ in Horokhiv . The service there was held in Ukrainian. He refused to cooperate with the occupiers, his spiritual office provided obedience to the church, but not to secular, political powers. So he refused to ask people to go to Germany during the service. In 1943 he was transferred to Rivne to the Holy Resurrection Cathedral there, where he was Protoiereus ( archpriest ). In October 1943, Volodymyr Myssetschko and his wife were arrested by the Gestapo. He was tortured in the prison of Rivne by had to walk down a hallway that was lined on both sides by other prisoners who were forced to pursue with bars on it, and finally in Wydumka (on 15 October 1943 Rajon Pulyny together) shot with 33 other prisoners, further representatives of the intelligentsia and the clergy. His body was cremated. In Horochiw, a plaque on the outside of the Ascension Church has been commemorating Myssetschko since 2015. His wife was released three days after the arrest.
	JAKIW SUCHENKO JG LIVED HERE . ARRESTED 1910, KIEV MURDERED 1943	Prowulok Ihorja Voloshyna 19 A.	Yakiv Suchenko was born in 1910. He was an engineer and moved to Rivne. He actively helped to save people from the National Socialists. In July 1942 he hid Varvara Barats and her daughter Miriam in his apartment for two weeks. Meanwhile the Rivne ghetto was liquidated. He organized forged identity papers for the two women, in which both women had his name. He helped both of them flee, first to Zdołbunów, from there on to Pomitschna , where they pretended to be Polish women and kept their Jewish origins a secret. Suchenko and Ivan Shevchenko helped Riva Tov, a school friend of Miriam's, to get to Pomichna. Suchenko continued to work with Shevchenko, they forged papers and smuggled Jews from Rivne to eastern Ukraine. In the spring of 1943 they accompanied a group of Jews, including Riva Tov's brother, to Kiev. Yakiv Suchenko had rented an apartment there to serve as a hiding place. There they were ambushed, arrested and the whole group executed, including Yakiv Suchenko. Riva Tov went to Kiev to inquire about the whereabouts of the group. When she found out that they had all been executed, she fled to Moldova, believing she was being persecuted. There she was exposed as a Jew and murdered. Varvara Barats and her daughter survived the Shoah and emigrated to Israel after the end of the war . On March 17, 1983, Yakiv Suchenko was honored as Righteous Among the Nations , and on June 25, 1991 Ivan Shevchenko was honored as well.

Laying data

The project to lay stumbling blocks in Ukraine started in 2009 in Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyi. The city joined with the support of the International Foundation for Mutual Understanding and Tolerance, the Ukrainian National Fund "Mutual Understanding and Reconciliation" and in collaboration with the History Workshop of Merseburg the project by Gunter Demnig on. Schools and students are involved in the preparatory research and the organization of memorial events.

On July 3, 2009, four stumbling blocks were laid for Jefrossynija Passazka, Tetjana Trochymenko, Marija Jakiwez and Ester Dikinschtin. On November 23, 2011, the two stumbling blocks for Yakiv Fedorowytsch Biloschyzkyj and Hryhorij Bjeljajew were laid. Finally, three more stones followed on July 20, 2017.

The artist Gunter Demnig laid the five stumbling blocks in Rivne on July 26, 2018. The regional partner is the “Mnemonika” association.

See also

• List of places with stumbling blocks

Web links

Commons : Stumbling blocks in Ukraine  - collection of images

• Video on laying stumbling blocks in Rivne on July 26, 2018 , Youtube video, uploaded on July 27, 2018
• Stolpersteine.eu , Demnig's website

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} City administration Perejaslaw-Khmelnyzkyj: Stolpersteine ​​- a project by the German sculptor Gunter Demnig, September 11, 2018 , (Ukrainian) accessed on October 1, 2018.
2. ↑ radiosvoboda: "Stolpersteine": The names of five victims of National Socialism are now stamped on the street of Rivne, July 27, 2018 (Ukrainian), accessed on October 3, 2018.
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} istpravda.com.ua: Five stumbling blocks in the streets of Rivne for Nazi victims, July 31, 2018 (Ukrainian), accessed October 15, 2018.
4. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} retrorivne.com.ua: "Stumbling blocks" for the victims of National Socialism are being laid in Rivne, July 24, 2018 (Ukrainian), accessed on October 15, 2018
5. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Mnemonics: Laying Stumbling Stones in Rivne on July 26, July 21, 2018 , (with short biographies and photos), (Ukrainian), accessed on October 23, 2018
6. ↑ Czernowitz-Promin: Chernivtsi becomes third city, the stumbling blocks laid, July 25, 2018 , video, (Ukrainian), accessed on November 4, 2018
7. ↑ bukovyna.tv: Chernivtsi joins the Stolperstein project, July 25, 2018 , video on Youtube , (Ukrainian), accessed on November 4, 2018
8. ↑ Wolfgang Benz and Barbara Distel (eds.): The place of terror . History of the National Socialist Concentration Camps , Volume 9, CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3406572388 , p. 399
9. ^ Yad Vashem: Traian Popovici , accessed November 6, 2018
10. ↑ Memorial portal on places of remembrance: Holocaust memorials in Czernowitz , accessed on November 6, 2018
11. ^ Lisa Hagen: Jewish life in Chernivtsi in the longue durée , Phil.-Hist. Faculty of the University of Augsburg. Retrieved November 6, 2018
12. ↑ Andrei Corbea-Hoisie: Chernivtsi , in: The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe , accessed on November 6, 2018 (English)
13. ↑ Digital topography of the multicultural Bukovina: Makkabi , accessed on November 7, 2018
14. ^ Museum of Jewish History and Culture in Bukovina: A Trip Threshold for Chernivtsi , accessed on November 7, 2018
15. ^ Museum of Jewish History and Culture of Bukovina: Stumbling-threshold , accessed on November 7, 2018
16. ↑ Photo of the trip threshold , accessed on November 7, 2018
17. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Pereyaslav , in: The Untold Stories , Yad Vashem. The World Holocaust Remembrance Center, 2018
18. ↑ ^{a b} History of Jewish Communities in Ukraine: Prejaslaw , accessed on November 1, 2018
19. ↑ ^{a b} Pereyaslav , in: JewishGen (accessed September 29, 2018)
20. ↑ Roman Viktorovitsch Lichowid: Perejaslawels Ostarbeiter "Living Truth, Living Pain" , Working Group: Historical Local Studies of the General School Levels I - II Perejaslaw – Khmelnizki District. PDF on the website of the Merseburg-Saalekreis eV history workshop, September 1, 2013, p. 3 (approx. 690 KB)
21. ↑ Soviet prisoners of war and "Eastern workers" . In: Forced Labor in the National Socialist State , EZV Foundation , Federal Archives 2010 (accessed on November 11, 2018)
22. ↑ Roman Viktorovitsch Lichowid: Perejaslawels Ostarbeiter "Living Truth, Living Pain" , Working Group: Historical Local Studies of the General School Levels I - II Perejaslaw – Khmelnizki District. PDF on the website of the Merseburg-Saalekreis eV history workshop, September 1, 2013, (approx. 690 KB) , accessed on September 29, 2018.
23. ↑ ^{a b} Міністерство культури України Національний історико - етнографічний заповідник "Переяслав" МАТЕРІАЛИ Всеукраїнської наукової конференції "ДРУГА СВІТОВА ВІЙНА: ПОДІЇ, ФАКТИ, ВЕРСІЇ» 24 квітня 2015 р, м.. Переяслав - Хмельницький, Переяслав-Хмельницький 2015, p. 211. (pdf)
24. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} City Council of Perejaslav-Khmelnyzkyj: Laying of Stumbling Blocks, November 23, 2011 (Ukrainian), accessed on October 2, 2018.
25. ^ Report on laying the stumbling block on Toleranz.org, accessed on October 17, 2018
26. ↑ ^{a b c} Perejaslaw-Visnik: Three "stumbling blocks" were laid in memory of Jews killed in Perejaslaw, July 21, 2017 (Ukrainian), accessed on October 2, 2018.
27. ^ Maria Falkowska at Merseburg History Workshop, accessed on October 25, 2018
28. ↑ The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names: Levi Ytzkhok Gekhtman , Page of Testimony, submitted by Tsilia Hechtman, accessed September 23, 2018.
29. ↑ The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names: Khana Gechtman , Page of Testimony, submitted by Tsilia Hechtman, accessed September 23, 2018.
30. ↑ The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names: Meer Gekhtman , Page of Testimony, submitted by Tsilia Hechtman, accessed September 23, 2018.
31. ↑ Maria Jakiwez at Merseburg History Workshop , accessed on October 25, 2018
32. ↑ Josip Levschiz at Geschichtswerkstatt Merseburg, accessed on September 25, 2018.
33. ↑ Jefrocinia Pasatzka at Geschichtswerkstatt Merseburg, accessed on September 25, 2018.
34. ↑ ^{a b} Visnik-Perejaslaw: Gardens of the memory of the victims of fascism were planted with new trees, April 18, 2018 (Ukrainian), accessed on October 2, 2018
35. ↑ ^{a b} Tetjana Trochimenko at Geschichtswerkstatt Merseburg, accessed on September 28, 2018.
36. ↑ Jeffrey Burds: Holocaust in Rovno - The Massacre at Sosenki Forest, November 1941 , Palgrave Macmillan New York 2013, ISBN 978-1-137-38839-1 , chapter: Holocaust in Rovno , pp. 18-79
37. ↑ Jeffrey Burds: Holocaust in Rovno - The Massacre at Sosenki Forest, November 1941 , Palgrave Macmillan New York 2013, ISBN 978-1-137-38839-1 , chapter: Aftermath. The Legacies of the Rovno Massacre , pp. 84 and 85
38. ↑ Jeffrey Burds: Holocaust in Rovno - The Massacre at Sosenki Forest, November 1941 , Palgrave Macmillan New York 2013, ISBN 978-1-137-38839-1 , p. 33
39. ↑ Наталія Бельченко: "Київська чарівнице, Суламіто ..." , at: Culture.pl, February 28, 2018 (Ukrainian), accessed on November 1, 2018
40. ↑ Zuzanna Ginczanka on Culture.pl (Polish), accessed on November 2, 2018
41. ↑ Сана, Санечка, Ґіна: краса і тавро Зузанни Ґінчанки on Culture.pl (Ukrainian), accessed on November 2, 2018
42. ↑ Mikołaj Gliński: Zuzanna Ginczanka's Beauty and Brand , at Culture.pl , Adam Mickiewicz Institute (English).
43. ↑ The Holocaust Object in Polish and Polish-Jewish Culture , ibid., P. 38 f
44. ↑ Bożena Shallcross: The Holocaust Object in Polish and Polish-Jewish Culture , Indiana University Press 2011, ISBN 978-0-253-35564-5 , p. 147.
45. ↑ ^{a b} The Central Database of Shoah Victim's Names : Jakob Israel Krolik , accessed October 17, 2018
46. ^ ^{A b} The Central Database of Shoah Victim's Names: Lola Lea Krolik , accessed October 17, 2018
47. ↑ ^{a b} The Central Database of Shoah Victim's Names: Rachel Krolik , accessed October 17, 2018
48. ↑ Report on Volodomyr Myssetschko , accessed on October 25, 2018, in Ukrainian
49. ↑ He died for Ukraine , accessed October 26, 2018
50. ^ Yad Vashem - The Righteous Among The Nations: Sukhenko, Yakov , accessed October 31, 2018
51. ↑ Yad Vashem - The Righteous Among The Nations: Shevchenko, Ivan , accessed November 4, 2018
52. ↑ Ukraina Moloda: Stolpersteine , July 4, 2009 (Ukrainian), accessed on October 2, 2018.
53. ↑ Pereyaslav-Khmelnyzkyj City Council: Ceremony for the laying of "stumbling blocks" in Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyi, July 20, 2017 (Ukrainian), accessed on October 2, 2018.
54. ↑ Mnemonics: Stumbling blocks for the victims of National Socialism were laid in Rivne today, July 27, 2018 , (Ukrainian), accessed on October 23, 2018
55. ↑ texty.org.ua: "Stumbling Blocks". Unusual memorials to the victims of National Socialism were moved to Rivne, July 27, 2018 , (Ukrainian), accessed on October 23, 2018

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